There are few people on the globe who have not heard anything about the Rothschilds. Today, this surname has become a symbol of wealth. Where did these Rothschilds come from?
Descendants of a Jewish money changer
Mayer Amschel Rothschild, who was born in 1744 in Frankfurt am Main (Germany), is considered the ancestor of the dynasty of famous Jewish bankers Rothschilds. His father, money changer and jeweler Amschel Moses Bauer, was a trading partner of the House of Hesse. The emblem of his jewelry workshop depicted a golden Roman eagle on a red shield, so the workshop began to be called the "Red Shield" (in German - Rothschield). Mayer Amschel took this name as his surname.
The first Rothschild entered the banking business and succeeded in doing so. Paul Johnson in The History of the Jews writes that he managed to create a new type of international company that survived a series of Jewish pogroms, wars and revolutions.
Mayer Amschel's five sons - Amschel Mayer, Solomon Mayer, Nathan Mayer, Kalman Mayer and James Mayer - founded banks in the five largest cities in Europe: Paris, London, Vienna, Naples and Frankfurt am Main.
During the Napoleonic Wars, Nathan Mayer Rothschild financed the transportation of gold bars for the army of the Duke of Wellington, and also subsidized Britain's continental allies. In 1816, the Austrian emperor Franz II granted the Rothschilds a baronial title. The family has its own coat of arms, which depicts five arrows, symbolizing the five offspring of Amschel Mayer, by analogy with the text of the 126th biblical psalm: “As arrows in the hand of a strong man, then young sons.” Below is the family motto in Latin: Concordia, Integritas, Industria ("Consent, Honesty, Diligence"). The British Rothschilds were received at the court of Queen Victoria.
The Rothschilds tried to keep the fortune within the family. They entered into marriages only for convenience and until the end of the 19th century entered into marriage alliances between distant relatives. Subsequently, they began to marry representatives of influential financial families in Europe, mostly of Jewish origin: Warburgs, Goldsmiths, Cohens, Raphaels, Sassoons, Salomons.
The Rothschilds are walking the world
The Rothschild family made a significant contribution to the industrialization of Europe. It contributed to the construction of a network of railways in France, Belgium and Austria and the Suez Canal, financed the foundation of the De Beers concern, the Rio Tinto mining enterprise. During the Russo-Japanese War, the London Consortium issued Japanese war bonds worth 11.5 million (at 1907 prices).
By the beginning of the 20th century, the name Rothschild had become synonymous with wealth. The Rothschilds owned more than 40 family palaces, superior in luxury to the royal castles of Europe, and extensive collections of works of art. Among other things, the Rothschilds were actively involved in charity work.
At the beginning of World War II, the Rothschilds were forced to emigrate to the United States, as the persecution of Jews began. All their property was confiscated and looted by the Nazis. In 1999, the Austrian government returned a number of palaces to the family, as well as 250 pieces of art that ended up in the state museum.
Secret rulers of the world?
Since 2003, the Rothschild investment banks have been controlled by the Swiss-registered company Rothschild Continuation Holdings, headed by Baron David René de Rothschild. The family owns numerous vineyards, it has property not only in Europe but also in North and South America, South Africa and Australia.
At the end of 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild issued a statement that the Rothschild clan was not affected by
global financial crisis thanks to conservative business practices. “We got through it because our investment executives didn't want to invest in crazy things. The client knows that we will not speculate with his money,” the banker said.
It is believed that the Rothschilds are the richest people in the world. In 2012, their total wealth was estimated at 1.7 trillion US dollars (other estimates say more than 3.2 trillion).
Conspiracy theorists periodically show interest in the Rothschilds. For example, conspiracy theorists claim that representatives of this clan belong to the secret society of the Illuminati and control all the finances of the world, and are also the organizers of military conflicts between various powers.
On May 17, the investment bank Rothschild & Co will be headed by the representative of the seventh generation of the famous Rothschild dynasty - 37-year-old Alexander de Rothschild. For two hundred years, the family has strictly observed the precepts of the patriarch and the founder of the clan, who ordered the descendants to always act as a unit, entrust the management of the family business only to male relatives and maintain secrecy in business. The famous banking house has been involved in transactions of historic proportions for centuries. The image of all-powerful behind-the-scenes puppeteers was formed under the impression of their activities. Conspiracy theorists are sure that the famous family, whose branches are widely spread in Europe and the USA, controls world finances with the help of. The origins and change of generations in the famous banking clan - in the material.
Bench under a red sign
The end of the eighteenth century is an era of gigantic change for Western Europe: the revolution and overthrow of the monarchy in France, the birth of industrial production, a series of large-scale wars, the gradual loss of political influence by aristocratic landowners and the emancipation of oppressed groups. It was at this time that the foundation of the financial power of the Rothschilds was laid. Mayer Amschel, the son of Amschel Moses, a modest money changer from the Jewish quarter in Frankfurt am Main, is considered the ancestor of the dynasty.
The father wanted the bright boy to become a rabbi, but Mayer showed a penchant for worldly affairs. For a time he practiced at the Oppenheimer banking house in Hannover. Then he worked in his father's changing shop under a red sign (in German it sounds like Rot Schild, later this phrase became a surname). “Catching the trends”, Mayer Amschel started buying old coins and medals. The German nobility of that time was fond of collecting various antiquities, so the courteous and neat young man quickly made useful contacts with the powers that be, and the changer shop was transformed into a bank.
The career rise of the son of a money changer from the ghetto occurred after meeting the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel Wilhelm. Traditionally, Jewish bankers handled various financial transactions for the German princes. For example, the court bankers of the Habsburgs in Vienna were representatives of the House of Oppenheimer, the King of Prussia, Frederick II the Great, used the services of the Berlin company Ephraim and Sons. Bypassing competitors with the help of patronage and gifts to patrons, Mayer Amschel became the main court financier of Wilhelm.
All in the house
The well-being of the family went uphill sharply, the growing children were actively involved in the family business. Like fairy-tale characters throwing arrows in search of happiness, Mayer's sons went to the largest cities in Europe: Solomon - to Vienna, Nathan - to Manchester (later he moved to London), Kalman - to Naples, Jacob - to Paris. The eldest son remained in Frankfurt am Main. In memory of this, five arrows and the motto in Latin are depicted on the Rothschild coat of arms: Concordia, Integritas, Industria - Consent, Honesty, Diligence.
Thus, an international financial network was founded, covering the most developed European countries. Formally competing, the brothers supported each other in every possible way and exchanged news using correspondence coded in Yiddish. Subsequently, the most viable branches of the family tree turned out to be English (from Nathan) and French (from Jacob) - they still flourish.
The court financier approached the marriages of children very seriously: the sons brought daughters-in-law with a solid dowry into the family, the spouses of the daughters were also members of the clan, but worked in lower positions. In any case, the sons-in-law did not shine at the helm of the family business. The wealth of the clan could only be controlled by a descendant of Mayer Amschel in the male line. The money acquired had to remain in the family, so Mayer's descendants married first cousins and second cousins.
