Completed by: Yudenko Irina Viktorovna,
history and computer science teacher, 1st category,
MBOU "Gorodetsk Secondary School named after. Hero
Russia Alexandra Prokhorenko"
Methodological development of the lesson
“Daily life and everyday life under Peter I”, 8th grade
Section: “Russia in the era of transformations of Peter I”
Textbook: History of Russia. 8th grade: textbook. for general education organizations. At 2 p.m. Part 1 / N.M. Arsentiev, A.A. Danilov, I.V. Kurukin, A.Ya. Tokarev; edited by A.V. Torkunov. – Moscow: Education, 2016.
The purpose of the lessonTasks
educational – to develop students’ ability to master and apply knowledge about the era of Peter I on the basis of existing knowledge.
develop the ability to analyze and evaluate historical events, the ability to work in a group, and develop skills in working with documents.
be able to recreate a historical image;
compare the life and everyday life of Russians of different classes.
educational - determine your attitude to the events of the 17th century.
Lesson type
combined
Basic questions of learning new material
1) Noble lifestyle.
2) In the peasant and urban “world”.
3) Innovations in everyday life.
Basic concepts and terms
Everyday life,life, noble culture.
Lesson Resources
Textbook, § 12, handouts.
Lesson plan:
Organizing time;
Updating knowledge;
Goal setting;
Motivation;
Learning new material;
Consolidation of the studied material;
Reflection;
Homework;
Making marks.
During the classes:
1. Organizing time:
Teacher: Hello guys, sit down.
2 . Updating knowledge:
On January 28, 1725, the first Russian Emperor Peter Alekseevich Romanov died. “...Who are we burying?...We are burying Peter the Great. The sun of the Russian land has set,” these words were spoken by Feofan Prokopovich, one of the most devoted associates of Peter I.
“The Sun of the Russian Land”, “Earthly God” - such the highest ratings were given to Peter as a person. But, already during Peter’s life, however, completely different judgments were expressed. There were people who considered the tsar to be the culprit of many of Russia's troubles. So, for almost 300 years, disputes began around the personality of Peter I and his activities. These disputes continue to this day. Some admire Peter I:
Now an academician, now a hero,
Either a sailor or a carpenter.
He is an all-encompassing soul
The eternal worker was on the throne.
A.S. Pushkin
For some, he was a “tsar-enlightener,” and for others, a “villain, despot, tyrant.”
Working with historical documents
Teacher: Who can name the topic of today's lesson?(students' answers).
Teacher: That's right, today we will talk about the reforms carried out by Peter I in everyday life, which caused a mixed reaction in all layers of Russian society.
Let’s open your notebooks, write down today’s date and the topic of the lesson: “Everyday life and everyday life under Peter I”.
3. Goal setting:
Teacher: Guys, what is the purpose of the lesson?( D give an idea of the changes in the consciousness and lifestyle of high society under Peter I , V life and traditions of the Russian people).
Teacher: What will help you in studying the topic?(textbook, knowledge, presentation, etc.).
4. Motivation:
Teacher: How do you understand the words everyday life?(students' answers).
Why do historians study this area of people's lives? (students' guess )
Why did Peter I strive to change traditions and everyday life of people? ( students' guess)
5. Learning new material:
Tasks for working with the text of a paragraph (work in groups)
1. What changed in the noble service in the era of Peter 1 compared to previous times?
Nobles often served as privates in infantry or dragoon regiments or as sailors on ships - along with yesterday's peasants and townspeople. It was necessary to learn the techniques of “regimental formation” according to the new regulations, engage in company and regimental management, teach soldiers, and learn artillery or engineering ourselves.
2. What changes took place in the appearance of the nobles?
The Tsar's decree forbade even retired nobles, under pain of a fine and beating with batogs, to walk “with beards and in ancient dress.”
3. Describe peasant life in the early 18th century. Note how he was affected by the changes taking place in the country.
Six days a week, serfs were forced to work for the landowner. The lack of time and money determined their simple life. On Sundays and holidays, they were forced to work on their own plots of land in order to somehow provide food for their family, which often included up to 10 children. The main entertainments of the peasants were mass games and round dances on major holidays and walks in nature. The food was quite meager - stew, cabbage soup and flour products. Peasant children did not receive an education and in the future they repeated the life path of their parents. In the peasant and urban environment, news of unprecedented innovations - “German” dress, the abolition of the patriarchate, new holidays with the participation of women - were perceived with condemnation, as a violation of antiquity and Orthodox piety.
