The time comes when schoolchildren begin to learn what phraseological units are. Their study has become an integral part of the school curriculum. Knowledge of what phraseological units are and how they are used will be useful not only in Russian language and literature lessons, but also in life. Figurative speech is a sign of at least a well-read person.
What is a phraseological unit?
Phraseologism - with a certain content of words, which in a given combination have a different meaning than when these words are used separately. That is, a phraseological unit can be called a stable expression.
Phraseological phrases in the Russian language are widely used. The linguist Vinogradov studied phraseological units, and it was largely thanks to him that they began to be widely used. Foreign languages also have phraseological units, but they are called idioms. Linguists are still arguing whether there is a difference between a phraseological unit and an idiom, but have not yet found an exact answer.
The most popular are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be found below.
Signs of phraseological units
Phraseological units have several important features and characteristics:
- A phraseological unit is a ready-made linguistic unit. This means that a person who uses it in his speech or writing retrieves this expression from memory, and does not invent it on the fly.
- They have a permanent structure.
- You can always choose a synonymous word for a phraseological unit (sometimes an antonym).
- A phraseological unit is an expression that cannot consist of less than two words.
- Almost all phraseological units are expressive and encourage the interlocutor or reader to show vivid emotions.
Functions of phraseological units in Russian
Each phraseological unit has one main function - to give speech brightness, liveliness, expressiveness and, of course, to express the author’s attitude to something. In order to imagine how much brighter speech becomes when using phraseological units, imagine how a comedian or writer makes fun of someone using phraseological units. The speech becomes more interesting.
Phraseological styles
The classification of phraseological units by style is a very important feature of them. In total, there are 4 main styles of set expressions: interstyle, bookish, colloquial and colloquial. Each phraseological unit belongs to one of these groups, depending on its meaning.
Colloquial phraseological units are the largest group of expressions. Some believe that interstyle and colloquial phraseological units should be included in the same group with colloquial ones. Then only two groups of set expressions are distinguished: colloquial and bookish.
Differences between book and colloquial phraseological units
Each style of phraseological units is different from each other, and the most striking difference is demonstrated by book and colloquial phraseological units. Examples: not worth a penny And a fool is a fool. The first stable expression is bookish, because it can be used in any work of art, in a scientific journalistic article, in an official business conversation, etc. Whereas the expression " fool by fool" widely used in conversations, but not in books.
Book phraseological units
Book phraseological units are set expressions that are much more often used in writing than in conversations. They are not characterized by pronounced aggression and negativity. Book phraseological units are widely used in journalism, scientific articles, and fiction.
- During it- means something that happened a long time ago. The expression is Old Slavonic and is often used in literary works.
- Pull the gimp- the meaning of a long process. In the old days, a long metal thread was called a gimp; it was pulled out with metal wire tongs. They embroidered on velvet with gimp; it was a long and very painstaking job. So, pull the gimp- This is a long and extremely boring job.
- Play with fire- doing something extremely dangerous, “being on the cutting edge.”
- Stay with your nose- to be left without something that you really wanted.
- Kazan orphan- this is a phraseological unit about a person who pretends to be a beggar or a sick person, while having the goal of getting a benefit.
- You can't ride a goat- this is what they said a long time ago about girls whom jesters and buffoons could not cheer up on holidays.
- Bring to clean water- to expose someone for committing something unpleasant.
There are a lot of book phraseological units.
Interstyle phraseological units
Inter-style ones are sometimes called neutral colloquial, because they are neutral from both a stylistic and emotional point of view. Neutral colloquial and book phraseological units are confused, because inter-style ones are also not particularly emotionally charged. An important feature of interstyle phrases is that they do not express human emotions.
- Not a bit- means the complete absence of something.
- Play a role- somehow influence this or that event, become the cause of something.
There are not very many interstyle phraseological units in the Russian language, but they are used in speech more often than others.
Conversational phraseological units
The most popular expressions are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be very diverse, from expressing emotions to describing a person. Conversational phraseological units are perhaps the most expressive of all. There are so many of them that one can give endless examples. Colloquial phraseological units (examples) are listed below. Some of them may sound different, but at the same time have a similar meaning (that is, they are synonyms). And other expressions, on the contrary, contain the same word, but are clear antonyms.
Synonymous colloquial phraseological units, examples:
- Without exception, the meaning of generalization is: all as one; both old and young; from small to large.
- Very quickly: in an instant; I didn’t have time to look back; in a moment; I didn’t have time to blink an eye.
- Work hard and diligently: tirelessly; until the seventh sweat; rolling up your sleeves; in the sweat of his brow.
- Proximity value: two steps away; be nearby; at hand.
- Run fast: headlong; that there is strength; at full speed; what to eat; in all shoulder blades; with all my might; only his heels sparkle.
- Similarity value: all as one; everything is as if chosen; one to one; Well done to well done.
Antonymous colloquial phraseological units, examples:
- The cat cried(few) - Chickens don't peck(a lot of).
- Can't see anything(dark, hard to see) - At least collect needles(light, clearly visible).
- Lose your head(not thinking well) - Head on your shoulders(a reasonable person).
- Like a cat and a dog(warring people) - Don't spill the water, Siamese twins; soul to soul(close, very friendly or
- Two steps away(near) - Far away(far).
- Head in the clouds(brooding, daydreaming and unfocused person) - Keep your eyes open, keep your ears open(attentive person).
- scratch your tongue(talk, spread gossip) - Swallow tongue(be silent).
- Uma ward(clever man) - Without a king in your head, live in someone else's mind(stupid or reckless person).
Phraseologisms examples with explanation:
- American uncle- a person who very unexpectedly helps out of a financially difficult situation.
- Fight like a fish on ice- do unnecessary, useless actions that do not lead to any result.
- Beat your head- mess around.
- Throw down the gauntlet- enter into an argument with someone, challenge.
Phraseologisms they call stable combinations of words, figures of speech such as: “knuckle down”, “hang your nose”, “give a headache”... A figure of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words. It only works as a single unit, a lexical unit.
Phraseologisms- these are popular expressions that do not have an author.The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to an expression, to enhance its meaning.
When forming phraseological units, some components acquire the status of optional (optional): “Components of a phraseological unit that can be omitted in individual cases of its use are called optional components of a phraseological unit, and the phenomenon itself, as a feature of the form of a phraseological unit, is called the optionality of the components of a phraseological unit.
The first component of the turnover may be optional, optional, i.e. the expression will still sound without it.
Signs of phraseological units
Phraseologisms usually do not tolerate the replacement of words and their rearrangements, for which they are also called stable phrases.
Through thick and thin can't be pronounced no matter what happens to me or by all means, A protect like the pupil of the eye instead of cherish as the apple of your eye.
There are of course exceptions: puzzle over or rack your brains, take by surprise And take someone by surprise, but such cases are rare.