However, so did the entire elite. For example, by the end of the 19th century, the Austrian imperial family turned out to be so branched out that marriages between relatives belonging to different branches of the Habsburg family became more and more frequent, write Andrei Shary and Yaroslav Shimov in their book "Austria-Hungary: the fate of the empire." Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, who became heir to the throne in 1895, was indignant about this: “If someone from our family falls in love on the side, there will certainly be some nonsense in the pedigree that prevents such a marriage. So it turns out that we have a husband and wife, all twenty-fold relatives. As a result, half of the children are fools or complete idiots.
The Rothschilds entered into marriages exclusively with adherents of Judaism and won the glory of the "Jewish royal family." The rules established by Mayer Amschel remained unchanged for 200 years, only in the 1970s, David Rene, a representative of the French branch of the Rothschilds, married a Catholic, Italian aristocrat Olimpia Aldobrandini. They raised their daughters in the Catholic faith, but their only son Alexander - the future heir to the family business - in Judaism. Also in 2010, the Rothschilds for the first time appointed a non-native Briton, Nigel Higgins, as the chief executive of investment bank NM Rothschild. True, Higgins was not a complete stranger - by this time he had worked for the family for a quarter of a century.
To whom war
The Rothschilds could have remained at the level of the small-town rich, if not for the war. In 1806, French Emperor Napoleon I invaded Germany. Landgrave Wilhelm fled the country, leaving his affairs in the care of his court banker. It was then that Mayer came in handy with his arrow, shot in the direction of Foggy Albion. Son Nathan instantly quit trading in textiles in Manchester and retrained as a stock exchange tycoon in London.
The French confiscated part of Wilhelm's gold, but Rothschild Sr., thanks to Nathan's securities transactions, managed to transfer the main capital of his boss to England. To celebrate, the landgrave signed off to the court bankers for a symbolic commission all the rights to manage his papers, and Nathan started buying and selling British government bonds. So the Rothschilds became the first European millionaires and financed the wars of Great Britain against Napoleon. One of their most notable operations is ferrying gold for Wellington's army in Spain.
On September 19, 1812, the Russian army, exhausted by battles, under the command of Field Marshal Prince Golenishchev-Kutuzov, retreated to Podolsk. On the same day, the founder of the Rothschild house, Mayer Amschel, died in the house on the Jewish street of Frankfurt am Main at the age of seventieth, but his business lived and grew - the wealth and influence of the Rothschild brothers increased along with the amounts of loans they provided.
Frame: yorktheatre / YouTube
There is a legend that Nathan learned about the victory over Napoleon at Waterloo a day earlier than anyone in London, but he came to the stock exchange with a sad face and began to sell government bonds. Seeing this, the stockbrokers decided that the British and their allies were defeated, and rushed to get rid of the papers for next to nothing. Having waited for the collapse, the agents of the cunning Nathan bought up cheaper government bonds. As a result, the London Rothschild earned £40 million from this operation. However, some researchers refuse this story to be true - Nathan bought up securities against the backdrop of defeatist sentiments before the Battle of Waterloo, they say.
The peace established in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars also contributed to the growth of the family's well-being - the countries devastated by the war needed loans to restore. The grateful victorious monarchs bestowed the nobility on the banker brothers, and the Austrian emperor Franz II granted the Rothschilds a baronial title. Napoleon tried to conquer Europe with guns and cannons, but lost. The Old World submitted to the bills and loans of the banking family.
World behind the scenes
The nineteenth century was the golden age of the Rothschilds. Europe, and with it the whole world, was changing rapidly, the Rothschild banking network financed the construction of industrial enterprises, railways, the purchase of the Suez Canal by Great Britain, and the development of oil fields in the Russian Empire (on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan).
The Rothschilds partnered with De Beers in their search for diamonds and gold in South Africa. They are accused of helping to unleash military conflicts, for example, the devastating war of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay with Paraguay. Numerous descendants of Mayer Amschel were fond of luxury and art, the construction of palaces and charity. But by the end of the century, the glory of the family began to fade. Perhaps they themselves wanted this, because money, as you know, loves silence, and left and right publicists blamed bankers for all the troubles of mankind.
In the twentieth century, Rothschild structures began to specialize in large-scale mergers and acquisitions. Conspiracy theorists consider the Rothschilds to be the ideological inspirers of the First Bank of the United States - the prototype of the Federal Reserve System (FRS). The dynasty is considered to be among the real masters of the system. Officially, the Fed owns 12 federal reserve banks, approved but organized as private companies.
In 1993-2000 Russia has not abandoned the "red shield" instead of the gold one. The coat of arms of the Rothschilds is still in the coat of arms of the Russian Federation. State King of Arms Georgy Vilinbakhov explained this by the fact that Russia returned to historical colors. But if this is so, then why are the ribbons of the double-headed eagle golden and not azure?
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In the summer of 1918, the Soviet government finally decided to break with the historical symbols of Russia, and the new Constitution adopted on July 10, 1918 proclaimed not land, but political, party symbols in the state emblem: the double-headed eagle was replaced by a red shield (ROT-SHIELD is translated exactly as RED SHIELD. - A. R .), which depicted a crossed hammer and sickle and the rising sun as a sign of change. Since 1920, the abbreviated name of the state - the RSFSR - was placed at the top of the shield. The shield was bordered by ears of wheat, fastened with a red ribbon with the inscription "Proletarians of all countries, unite." Later, this image of the coat of arms was approved in the Constitution of the RSFSR.
Even earlier (April 16, 1918), the sign of the Red Army was legalized: five-pointed red star , symbol of the ancient god of war Mars . 60 years later, in the spring of 1978, the military star, which by that time had become part of the coat of arms of the USSR and most of the republics, entered the coat of arms of the RSFSR.
In 1992, the last change in the coat of arms came into force: the abbreviation above the hammer and sickle was replaced by the inscription "Russian Federation". But this decision was hardly implemented, because the Soviet coat of arms with its party symbols no longer corresponded to the political structure of Russia after the collapse of the one-party system of government, the ideology of which it embodied.
"The Russian eagle in the coat of arms remains a mystery"
The author of the State Emblem tells how the symbols of the new Russia were createdOn the eve of November 30 - on this day in 1993, the double-headed eagle again became the coat of arms of Russia - a curious heraldic symbol in the form of a blue eagle with the signature AMERICAN private police force was discovered on the Web. The astonishment was caused by the fact that the eagle of the private American police exactly copies the coat of arms of Russia. "Ogonyok" decided to find out what the author of the main state symbols himself, People's Artist of Russia, member of the Heraldic Council under the President of the Russian Federation, Yevgeny Ukhnalev, thinks about this.
- Evgeny Ilyich, what can you say about this blue bird on the emblem of the US police? Coincidence or did you let me use your drawing?
- Obviously slammed, yes ...
- How will you react to the audacity of the Americans?
- No way, probably. I think it's up to the lawyers. And I won't react. It even flatters me somewhere - they took my eagle, and not another.
- Is it possible to easily paint the state symbol of a foreign country in a different color, replace the shield with George the Victorious and use it as your own? Isn't your copyright protected?
- Ironically, not protected. Moreover, I will even tell you a secret that the reference sample is not stipulated anywhere in the regulation on the State Emblem! The heraldry only listed what attributes should be in our coat of arms.