4. What changed in the lives of townspeople at the beginning of the 18th century, and what remained the same?
After returning from the “Great Embassy,” Peter I personally cut the beards of his closest boyars, and decrees soon followed on a huge tax on beards and a ban on wearing long dresses. More practical European clothing was introduced everywhere. Smoking was allowed, which previously, according to the Council Code of 1649, was regarded as a criminal offense. It sharply diverged from the rules of “Domostroy” of the 16th century. registration of marriages: bridesmaids were replaced by betrothals, forced marriage was prohibited. In 1714, a literacy qualification for the groom was introduced; marriage was not allowed without achieving a certain level of education. Much attention was paid to the dissemination of European standards of morality and etiquette in Russian society, and the study of the “Youth of the Honest Mirror” - a set of rules for community life - became mandatory. The crowning achievement of the policy of instilling European traditions was the appearance in 1718. the tsar's decree on holding “assemblies” - evenings of public communication between the nobility and the most distinguished citizens. Women were required to participate in them - the centuries-long seclusion of wives and daughters in the female half of the house ended. Folk festivities, performances and fireworks celebrating the victories of Russian weapons became a means of powerful political influence on the urban population. Peter himself took part in organizing these celebrations. Some celebrations have become regular. These include New Year's celebrations. On January 1, 1700, Russia switched to chronology from the “Nativity of Christ,” as was customary in most European countries. From that time on, a tradition began to be established to celebrate this event by organizing Christmas trees and folk festivals.
5. What goods that appeared in Russia under Peter 1 were unknown to the inhabitants of the country before?
Coffee, silk, hats, wigs, fans, scarves, gloves, mirrors, engravings, filing cabinets, stools.
Teacher: Such noticeable innovations in everyday life affected mainly the upper layer of the capital's nobility. Little change is observed among the provincial nobles and townspeople. The life of the peasantry also changed to a very slight extent.
The changes were achieved at the cost of incredible efforts of the people. Therefore, in Peter’s time, revolts often occurred (Astrakhan uprising, Streltsy revolt, K. Bulavin’s uprising). A considerable price was paid for the reforms; according to some data, every tenth person (out of 14-17 million people) died in Russia under Peter. Peter's bright personality and his bold reform activities attracted the attention of writers, poets, and artists. But Peter and his deeds were alien to the people; It was not without reason that this monarch was seen as the culprit of all disasters.
In general, all the transformations reflected both the objective needs of the country to introduce it to the achievements of European civilization of that time, and the desire of Peter I himself to sharply separate the new Russia of the 18th century, which he created and built, from the former Russia of the 17th century.
6. Consolidation of the studied material:
Teacher: So,Is it possible to assume that an immense passion for everything foreign was inevitable during the years of Peter the Great’s reforms?
Could it have been different? Give reasons for your opinion.
Make a list of Peter’s innovations that remain relevant for residents of modern Russia.
Which of the list do you personally use?
7. Reflection:
Teacher: describe Peter the Great
Choose an expression that matches your perception of the lesson: heard out of the corner of your ear, flapping your ears, moving your brains, counting crows, etc.
8. Homework:
Teacher: Write down your homework§ eleven.
Optionally:
*Describe in the form of a letter to your relatives the impressions of a poor provincial nobleman who came to the assembly for the first time.
*Using additional literature and the Internet, prepare a presentation on the topic “Fashion of the Petrine era.”
* Select additional material and illustrations on the history of traditions and customs of your native land in the 18th century. Make a list of literature and Internet resources on this topic.
9. Grading.
Historical sources
"... In the second half of the 17th century, the Russian people clearly set out on a new path; after centuries of movement to the East, they began to turn to the West. The rapprochement itself was a people's affair, and Peter was the leader in this matter. He expressed his genius in the fact that clearly realized his position and his duty: to lead, through civilization, weak, poor, almost unknown to the world Russia from the alienation and ignorance in which it had been until now.” (S.M. Soloviev)
Assignment: Based on the text of the document, state the attitude of S.M. Solovyov to the reforms and personality of Peter I.
“The Russian land was suddenly subjected to terrible external and internal rape. By the hand of the executioner, the Russian image was stripped from the Russian person and the likeness of a common European was put on. Everything that only bore the stamp of nationality was accepted for ridicule, desecration, persecution: clothing, customs, morals, the language itself “Everything was distorted, mutilated, mutilated.” (I.S. Aksakov)
Question: What is the essence of I.S.’s position? Aksakov?
“A man who combined the incompatible: the desire for enlightenment and despotism, who built and executed with his own hands, who sowed horror and adoration among his compatriots, the one who, in the name of the “common good,” loving and serving the Fatherland, “raised Russia on its hind legs.” (V.O. Klyuchevsky)
Question: How does V.O. Klyuchevsky, personality and activities of Peter I?