Many phraseological units can be easily replaced with one word:
headlong- fast,
close at hand- close.
The most important feature of phraseological units is their figurative and figurative meaning.
Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.
Bursting at the seams- from the tailor's speech acquired a broader meaning - to fall into decay.
Confound- from the speech of railway workers it passed into general use in the meaning of causing confusion.
Examples of phraseological units and their meanings
beat the bucks- mess aroundOvereat henbane- get mad (applies to people who do stupid things
After the rain on Thursday- never
Anika the Warrior- braggart, brave only in words, far from danger
Set a washroom (bath)- soap your neck, head - strongly scold
White crow- a person who stands out sharply from the environment due to certain qualities
Live as a Biryuk- be gloomy, not communicate with anyone
Throw down the gauntlet- challenge someone to an argument, a competition (although no one throws down gloves)
Wolf in sheep's clothing- evil people pretending to be kind, hiding under the guise of meekness
Head in the clouds- dream blissfully, fantasize about who knows what
My soul has sunk into my heels- a person who is afraid, afraid
Don't spare your belly- sacrifice life
Nick down- remember firmly
Making an elephant out of a molehill- turn a small fact into a whole event
On a silver platter- get what you want with honor, without much effort
At the ends of the earth- somewhere very far away
On the seventh sky- to be in complete delight, in a state of supreme bliss
Can't see anything- it’s so dark that you can’t see the path or path
Rush headlong- act recklessly, with desperate determination
Eat a peck of salt- get to know each other well
Good riddance- go away, we can do without you
Build castles in the air- dream about the impossible, indulge in fantasies. To think, to think about what cannot be realized in reality, to get carried away by illusory assumptions and hopes
Roll up your sleeves to work- work hard, with diligence.
Watch “PHRASEOLOGISTS IN PICTURES. Meanings of phraseological units"
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Phraseologisms about school
Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.
Live and learn.
A scientist without work is like a cloud without rain.
Learn from a young age - you won’t die of hunger in old age.
What I learned was useful.
It's hard to learn, but it's easy to fight.
Teach intelligence.
Go through the school of life.
Get it into your head.
Hitting your head on the ice.
Teach a fool that the dead can be healed.
Phraseologisms from ancient Greek mythology
There are native Russian phraseological units, but there are also borrowed ones, including phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient Greek mythology.
Tantalum flour- unbearable torment from the consciousness of the proximity of the desired goal and the impossibility of achieving it. (An analogue of the Russian proverb: “The elbow is close, but you won’t bite”). Tantalus is a hero, the son of Zeus and Pluto, who reigned in the region of Mount Sipila in southern Phrygia (Asia Minor) and was famous for his wealth. According to Homer, for his crimes Tantalus was punished in the underworld with eternal torment: standing up to his neck in water, he cannot get drunk, since the water immediately recedes from his lips; from the trees surrounding it hang branches weighed down with fruits, which rise upward as soon as Tantalus reaches out to them.
Augean stables- a heavily clogged, polluted place, usually a room where everything is lying around in disarray. The phraseology comes from the name of the huge stables of the Elidian king Augeas, which had not been cleaned for many years. Cleaning them was only possible for the mighty Hercules, the son of Zeus. The hero cleared the Augean stables in one day, channeling the waters of two stormy rivers through them.
Sisyphus's work- useless, endless hard work, fruitless work. The expression comes from the ancient Greek legend about Sisyphus, a famous cunning man who was able to deceive even the gods and constantly came into conflict with them. It was he who managed to chain Thanatos, the god of death sent to him, and keep him imprisoned for several years, as a result of which people did not die. For his actions, Sisyphus was severely punished in Hades: he had to roll a heavy stone up a mountain, which, reaching the top, inevitably fell down, so that all the work had to be started again.
Sing the praises- to immoderately, enthusiastically praise, praise someone or something. It arose from the name of dithyrambs - songs of praise in honor of the god of wine and the vine, Dionysus, which were sung during processions dedicated to this deity.
Golden Rain- large sums of money. The expression originated from the ancient Greek myth of Zeus. Captivated by the beauty of Danae, the daughter of the Argive king Acrisius, Zeus penetrated her in the form of golden rain, and from this connection Perseus was subsequently born. Danaë, showered with gold coins, is depicted in the paintings of many artists: Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck, etc. Hence also the expressions “golden rain is pouring,” “golden rain will pour.” Titian. Danae.
Throw thunder and lightning- scold someone; speak angrily, irritably, reproaching, denouncing or threatening someone. It arose from ideas about Zeus - the supreme god of Olympus, who, according to myths, dealt with his enemies and people he disliked with the help of lightning, terrifying in its power, forged by Hephaestus.
Ariadne's thread, Ariadne's thread- something that helps you find a way out of a difficult situation. By the name of Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, who, according to ancient Greek myth, helped the Athenian king Theseus, after he killed the half-bull, half-man Minotaur, to escape safely from the underground labyrinth with the help of a ball of thread.
Achilles' heel- a weak side, a weak spot of something. In Greek mythology, Achilles (Achilles) is one of the strongest and bravest heroes; it is sung in Homer's Iliad. A post-Homeric myth, transmitted by the Roman writer Hyginus, reports that Achilles' mother, the sea goddess Thetis, in order to make her son's body invulnerable, dipped him in the sacred river Styx; while dipping, she held him by the heel, which was not touched by the water, so the heel remained Achilles’s only vulnerable spot, where he was mortally wounded by Paris’s arrow.
Gifts of the Danaans (Trojan Horse)- insidious gifts that bring with them death for those who receive them. Originated from Greek legends about the Trojan War. The Danaans, after a long and unsuccessful siege of Troy, resorted to cunning: they built a huge wooden horse, left it near the walls of Troy, and pretended to sail away from the shore of the Troas. Priest Laocoon, who knew about the Danaans’ cunning, saw this horse and exclaimed: “Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!” But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. At night, the Danaans, hiding inside the horse, came out, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in their comrades who had returned on ships, and thus took possession of Troy.
Between Scylla and Charybdis- to find yourself between two hostile forces, in a position where danger threatens from both sides. According to the legends of the ancient Greeks, two monsters lived on the coastal rocks on both sides of the Strait of Messina: Scylla and Charybdis, who devoured sailors. “Scylla, ... barking incessantly, With a piercing squeal, similar to the squeal of a young puppy, the entire surrounding area of monsters resounds... Not a single sailor could pass by her unharmed With ease the ship: with all its toothed jaws open, At once she, six people from the ship abducts... Closer you will see another rock... Terribly the whole sea under that rock is disturbed by Charybdis, absorbing three times a day and spewing out black moisture three times a day. Don’t you dare approach when he’s devouring: Poseidon himself will not save you from certain death then...”
