M.: Academy, 1996 - 496 p.

The book is based on the textbook “General Psychology,” which was reprinted many times from 1970 to 1986 and translated into German, Finnish, Danish, Chinese, Spanish and many other languages. The textbook has been radically revised and supplemented with new materials that meet the modern level of development of psychological science.

Despite all the content and completeness, the textbook retains the features of propaedeutics in relation to subsequent basic and practice-oriented academic disciplines. In fact, each chapter of this book is the basis of a corresponding textbook for a specific psychological discipline. For example, the chapters “Communication” and “Personality” are a kind of preamble for the course (program and textbook) “Social Psychology”. Chapters devoted to cognitive processes: “Memory”, “Perception”, “Thinking”, “Imagination” are introduced into the course “Educational Psychology” or “Psychology of Education”.

Format: pdf/zip

Size: 2.7 2 MB

/Download file

Format: doc/zip

Size: 733 KB

/Download file

CONTENT
Part I. SUBJECT AND HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 1. Historical path of development of psychology (M.G, Yaroshevsky).................. S
1. Ancient psychology.................................................. ........................... 6
2. Psychological thought of the New Age.................................................... 18
3. The origins of psychology as a science................................................... ......... 28
4. Development of experimental and differential psychology.... 38
5. Main psychological schools.................................................... ....... 44
6. Evolution of schools and directions................................................. ............. 57
Chapter 2. Modern psychology. Its subject and place in the system of sciences (A.V. Petrovsky). 70
1. Subject of psychology......................................................... ........................... 70
2. Psychology and natural science.................................................. ............... 73
3. Psychology and scientific and technological progress.................................................... 76
4. Psychology and pedagogy................................................... ........................ 77
5. The place of psychology in the system of sciences.................................................... .......... 80
6. Structure of modern psychology.................................................. ...... 80
7. The concept of general psychology................................................... ................ 85
Chapter 3. Methods of psychology (LA. Karpenko)............................................ ............... 88
1. Subjective method.................................................... ........................... 88
2. Objective method.................................................... ........................... 91
3. Objective research methods................................................................. ...... 92
4. Experimental method......................................................... ........................... 96
5. Measurements in psychology.................................................... ........................ 100
6. Survey method......................................................... ........................................... 106
7. Projective methods.................................................. ........................... 111
8. Method of reflected subjectivity.................................................... .......... 112
9. Organization of a specific psychological study............ 113
Part II. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND STATES
Chapter 4. Sensations (T.P. Zinchenko)..................................................... ........................... 117
1. The concept of sensation.................................................... ................................... 117
2. General patterns of sensations.................................................... ........ 126
Chapter 5. Perception (V.L. Zinchenko, T.P. Zinchenko).................................. .......... 137
1. Characteristics of perception and its features.................................... 137
2. Perception as action................................................... ........................ 146
3. Perception of space................................................... ........................... 149
4. Perception of time and motion................................................. .......... 159
Chapter 6. Memory (G.K. Sereda).................................................... ........................................ 164
1. General concept of memory................................................... ........................... 164
2. Types of memory........................................................ ........................................... 172
3. General characteristics of memory processes.................................................... 177
4. Memorization................................................... ........................................... 179
5. Playback................................................... ................................... 187
6. Forgetting and storing.................................................... ........................... 190
7. Individual differences in memory.................................................... ........ 194
Chapter 7. Thinking (A.V. Brushlinsky).................................................... ........................ 196
1. General characteristics of thinking................................................... ......... 196
2- Thinking and problem solving.................................................... .................... 209
3. Types of thinking............................................................. .................................... 217
Chapter 8. Imagination (A.V. Petrovsky).................................................... .................... 222
1. The concept of imagination, its main types and processes.................... 222
2. Physiological foundations of imagination processes.................................... 230
3. The role of fantasy in children’s play and adults’ creativity.................................. 233
Chapter 9. Feelings (AL Petrovsky)................................................... ............................ 239
1. Definition of feelings and their physiological basis.................................... 239
2. Forms of experiencing feelings................................................... ................... 243
3. Feelings and personality................................................. ................................... 252
Part III. INTERDISCIPLINARY CONCEPTS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 10. Activity (L.I. Petrovsky, V.L. Petrovsky).................................259
1. Internal organization of human activity.................................................259
2. External organization of activity................................................... .......267
3. Painful actions.................................................. ................................276
Chapter 11. Communication (L.V. Petrovsky).................................................... ........................280
1. The concept of communication.................................................... ...............................280
2. Communication as the exchange of information................................................... .........283
3. Communication as interpersonal interaction.................................................292
4. Communication as people’s understanding of each other.................................................. 301
Chapter 12. Groups (L.V. Petrovsky).................................................... ...............................310
1. Groups and their classification................................................... ...............310
2. The highest form of group development.................................................. ............312
3. Differentiation between groups of different levels of development...................................320
4. Integration of groups of different levels of development....................................331
5. Student groups: psychological features of the work of a teacher (MAO. Kondraty:i).337
6. Structure of relationships in the family.................................................. .....350
Chapter 13. Consciousness (B.S. Mukhina, L.V. PstroiskiP)................................................. ....362
1. Development of the psyche in phylogenesis.................................................... .............362
2. The emergence of consciousness.................................................... ...........................366
3. The structure of consciousness and the unconscious in the human psyche........................372
Chapter 14. Personality (L.V. Petrovsky).................................................... ...........................385
1. The concept of personality in psychology.................................................... .........385
2. Personality structure.................................................... ...............................390
3. Basic theories of personality in foreign psychology...................................397
4. Personality orientation............................................................. .................... 401
5. Personal self-awareness................................................................. ........................ 407
6. Personal development.................................................. ................................... 417
Part IV. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON
Chapter 15. Temperament (N.S. Leites)................................................. ............................... 432
1. General concept of temperament.................................................... ............... 432
2. The role of temperament in work and educational activities.....,............ 442
3. Temperament and parenting problems.................................................. ... 447
Chapter 16. Character (A.V. Petrovsky).................................................... ........................... 451
1. The concept of character................................................... ................................ 451
2. Character structure.................................................... ........................... 452
3. Nature and manifestations of character................................................. .......... 458
Chapter 17. Abilities (A.V. Petrovsky^....................................... .................... 468
1. The concept of abilities................................................... ........................... 468
2. Structure of abilities.................................................... ........................... 474
3. Talent, its origin and structure.................................................... .. 476
4. Natural prerequisites for abilities and talent.................................... 480
5. Formation of abilities................................................... ................ 486
Application. Glossary of terms................................................... ........................... 489
Recommended reading................................................... ............... 491

