Cassandra is the heroine of ancient Greek mythology, whom Apollo, in love with her, endowed gift of foresight. But she did not reciprocate, and the angry god made it so that no one believed the girl's prophecies. Cassandra predicted the cause of the death of Troy, but she was ridiculed and considered insane. Subsequently, there were many cases in history when clairvoyants tried to warn people about impending disasters, but they were not listened to. Such a phenomenon is called cassandra syndrome.
Arthur Paintin, who served as an assistant on the Titanic, wrote a letter three days before the disaster in which he suggested that the ship had crashed. This letter was recently sold at an auction in London. And 14 years before the tragedy, it was described by the English journalist Morgan Robertson.
The outbreak of the First World War was foreseen by the palmist Madame de Tab (Anna-Victoria Savara) in 1912. And a year later, she predicted the end of German domination in Europe, which would happen as a result of the impending war. Nobody took her words seriously.
The famous prophet Wolf Messing predicted the outbreak of World War II and the collapse of Hitler. He later named the exact date when Nazi Germany would attack the USSR. Despite the fact that many people knew about his gift, Stalin did not want to believe in this prophecy. Subsequently, the rulers repeatedly consulted with a clairvoyant.
Important events were often predicted not only by clairvoyants, but also by creative people, primarily writers. Rich imagination, imaginative thinking, well-developed intuition allowed them to predict the development of certain events. So, for example, Mark Twain had prophetic dreams. In one of them, he saw the death of his brother, in a dream there were water, fish and fishing rods. Two weeks later, the brother actually died due to a fishing accident.
H. G. Wells' science fiction stories and novels predict the invention of the atomic bomb 30 years before the first explosions and the creation of tanks 13 years before World War I. Critics at that time called his works unscientific fiction, and Albert Einstein bluntly stated that the atomic bomb was complete nonsense.
In The World Set Free in 1914, Wells wrote about a uranium-based hand grenade that kept exploding indefinitely. Although in this case it was not even a prediction, but a guide to action. The physicist Leo Szilard, who had read all the works of Wells, decided to turn his ideas into reality and began to work on the splitting of the atom. The result of the experiments is known to all. And Wells' novel The Shape of the Future predicted an imminent world war.
Czech writer Karel Capek foresaw the creation of robots and the atomic bomb. In the play "R.U.R.", written in 1920, he wrote about the mass production of mechanical people who could threaten the existence of the human race. In the novel "The Factory of the Absolute" in 1922, he described a "carburetor" that splits atoms, and in the novel "Krakatit" - the creation of an explosive of enormous power that can destroy the whole world.
However, writers foresaw not only catastrophes, but also many scientific discoveries:
According to the myth, Cassandra received her prophetic gift from Apollo. This gift became a curse for her, because no one believed her predictions. She foresaw tragic events, but none of them could prevent - even the terrible ending of her own life. Women with developed intuition, especially sensitive to future changes, have been persecuted for many centuries. They were insulted, tortured, burned at the stake... In the end, they stopped believing even in themselves. Should contemporary Cassandra experience the same fate?
In this book, Jungian analyst Lori Layton Shapira examines in detail the myth of Cassandra, its manifestations in the psyche, and its relationship to hysteria. She describes the psychological profile of the modern woman with the Cassandra complex, its use in therapy, and the clinical phases of the analytic process.
The book will be interesting and useful for both professional audience (psychologists, psychotherapists) and non-professional readers. At the very least, its positive confidence that the load of the unconscious "prophecy" can become a source of creativity and an object of legitimate pride.
Introduction
I became interested in the topic of Cassandra when two of my patients dreamed about it. Considering somewhat similar psychological patterns, I found a lot in common in them, and not the last place in this row belonged to the strong hysterical component present in each of them.
Hysteria is no longer considered a widespread diagnosis. In fact, it has already been excluded from the latest edition of the American Psychiatric Association, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the Definition of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). But hysteria still exists and lends itself very well to clinical description, even though we prefer to shy away from making such a diagnosis with its characteristic misogynistic chauvinistic meaning. We tend to attribute exhibitionistic tendencies to "narcissistic personality disorder" or to the emotional outbursts of "borderline" people.
About a century ago, Pierre Janet came to the following conclusion:
“The word ‘hysteria’ should be retained, despite the fact that its original meaning has changed a lot. Today it will be very difficult to modernize it, and indeed it has such a great and beautiful history that it will be too painful to get rid of it.