Is this an oversight of the inexperienced authorities at the beginning of the era of change?
No, it was done deliberately. So I made 12 variants of the eagle. Some were rejected along the way. And this golden eagle on a red field, which was eventually accepted, did not immediately go off with a bang, after which I drew several more. Where are all these sketches now, who took them where, I have no idea. I wanted them back to me. Some of my works are kept by the state king of arms Georgy Vilinbakhov, I sometimes see them, but the fate of the rest is unknown.
- Who exactly was responsible for the selection of sketches?
- I don't know the details. Everything was urgent at that time. They came up with an idea - draw immediately, in an hour the train! I sometimes resorted to the carriage in which Vilinbakhov left for Moscow, almost on the go handed him rolls with sketches of the coat of arms. He gave it to the parliamentary committee for consideration. It was they who wanted the scepter, the orb, and the three crowns.
Did the deputies deliberately choose imperial signs as the state symbols of Russia?
- Yes, they said then: what, are we worse, or something, of the former tsarist Russia? And for some reason, it was the variant of the eagle with feathers spiky like knives that they really liked. After all, they were all immensely militant there. And we could have another coat of arms.
Is it true that Boris Yeltsin first approved the drawings? It is known that he was shown a golden eagle on a red field - a variant of the emblem of the era of the father of Peter I, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and exactly the same black eagle on a yellow field - a variant approved once by Peter I himself, equal to the coat of arms of the German Empire. Why did Yeltsin reject black?
- The selection kitchen, to be honest, was not very interesting to me. I am not conceited and prefer not to go to Moscow. I have no doubt that Yeltsin saw the sketches, but the decisive vote then lay with the Supreme Soviet. The then partly organized State Heraldry itself offered options. But everything was decided collectively.
— What does the golden color of our coat of arms symbolize?
- Nothing.
- Can a color in heraldry mean nothing?
— Gold has always been used in heraldry. Beautiful colour. There is only one principle in our business - that there is no imposition of metal on metal. Silver on gold or gold on silver are not allowed.
- Why did you need to re-draw state symbols? Was it not possible to simply take some version of the royal coat of arms?
- On the wings of the coat of arms, which preceded the Soviet period, there were coats of arms of the great principalities. Kingdom of Kazan, Finland, Poland and so on. They needed to be removed. So, another edition would still be required.
— Colleagues in the Heraldry Guild have the right to use your eagle in their sketch?
- This is not forbidden, but I would not mind if Russian organizations and institutions showed their imagination, looked for their own symbols. Including painted their eagles. After all, why did we initially abandon the standard? It was assumed that there would be various editions of eagles in the country. After all, monotony is boring. But our Russian thinking is strange: everyone decided that the approved coat of arms is the standard. And now every kindergarten and every polyclinic at home blurt out this particular eagle.
- How does the Russian eagle necessarily differ from the eagles of other states?
Well, they do have the same head. And other attributes - a wreath, stars, shields. Ours has no special signs, except for a description with a list of symbols. A scepter, an orb, two heads, three crowns, above a blue ribbon in the color of our highest award - the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
The symbol of the two-headed eagle is very ancient, it was used in Babylon. And we still do not understand why there are two of these heads. Just as we still don’t know exactly why in Russia the eagle has two heads.
- Well, the Third Rome, the heirs of Byzantium, one head looks at Asia, the second at Europe.
- In fact, no one knows why the two-headed eagle was born at all and why it appeared in the drawings. There are photographs of rocks with embossed drawings, but who are they drawn from?
- It is also believed that this is a symbol of the two sides of the world, West and East, as well as heat and cold or dark and light energy.
- Yes, yes, and if you turn the cardinal directions, you can say that the heads of our eagles look north and south. No, the Russian eagle in the coat of arms remains a mystery from the history of Russia. With the plumage of this bird it is easier. The black or white color of eagles is a conditionally accepted symbol for historical segments. Our imperial period was with a black eagle. And earlier, Alexei Mikhailovich introduced a golden eagle on a red background. In an era when the black eagle was the official symbol, even Nicholas II at costume balls still used the colors of Father Peter I. For example, there is a huge golden eagle on a red caftan. These costumes are intact, they are kept in the Hermitage, and they are shown at exhibitions.
- They say that the history of the creation of a special sign of presidential power - the chain - was also very mysterious?
This story, I would say, was funny. The fact is that when it was decided to make new emblems for Russia, the conversation turned, of course, about orders. One of the first was the Order and Cross of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland". Like the old George the Victorious, it was also decided to make this cross four degrees, soldier's and officer's. And the first "For Merit" was on a block of a fairly small size. The second was neck, more, on a narrow tape. The third was on a wide ribbon. And the fourth was conceived on a chain. The chain was made powerful, significant. But the chain was not given to anyone - no one deserved it. Unexpectedly, the time of Yeltsin's inauguration approached, and they suddenly decided to put this highest order chain on him as a symbol of power. She ceased to be an award order and became a symbol awarded to the president, in one copy. A couple, however, made a spare. That's how the chain for the president was born. I have sketched this circuit. And without thinking twice, the highest degree of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" was simply supplemented with a ribbon over the shoulder.
“Did you get the Order of the Garter?”
- Well, yes! ( laughing.) A couple of years later, Andrew the First-Called appeared. This revived order became the highest award in Russia. The design of this award is also my work. There was a certain task: in general, at a distance, the spot was supposed to look like a spot, similar to a historical order. But with new elements. I actually made the chain links from old elements, and the eagle became a little different. This order was designed in two forms: for the military - an eagle with swords, and for civilians - an eagle with a scepter and orb.
- Why did some historians scold the authorities of St. Petersburg for such a symbol as the governor's chain?
- Critics have such a job - to scold everyone. This chain was ready for the first mayor Anatoly Sobchak. Sketch, of course. I puzzled over how it should look for a long time. And I decided to use elements of the fence of the Anichkov Bridge with horses and naiads in the links. Then it took a long time to decide to whom to transfer the order for manufacturing, but they never did it. Then Vladimir Yakovlev came, but they didn't even show him the drawing, he didn't like it. One cold November night, after examining the consequences of the flood, Yakovlev drove past the Hermitage and went into the light. The directorate of the museum does not sleep when there is a flood. I sat, sipped coffee with Vilinbakhov and Piotrovsky, and at that moment they all relaxed, took out my drawing with Sobchak's autograph from the folder. Yakovlev saw, said: "Oh, we must do it!". But time has passed again. Finally, the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg is approaching, Valentina Matvienko came, they decided to hastily make the governor's chain and put it on! The curiosity is that we did not take into account the features of the female figure a little. There, two griffins hold the coat of arms of the city, they are attached to brackets like window hinges. They did it, tried it on - fathers, the design is bristling! Panic arose: "What to do, is about to lay the chain ?!" To which I told them: let the master manufacturer come with round-nose pliers and bend the ears a little. And everything lay down very beautifully. The governor wears a chain very rarely, which is a pity, in other cases she would be supposed to be with this regalia.
— And how do customers describe their wishes, what exactly do they want to see in the sketch?
- It's funny. I made sketches of the laureate badge of the State Prize. He suggested different options, even drew an excellent golden eagle with a branch of sapphires and diamonds. With elegant wings fringing laurel and palm branches. But everything was not right for the customers, and they could not formulate their thought in any way.