to PSYCHOLOGY

Doctor of Psychology:

A. V. Brushlinsky, V. P. Zinchenko,

T. P. Zinchenko, M. Yu. Kondratiev, I. B. Kotova,

N. S. Leites.V. S. Mukhina, A. V. Petrovsky,

V. A. Petrovsky, G. K. Sereda, M. G. Yaroshevsky;

Candidate of Psychological Sciences L. A. Karpenko.

A researcher took part in the work on the book

Psychological Institute RAO E. Yu. Uvarin

In 24 Introduction to Psychology / Ed. ed. prof.

A. V. Petrovsky. - Moscow: Publishing Center "Academy", 1996. - 496 p. - ISBN 5-7695-0084-0

The book is based on the younger textbook “General Psychology,” which was reprinted many times from 1970 to 1986 and translated into German, Finnish, Danish, Chinese, Spanish and many other languages. The textbook has been radically revised and supplemented with new materials that meet the modern level of development of psychological science.

For all its content and completeness, the textbook retains the features of propaedeutics in relation to subsequent basic and practice-oriented academic disciplines. In fact, each chapter of this book is the basis of a corresponding textbook for a specific psychological discipline. For example, the chapters “Communication” and “Personality” are a kind of preamble for the course (program and textbook) “Social Psychology”. Chapters devoted to cognitive processes: “Memory”, “Perception”, “Thinking”, “Imagination” are introduced into the course “Educational Psychology” or “Psychology of Education”.

The textbook was prepared at the Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education.