Reflection
Give a description of Peter the Great (write opposite each letter an adjective that characterizes PeterI)
Noble training and service
During the time of Peter the Great, young nobles who reached the age of 16-17 were required to serve for life. They began their service as privates in infantry and dragoon regiments or as sailors on ships. Military uniform - “German” uniform.
Nobles studied artillery or engineering. There was no unified teaching system or textbooks. Those of the nobles who went abroad had to master mathematics or “navigation” in a foreign language. Peter I personally took the exams.
If a nobleman retired from military service, he was appointed to “civil service,” performing the duties of a governor in a provincial city, an official in one of the institutions, or a poll tax collector.
Noble clothing and the appearance of a nobleman
Changes have occurred in the wearing of clothing. The struggle with the wide-sleeved dress began. On August 29, 1699, Peter by decree prohibited the wearing of the old Russian suit, and in January 1700 he obliged to wear a dress in the Hungarian style. Later, all boyars and nobles had to wear German dress on weekdays and French dress on holidays. Nobles were obliged to shave their beards. Violation of the royal decree was followed by a fine and beating with batogs.
From January 1, 1701, women were required to wear European dress. A lot of jewelry appeared, lace and frill came into fashion. Among the headdresses, the cocked hat became the leader. A wig, a corset, wide skirts, and narrow-toed shoes were introduced.
Noble entertainment and life
Luxury items appeared in noble houses: mirrors, engravings, beds, tables, stools, armchairs, filing cabinets, silver, tin and glassware. A lot of money was spent on this.
Nobles were taught manners. Captured Swedish officers and women from the German settlement taught the Russians such dances as polonaise, minuet and grossvater.
Decrees of December 19 and 20, 1699 introduced chronology from the Nativity of Christ. The New Year began on January 1, as in many European countries. Celebrated from January 1 to January 7. The gates of the courtyards were decorated with pine, spruce and juniper trees, the gates of the poor owners - with branches. Fireworks were displayed in the capital.
A new system of holidays was created; Masquerades and balls were held. Since 1718, Peter introduced assemblies to which men were required to appear together with their wives and adult daughters. In the 18th century games of cards and chess appeared. Rides along the Neva were organized for high society.
Peasant life and everyday life
Peasant life did not undergo significant changes. The serfs worked for the landowner six days a week, and on Sundays and holidays - on their own plots of land. Children from 8 to 9 years old learned to work. The father raised his son in his own image.
All land issues were under the jurisdiction of the community, which kept order, sorted out quarrels between fellow villagers, and dealt with the distribution of duties. Everyone was united by mutual responsibility. Local affairs were decided by a gathering of married men.
The strong influence of traditions in everyday life and adherence to customs have been preserved. Clothing continued to remain traditional and was made from canvas and other cheap materials. The woman’s wardrobe consisted of a shirt, a sundress, a padded jacket, and a fur coat. European fashion came to the Russian village only at the end of the 18th century.
The main entertainments of the peasants are mass games and round dances on major holidays and walks in nature. Food - stew, cabbage soup and flour products.
City life
The townspeople lived in estates, raised horses, cows, pigs, and poultry; cultivated the gardens. Smoking was allowed.
In 1714, a literacy qualification for the groom was introduced; marriage was not allowed without achieving a certain level of education.
It became mandatory to study the “Youth of the Honest Mirror” - a set of rules for community life.
Innovations in culture and life
When Peter I, upon returning from Europe in 1698, began cutting the beards of the boyars and shortening their long-skirted caftans, people initially perceived this as the extravagance of the young monarch. But they were wrong. Peter indeed began a broad program of cultural change. Beards and caftans became flowers, but so did berries. Already in 1700, mannequins with samples of new clothes were exhibited at the Kremlin gates. Toughly and decisively, the king began to change the appearance of people.
Not only clothes and shoes of European designs (Polish, Hungarian, French, German) but also wigs began to be introduced into the lives of nobles and townspeople.
At the end of December 1699, the tsar issued a decree changing the calendar in Russia. Previously, according to the old Russian custom that came from Byzantium, years were counted from the mythical creation of the world. The New Year began on September 1. Peter I ordered to count the years, as in Christian Orthodox Europe (Julian calendar) - from the Nativity of Christ, and to open the new year on January 1. On January 1, 1700, Russia began to live according to a new calendar. But for the church, Peter allowed the old calendar to be preserved. The Christmas tree, Santa Claus, and the January New Year holidays came to Russia.