- Who was the customer?
- Commission in the Presidential Administration. Manager Vladimir Kozhin, looking at the sketches, asks: "And what is this in the paws of an eagle?" I explain what a palm branch is and that I often use such a classic element in my sketches. And he suddenly says: "Why a palm tree? We have trees growing!" And he wants to. With great difficulty, I pulled out of them that they, it turns out, do not want the eagle's wings to be lowered down. As they saw the drawing with raised wings, they shouted: "Oh, what you need!" In accordance with the taste of customers, our laureates are awarded the usual badge - an eagle without diamonds, entirely golden and symmetrical. It turns out that symmetry is of particular importance for officials. My sketch of a naval award, similar to George for sailors, was rejected precisely for the reason that the eagle in the drawing was asymmetrical. When you draw a symbol of the department on the left or right against the background of an eagle, and I had an old heroic sailboat with the St. Andrew's flag, the eagle, of course, turns out to be asymmetrical. But on the other hand, in that silhouette there was the very essence of the sea soul, sea honor! The official was worried about others: they say, it would be embarrassing for the head of state to attach an asymmetrical award to the hero
- Surely people believe that fees for such a unique state order as the State Emblem and state awards made you a millionaire?
“I got nothing but a salary in the heraldry for them. We have a strange principle in our country: the higher the customer, the more solid, the less he considers himself to pay the contractor. I made a coat of arms - consider yourself lucky!
— Historians and collectors are still waiting for your big album with all the unique author's sketches. Why is there no such publication yet?
- Some of my sketches appear in a number of publications. Someone earns on them, making calendars. But I myself can not publish an album with my works. For a simple reason - I don't have my own sketches. Some of them are kept in the office of the state king of arms, and the rest, the most important ones, are somewhere there, in Moscow.
- Is it true that you began to draw eagles because of your resentment against the state, which once sent you to the Gulag?
- No, I refused to draw them at first. But Vilinbakhov persuaded: "Uncle, do it, only you will succeed!" Nobody liked the options of other artists then. And I, working in the Hermitage, have long been carried away by heraldry.
- How did the former inmate get taken to the most important museum? Fronde directorate?
- After the camp, I worked in one design office, but they suddenly began to fire unreliable people there. He didn't wait for his turn to come, he left. Been unemployed for a long time. Then I heard on the radio that the Hermitage needed specialists. They just removed Mikhail Artamonov and appointed Boris Piotrovsky. It was 1964. I asked for a simple architect, and suddenly they tell me: I need a chief, simple ones are enough! There was nowhere to go, he agreed. By the way, I had to work side by side with the former head of the camp - he was our chief specialist in the administrative part.
- You were charged with a tunnel from Leningrad to the Kremlin. And what was really?
“We just got through the blockade. At the school at the Academy of Arts of the Art School, where I entered in 1944, there were five of us bald guys, we played war. After all, the war continued, until the spring of 1945 it was far away. During the long break, we stayed in the building, because then the transport did not work well, where can you go? The Academy was dead, cold, it had not yet returned from the evacuation from Samarkand, and we guys warmed ourselves by running around the attic. In the game, someone has to be a fascist, and someone has to be a red fighter, we changed in turn, caught each other, tied the "prisoners", scared. Someone heard our horror stories and informed. And they took us, 14-year-old home kids. The investigator had to wind up something, so he came up with a tunnel under the Kremlin.
Perhaps you didn't even know what you were talking about?
“We had no idea what the game would be like. Sent away for 25 years!
Evgeny Ukhnalev: “In fact, no one knows why the eagle is double-headed and why it appeared in the drawings”
Photo: / Evgeny Luchinsky / Agency.Photographer.ru /
Emblem of the Russian Federation (1993).
This version of the state emblem was rejected as too imperial.
Seal of the President of Russia, sketch (1994).
Most of the official eagles are copies of the "armorial" one.
Coat of arms of St. Petersburg (2001).
The historical emblem is complemented by a blue ribbon and wands with an eagle.
Badge of the head of St. Petersburg (designed in 1995, introduced in 2004).
The shield with the coat of arms of the city is supported by winged griffins, the chain consists of links repeating the elements of the Anichkov Bridge fence.
The badge of honor of the laureate of the State Prize of Russia (2005) is at the top.
Sketch (below) casting failed due to lowered wings of eagles.
For Naval Merit (2000).
The project of the state order was ruined by the lack of symmetry.
"300 Years of the Russian Guard" (2000) Sketches of a commemorative sign.
"To the Honored Jeweler" The project of the corporate award is decorated with the image of Carl Faberge.
The eagle of the private American police copies the coat of arms of Russia with minor changes.
ROTHSCHILD
Coat of arms of the Barons Rothschild
(Prussia)
ROTHSCHILD (Rothschild), a family of bankers, financial magnates and philanthropists. The surname Rothschild for more than a century and a half was, both for Jews and non-Jews, including anti-Semites, a common noun - a symbol of Jewish wealth and power. The surname Rothschild is derived from the German words `rot schild` - `red shield`. Such a shield adorned the house of Yitzhak Elkhanan (died 1585), a small dealer in ancient coins and medals, in the Jewish quarter of Frankfurt am Main. Although his grandson left this house, he and other descendants continued to bear the surname Rothschild.
Mayer Anshel Rothschild -
founder the Rothschild dynasty.
The founder of the banking house Mayer Anshel Rothschild (1744, Frankfurt am Main - 1812, ibid.) at first did not differ from his ancestor either in status or occupation; Acquaintance with the German aristocrat, a passionate collector of old coins, General von Estorf, opened Mayer Anshel Rothschild access to the palace of one of the richest European monarchs of that time, Landgrave Wilhelm IX of Hesse-Kassel.
Mayer Anshel Rothschild disposed of the multimillion-dollar fortune entrusted to him at the time of the hasty flight of the Landgraves to Prague from the Napoleonic troops (mainly by providing large loans to the Danish and other European monarchs) in such a way that he not only preserved it, but also significantly increased it, while laying the foundations of his own fortune.
Sons of Mayer Anshel
The Rothschild family was turned into a powerful financial clan by the five sons of Mayer Anshel: Anshel Mayer Rothschild (1773, Frankfurt am Main, - 1855, ibid.); Shlomo Mayer Rothschild (1774, Frankfurt am Main, - 1855, Vienna); Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777, Frankfurt am Main, - 1836, ibid.); Karl Mayer Rothschild (1778, Frankfurt am Main - 1855, Naples) and James Jacob Mayer Rothschild (1792, Frankfurt am Main - 1868, Paris). It was they who created and headed in the five largest European countries - Germany, Austria, England, Italy and France - banking houses, which during their lifetime became the main creditors of monarchs and governments.
The brothers, completely uneducated in the European sense, at first even with difficulty speaking the languages of the countries where they settled, quickly achieved a multiple increase in their fortune, won key positions in the main European capital markets and, as a result, got the opportunity to indirectly influence political events in the European continent. Representatives of the Rothschild family boldly mastered the new sectors of the economy created by the industrial revolution (in particular, railway construction and the production of non-ferrous metals in many European countries, including Russia, Asia and even Latin America).