Promethean fire sacred fire burning in the human soul, an unquenchable desire to achieve high goals in science, art, and social work. Prometheus in Greek mythology is one of the Titans; he stole fire from the sky and taught people how to use it, thereby undermining faith in the power of the gods. For this, the angry Zeus ordered Hephaestus (the god of fire and blacksmithing) to chain Prometheus to a rock; The eagle that flew in every day tormented the liver of the chained titan.
Apple of discord- subject, cause of dispute, enmity, was first used by the Roman historian Justin (2nd century AD). It is based on a Greek myth. The goddess of discord, Eris, rolled a golden apple with the inscription: “To the most beautiful” between the guests at the wedding feast. Among the guests were the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, who argued about which of them should receive the apple. Their dispute was resolved by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, by awarding the apple to Aphrodite. In gratitude, Aphrodite helped Paris kidnap Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, which caused the Trojan War.
Sink into oblivion- to be forgotten, to disappear without a trace and forever. From the name Lethe - the river of oblivion in the underground kingdom of Hades, from which the souls of the dead drank water and forgot their entire past life.
Phraseologisms with the word “WATER”
Storm in a teacup- great anxiety over a trivial matterWritten on the water with a pitchfork– it is not yet known how it will be, the outcome is not clear, by analogy: “grandmother said in two”
Don't spill water– great friends, about strong friendship
Carry water in a sieve- waste time, do useless things Similar to: pounding water in a mortar
I put water in my mouth– is silent and does not want to answer
Carry water (on smb.)– burden him with hard work, taking advantage of his flexible nature
Bring to clean water- expose dark deeds, catch a lie
Come out dry from water- go unpunished, without bad consequences
Money is like water- meaning the ease with which they can be spent
Blow on water after getting burned on milk- be overly cautious, remembering past mistakes
Like looking into the water- as if he knew in advance, foresaw, accurately predicted events
How he sank into the water- disappeared, disappeared without a trace, disappeared without a trace
Down in the mouth- sad, sad
Like water through your fingers- one who easily escapes persecution
As two drops of water- very similar, indistinguishable
If you don’t know the ford, don’t go into the water– warning not to take hasty action
Like a fish in water– feel confident, very well oriented, have a good understanding of something,
Like water off a duck's back- a person doesn’t care about everything
Much water has flown under the bridge since that time- a lot of time has passed
Carrying water in a sieve- waste time
Seventh water on jelly- very distant relationship
Hide the ends in water- hide traces of the crime
Quieter than water, below the grass- behave modestly, inconspicuously
Pound water in a mortar- engage in useless work.
Phraseologisms with the word “NOS”
It is interesting that in phraseological units the word nose practically does not reveal its main meaning. The nose is an organ of smell, but in stable phrases the nose is associated primarily with the idea of something small and short. Remember the fairy tale about Kolobok? When the Fox needed Kolobok to come within her reach and get closer, she asks him to sit on her nose. However, the word nose does not always refer to the organ of smell. It also has other meanings.
Mutter under your breath- grumble, grumpily, mumble indistinctly.Lead by the nose- this phrase came to us from Central Asia. Visitors are often surprised how small children manage to cope with huge camels. The animal obediently follows the child leading him by the rope. The fact is that the rope is threaded through a ring located in the camel's nose. Here you want it, you don’t want it, but you have to obey! Rings were also put into the noses of bulls to make their disposition more docile. If a person deceives someone or does not fulfill his promise, then he is also said to be “led by the nose.”
Turn up one's nose– to be unjustifiably proud of something, to boast.
Nick down- Notch on the nose means: remember firmly, once and for all. It seems to many that this was said not without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make a notch on your own face. Unnecessary fear. The word nose here does not mean the organ of smell at all, but just a memorial tablet, a tag for notes. In ancient times, illiterate people always carried such tablets with them and made all kinds of notes on them with notches and cuts. These tags were called noses.
Nodding off- fall asleep.
Curious Varvara's nose was torn off at the market– don’t interfere in something that’s not your own business.
On the nose- this is how they talk about something that is about to happen.
Can't see beyond your own nose- not to notice the surroundings.
Don't poke your nose into someone else's business- in this way they want to show that a person is too, inappropriately curious, interferes in what he should not.
Nose to nose- on the contrary, close.
Keep your nose to the wind- in the glorious times of the sailing fleet, movement on the sea completely depended on the direction of the wind and the weather. No wind, calm - and the sails drooped, more like a rag. A nasty wind is blowing into the bow of the ship - you have to think not about sailing, but about dropping all the anchors, that is, “standing at anchor” and removing all the sails so that the air flow does not throw the ship ashore. To go out to sea, a fair wind was required, which inflated the sails and directed the ship forward into the sea. The vocabulary of sailors associated with this received imagery and entered our literary language. Now “keeping your nose to the wind” - in a figurative sense, means adapting to any circumstances. "Drop anchor", "come to anchor", - stop in motion, settle somewhere; “Sit by the sea and wait for the weather”– inactive expectation of change; "In Full Sail"- move towards the intended goal at full speed, as quickly as possible; wish "fair wind" to someone means wishing him good luck.
Hang your nose or Hang your nose- if suddenly a person is depressed or just sad, it happens about him that they say that he seems to be “hanging his nose,” and they can also add: “by a fifth.” Quinta, translated from Latin, means “fifth.” Musicians, or more precisely, violinists, call this the first string of a violin (the highest one). When playing, the violinist usually supports his instrument with his chin and his nose almost touches this string closest to him. The expression “hanging your nose on a fifth,” perfected among musicians, entered fiction.
Stay with your nose- without what I expected.
Right under your nose- close.
Show your nose– teasing someone by putting your thumb to your nose and waving your fingers.
With a gulkin nose- very little (a bun is a dove, a dove has a small beak).
Poking your nose into other people's business- take an interest in other people's affairs.
Leave with your nose- the roots of the expression “getting away with your nose” are lost in the distant past. In the old days, bribery was very common in Rus'. Neither in institutions nor in court was it possible to achieve a positive decision without an offering, a gift. Of course, these gifts, hidden by the petitioner somewhere under the floor, were not called the word “bribe.” They were politely called "bring" or "nose". If the manager, judge or clerk took the “nose”, then one could be sure that the case would be resolved favorably. In case of refusal (and this could happen if the gift seemed small to the official or the offering from the opposite party had already been accepted), the petitioner went home with his “nose”. In this case, there was no hope for success. Since then, the words “to go away with your nose” have come to mean “to suffer defeat, fail, lose, stumble, without achieving anything.
Wipe your nose- if you manage to surpass someone, they say that they wiped your nose.
bury your nose- immerse yourself completely in some activity.
Full, drunk and nose covered in tobacco- means a satisfied and satisfied person with everything.