It is quite possible that the same could be said of the diagnosis of hysteria, which has a documented history of some four thousand years. Much has been written about this disease in the patriarchal era. Here we must look at this story from a woman's point of view, using a constructive view of the appropriateness of her symptoms, in order to understand its contemporary meaning.
PART I. CASSANDRA IN THE PAST
Chapter 1. The myth and tragedy of Cassandra
Cassandra was one of the daughters of Priam and Hecuba, the rulers of Troy. Once, when she was in the temple of Apollo, God himself appeared and promised to give her the gift of prophecy if she agreed to belong to him. However, having accepted his gift, Cassandra refused to fulfill her part of the agreement.
As you know, if the grace of God is accepted, it can no longer be rejected. Therefore, Apollo begged Cassandra to give him at least one kiss, and as soon as she did, he breathed something into her mouth that no one would trust her prophecies anymore.
From the very beginning of the Trojan War, Cassandra predicted its tragic outcome. But no one listened to her predictions. She talked about how the Greeks hid inside the wooden horse, but the Trojans did not heed her warnings. Her fate was to know what misfortune would happen, but not be able to prevent it.
Cassandra was blamed for the defeat and given to Agamemnon. When he brought her to Mycenae, they were greeted by Clytemnestra, wife of Agamemnon, who plotted with her lover Aegisthus and planned to kill them both. Cassandra had a premonition of her fate and refused to enter the palace. She fell into a trance of prophecy and screamed that she felt blood, feeling the full weight of the curse of the House of Atreus. However, she could not escape her fate. Clytemnestra killed her with the same ax that she used to behead Agamemnon
Cassandra is a tragic figure. Her story formed the basis of ancient Greek drama, poetry—and even opera. In literature, the basis of the tragedy is the vicious nature of the tragic character, but at the same time, his huge potential remains unrealized. What, then, is the essence of the tragedy of Cassandra?
Chapter 2. Cassandra's wounds
collective dynamics
The collective factors that affected Cassandra are the cessation of worship of the goddess as the supreme deity and the increase in revenge on Apollo. These themes figure constantly in the historical development of the particular factor which we now call the mother complex and which we will consider later.
And in this chapter, we will focus on the evolution of Apollo - from primitive to classical form. This evolution will serve as a paradigm for the development of Cassandra's Animus, her inner image of masculinity.
The story of Cassandra unfolded in the Bronze Age, in the second millennium BC. At this time, Greek civilization was undergoing a dramatic upheaval from a matriarchal to a patriarchal culture, accompanied by a departure from the values inherent in femininity. This change was especially traumatic for the Trojans, whose culture was closer to the matriarchal Crete-Minos than to the more patriarchal Achaean. When the Greeks took Troy, its culture and religion also fell apart.
In her book Cassandra, the East German writer Krista Wolf noted that in Troy the worship of new gods was part of the practice of ancient religious cults. “Cassandra has had plenty of conflict-avoidance episodes”
She was deeply affected by the transition to a patriarchal cult, perhaps even more than any other of her contemporaries, since this reversal could undermine the development of female identity due to the revenge of the goddess as an archetypal role model.
Chapter 3
Hysteria - the wanderings of a hungry uterus
Cassandra embodies the archetypal conflict between matriarchal and patriarchal values that have entered into a rivalry for power, with the complete absence of Eros connecting them. For a long time, hysteria was seen as a manifestation of such a splitting of the psyche. This chapter will outline the historical background and provide a prelude to our subsequent discussion of the significance of hysteria today.
As we have seen, the tragedy of Cassandra was that it was impossible for her to share the fate of the Pythia - the sacred vessel for divine prophecy. Psychologically, her negative mother complex prevented the development of the ego, which arises from the fundamental female Self. Therefore, Kassandra suffered because of the “prematurity” of the female Ego: in fact, her Ego did not know the psychological womb.
The traditional view of hysteria as a disease of the uterus goes back four thousand years. The uterine insufficiency theory, with a few exceptions, has been traced throughout history. Since both historical documents and the diagnosis of hysteria are associated with the era of patriarchy, we have no way of knowing whether such a syndrome existed during matriarchy.
Known medical documents found in Egypt and dated to the second century BC. e. In the oldest of them, the Cahuna papyrus, we are talking about hysteria, which is described as "starvation" of the uterus or its displacement upwards and subsequent pressure on other organs.
All the efforts of the doctors were aimed at nourishing the starving organ and returning it to its normal position.