Ancestral home of the Rothschilds
on a Jewish street in Frankfurt
The Austrian emperor granted the five brothers a title of nobility, and then a baronial title (both of which were later recognized by other European monarchs). The sons of Mayer Anshel gave their children and grandchildren an excellent education, which allowed them to take root in the upper strata of society in their countries. The major events of the Rothschild family were the election in 1847 of the son of Nathan Mayer, Baron Lionel Nathan Rothschild (1808-1879), to the House of Commons, and in 1885 the grandson of the founder of the English house of Rothschild, Nathaniel Rothschild (1840-1915), to the House lords.
Characteristically, from the end of the 19th century. - early 20th century some members of the Rothschild family began to prefer science, literature, art, state and social activities to financial and commercial interests, and often achieved success in these areas (including election to the Royal Society of London). Family members, who traditionally continued to be involved in finance and other types of business, increasingly combined them with a passion for collecting paintings, sculptures, works of applied art, porcelain, rare books, etc.
At present, only the English and French branches of the Rothschild family exist. The Italian branch of the Rothschild family lost financial and commercial importance after the death of its founder, Karl Mayer Rothschild; the German one ceased to exist with the death of Anshel Mayer's heir, Wilhelm Karl Rothschild (1828-1901); Austrian - under Louis Nathaniel Rothschild (1882-1955) in 1938 after the Anschluss of Austria by Nazi Germany. The surviving two branches, although lost in the first decades of the 20th century. their leadership in the financial world, still remain a very influential force in it.
Family treethe Rothschild family
Members of the Rothschild family never forgot that they were Jews and, albeit for different reasons, always attached great importance to this. For the first generations of the Rothschilds, a combination of loyalty to their Jewishness and a pragmatic attitude towards their co-religionists, free from any sentimentality, remained typical. They strictly adhered to Mayer Anshel Rothschild's command not to renounce the faith of their ancestors under any circumstances, although they had to overcome many additional obstacles to success because of this.
None of them accepted Christianity, did not marry a non-Jew (marriages between cousins and cousins, uncles and nieces, etc., were very common among them); female members of the Rothschild family, if they married Christians (as a rule, with representatives of the most aristocratic families), usually retained their religion (for example, Hannah Rothschild / 1851-90 /, granddaughter of the founder of the London branch of the family, who joined in 1878 in marriage to Lord A. F. Rosebery, future British Prime Minister). The Rothschilds also intermarried with representatives of the largest banking houses in Europe, in particular, Eduard Rothschild (1868-1949) was married to the daughter of Matilda Fuld, granddaughter of Baron E. Gunzburg.
The descendants of Mayer Anshel Rothschild were invariably guided by another covenant received from him - in all their relationships with people (except family), they put profit and financial success above all else. Although the interests of the Jews were not indifferent to them, preference, as a rule, was given to opportunities for further enrichment. Thus, during the Napoleonic Wars, the founder of the family and his five sons accurately foresaw great benefits in remaining loyal to the European monarchs - the enemies of Napoleon I, who did not hide their intention to cancel the Jewish equality declared by the French emperor.
On the coat of arms Rothschild depicted five arrows,
symbolizing the five sons of Mayer Rothschild,
referring to Psalm 127:"Like arrows in the hands of a warrior."
Below, the family motto is written on the coat of arms, in Latin:
Concordia, Integritas, Industria (Consent, Honesty, Diligence).
However, Mayer Anshel Rothschild at the end of his life, when it did not harm the financial interests of the family, obtained the consent of Archbishop K.-T. Dahlberg, Prince Primate and President of the Confederation of the Rhine, created under the protectorate of Napoleon, to provide civil equality to the Jews. The position of the members of the Rothschild family remained the same after the Napoleonic wars, when anti-Jewish legislation was fully or partially restored in most European countries, and a wave of mass anti-Jewish demonstrations swept through many of them.
The business relations of the Rothschilds with European monarchs and governments depended little on the attitude of those towards their Jewish subjects, but where this could not harm the financial interests of the family, the Rothschilds were ready to demonstrate an interest in the fate of their co-religionists. Thus, in 1815, they facilitated the trip of a Jewish delegation to the Congress of Vienna, hoping in vain to convince its participants to accept a declaration on the civil equality of Jews in their countries. In 1819, the brothers (especially James Jacob Rothschild) themselves and through business partners just as unsuccessfully persuaded the ministers of the newly created German Confederation that it was in their own interests to stop and continue to prevent violence against the Jews (see Hep-hep; also Israel - the people in the diaspora. New time: before the completion of emancipation; from the 18th century to 1880).
Karl Mayer Rothschild
Around the same time, Karl Mayer Rothschild in Italy was trying to condition a large loan to the Pope on his assistance in abolishing the Jewish ghetto in the Italian capital. Acts of this kind were not alien to representatives of the third and subsequent generations of the Rothschild family (for example, in 1878, the Rothschilds contributed to the inclusion of the Jewish question on the agenda of the Berlin Congress, which adopted a decision that remained mostly on paper on the civil equality of Jewish minorities in Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Croatia), but they were not usually active fighters for the rights of the Jews.
For themselves, as a rule, they managed to achieve a special status: in 1842, the head of the Austrian banking house, Shlomo Mayer Rothschild, received the right to own real estate in Vienna, who before that (despite the enormous services rendered to members of the Habsburg imperial family, close relations with the all-powerful chancellor K. Metternich, noble rank and title of baron) lived with his family in the hotel "Roman Emperor" for more than 20 years.
The Rothschilds persisted in the struggle for Jewish equality, mainly when only in this way they could achieve their own goals. Thus, in 1847, when Lionel Nathan Rothschild (see above) was unable to take his seat in the House of Commons because of the need to take an oath on the gospel, the Rothschild family launched a stubborn campaign for the abolition of this rule and in 1858 achieved a repeal, which allowed Lionel Nathan Rothschild, who once again won the election, to take an oath on the Hebrew Bible.
Over time, the Rothschild family was less and less able to combine loyalty to their own Jewishness with an unwillingness to take even the smallest risk in protecting the interests of their persecuted people. This contradiction was exacerbated by the fact that the wealth, connections and influence of the descendants of Nathan Mayer Rothschild in England and James Jacob Mayer Rothschild in France made them the actual leaders of the Jewish community, sometimes formally they were part of its governing bodies: for example, Lionel Rothschild and his brother Nathaniel Rothschild in 1812-70 - to the Board of Deputies, Nathaniel also to the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Jewish Community; Alphonse Rothschild (1827-1905) was president of the French Consistory Central from 1869.
The English and, especially, the French Rothschilds, who did not publicly react to the Dreyfus affair, although they tacitly provided all kinds of support to the Dreyfusards, could no longer but express their attitude to the events of the late 19th century. - early 20th century in Russia - bloody Jewish pogroms inspired by the authorities and government policy aimed at worsening the already disenfranchised position of the Jews.
So, Baron Alphonse Rothschild (see above), the head of the Parisian bank "Rothschild Frere", who had close business ties with the government (Ministry of Finance) of Russia, in response to the wave of Jewish pogroms of the 1880s. announced the termination of all financial relations with this country. In May 1891, his bank announced its refusal to fulfill an agreement signed a month earlier to provide Russia with a loan of 320 million francs.