Phraseologisms with the word “MOUTH, LIPS”
The word mouth is included in a number of phraseological units, the meanings of which are associated with the process of speaking. Food enters the human body through the mouth - a number of stable expressions one way or another indicate this function of the mouth. There are not many phraseological units with the word lip.
You can't put it in your mouth- they say if the food is not tasty.Lip no fool- they say about a person who knows how to choose the best.
Shut someone's mouth- means not letting him speak.
Porridge in the mouth- the man speaks indistinctly.
There was no poppy dew in my mouth- this means that the person has not eaten for a long time and needs to be fed urgently.
Wet behind the ears- they say if they want to show that someone is still young and inexperienced.
Take water into your mouth- is to shut up yourself.
Pout lips- to be offended.
open your mouth- to freeze in amazement before something that captures the imagination.
My mouth is full of trouble- they say if there are so many things to do that you don’t have time to cope with them.
Wide open mouth- a sign of surprise.
Phraseologisms with the word “HAND”
Be at hand– be available, be in close proximityWarm your hands- take advantage of the situation
Keep in hand- not to give free rein, to keep in strict obedience
As if taken off by hand- quickly disappeared, passed
Carry on your hands- provide special affection, attention, appreciate, pamper
Without stopping k – to work hard
Tuck under your arm- happen to be nearby
Fall under the hot hand- get into a bad mood
Hand doesn't rise– it is impossible to perform an action due to an internal prohibition
Hand in hand- holding hands, together, together
Hand washes hand– people connected by common interests protect each other
Hands don't reach- I just don’t have the energy or time to do anything
My hands are itching- about a great desire to do something
Just a stone's throw- very close, very close
Grab with both hands- agree with pleasure with some proposal
To rake in the heat with someone else's hands- benefit from the work of others
Skillful fingers- about someone who skillfully, skillfully does everything, copes with any work
Phraseologisms with the word “HEAD”
Wind in my head- an unreliable person.Out of my head- forgot.
Head is spinning– too many things to do, responsibilities, information.
Give your head to be cut off- promise.
Out of the blue- suddenly.
Fool your head- to deceive, to divert from the essence of the matter.
Don't lose your head- be responsible for your actions.
Look from head to toe- everything, carefully, carefully.
Headlong– risky.
No pat on the head- they will scold you.
From a sick head to a healthy one- blame someone else.
Upside down- vice versa.
Puzzling over a task- think hard.
Headlong- very fast.
Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"
The word ear is included in phraseological units that are somehow related to hearing. Harsh words primarily affect the ears. In many established expressions, the word ears does not mean the organ of hearing, but only its outer part. I wonder if you can see your ears? Using a mirror in this case is not allowed!
Be careful- a person tensely awaits danger. Vostry is an old form of the word acute.Prick up your ears- listen carefully. A dog's ears are pointed and the dog erects its ears when listening. This is where the phraseological unit arose.
You can't see your ears- they say about a person who will never get what he wants.
Immerse yourself in something up to your ears- they say to a person if he is completely absorbed in some activity. You can be deeply in debt – if there are a lot of debts.
Blushed to the ears- they say when a person is very embarrassed.
Hang your ears- this is what they say about a person who listens to someone too trustingly.
Listen with all your ears- means listening carefully.
Listen with half an ear or listen out of earshot- listen without much attention.
Ears wither- it’s extremely disgusting to listen to anything.
It hurts my ears- they say when something is unpleasant to listen to.
Phraseologisms with the word “TOOTH”
There are quite a large number of stable expressions with the word tooth in the Russian language. Among them there is a noticeable group of phraseological units in which teeth act as a kind of weapon of defense or attack, threat. The word tooth is also used in phraseological units denoting various deplorable human conditions.
To be in the teeth- to impose, to bother.Armed to the teeth- they say about a person who is dangerous to attack, because he can give a worthy rebuff.
Speak your teeth- divert attention.
Tooth for tooth- abusive (tendency to abuse), unyielding, “as it comes around, it will respond.”
Tooth does not touch tooth- they say if someone is frozen from extreme cold or from trembling, excitement, fear.
Give me a tooth- to mock, to ridicule someone.
Eat with a tooth- drive, crowd.
Bare your teeth- mock.
Eat your teeth- gain experience.
Scratch your teeth- talk nonsense, nonsense.
Try it on your teeth- find out, try it directly.
Something is too tough for anyone- difficult to bite, beyond your strength, beyond your abilities.
Nothing to put on the tooth- they say when there is nothing to eat.
Not even a kick- absolutely nothing (not knowing, not understanding, etc.).
Look someone in the mouth- find out everything about a person.
Raise by a tooth- mock.
Show teeth- means demonstrating your evil nature, the desire to quarrel, to threaten someone.
Put your teeth on the shelf- go hungry when there is no food left in the house.
Speak through teeth- barely open your mouth, reluctantly.
Grit your teeth- without despondency, without despair, begin the fight.
To sharpen or have a grudge against someone- to be malicious, to strive to cause harm.
Phraseologisms with the word “CHEST, BACK”
The words chest and back are included in oppositely colored phraseological units. However, there are also positively colored phraseological units with the word back.
Stand up or stand with your chest for someone or something- rise to the defense, defend steadfastly.Riding on someone's back- achieve your goals by using someone to your advantage.
Bend your back- work, or bow.
Hunch your back- work.
Ride on whose back- to use someone for some of your own purposes.
Behind someone's back (to do something)- so that he doesn’t see, doesn’t know, secretly from anyone.
Put your hands behind your back- cross them from behind.
On your own back (to experience, to learn something)- from my own bitter experience, as a result of troubles, difficulties, adversities that I myself had to endure.
Knife in the back or stab in the back- treacherous, treacherous act, blow.
Turn your back- leave, leave to the mercy of fate, stop communicating with someone.
Pave the way with your chest- achieve a good position in life, achieves everything through hard work, overcomes all the difficulties that befall him.
Skulk- shift your duties or responsibilities to someone else.
Work without straightening your back- diligently, diligently, a lot and hard. They can be used to praise a roughly working person.
Straighten your back- gain self-confidence, be encouraged.
Show your back- leave, run away.
Stand behind someone's back- secretly, secretly lead someone.
Phraseologisms with the word “LANGUAGE”
Language is another word often found in phraseological units, since language is extremely important for a person, it is with it that the idea of the ability to speak and communicate is associated. The idea of speaking (or, conversely, silence) can be traced in one way or another in many phraseological units with the word language.
Run with your tongue out- very fast.Keep your mouth shut- be silent, do not say too much; be careful in your statements.
Long tongue- they say if a person is a talker and likes to tell other people's secrets.
How a cow licked it with her tongue- about something that quickly and without a trace disappeared.
Find a common language- reach mutual understanding.
Step on your tongue- make them fall silent.
Hang your tongue on your shoulder- very tired.
Get on the tongue- become the subject of gossip.
Bite your tongue- shut up, refrain from speaking.