Soon after the capital was moved to St. Petersburg, the royal family, the court, the guard, and the entire population of the city began to participate in these holidays. Solemn church services were held, and Christmas trees, merry festivities, and fireworks were held on the streets; Feasts began in the houses of the townspeople, in which the king often took part.
This was followed by a change in the counting of hours. Previously, the day was divided from morning to evening. Peter introduced a new, European division - dividing the day into equal 24 hours. All clocks in Russia, including those on the Spassky Gate of the Kremlin, began to be remade. The chimes of the Spasskaya Tower struck 9 a.m. for the first time on December 9, 1706.
Peter sought to ensure that the communication of the people around him was free and uninhibited, so that the rigid old Moscow rituals and complex ceremonies that emphasized the importance and nobility of the princely and boyar families would become a thing of the past. Peter himself was the first to give an example of new ways of communication. He easily communicated both with his associates and with ordinary townspeople and even soldiers. He entered their houses, sat down at the table, and often became the godfather of the children of not only the nobility, but also commoners. Friendly feasts became frequent in the king’s chambers and in the houses of his associates.
Since 1718, the tsar introduced the so-called assemblies - meetings - into the practice of communication. They were periodically held in the winter in the evenings in the houses of rich and noble nobles and townspeople. They attracted the entire St. Petersburg society of that time. No guests were greeted or seen off here. Everyone, including the tsar, could easily stop by for a cup of tea or play a game of checkers or chess, which were becoming increasingly fashionable. The youth danced and had fun playing games. Statesmen had serious conversations, decided on pressing matters, merchants and entrepreneurs discussed professional problems. Women certainly participated in the assemblies. They left such assemblies “in English” without saying goodbye.
The manners of Russian nobles and townspeople also became different; the so-called “polites”, the rules of good manners, appeared. Peter in every possible way encouraged the ability to dance, speak fluently in foreign languages, fencing, and master the art of speech and writing. All this changed the appearance of the upper strata of society. The book “An Honest Mirror of Youth”, published in 1717 (it was written on the instructions of Peter), became a set of rules of good manners - the rules of external culture and behavior of a nobleman in society. It condemned what had recently been common for the youngest king and his friends when they first went abroad. There, in particular, it was said about behavior at the table: “sit up straight and don’t grab the first thing in the dish, don’t eat like a pig and don’t blow into your ear (from the word ear) so that it splashes everywhere, don’t sniffle every time you eat (when you eat)… Don’t lick your fingers and do not gnaw the bones, but cut them with a knife.”
Under Peter, Russian life shone with a series of new holidays and amusements. In addition to the traditional celebrations associated with the names and birthdays of the tsar, queen, and their children, new ones appeared - the day of the coronation of Peter I, the day of the royal wedding, as well as annual holidays dedicated to the Battle of Poltava (June 27), victories at Gangut and Grenham ( July 27), the capture of Narva (August 9), the conclusion of the Peace of Nystad (August 30). A special holiday was held in honor of the establishment of the first and highest Russian Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (November 30).
Part of the general cultural turn in society was the increase in literacy of the population, the widespread development of book printing, printing and publishing, and the emergence of the first Russian public libraries.
With the active participation of Peter, a new civil alphabet was published in Russia - instead of the outdated Church Slavonic one. This greatly simplified book publishing. The new alphabet existed for more than two centuries
Old Russian letter designations for numbers were replaced by Arabic numerals. Now the unit was denoted by “1”, and not by the letter “A”, as before.
New printing houses have appeared. They published Russian and translation) textbooks, books on history, natural science and technology, translations of literary and historical works of ancient authors, including Julius Caesar, the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop, and the Roman poet Ovid. The first public and free libraries appeared in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
In 1702, a remarkable event occurred in the cultural life of the country: getting up one morning in December, Muscovites discovered that some outlandish printed sheets were being sold near the Moscow printing house. Thus, the first mass newspaper in Russia, Vedomosti, was published. It was intended not only for the royal family and high dignitaries, like the “Chimes” under Alexei Mikhailovich. She was taken outside. The circulation of Vedomosti reached 2,500 copies.
But along with these innovations and successes of Russian culture, the first signs of an excessive and sometimes thoughtless passion for everything foreign appeared, for which the tsar himself set an example. Suffice it to say that the Russian language at this time was replenished with more than 4 thousand new and foreign words. Many of them were not at all necessary. The tsar's letters are full of German and Dutch words and terms. The real contamination of the Russian language has begun.