“Parts of the body were fumigated with precious fragrant substances to attract the uterus; or they ate abominations or inhaled stench to scare it away and drive it away from the upper body, where it was believed that it wandered ”
Chapter 4
Treatment of hysteria according to Freud is still practiced, despite the fact that cases of such a disease are much less common. Ilse Weiss explains why hysteria has become a rare disease:
“In the 20th century, behavior consisting in“ plaintive lamentations ”and“ wringing of arms and legs ”are met by those around not just without sympathy, but even with disgust. The greatest tolerance for him is shown by the exalted crowd and teenage girls when they react to the appearance of their idols ... The swooning ladies of the Victorian era are also not able to arouse the slightest sympathy for themselves from their social environment ... Thus, hysteria, in essence, has ceased to reward person. The caring attention that hysterical women have felt for themselves for centuries has given way in the 20th century to insensitive indifference ...
Freud's study of hysteria, instead of giving it even more weight, actually deprived it of that important mystical meaning that hysteria had for more than two thousand years ... It was argued that if hysteria really turns out to be a means of satisfying the needs of the ego, then the lack of attention to the disease could easily be mistaken for its almost complete disappearance. Thus, there may not be much contradiction in the claim that it was the deep understanding of the causes of hysteria by the leading psychiatrists of our century that contributed to the almost complete disappearance of the disease. The newly revised therapeutic insight has found application in the treatment of serious psychoneuroses, within which only the potential possibility of hysterical manifestations exists.
We may no longer see spasms and convulsions, but to underestimate or discount hysteria is to ignore a well-known clinical syndrome.
I think too much [How to manage my super-efficient mind] Petikollen Christel
Cassandra syndrome
Cassandra syndrome
Cassandra is a beautiful Trojan princess. The god Apollo himself fell in love with her, and she promised to marry him in exchange for the ability to predict the future. But, having received this gift, Cassandra changed her mind and refused Apollo. In retaliation, he deprived her of the gift of persuasion. And, despite the accuracy of the predictions, no one believed her. Her prophecies that the journey of Paris to Sparta would bring misfortune, that the Trojan horse was a trap and the city would be completely destroyed, were not heard.
The Cassandra Syndrome is called the ability to know in advance about future troubles and the inability to prevent this.
Let's consider three points of view on this unusual phenomenon.
The first is that people who know everything in advance suffer endlessly and live in isolation from society. They would like to be useful, to prevent the inevitable, but they are abruptly cut off as an annoying harbinger of trouble. When the prediction comes true, our clairvoyants are embarrassed to be reminded that they did warn! If they dared to say: “I told you!” - people around you would react negatively.
The second point that is important to talk about concerns the inability of a person to give up their predictions. “If the nail goes up, the hammer will beat it back in,” says a Japanese proverb. It is better to be wrong with the crowd than to be right against it. As folk wisdom says, “to live with wolves is to howl like a wolf.” And, despite this, many stubbornly continue to cut the truth and even preach, at the risk of becoming a laughingstock. By the way, laughter can be a good way to make yourself listen. Jean-Claude Van Damme seems to have understood this well. He entertains everyone with his aphorisms and sayings, since they are printed, they diverge all over the world! It can get the power of persuasion. At some point, people will think: “Well, there is some truth in all this!”
Well, Apollo chose the perfect punishment for the recalcitrant Cassandra: the gift of divination, which she possessed, turned out to be useless without the gift of persuasion. You need to have incredible charisma to make the crowd believe your words. But there may be opposing points of view! If there is a common opinion in the team, any objection is suppressed. When everyone thinks that things are getting worse than ever, you will never prove otherwise, even if you have specific facts. In the same way, with general euphoria, calls for prudence will not be heard. But here we have already imperceptibly moved on to the Titanic syndrome.
If you have Cassandra Syndrome, remember that everyone learns from their own experience, from their own mistakes. Try to keep your predictions to yourself: let everyone develop at their own pace. As a last resort, if you are sure that a mistake will lead to unpleasant consequences, give two or three careful warnings, but if you are sure that they do not want to listen to you, immediately shut up. Well, and in the most sincere tone, like Inspector Columbo, ask the person a relevant question that he did not think about, for example: “Put the washing machine on the balcony to make room? Great idea! Where do you think the water will go?
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Chapter 1. The myth and tragedy of Cassandra
Oh grief! Oh woe, woe!
Painful vision destroys me again!