Untie your tongue- encourage someone to talk; give someone the opportunity to speak.
Loosen your tongue- without restraining yourself, losing control over yourself, blurting out, saying unnecessary things.
Tip on your tongue- an angry wish to an evil talker.
Pull the tongue- say something that is not entirely appropriate to the situation.
Shorten your tongue- to make someone silent, not to allow insolence to be said, unnecessary things.
Scratch your tongue (scratch your tongue)- talk in vain, engage in chatter, idle talk.
scratching tongues- gossip, slander.
The devil pulled his tongue- an unnecessary word escapes the tongue.
Tongue without bones- they say if a person is talkative.
Tongue is tied– you can’t say anything clearly.
Tongue stuck to larynx- suddenly fall silent, stop talking.
Tongue swallow- shut up, stop talking (about someone’s reluctance to talk).
The tongue hangs well- they say about a person who speaks freely and fluently.
Phraseologisms with the word “LITTLE”
Almost- about, almostSmall spool but precious– value is not determined by size
Small small less– one is smaller than the other (about children)
The bird is small, but the nail is sharp– insignificant in position, but inspires fear or admiration for its qualities
Little dog to old age puppy– a short person always seems younger than his age, does not make a solid impression
You never know– 1. anything, any 2. not significant, not important 3. excitement, what if...
Little by little– slowly, little by little
At low speed- slowly
From small to large– all ages
Small (drink)- a little, a small portion
Play small– make a small bet (in games)
From an early age– since childhood
Just a little- a small part of something.
Correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery.
PHRASEOLOGISTS IN PICTURES
See if the phraseological units are illustrated correctly, and tell me how you understand their meaning?
Guess a few poetic riddles about phraseological units:
You won’t find any friendlier relationship between these two guys in the world.They usually say about them: water...
We walked literally along the town and...
And we were so tired on the road that we barely...
Your comrade asks furtively
Copy the answers from your notebook.
No need! After all, this will help your friend...
They falsify, they confuse the words, they sing into the forest...
The guys won't listen to them:
This song makes my ears...
Phraseology is a branch of the science of language that studies stable combinations of words. Phraseologism is a stable combination of words, or a stable expression. Used to name objects, signs, actions. It is an expression that arose once, became popular and became entrenched in people's speech. The expression is endowed with imagery and may have a figurative meaning. Over time, an expression can take on a broad meaning in everyday life, partially including the original meaning or completely excluding it.
The phraseological unit as a whole has lexical meaning. The words included in a phraseological unit individually do not convey the meaning of the entire expression. Phraseologisms can be synonymous (at the end of the world, where the raven did not bring bones) and antonymous (raise to heaven - trample into the dirt). A phraseological unit in a sentence is one member of the sentence. Phraseologisms reflect a person and his activities: work (golden hands, playing the fool), relationships in society (bosom friend, putting a spoke in the wheels), personal qualities (turning up his nose, sour face), etc. Phraseologisms make a statement expressive and create imagery. Set expressions are used in works of art, journalism, and everyday speech. Set expressions are also called idioms. There are many idioms in other languages - English, Japanese, Chinese, French.
To clearly see the use of phraseological units, refer to their list or on the page below.
Storodubtseva Oksana
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Humanities: linguistics
Subject: Phraseologisms with the “money” component in modern English
Scientific supervisor: Provotorova Yu.V.
2014
Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ............... 2
Chapter 1. Phraseology as an object of linguistic research………….3
1.1. Subject and tasks of phraseology…………………………………………….3
1.2. Theory of phraseology by Sh. Bally……………………….………………………4
1.3. Equivalence of a phraseological unit to a word……………………………..5
1.4. Types of phraseological units from the point of view of semantic stability (unity) of their components…………………………………………………….7
1.4.1. Phraseological conjunctions……………………………………….…….7.
1.4.2. Phraseological unities…………………………………………..…8
1.4.3. Phraseological combinations……………………………………………………......9
1.4.4. Phraseological expressions……………………………………………………..10
Chapter 2. Classification of phraseological units with the “money” component in modern English.................................................... ........................................................ ... ……….…………eleven
2.1. Business phraseology in the formation of a creative personality………..11
2.2 Semantic classification of phraseological units with the money component.................................................... ........................................................ ................................... 14
Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ ......... 18
Bibliography................................................................ ................................. 19
Appendix 1………………………………………………………………………………..…20
Introduction
This research work is devoted to the study of phraseological units with the “money” component in modern English.
Relevance of the topicThe research is due to the importance of using phraseological units in our speech, because it is the properties of phraseological units, such as imagery, expressiveness and unity of meaning that make our speech brighter, more emotional, more figurative and expressive, regardless of what language we speak - Russian or English.
Purpose of the study– identification of the main phraseological units with the “money” component in modern English and their Russian equivalents.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:
1. Identify the main phraseological units with the “money” component in modern English.
2. Classify the main phraseological units with the “money” component according to semantic criteria.
Object of study– phraseological units in modern English.
Subject of study– phraseological units with the “money” component in modern English.
The work was carried out in stages: at the preparatory stage, the main information work was compiled; at the next second stage, we analyzed the meanings and compared phraseological units with the concept of “money”; At the final stage, conclusions were formulated and the results of the work were formalized.
Two methods were used to carry out the study: exploratory and analytical.
Chapter 1 . Phraseology as an object of linguistic research
- 1.1. Subject and tasks of phraseology
Phraseology (Greek Phrasis - “expression”, logos - “teaching”) is a branch of linguistics that studies stable combinations in language. Phraseology is also called a set of stable combinations in the language as a whole, in the language of a particular writer, in the language of a separate work of art, etc.
Linguists have not formed a consensus on what a phraseological unit is; therefore, there is no unity of views on the composition of these units in the language. Some researchers (L.P. Smith, V.P. Zhukov, V.N. Telia, N.M. Shansky, etc.) include its stable combinations in phraseology, others (N.N. Amosova, A.M. Babkin, A.I. Smirnitsky, etc.) – only certain groups. Thus, some linguists (including Academician V.V. Vinogradov) do not include proverbs, sayings and catchwords in the category of phraseological units, believing that they differ in their semantics and syntactic structure from phraseological units. V.V. Vinogradov argued: “Proverbs and sayings have a sentence structure and are not semantic equivalents of words.” [1,2,3]
The tasks of phraseology as a linguistic discipline include a comprehensive study of the phraseological fund of a particular language. Important aspects of the study of this science are: the stability of phraseological units, the systematic nature of phraseology and the semantic structure of phraseological units, their origin and main functions. A particularly complex branch of phraseology is the translation of phraseological units, which requires considerable experience in the field of research in this discipline.