Imitation of Western fashion led to the fact that people were sometimes forced to exchange clothes that were comfortable and well adapted to the Russian climate for completely European, but inconvenient and impractical outfits for Russia. Indeed, what is the use of short trousers, silk stockings, and felt hats in the twenty-degree frosts of St. Petersburg!
Changes in the cultural appearance of Russia have also affected the appearance of Russian cities. Peter forced the city authorities to build modern buildings and pave the streets with paving stones, like in European cities. In his decrees, he ordered to introduce elements of “correctness” into existing cities - to move residential buildings beyond the “red line”, “to build them not in the middle of their courtyards,” thereby creating straight streets, and achieving a symmetrical layout of building facades. Under him, street lights came on for the first time in Russia. Of course, it was in St. Petersburg. And previously in Europe, only seven cities - Hamburg, The Hague, Berlin, Copenhagen, Vienna, London and Hanover (the capital of Saxony) - had lighting.
Thousands of workers, townspeople, and state peasants were mobilized for the construction of St. Petersburg. Day and night to the city on carts in winter - building stone, roofing material, and boards were carried on sleighs. Italian and French architects, engineers, and craftsmen were invited to design and build streets, palaces, and public buildings. Wonderful architectural ensembles began to be created - the Admiralty, the Peter and Paul Fortress with a new cathedral, the building of the colleges, the Menshikov Palace, the building of the Kunstkamera, etc.
“I am in the rank of those who are taught”
This is what Peter, who studied all his life, said about himself. He demanded the same from the entire country.
In the first quarter of the 18th century. in Russia, essentially, a network of secular schools and other educational institutions appeared. “Digital schools” have opened in many cities across the country. The children of nobles, officials, and lower clergy studied there. The network of diocesan schools where children of clergy were trained has expanded, and separate schools are being created for the children of soldiers and sailors.
But the development of the economy, trade, and urban planning required more and more cadres of literate and intelligent people. This was also required by the increasingly complex system of state - central and local - government. Well-trained governors, vice-governors, governors, officials, and diplomats were needed.
In response to these demands of the time, mining schools and a school of translators were created in Russia, where students mastered European and Eastern sciences. Education at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy is expanding, at which schools are being formed - Slavic-Latin, Slavic-Greek, and Slavic-Russian.
Under Peter I, technical educational institutions appeared in Russia for the first time. Navigation schools, following Moscow, are being created in Novgorod, Narva and other cities, and on their basis the Maritime Academy is opening in St. Petersburg. The main subject in it is shipbuilding. It is worth mentioning once again the opening of engineering schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg and the emergence of the first medical schools. Mostly the children of nobles studied here. Peter himself was involved in the selection of students, strictly monitored the training, examined students, praised the diligent, reproached and even punished the careless. By a special decree, he prohibited young nobles from marrying if they did not have an education. Essentially, the tsar forcibly dragged Russia into enlightenment.
Development of science
While still in Europe during the great embassy, Peter I paid a lot of attention to familiarizing himself with European science. He met with outstanding scientists and inventors. The reformer Tsar perfectly understood the role of science in the development of civilization. But how did he transfer scientific knowledge to Russia, how to give a powerful impetus to scientific thought in a backward country? The first thing he did was invite European scientific luminaries to serve. Peter did not skimp on expenses. He provided them with good salaries, comfortable housing, and various benefits. This is how the Swiss mathematician and mechanic Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), the French astronomer and cartographer Joseph Delisle (1688-1768) and some others appeared in Russia. Secondly, the tsar helped talented Russian geniuses to advance in science. Many of them, with his support, were trained in European countries. Thirdly, he contributed in every possible way to the development of scientific and technical knowledge, as well as those areas of science that were of great practical interest for the development of Russian industry and the development of natural resources. Geological expeditions were sent throughout the country, which discovered deposits of coal, iron and copper ores, silver, and sulfur. For the first time in Peter's time, oil fields began to be developed.
The discovery of new lands and the annexation of Siberia led to a real boom in new expeditions to the east. Russian people appeared in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The purpose of these expeditions was not only to explore and develop new lands rich in fur and minerals, but also to scientifically study the spaces of Russia and neighboring countries, and compile geographical maps. A special expedition was sent to the Chukotka Peninsula, before which the tsar set the goal of exploring “whether America has come together with Asia.” Three weeks before his death, Peter drew up instructions for the Danish captain Vitus Bering, who was in Russian service. He was heading on his first Kamchatka expedition to find a route across the Arctic Ocean to China and India. After the death of Peter, Bering reached the shores of Alaska and opened a strait between Asia and America, named after him.