This decision, unprecedented in the financial world, caused numerous rumors in European capitals - not everyone reacted with confidence to the official statement of the bank, in which this step was presented as a reaction to the decree of Emperor Alexander III to evict Jews from Moscow, since information about this decree appeared in the newspapers at the end of March of the same year, when the loan agreement had not yet been signed.
The French and English Rothschilds (Baron Gustav de Rothschild, 1829-1911, and Lord Nathaniel Rothschild, 1840-1915) reacted in the same way to the pogroms in Russia in 1905: they took part in organizing financial assistance to the victims of the pogroms (each of them donated for this purpose ten thousand pounds sterling) and even made sure that the collected funds were delivered to Russia through their London bank. This was motivated by the desire to prevent the use of donations for radical purposes, which would give additional food for accusations of Jewish bankers in financing the Russian revolution.
At the same time, they obstructed attempts by Jewish leaders in their countries to organize mass public protest campaigns against officially fomented anti-Semitism in Russia, arguing that this would provoke even greater hatred of Jews in Russian ruling circles. Members of the Rothschild family did not remain indifferent to the suffering of the Jews of Germany after the establishment of the Nazi regime there.
Already in the autumn of 1933 in London, Yvonne Rothschild (1899-1977), wife of Anthony Rothschild (1887-1961), founded the Society for the Aid to Jewish Women and Children in Germany; in Paris, Robert Rothschild (1880-1946) and his wife Nellie Rothschild (1886-1945) actively participated in the creation of the Fund for Relief of Jewish Refugees from Germany; in the same years, Miriam Rothschild (1908-2005) took care of Jewish children who arrived in England from Germany, and James Rothschild (1896-1984) moved a Jewish orphanage (more than 20 boys aged 5-15 years and the director of the orphanage with his family ) from Frankfurt am Main to England and gave them their own home.
Lord Victor Rothschild (1910-1990) in The Times (November 19, 1938) called on the British public to take seriously the threat posed by Nazi Germany to Western democracy and all its values (during the Second World War, Victor Rothschild, a well-known scholar -biologist, contributed to the victory over Nazi Germany, in particular, he served in military intelligence).
The unity, wealth and influence of the Rothschild family has long been used, not without success, by international anti-Semitism to prove the thesis about the desire of the Jews for world domination and the enslavement of the peoples that give them shelter. Already in the 1820s. anti-Semitic cartoons appear in the newspapers of several European countries, depicting the Rothschilds as spiders sucking blood from Europe, or robbers holding European monarchs by the throat. In the anti-Semitic pamphlets of the time, the Rothschilds are referred to as "Kings of the Bankers and Bankers of Kings", "Kings of the Jews and Jews of Kings", or "Jewish Kings and Royal Jews".
From the end of the first half of the 19th century. reference to the Jewish origin of the Rothschilds becomes a favorite device of French anti-Semites. So, in 1846, when, just three weeks after the start of operation of the railway built by the Rothschild company, a catastrophe occurred that claimed 37 human lives, the anti-Semitic pamphlet “The History of Rothschild I, King of the Jews” enjoyed considerable success, in which the incident was blamed not so much the Rothschilds themselves, how much to the innate Jewish arrogance and cynicism towards the French.
For anti-Semites of the right, conservative persuasion (for example, E. Drumont, see Anti-Semitism), the Rothschilds are a symbol and embodiment of Jewish dominance in France, a secret stronghold of the radicals and revolutionaries that are destroying it. The theorist of anarchism, the anti-Semite P. Proudhon, saw in the Rothschilds the personification of the capitalist essence of the entire Jewish nation, the creator and supporter of the most inhuman bourgeois system of exploitation of the working people.
The name Rothschild is associated with a wave of anti-Semitism that swept France in the early 1880s. due to the bankruptcy of the Rothschilds' competitor, the Catholic bank "General Union", created by E. Bontu "to combat the dominance of Jewish capital", and the loss of thousands of his depositors of their savings (not only the Rothschilds were accused, but Jews in general as "foreigners plotting against Christianity and all of France). Later, the name Rothschild was turned into the most sinister character in the racially anti-Semitic mythology of National Socialism.
The attitude towards the Rothschilds in the Jewish people itself was far from unambiguous. In the image of the Rothschilds that has developed in Jewish folklore, admiration for the wealth, power and luxurious life of fellow believers was combined with a considerable amount of plebeian irony in relation to the swagger and arrogance of the rich and to their own absurd dreams of being in their place. This folklore image appears in the works of Shalom Aleichem, numerous anecdotes, parables, sayings, folk songs, etc.
The more complex attitude towards the Rothschilds of the socially and politically active sections of the Jews became especially evident in the twenty years between 1881 and 1901, when a wave of Jewish emigrants from Eastern Europe poured into Western Europe. Sincerely wishing or considering himself obliged to help the crowds of these destitute and needy Jews (Lord Nathaniel Rothschild, for example, as a member of the royal commission created in 1909, designed to limit the further influx of emigrants to Great Britain, selflessly fought to ensure that the restrictions imposed were as little as possible related to Jews), the Rothschilds came across a generally sharply critical attitude towards themselves on the part of Jewish immigrants.
For the majority of them, the Rothschilds' aim to promote the speedy naturalization, social and cultural acclimatization of newly arriving Jews in Western society turned out to be unacceptable. This attitude was unanimously, albeit for different reasons, rejected by the three main groups of immigrant Jews: natives of urban and small-town ghettos, who spoke freely only in Yiddish, strictly observed religious precepts and strove to preserve such a way of life in the new conditions; hardened by persecution and humiliation in the countries where they lived, radical elements who joined the ranks of left-wing extremist parties and organizations and advocated the revolutionary overthrow of Western state and public institutions; Zionists, who saw in such an attitude a direct path to assimilation.
The sharp and impassioned denunciations of the activists of all these immigrant groups against the Rothschilds and other "smug and selfish Jews" who are only interested in their own profits often differed little from the attacks from the anti-Semites. The Rothschilds reacted painfully to this criticism, but at the same time, according to many, they gave good reasons for it. In particular, the nationally oriented circles of Jewry did not forgive the Rothschilds for their sharply negative attitude towards Zionism.
Like other wealthy Jews, the Rothschilds did not refuse to support the presence of their orthodox co-religionists in Jerusalem, where back in the 1850s. James Jacob Rothschild and his wife Betty founded a hospital for the poor, and in the 1860s. with the money of the London Rothschilds, the still existing school for girls named after Evelina de Rothschild was opened there (in memory of the daughter of Lionel Rothschild, who died untimely shortly after the wedding).
The situation was different with political Zionism, in which the Rothschilds from the very beginning saw a threat to all their life principles and guidelines. Based on their own experience, they believed that Jews could and should successfully integrate in the countries where their fate had thrown them, and that anti-Semites and racists would not fail to use the idea of creating a sovereign Jewish state in Eretz-Israel and mass resettlement of Jews there as proof of the validity of their statements. about the ineradicable separatism and alienation of the Jews to the European peoples.