Phraseology develops the principles of identifying phraseological units, methods of studying them, classification and phraseography - descriptions in dictionaries. Phraseology uses various research methods, for example, component analysis of meaning. On the basis of research methods existing in linguistics, “the actual phraseological techniques of analysis and description” are being developed: 1. Identification method - establishing the identities of words and syntactic structures that form phraseological units with their free analogues; 2. The application method, which is a type of identification method, is a method limited in the choice of variables, establishing different structural and semantic organizations of phraseological units from combinations formed in accordance with regular patterns of choice and combination, etc.
Unfortunately, in the English and American linguistic literature there are few works specifically devoted to the theory of phraseology, but even the most significant works available do not raise such fundamental questions as scientifically based criteria for identifying phraseological units, the relationship of phraseological units and words, the systematicity of phraseology, phraseological variability, phrase formation, method studying phraseology, etc.
Also, English and American scientists do not raise the question of phraseology as a linguistic science. This explains the lack of a name for this discipline in English.
1.2 The theory of phraseology by S. Bally
Charles Bally (1865 - 1947) - a Swiss linguist of French origin, introduced the term "phraseologie" in the meaning of "a branch of stylistics that studies related phrases", but this term was not accepted by Western European and American linguists and was used in his works in three other meanings: 1. Choice of words, form of expression, wording; 2. Language, style, style; 3. Expressions, phrases.
S. Bally is considered the founder of the theory of phraseology, because first systematized combinations of words in his book “French Stylistics,” in which he included a chapter on phraseology. In his writings, he identified “four types of phrases”: 1. Free phrases, i.e. combinations lacking stability, disintegrating after their formation; 2. Habitual combinations, i.e. phrases with a relatively loose connection of components, allowing some changes; 3. Phraseological series, i.e. groups of words in which two adjacent concepts merge almost into one. The stability of these phrases is secured by primary word usage. 4. Phraseological unities, i.e. combinations in which words have lost their meaning and express a single indecomposable concept. Such combinations do not allow rearrangement of components. Thus, “...the concept of Sh. Bally is based on the difference in word combinations according to the degree of stability: combinations in which there is freedom to group components, and combinations deprived of such freedom.”
1.3. Equivalence of a phraseological unit to a word
The development of phraseology as a linguistic science in recent years has posed a very difficult problem for researchers - the relationship of a phraseological unit with a word. In modern linguistics there are different points of view regarding the very formulation of this question. Some consider phraseological units to be equivalents of words, others point to their correlation with the word, replacing the theory of equivalence with the theory of correlation of phraseological combinations with the word.
The theory of equivalence of phraseological units to a word goes back to the concept of identification of expressive facts developed by S. Bally, who pointed out that the most general feature of a phraseological unit, replacing all others, is the possibility or impossibility of substituting one simple word instead of a given combination. Sh. Bally called such a word an “identifying word.” Bally considers the presence of such a synonym as an internal sign of the integrity of phraseological units.
Phraseologisms are in many ways similar to words, however, as a rule, it is impossible to equate the meaning of phraseological units with the meaning of the words with which they are identified. An essential element of the semantics of a phraseological unit is the evaluative nature of the concept it expresses, its special modality, while the element of evaluation is characteristic of the semantic structure of a word to a lesser extent. In most cases, phraseological units and the words associated with them differ in stylistic coloring, and in relation to individual words, phraseological units act mainly as stylistic rather than ideographic synonyms.
It should also be borne in mind that proverbs and sayings, i.e. phraseological units with a sentence structure can only be identified using sentences.
The semantic integrity of a phraseological unit can be established by comparing its meaning with the meaning of its components as individual words, as well as by identifying the features of its use in context.
In the problem of “phraseologism and the word,” there are mainly two directions: a narrow, lexicological understanding of phraseology as an integral part of lexicology, phraseological units as an equivalent to the word, and a broad understanding of phraseology as an independent linguistic discipline.
Words and phraseological units are introduced into speech in ready-made form. This fact is given as one of the arguments in favor of the theory of complete equivalence. Introducing it into speech in finished form is a shaky basis for the equivalence of a phraseological unit to a word, since reproduction in ready-made form is a characteristic feature of all units of language.
A phraseological unit is not identical to a word and is not completely equivalent to it. A phraseological unit differs from a word in its structure: a word consists of morphemes, and any phraseological unit is, first of all, a combination of words united according to the laws of the grammar of a particular language (separately formed phraseme and integrally formed word). The components of a phraseological phrase are not free in their connections; the circle of their compatibility with other words is closed. Phraseologisms are characterized by lexical stability and generally retain a constant composition.
1.4. Types of phraseological units from the point of view of semantic stability (unity) of their components
The classification of phraseological units from the point of view of the semantic unity of their components belongs to academician V.V. Vinogradov (No. 7). As you know, phraseological units arise from a free combination of words, which are used in a figurative meaning. Gradually, the portability is forgotten, erased, and the combination becomes stable. Depending on how much the nominative meanings of the components of a phraseological unit are erased, how strong the figurative meaning is in them, V.V. Vinogradov divides them into three types: “phraseological adhesions, phraseological unities and phraseological combinations. Let us consider these types of phraseological units in relation to modern English.
1.4.1. Phraseological adhesions
Phraseological adhesions, or idioms, are absolutely indivisible, indecomposable stable combinations, the general meaning of which does not depend on the meaning of their constituent words: to rain cats and dogs - pour like buckets (about rain); be all thumbs - to be awkward, clumsy;. Phraseological adhesions arose on the basis of figurative meanings of their components, but subsequently these figurative meanings became incomprehensible from the point of view of modern language.
Thus, in phraseological fusions the connection between direct and figurative meanings has been lost; the figurative has become the main one for them. That is why phraseological fusions are difficult to translate into other languages.
Phraseological fusions have a number of characteristic features:
1. they may include so-called necrotisms - words that are not used anywhere except for this fusion and are therefore incomprehensible from the point of view of modern language;
2. adhesions may include archaisms;
3. they are syntactically indecomposable;
4. in most cases, it is impossible to rearrange the components;
5. they are characterized by impenetrability - they do not allow additional words into their composition.
Losing their independent lexical meaning, “...words included in the structure of a phraseological fusion turn into components of a complex lexical unit, which approaches the meaning of a separate word.” But we should not forget that, as stated in the chapter on the equivalence of a phraseological unit to a word, from the point of view of stylistics, phraseological units and the word are far from each other.
1.4.2. Phraseological unities
Phraseological unities are such stable combinations of words in which, in the presence of a common figurative meaning, the signs of semantic separation of components are clearly preserved: to have other fish to fry - to have more important things to do; to put a spoke in smb.’s wheel - insert spokes into the wheels; to hold one’s cards close to one’s chest – to keep something secret, not to disclose something, to keep quiet, ~ keep your mouth shut.
Unlike phraseological fusions, where figurative content is revealed only diachronically, in phraseological unities, figurativeness and portability are realized from the point of view of modern language. No wonder Academician V.V. Vinogradov considers imagery to be a characteristic feature of only phraseological unities.