Another expedition made its way to India through the Central Asian khanates of Khiva and Bukhara. Cossack atamans were tasked with exploring and describing the lands along the Amu Darya, in the area of Lake Issyk-Kul. Expeditions to the North Caucasus became permanent. As a result, by the beginning of the 20s. maps of individual parts of Russia appeared.
The general rise of the economy and education in the country led to shifts in the field of technical innovations. The inventions of Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov appeared in mechanics, who created a series of original turning and screw-cutting machines. Gun barrels were forged and processed in new, more economical and efficient ways. Domestic optics was born. Russian craftsmen began to make microscopes and telescopes, which were previously bought abroad.
On Peter's initiative, an astronomical observatory and a Botanical Garden were opened, the collection of ancient manuscripts began, and new historical works appeared. Peter himself, in his spare time, worked as an author on the “History of the Swean (i.e., Swedish) War.” But there was not enough time, and his work remained unfinished.
Literature and art
The era of Peter 1 could not but leave its mark on literature and art.
The “Petrine” theme powerfully invades traditional folk literary genres.
Journalism became a new phenomenon in literature - works created by Peter's associates and glorifying the deeds of the tsar-reformer.
First quarter of the 18th century Russia is marked by new phenomena in the field of art.
The theater was again revived in Moscow. Amateur theaters were organized by students of various secondary and higher educational institutions.
Significant changes have occurred in painting, and the main one is the development of secular realistic painting along with traditional icon painting. This primarily applies to portraiture.
The first realist artists appeared. Having appreciated their talent, Peter sent some of them abroad for training. The most prominent portrait painter of his time was Ivan Nikitich Nikitin, who created a gallery of portraits of famous people of that era. The painting “Peter I on his deathbed” also belongs to his brush. Another famous Russian portrait artist was Andrei Matveevich Matveev. Both of them were trained in Holland.
There have also been changes in music. Along with traditional choral works and folk songs, military drill music was sounded. During parades and triumphs, regiments marched to Russian and foreign marches. The inhabitants looked with delight at the military musical spectacles.
Under Peter I, for the first time, the prerequisites for the emergence of Russian science proper and its development arose.
The need for scientific knowledge was explained by the practical needs of the state and was associated with the development of the vast Siberian and Far Eastern expanses of the country, the search and use of minerals, the construction of new cities, and the growth of manufacturing and trade.
The foundations of domestic medicine were laid. In 1706, the Apothecary Garden was founded in Moscow, which became the basis of the future Botanical Garden. And in 1707, the first hospital in Russia was opened and with it a hospital school. Since 1718, the first domestic surgical instruments began to be manufactured in St. Petersburg.
In 1720, a map of the Caspian Sea was published.
In 1700, by decree of Peter, a state mining exploration service was organized to search for minerals. In 1703, the peasant Shilov discovered a copper ore deposit in the Urals. And in 1714, hammer master Ryabov discovered the first mineral medicinal waters in Russia in the Petrozavodsk region. In the early 20s. ore explorer Grigory Kapustin discovered coal deposits in southern Russia. At the same time, brown coals were discovered in the Moscow region.
Peter's associate Yakov Vilimovnch Bruce in 1699 organized the Navigation School in Moscow, where astronomy was studied. Here, in 1702, on his instructions, the first observatory in Russia was equipped in the Sukharev Tower. Based on five years of observations, in 1707 Bruce compiled the first map of the starry sky in Russia. Since 1725, regular meteorological observations began in St. Petersburg.
Of outstanding importance was the publication in 1703 of “Arithmetic” by Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky - an encyclopedia of mathematical knowledge of that time, which M. V. Lomonosov later called “the gates of his learning.”
Andrei Konstantinovich Martov in 1712-1725. was the first in the world to invent and build a series of lathes.
In 1724, according to the design of another brilliant Russian mechanic, Nikonov, the first Russian submarine was created and tested at the Galerny Dvor.
Scientific and technical knowledge was used in the construction of canals and dams, mechanisms in manufactories and shipyards.
On the instructions of Peter I, in 1722, the collection of materials on the history of Russia began for the subsequent writing of scientific works and textbooks. Interesting documents and materials began to be brought to St. Petersburg from all over the country and from abroad, which laid the foundation for Russian archives.
Peter maintained his interest in knowledge throughout his life. It is not surprising that it was under him that state policy in the field of education first began to take shape. The reformer Tsar understood perfectly well that a school based only on church knowledge, as well as sending talented youth to study abroad, could not give good results. A system of vocational education began to take shape in the country.
At first, schools were classless: children from different segments of the population could study there. However, soon many special educational institutions (where specialist officers were trained) began to accept only children of nobles. Children of serfs could not study in public schools.