The Rothschilds even accused the Zionists of giving anti-Semites grounds to demand the complete expulsion or at least every encouragement for the emigration of Jews from Europe. The long rejection of Zionism by the Rothschild family also had a purely pragmatic basis - seeing in it nothing but groundless schemes, they did not want to associate their name with an "adventure" that would certainly end in financial bankruptcy and political scandal. In this regard, all the other Rothschilds were greatly worried about the position and activities of Edmond de Rothschild, who, while remaining in opposition to political Zionism for a long time, still refused to publicly condemn him.
It was only after the First World War and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire that certain members of the Rothschild family began to treat Zionism more favorably, when its political goals ceased to look completely fantastic in their eyes. Even the second Lord Rothschild, Nathaniel, in the last months of his life changed his inflexible assimilatory position to an almost pro-Zionist one.
For some time, his son Lionel Walter, Lord Rothschild (1868-1937), was very actively involved in the activities of the Zionist organization of Great Britain, to whom, as the most prominent Jew in the country, he addressed his letter outlining the obligation of the British government to promote the creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine, the Minister of Foreign Affairs A. Balfour.
Even the creation of the State of Israel in 1948 and the numerous wars in which it had to defend its existence, arousing great interest and sympathy among the majority of the members of the Rothschild family, did not turn them into supporters of Zionism. Baron Guy de Rothschild (1909-2007), author of the best-selling autobiographical book Against Luck (1983), seemed to express the general feelings of the members of this family when he admitted that Israel was not their country, its banner was not theirs. banner, but that the courage and military prowess of the Israelites filled their hearts with pride, made them less vulnerable to hostile attacks, brought the release of some important part of their "I". These feelings stimulate in some members of the Rothschild family the desire to participate in the construction of the Jewish state.
Thus, Victor Rothschild (see above), who did not consider himself a Zionist, actively supported Israel in the field of science (he was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Weizmann Research Institute and the Hebrew University in Jerusalem), attracted British public opinion to the side of Israel and , according to rumors, contributed to the formation of Israeli intelligence (attacks on him for this in the English press contained allusions to his lack of loyalty to the British fatherland).
Rothschild Park in Israel
In the field of economics and finance, the great-grandson and namesake of the "father of the Jewish Yishuv", Baron Edmond de Rothschild (1926-97), who financed the construction of the country's first oil pipeline from the Red to the Mediterranean Sea and one of the first chemical plants, was especially distinguished State Bank of Israel (Bank Israel) and some other projects.
The well-known and widely advertised philanthropic activities of the Rothschild family are by no means limited to Israel - they, as in the past, donate large sums not only to Jewish, but also to non-Jewish hospitals, schools, kindergartens, orphanages, cultural and scientific foundations, etc. ., wanting to show that they are both good Jews and good French and English.
Eprussi Rothschild Museum on the French Riviera
The contribution to many areas of Israeli life by the Rothschild Foundation, established in 1957 by Dorothy Rothschild (1895-1988), wife of James Armand Rothschild (1878-1957), is noticeable: educational television was created in the country with its funds, the Open University was founded and a number of departments in other universities (for example, the Institute for Advanced Study and the Center for Adult Education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Faculty of Nursing at Tel Aviv University), a Music Center was built in the Jerusalem district of Mishkenot Shaananim, exhibitions and expositions are organized in the Israel Museum, equipped with modern equipment new hospitals, nursing homes for the disabled, student scholarships, Rothschild Prizes for achievements in the exact sciences, and much more. The ballet ensemble that bears her name, created in 1964 at the expense of Baroness Bat-Sheva Rothschild (1914-99), enjoys great popularity in the country and abroad.
In subsequent years, there was a certain cooling of the Rothschild family towards the State of Israel, both due to the increasing departure of some of its members from the Jews (for example, the current Lord Rothschild Nathaniel Charles / was born in 1936 / converted to Christianity and is married to a non-Jew), and due to frequent disagreement of the government circles of the country with their advice and recommendations. However, a number of facts testify that the members of the Rothschild family did not refuse to participate in the life of the Jewish state. Thus, the new building of the Supreme Court of Israel was built at the expense of the Rothschild Foundation (1992).
ROTHSCHILD
Under the new name, the Rothschilds would make their first major international deal in 1804, when the Danish treasury would be completely empty. Solomon Rothschild was the Privy Commercial Councilor of this country, and he will hold the same high position in Prussia and as the founder of S M von Rothschild in Austria. Nathan in England, Kalman's bank "C M de Rothschild & Figli" in Italy, and Jacob and his "De Rothschild Frères" in France, and Amschel son will become the Minister of Finance of the German Confederation, an Austrian baron, a royal consul of Bavaria, a Prussian Privy Councilor and court banker and privy councilor to the Grand Duke of Hesse.
The main business of the Elector of Hesse, whose “privileged Jews” were both sons of Amschel the father, was, as they would say now, private military companies, which brought him a very, very substantial income. Great Britain paid $40 million for the use of 16,800 Hessian soldiers during the American Revolution.
By the way, this is how the ancestor of the Rockefellers came to the USA, as the Hessian mercenary Roggenfelder, which in German means “rye field”. The Duke of Brunswick, the Landgraves of Waldeck, Hanau, Anspach and other petty German monarchs were engaged in a similar business. The English East India Company bought a large number of German soldiers, using them in the conquest of India, so the Rothschilds were pragmatic about making money in wars as a very profitable business.
Once, horrified by the number of military casualties, Nathan Rothschild remarked to Major Martins: "If they had not all died, Major, you would still go to lieutenants." The Rothschilds themselves would have remained the bank clerks of the Oppenheimers, because it was the wars that emptied the royal coffers and filled the bank reserves of the "court factors". The family became treasurers of one of the main creditors of Europe, and started with a loan to Prussia, and by the mid-1830s, one American had already described their position as follows: “The Rothschilds rule Christendom ... Not a single cabinet of ministers can move without their advice. .. Baron Rothschild holds in his hands the keys to peace and war.”
Prince Metternich remarked that "the house of Rothschild plays a much greater role in the life of France than any foreign government." The fortune of James Rothschild was 150 million francs higher than the fortunes of all other financiers of France combined, he and his brother Louis XVIII, "was the right hand of the regime, controlling all financial transactions" of Charles X. His debtor of 25 million francs was the king of Portugal, he managed the finances of the King of Belgium. Similar success was achieved by the Privy Commercial Councilor of the Kingdom of Sicily and the Duchy of Palma and Sardinia "Italian Rothschild"
Using the war only as a means of speculation, the "factors" in ethnic conflicts or civil conflicts did not sympathize with any particular side and were not interested in any political ideas.
It is a remarkable fact that the Paris Commune destroyed all archives containing details of the early Rothschild deals.
The key moment in the history of their formation was the decision on the fate of the war debt of France in the amount of 270 million francs, as well as 1.5 billion francs of indemnity, which was made at the congress of the victorious countries in Aachen in 1818. The rejected were, as creditors, the Rothschilds organized a sharp the rate of fall of the French government bonds of the loan of 1817, which began to threaten the collapse of the Paris and other major stock exchanges in Europe. So France, which has come to its senses, also became the debtor of the Rothschilds.