Characteristic features of phraseological units:
1. vivid imagery and the resulting possibility of coincidence with parallel existing phrases (cf.: to throw dust into smb.’s eyes, to be narrow in the shoulders, to burn one’s fingers, to burn bridges);
2. preserving the semantics of individual components (to put a spoke in smb.’s wheel);
3. the impossibility of replacing some components with others (to hold one’s cards close to one’s chest);
4. emotional and expressive coloring plays a decisive role (to throw dust into smb.’s eyes, to paint the devil blacker than he is);
5. the ability to enter into synonymous relationships with individual words or other phraseological units (to gild refined gold = to paint the lily).
1.4.3. Phraseological combinations
Phraseological combinations are stable phrases that include words with both free and phraseologically related meanings: Adam’s apple - Adam’s apple, rack one’s brains - rack your brains (think hard, remember), to pay attention to smb. – pay attention to someone, etc.
In contrast to phraseological adhesions and phraseological unities, which have a holistic, indecomposable meaning, “phraseological combinations are characterized by semantic decomposability.” In this respect, they come close to free phrases.
Characteristic features of phraseological combinations:
1. in them, variation of one of the components is allowed (a bosom friend - a bosom friend, a bosom buddy - a bosom buddy);
2. a synonymous replacement of the core word is possible (a pitched battle - a fierce fight, a fierce battle - a fierce fight);
3. it is possible to include definitions (he frowned his thick eyebrows, he frowned his thick eyebrows);
4. permutation of components is permissible (a Sisyfean labor - Sisyphus’s work, a labor of Sisyphus - the work of Sisyphus);
5. the free use of one of the components and the associated use of the other is mandatory (a bosom friend - a bosom friend: a bosom friend cannot be an enemy or anyone else).
The promotion of reproducibility as the main feature of phraseological units allowed Professor N.M. Shansky to further develop the classification of Academician V.V. Vinogradov and identify the fourth type of phraseological units - the so-called “phraseological expressions”.
1.4.4. Phraseological expressions
Phraseological expressions include phraseological units that are stable in their composition and use, which consist entirely of words with “free nominative meaning and are semantically divisible.” Their only feature is reproducibility: they are used as ready-made speech units with a constant lexical composition and certain semantics.
Phraseological expressions are only phrases with the literal meaning of the components. Phraseological expressions include numerous English proverbs and sayings that are used in their literal meaning and do not have a figurative allegorical meaning: live and learn - live forever, learn forever; better untaught than ill taught - it is better to be unlearned than to be incorrectly taught; many men, many minds - how many heads, so many minds; easier said then done - easier said than done; nothing is impossible to a willing heart - whoever wants will achieve it.
Chapter 2. . Classification of phraseological units with the “money” component in modern English
2.1. Business phraseology in the formation of a creative personality
Today, during the period of rapid development of international relations, knowledge of business English as a generally accepted means of communication is necessary for most specialists in the field of economics. Studying the language of business not only simplifies the process of entering the professional business sphere, employment in foreign and Russian companies, but also, undoubtedly, contributes to further self-education and professional improvement of students. Every day there is an increasing demand for specialists who not only speak business English, but also are able to creatively approach solving important problems. It is the study of a foreign language as a carrier of information about the characteristics of the character of the people and culture of the country that plays an invaluable role in the formation of a creative personality. For fluency in a business language, knowledge of just the vocabulary, syntax and style of business English is not enough. Competent execution of business correspondence, as well as direct communication with a foreign partner, require an adequate understanding of phraseological units (PU), i.e. stable combinations of words with a completely or partially rethought meaning. Therefore, it is necessary to teach students the basics of business language phraseology. In order to familiarize economics students with the peculiarities of the use of phraseological units in the language of business, an elective course “Phraseology of Business English” is being introduced. It is phraseological units that reflect the peculiarities of perception and attitude of the people of the country of the language being studied to the world around them.
The opinion that the language of business consists only of facts and figures and is devoid of imagery and reinterpretation of the components of phrases is widespread in business circles. However, the analysis of business vocabulary indicates the opposite. The phraseological fund of business English is constantly updated:
a) or expressions characteristic only of business language and understandable to a narrow circle of specialists, for example: freeastray (lit.: free path loss)− “free stray”, about cargo that was mistakenly unloaded at a location other than its destination and sent free of charge to the correct destination; rest-of-world account (lit.: world balance account)− account of foreign transactions in the system of national accounts;
b) or phraseological units borrowed from common spoken English, for example: tocatchacold (lit.: catch a cold) meaning “to lose money in a business transaction”; wearandtear (lit.: sock and tear)− reduction in prices for trucks due to their old age or destruction.
Undoubtedly, studying the phraseology of business English helps to break down the barriers of intercultural perception, subjective and one-sided stable ideas about the characteristics of a particular nation or culture. In this regard, you should pay attention to economic terms-phraseologisms with a component− a proper name, emphasizing the national and cultural originality of the phraseology being studied. Phraseological units of this nature contribute to a deeper familiarization of students with the history of the development of international economic relations. Thus, a significant part of phraseological units are represented by expressions with the component− geographical name of the place where the act or agreement was adopted, for example: RioAgreement (lit.: Rio agreement)− an international agreement on the introduction of a system of “special drawing rights”; JamaicaAgreement (lit.: Jamaica Agreement)− agreement on the transition to floating rates and the removal of gold from the international monetary system in 1976; BrettonWoods (lit.: Bretton Woods)− Bretton Woods agreement on the post-war monetary system in 1944.
We believe that when introducing students to the business phraseology of the English language, it is important to trace the genetic roots of the peculiarities of the cultural perception of an Englishman in the process of forming business terminology of a phraseological nature, which contains components denoting nationality or the name of a country, for example: Chineseaccounting (lit.: Chinese accounting)− false accounting; Dutchauction (lit.: Dutch auction)− such an auction when the auctioneer names the price, gradually reducing it until a buyer is found; Yankeebonds (lit.: Yankee bonds)− dollar bonds issued by foreigners in the US market. Analyzing the first two phrases listed above, we identify a negative connotation in the use of proper names. So, the use of the word Dutch with a negative connotation dates back to the Anglo-Dutch wars and competition at sea in the 17th century.
The study of phraseological units, for example, determining the motivated or unmotivated nature of a phrase, will teach students to relate economic realities with the realities of social life: blind partner (lit.: blind partner)− a partner who does not provide information about himself; blackknight (lit.: black knight)− a person or company attempting to buy or take control of another company that does not wish to be sold.
In conclusion, we note that teaching English phraseology in the field of economics makes it possible to increase the humanistic potential of specialists, because in this case, the phraseology of business English becomes a means of understanding the similarities and differences in the cultural characteristics of the native country and the countries of the language being studied.