Since not all children of nobles wanted to study, the tsar ordered that study be considered one of the types of public service. And so that no one could avoid it, he forbade priests to give permission to marry nobles who did not have a certificate of education.
The creation of an education system required the publication of many books (textbooks, reference books, visual aids). Only in the first quarter of the 18th century. More books were published in Russia than in the entire 150 years that have passed since the beginning of Russian book printing.
The introduction of the civil alphabet in 1710 was of great importance for increasing the level of literacy of the population. As M.V. Lomonosov noted later, “under Peter the Great, not only the boyars and boyars, but also the letters, threw off their wide fur coats and dressed up in summer clothes.”
In 1703, the first official printed newspaper, Vedomosti, began publishing, which published mainly foreign chronicles.
The Kunstkamera (room for curiosities), founded by Peter in St. Petersburg in 1719, became a major scientific institution, in which collections of minerals, medicines, ancient coins, an ethnographic collection, several earthly and celestial “globes” were stored, and a zoological cabinet was set up. This was the first Russian museum. At the same time, the Naval and Artillery museums were founded in St. Petersburg. In 1714, the oldest scientific library in our country was opened in St. Petersburg.
The crowning achievement of Peter's reforms in the field of science and education was the decree of 1724 on the establishment of the Academy of Sciences and Arts (it opened after the death of the Tsar in 1725).
Under Peter I, artistic culture took a new place in spiritual life. It became secular, more diverse in genre, and received active support from the state.
However, in general, all these transformations and innovations were of a transitional nature, since in many ways the features of the previous era were still preserved.
Music was represented by simple everyday forms: dance, military, table melodies. Kants (polyphonic singing by an ensemble or choir of singers without musical accompaniment, usually performed on state and military holidays) were especially popular.
The architecture of Peter the Great's time is represented primarily by ensembles of buildings in St. Petersburg, for the construction of which the best foreign specialists were invited - J. Leblon, D. Trezzini, F. B. Rastrelli. But Russian architects also took part in this work - I.K. Korobov and M.G. Zsmtsov. The most important architectural monuments of that time were the Peter and Paul Cathedral and the Peter and Paul Fortress, the building of the Twelve Colleges, the Menshikov Palace in St. Petersburg, the Menshikov Tower in Moscow, and the first buildings of the Peterhof ensemble.
Fine art of the first quarter of the 18th century. represented by such a new phenomenon as engraving (it came to Rus' from Europe). It gained its popularity primarily because of its low cost. Soon, engravings were already widely used in educational literature, newspapers, and calendars. A famous master in this direction was A.F. Zubov.
Another distinctive feature of the fine art of the Peter the Great era was the portrait. One of the founders of Russian secular painting was Ivan Nikitich Nikitin (1690-1742), who, by decree of Peter the Great, received the opportunity to study in Italy. His portraits (“Hetman of the Floor”, “Peter I on his Deathbed”) are characterized by realism, interest in the inner world of a person, showing not only his individual external features, but also his character.
Due to the abundance of new phenomena in cultural life, the first quarter of the 18th century. has no analogues in Russian history.
By order of the tsar, it was mandatory for nobles to wear European clothing - camisoles, stockings, shoes, ties, and hats. On pain of disgrace, boyars and nobles had to shave their beards. For disobedience, they were threatened with, at best, a large fine, and at worst, exile.
For the right to wear a beard, peasants had to pay a tax, which was levied every time a peasant entered the city. Only the clergy retained their right to wear traditional clothing and beards free of charge.
From January 1700, Peter introduced a new calendar - from the Nativity of Christ, and not from the creation of the world. Therefore, now, after 7207, 1700 came. In addition, the new year now began not on September 1, as before, but on January 1.
From Europe, the Tsar brought and introduced new forms of communication and entertainment into Russia: holidays with illumination, fireworks, masquerades. Since 1718, by a special decree, he introduced assemblies held in the houses of the nobility. Familiar dignitaries, officers, clergy, and rich merchants were invited to them. A special feature of these meetings was that women were allowed to participate in them. The evening was spent in small talk, discussion of the latest news and gossip, dances and attractions. An obligatory part of the assembly was a grand dinner, during which each owner of the assembly sought to surpass his predecessor in splendor and innovation.
Playing the clavichord (a prototype of the piano), violin, and flute became widespread. The playing of amateur orchestras became popular, and representatives of the nobility were required to attend their concerts.
There were so many innovations in the everyday life of the upper strata of the population that a special manual on the rules of good manners was needed. In 1717, the famous “An Honest Mirror of Youth, or Indications for Everyday Conduct, collected from various authors” was published.