“I am a simple person ... I do things without leaving the cash register,” said the “English Rothschild”. One of these cases was an unsuccessful attempt to cash out a nominal bill, in which the bank referred to the fact that it cashed only the securities of the National Bank itself. Then Nathan Rothschild began to “nightmare the business” of the National Bank of England by daily redemption of its gold reserve, the directors of which, after an urgent consultation, yielded, deciding to save the bank from ruin. Now the Rothschild bills have acquired equal status to the bills of the National Bank of England.
Nathan pioneered the technique of issuing international loans. His London banking house for ninety years since its opening placed foreign loans in the amount of 6500 million dollars, from 1776 to 1814 English subsidies amounted to 19 million 56 thousand 778 thalers in Hesse, in 1815 the Bavarian subsidies of Arnold von Aichthal amounted to 608 thousand £695, from 1811 to 1816 almost half of the British subsidies to the countries of the Continent passed through their Rothschild hands.
Between 1818 and 1832, loans were issued in the amount of 21 million pounds, which gave Edrikhin-Vandam reason to call the English "Rothschild people." The interest on eighteen loans to foreign governments alone amounted to $700 million. In fact, the history of the Central Bank of England began as early as 1694, when another war bled almost all the silver out of England, and bankers, including the Rothschilds, persuaded William to take out a loan of 1.2 million pounds and establish a new financial structure for the war with France.
The rise to dominance in the financial sphere is replete with stories of fierce competition, which is not consistent with the theory of a "single Jewish conspiracy", "observers" as Anna Harendt put it "made the very wrong conclusion that the Jewish people are a relic of the Middle Ages, and did not see that this a new caste of very recent origin. Its education was completed only in the 19th century, and it included, in quantitative terms, probably no more than a hundred families. But since they were in plain sight, the entire Jewish people began to be considered a caste.
Perhaps they were prompted to such conclusions by the fact that this new caste primarily used fellow tribesmen to achieve their goals, which is logical and does not carry elements of a “conspiracy theory”, but gave rise to such as the French writer Louis Ferdinand Celine to assert that “ Jews prevented the evolution of Europe towards political unity, served as the cause of all European wars since 843 and plotted to destroy both France and Germany, inciting their mutual enmity.
But at the same time, it should be noted that the path to a financial monopoly led to the ruin, first of all, of the competing financial structures of the tribesmen of the English Abraham Goldsmith, the French Achilles Fuld, David Parish, and other Austrian usurers. The description of these economic battles is beyond the scope of this chapter, but their essence was as follows: in order to work with the Rothschilds, it was necessary to get under the "red roof".
The confrontation in the competitive struggle of factors gave rise not just to a “single caste within fellow believers”, but to a much more cohesive “international caste system” of relatives, between whom half of the 59 marriages entered into by the Rothschilds in the 19th century were performed.
The daughter of the royal court banker of Bavaria and Prussia, the Sicilian and Austrian Consul General Karl Rothschild, married Maximilian Goldschmit, a native of the Frankfurt banking family, who became Baron Goldschmit-Rothschild.
The representative of the oldest English family, the “flower of the Jewish aristocracy” Abraham Montefiori, who was related to the daughter of Amschel Rothschild, was asked to change his surname to Rothschild in order to be admitted to financial affairs. Later, Australia became Montefiori's almost monopoly. The marriage of Kalman with Adelheid Hertz, the future favorite of the Neapolitan king, provided Rothschild with not only business, but also indirect family ties with the Oppenheimers, while each of the marriages increased their aristocratic status, which was a deliberate policy.
They raised their status again in 1814 when they became related to the Warburgs, a family whose interests are closely connected with the creation of the US Federal Reserve System, its first head was Paul Warburg. Representatives of the Italian Jewish dynasty in the 16th century became Warburgs, having arrived in the Westphalian town of Warburg from Bologna.
In 1798, the brothers Moses-Mark and Gerson Warburg founded the M. M. Warburg & Co., to this day the largest private financial institution in Germany. After the sons of Mayer Amschel settled in different countries to create a future empire, the eldest son and his father moved to a five-story Frankfurt mansion, which he shared with the family of another banker, Schiff, who was one of Rothschild's brokers.
In 1873, the Rothschilds accompanied Schiff's acquisition of Kuhn's interest in Kuhn, Loeb & Co., made possible by the fact that the new owner married the eldest daughter of the co-owner of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Solomon Leib, Teresa. Felix Warburg married his daughter, Frieda Schiff. And his brother, Paul Warburg, married Nina, the youngest daughter of Solomon Leib, whose father was a supplier of wheat and wine from the aforementioned Hessian city of Worms and entered the USA only in 1849.
The "American" interests of the Rothschilds do not end there: August Schonberg, another distant relative of the Rothschilds through his grandmother, served as the personal secretary of Amsheld von Rothschild from the age of 18, and in 1837 opened a branch of his bank in Cuba. As a result of the crisis, his own company "August Belmont & Co." on Wall Street bought up bankrupt American businesses. Having grown rich, Schonberg became "Belmont" for the sake of prestige, which went down in history as the chairman of the US Democratic National Committee, who financed the northerners during the Civil War.
According to Bismarck's candid admission, "the division of the United States into federations of equal strength was decided long before the Civil War. The bankers feared that the United States ... would overturn their financial dominance of the world and the voice of the Rothschilds prevailed in this.
In this war, the Rothschilds made money on both sides: the London bank financed the northerners, and the Paris bank financed the southerners, as a result of which the national debt rose from $64,844,000 in 1860 to $2,755,764,000 in 1866. Pay off debts without losing sovereignty was not so easy, as the 19th-century English publicist Dunning wrote about capital: “... at 300 percent, there is no such crime that he would not risk, at least under pain of the gallows”:
According to biographer Ferguson, rivals of the American Civil War also made sure to carefully destroy the Rothschild correspondence from 1854-1860. Only an oral statement by Baron Jacob Rothschild to the US representative in Belgium, Henry Sanford, about those who died in the Civil War, has survived: “When a patient is desperately ill, you take any measures, up to bloodletting.
A new round of "recovery of the American economy" gave a loan of $150 million. The issuance of most of which was suspended with the requirement for Lincoln to reduce the cost of government papers by 25%. On February 33, 1862, the House of Representatives passed a law on a state loan of 150 million dollars in the form of state papers independent of creditors, mandatory for acceptance as a means of payment. By March 1863, the circulation of such papers began to reduce the turnover of gold settlements controlled by the Rothschilds. The move away from gold ran counter to the requirement that Treasuries be issued as interest-bearing bonds, which were issued at 35 cents on the dollar and converted at 100 cents after the war ended.
The future Earl of Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, before whose eyes the events described were unfolding, was a close friend of Lionel Rothschild, "whom he traditionally visited at the end of the week," and apparently heard enough at the dinner table that, holding a pen, wrote two novels, in one "Jewish money determine the rise and fall of courts and empires and reign supreme in the realm of diplomacy", and in another he "developed a plan for a Jewish empire in which the Jews would rule as a strictly isolated class", only to isolate it in a period of widespread assimilation will be a separate task for the Rothschilds .
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