2.2. Semantic classification of phraseological units with the money component
An integral component of the linguistic representation of the world are phraseological units, the specificity of which for each language is beyond doubt. Having chosen the concept of MONEY as an integral part of the general English linguistic picture of the world as the subject of linguistic research, we could not leave aside phraseological expressions that are important for compiling a holistic image of the entity in question.
The purpose of our research at this stage is to identify the features of categorization of a fragment of the world of money by representatives of the English-speaking community according to phraseology. The formation of phraseological units that objectify the concept of MONEY and related to it occurs primarily on the basis of metaphorization. The concept of MONEY was an extremely fertile ground for understanding it using phraseology.
The English-Russian phraseological dictionary by A.V. Kupin gives about 100 expressions, and the Oxford Dictionary oG English Proverbs (ODEP) - more than 50 proverbs with the “money” component. Thanks to these and other sources, the total number of phraseological units in which money is mentioned was about 200 units.
Proverbs are a kind of tool for measuring cultural dominants in a language. They reflect the specifics of the perception of the world and can be measured in cross-linguistic comparison using cultural concepts. Value preferences expressed in the content of proverbs create a specific picture of the world in the culture of any ethnic group. The topic of wealth and money is presented in a large amount of material due to its significance for human existence. A characteristic feature of proverbs is their unambiguity. This is explained by the high degree of generalization of their meaning. As the research material shows, many proverbs are built on the basis of contrast. They can be represented by a logical formula like: “teaching - reaction.” For example:
Money is a good servant, but a bad master(money is a good servant, but a bad master).
Not that has money in his purse, cannot want a head for his shoulders(“he who has money in his wallet does not need a head on his shoulders”).
Not that has by money needs by purse(“he who has no money does not need a wallet”).
A penny saved is a penny gained(“If you haven’t spent a penny, you’ve earned it”).
A light purse is a heavy curse(“When your wallet is empty, your soul is heavy”).
(“money spent on education always pays off”).
Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves(“Save the pennies and the pounds will save themselves”).
These normative judgments in the form of proverbs can be reduced to standard axioms of behavior, or unwritten sets of rules of behavior that have a predominantly moral character.
character In proverbs, an unflattering assessment is given to the rich, which can be seen in examples 1 and 2. Proverbs teach frugality and hard work (examples 5 and 7).
Culturally significant landmarks captured in proverbs are sometimes even contradictory. For example, the attitude of the English ethnic group towards money is far from ambiguous:
Money is the root of all evil (“money is the root of all evil”).
Money is welcome though it comes in a dirty clout(“money is desirable even if it is wrapped in a dirty rag”).
That have money is a fear, not to have it is a grief(Cl.Gold, when we have, &c.) (“when you have money, you are afraid, when you don’t have it, you grieve”).
The “spirit of the people,” even in its contradictory manifestations, is imprinted in the language as in the cultural memory of the people. The above examples show that the mirror of phraseology reflects directly opposite views on money, characteristic of the everyday mentality of various groups representing the nation.
Proverbs recorded by ODEP indicate that money is, first of all, a force to which everything is subject:
I) things are obedient to money (Chaucer);
2) What will not money do? (CI.Gold do, &c.)
3) Money answers all things (Bible).
4)
Money will do more than my lord's letter.
Others clarify what money can do:
I) Money makes a man free (recommends a man) everywhere;
2) Money makes the man;
3) Money makes the mare go;
4) Money makes the marriage (the match).
Thus, money appears in the mind as “something omnipotent” - “a cure for all diseases”, help in any situation. These pieces of folk wisdom become elements of the assessment and are present in it subconsciously.
We extract from phraseology the knowledge that money is an engine:Money is the sinews of (love as well as of) war;
Money is something that a person strives to have and is sad if he does not have it. However, possessing them in large quantities can contribute to a lack of peace of mind and fears of losing them:Then have money is a fear, not to have it a grief.
It is well known that money is a quickly depleted resource and usually does not stay in your pocket:
Your money burns (a hole) in your pocket;
Money is round and rolls away.
Very often money is equated to life: Your money or your life!
In another phraseological unit, money is presented as something most precious to a person, along with love:
Not for love or money!
Everything related to money is attractive to a person:
Money never comes out of season.Therefore, people usually have great difficulty parting with them:
His money comes from him like drops of blood.
English proverbs repeatedly emphasize the need to save money:A penny more buys the whistle: Penny and penny laid up will be many.Wasting money is condemned. The proverb says that money spent on education pays off:Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain.
Using proverbial linguistic material, it is possible to structure the linguistic picture of the world of the English linguistic personality. Different cultures are based on systems of value orientations, which are reflected in proverbs, and their linguistic analysis can help to objectively establish the value priorities of the culture in question.
The perception and understanding of money is very contradictory. For Americans who live in a “money-oriented” society, this is the main trump card in life if used skillfully:Money is that which art hat turned up trump(literally, “money is what skill has made a trump card”).
The idea of wastefulness is expressed in English phraseology as follows: spend money like it is going out of fashion or spend money like water; make the money fly; play ducks and drakes with money; throw money down the drain; have more money than sense.
When deprived of money, native English speakers usually say: Good-bye that money; You can kiss your money good-bye; You can whistle for your money, Your money went west.
Conclusion
The world of phraseology of modern English is large and diverse, and every aspect of its study certainly deserves due attention.
Basic concepts of this work:
Phraseology is a branch of linguistics that studies the phraseological composition of a language in its current state and historical development. A phraseological unit is a stable combination of words, which is characterized by a constant lexical composition, grammatical structure and a meaning known to native speakers of a given language (in most cases, figurative) that cannot be deduced from the meaning of the components that make up the phraseological unit. This meaning is reproduced in speech in accordance with historically established norms of use.
For fluency in a business language, knowledge of just the vocabulary, syntax and style of business English is not enough. Competent execution of business correspondence, as well as direct communication with a foreign partner, require an adequate understanding of phraseological units (PU), i.e. stable combinations of words with a completely or partially rethought meaning. Therefore, it is necessary to teach students the basics of business language phraseology.
The concept of MONEY was an extremely fertile ground for understanding it using phraseology. Everything related to money is relevant to a person. It is quite clear that due to such relevance, money attracts a lot of phraseological units. The phraseological fund of the English language is so large that its complete study would not fit into the scope of this work. Nevertheless, using the example of the considered phraseological units, one can clearly imagine how diverse in their semantics and expressiveness phraseological units with the concept of “money” are in the modern English language.
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Annex 1.
Semantic classification of phraseological units with the concept “money”
MONEY
Axioms of behavior (set of rules of behavior)
- Thrift, hard work
- Saving money
- Extravagance
Money -
- Force
- "something omnipotent"
- Great opportunities
- Engine
- Root of Evil
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