The main features of the development of culture in the era of Peter I were the strengthening of its secular principles and the active penetration and even implantation of Western European culture. These changes were undeniable and very noticeable.
It was on their basis that domestic science arose and developed, the education system took shape, and artistic culture flourished not only in the subsequent decades of the 18th, but also the 19th centuries.
However, the culture of Peter's time was still of a transitional nature. It combined the innovations of Peter and the traditions of patriarchal Rus'.
Moreover, all these innovations and achievements became the property of only the upper strata of the population of a huge country. The main part of it perceived the new features of life that appeared under Peter as nothing more than the eccentricities of the tsar himself and his masters.
European style A decree of 1700 banned the wearing of long-skirted Russian dresses. Citizens and nobility were required to wear Hungarian or German dress (jackets, stockings, shoes, ties, hats). A fee was charged for violating the decree. If there was no money, they would cut it with scissors right on the street. “Eco stuffed animals!”, illustration by S. S. Solomko
“Children do not have the right to scold anyone or reproach anyone with derogatory words without a parent’s express order. And if it is necessary, they should do it politely and courteously. Always spend time in pious deeds, and never be idle or idle, because it happens that some people live lazily, not cheerfully, and their minds become darkened and stifled, then from that nothing good can be expected, except for a decrepit body and a wormhole, which becomes fat due to laziness.” Rules of good manners “An Honest Mirror of Youth”
“Young youths should always speak foreign languages among themselves, so that they can get used to it, and especially when he tells them something secret, it will happen that the servants and maids cannot find out and so that they can be recognized from other ignorant fools: for each merchant has his own goods praising, selling as best he can. When you are ordered to do something, then manage it yourself with all diligence, and do not rely on your good friends or rely on anyone.” Rules of good manners
Changing the position of women It was prescribed that there should be at least a six-week period between betrothal and wedding, “so that the bride and groom can recognize each other.” If during this time, the decree said, “the groom does not want to take the bride, or the bride does not want to marry the groom,” no matter how the parents insist on it, “there will be freedom.” Decrees of 1700
“Before appearing in public, a guest should be: 1. Wash carefully, without skipping any places. 2. Shave thoroughly, so as not to damage the ladies’ tenderness with vile stubble. 3. I’m half hungry and a little drunk, if not completely drunk. 4. Dressed as nobles, but without unnecessary excess, in addition to lovely ladies. The latter are allowed to seductively decorate their image with moderate cosmetics. Be especially distinguished from rude gentlemen by grace, cheerfulness and kindness. 6. When you come to visit, familiarize yourself with the layout of the house in advance with ease, especially noting the location of the closets, and put this information aside in that part of the mind that is less subject to guilt than others.” Decree of Peter I “On the dignity of being a guest at assemblies”
"7. Consume food in moderation, so that your belly is too heavy to hinder your dancing. 8. Drink the potion as much as you can, so your legs can hold up. If they refuse, drink while sitting. Do not offer it to someone lying down - so that he does not choke, even if he asks for it. Glory to the one who choked! For this death on Lynx has been honorable since ancient times. 14. Without singing there is no fun in Rus', but it begins at the master’s sign. Don’t get into a rage, listen to your neighbor - when you bray alone, you become like the Valaam donkey. On the contrary, your musicality and sweet voice will earn you many praises from guests. 15. Remember, a lady’s heart is pliable to music, use this, and you will certainly be kind. 16. When you see a noble person at the assembly, or even a king, don’t lose heart, don’t open your mouth, but don’t stick your head out either - you’ll hardly be able to serve, and you’ll be three times more capable of annoying someone who’s drunk.” Decree of Peter I “On the dignity of being a guest at assemblies”
Results of the study Changes in everyday life affected almost every person, although they affected the nobility to a greater extent. Under Peter I, orders, styles, and customs characteristic of Europe were imposed. Some of the changes had a positive impact on the situation of the population (especially women). Other changes were not necessary and could be introduced gradually, without violence (barber shaving), taking into account national characteristics.
X-Sergey_Solomko_001.jpeghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sergey_Solomko_001.jpeg/400p x-Sergey_Solomko_001.jpeg - eco stuffed animal Raskolnik.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia /commons/thumb/1/18/Raskolnik.jpg/169px- Raskolnik.jpg - forced shaving of beards. Lubok of the 18th century. Peter_I_assembly.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Peter_I_assembly.jpg/282px- Peter_I_assembly.jpg -assemblies under Peter I - decree of Peter I on the rules of assemblies
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