Christa Wolf. Cassandra
Cassandra was one of the daughters of Priam and Hecuba, the rulers of Troy. Once, when she was in the temple of Apollo, God himself appeared and promised to give her the gift of prophecy if she agreed to belong to him. However, having accepted his gift, Cassandra refused to fulfill her part of the agreement.
As you know, if the grace of God is accepted, it can no longer be rejected. Therefore, Apollo begged Cassandra to give him at least one kiss, and as soon as she did, he breathed something into her mouth that no one would trust her prophecies anymore.
From the very beginning of the Trojan War, Cassandra predicted its tragic outcome. But no one listened to her predictions. She talked about how the Greeks hid inside the wooden horse, but the Trojans did not heed her warnings. Her fate was to know what misfortune would happen, but not be able to prevent it.
Cassandra was blamed for the defeat and given to Agamemnon. When he brought her to Mycenae, they were greeted by Clytemnestra, wife of Agamemnon, who plotted with her lover Aegisthus and planned to kill them both. Cassandra had a premonition of her fate and refused to enter the palace. She fell into a trance of prophecy and screamed that she felt blood, feeling the full weight of the curse of the House of Atreus. However, she could not escape her fate. Clytemnestra killed her with the same ax that she used to behead Agamemnon
Cassandra is a tragic figure. Her story formed the basis of ancient Greek drama, poetry—and even opera. In literature, the basis of the tragedy is the vicious nature of the tragic character, but at the same time, his huge potential remains unrealized. What, then, is the essence of the tragedy of Cassandra?
When Cassandra refused to share a bed with Apollo, he cast a spell on her that no one would believe in her prophecies. But why did she refuse him? Was he just not interested in her? History says otherwise. In Agamemnon, Cassandra talks about a playful relationship with Apollo that preceded the rejection: “He molested me, he wanted love. Having promised, I deceived Loxias (Apollo)."
Did she want something for nothing? Was she a sexy seductress who only teases like most hysterics? Although, judging by the demeanor, Cassandra was clearly hysterical, she was still an ambivalent person. First she complained, then she cheated. Perhaps her ambivalence also contained passive aggression - anger at Apollo for his past violent attacks against femininity and at the same time fear that she would be raped and abandoned, as had happened more than once with many other objects of his desires.
In fact, Apollo forced Cassandra to become his Pythia, the "wife of God", in order to fill her with his divine spirituality. In the process of deifying the Pythia, it was known that she became "entheos, plena deo: a god who possessed her and used her voice as his own"
Historically, in Delphi, the chosen women served as the embodiment of this sacred vessel, for the god had to have high morality, absolute integrity and firmness of the earth. Such a woman had to come from a well-known, respected, but simple family and lead such a pure and righteous life that, approaching God, she must do this with a truly virgin heart. Diodorus Cyculus argued that “in ancient times, oracles spoke through virgins, because their virtue was due to their physical purity and connection with Artemis. They were ready to entrust their secrets to her, which the oracles could reveal.
Even if this is true, many Pythians could not stand the strain. On some level, Cassandra could already know that she did not have all the necessary qualities that the ancients, possessing intuitive wisdom, considered necessary for a woman who embodies the sacred divine vessel.
From an archetypal point of view, the "vessel" is associated with femininity, with the ability of the female womb to receive. On a personal level, a woman's psychological vessel is her ego. Cassandra had a weak vessel. This turned out to be her tragic inferiority. In a psychological sense, she was not a virgin:
“A virgin woman herself does what she does - not because she wants to enjoy, not to be loved or approved, and not even of her own free will, and not to gain power over others ... but does it because it is true.”
Cassandra, on the contrary, like any hysterical woman, does nothing to become loved. Ultimately, she said no to Apollo, as it was the only way to survive in the face of the power of masculinity that transcended any limits. Cassandra could not refuse God directly and frankly, directly confronting Apollo with his Shadow of a rapist and misogynist. In doing so, she would have affirmed her feminine essence, retaining her virginity, which would ultimately enable her to fulfill her destiny as a holy divine vessel.
But Cassandra did not have sufficient ego power. She had a somewhat painful attitude towards femininity, so her ego did not have a strong feminine basis. As we shall see in the next chapter, there were many reasons for this, both personal and impersonal.
Rice. 3. Two hypostases of Apollo
Left: Statue of Apollo from Wei. About 500 BC e. Villa Giulia Museum, Rome
Right: Apollo Belvedere, c. 330–320 BC e. Pius Clementine Museum, Vatican
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