ISBN 5-7695-0084-0 BBK 88ya73

©A. V. Petrovsky, 1996

© Publishing center "Academy", 1996

INTRODUCTION

to PSYCHOLOGY

under general editorship

Russian Federation

in higher education

as a textbook

for higher education

SUBJECT AND HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

HISTORICAL PATH OF DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

The word “psychology” appeared in the 16th century in Western European texts. At that time the language of learning was Latin. They made it up from two ancient Greek words: “psyche” (soul) and “logia” (understanding, knowledge). These ancient Greek terms contain meanings transformed by two thousand years of work by a great many minds. Gradually, the word “psychologist” entered everyday life. In Pushkin’s “Scene from Faust,” Mephistopheles says: “I am a psychologist... oh, that’s science!”

Petrovsky A.V. General psychology. -M., 1976.

From the editor 3

Part one. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter 1. The subject of psychology

I. 1. 1. Concept of psychology 5

I. 1. 2. Brain and psyche 20

I. 1. 3. The concept of consciousness 29

Chapter 2. State, structure and methods of modern psychology

I. 2. 1. Marxist-Leninist philosophy - the methodological basis of scientific psychology 33

I. 2. 2. Modern psychology and its place in the system of sciences 41

I. 2. 3. Principles and structure of modern psychology 46

I. 2. 4. Principles and methods of research in modern psychology 56

Chapter 3. Development of the psyche and consciousness

I. 3. 1. Development of the psyche in phylogenesis 66

I. 3. 2. Dependence of mental functions on the environment and structure of organs 86

I. 3. 3. The emergence of consciousness in the process of labor activity and its socio-historical nature 89

Part two. PERSONALITY AND ACTIVITY

Chapter 4. Psychological characteristics of personality

II. 4. 1. The concept of personality in psychology 97

II. 4. 2. Human personality activity 102

II 4. 3. Motivation as a manifestation of individual needs 110

II. 4. 4. Personality formation 129

Chapter 5. Psychology of Interpersonal Relations

II. 5. 1. General concept of groups and teams 136

II. 5. 2. Group differentiation 140

Chapter 6. General characteristics of individual activity

II. 6. 1. Definition of the concept of activity 157

II. 6. 2. Structure of activity 160

II. 6. 3. Mastering the activity. Skills 166

II. 6. 4. Main types of activities and their development in humans 176

Chapter 7. Attention

II. 7. 1. General characteristics of attention 187

II. 7. 2. Physiological mechanisms of attention 189

II. 7. 3.. Types of attention and their characteristics 193

II. 7. 4. Characteristic features of attention 199

II. 7. 5. Development of attention in children and ways of its formation 206

Chapter 8. Speech and Communication

II. 8. 1. Language, communication, speech activity 210

II. 8. 2. Physiological mechanisms of speech activity 214

II. 8. 3. Types of speech activity 218

II. 8. 4. Development, speech in the learning process 223

Part three. COGNITIVE PROCESSES OF PERSONALITY

Chapter 9. Sensation

III. 9. 1. The concept of sensation 229

III. 9. 2. General patterns of sensations 237

Chapter 10. Perception

III. 10. 1. The concept of perception and characteristics of its main features 249

III. 10. 2. Perception as action 257

III. 10. 3. Perception of space 268

III. 10. 4. Perception of time and motion 278

Chapter 11. Memory

III. 11. 1. General concept of memory 283

III. 11. 2. Types of memory 291

III. 11. 3. General characteristics of memory processes 296

III. 11. 4. Memorization 297

III. 11. 5. Playback 306

III. 11. 6. Forgetting and storing 309

III. 11. 7. Individual differences in memory 312

Chapter 12. Thinking

III. 12. 1. General characteristics of thinking 315

III. 12. 2. Thinking and problem solving 328

III. 12. 3. Types of thinking 337

Chapter 13. Imagination

III. 13. 1. The concept of imagination, its main types and processes 342

III. 13. 2. Physiological foundations of imagination processes 349

III. 13. 3. The role of fantasy in the play activity of a child and the creative activity of an adult 354

Part four. EMOTIONAL-VOLITIONAL SIDE OF PERSONAL ACTIVITY

Chapter 14. Feelings

IV. 14. 1. The concept of feelings 361

IV. 14. 2. Physiological bases of emotional states 366

IV. 14. 3. Emotions in animals and human emotions 370

IV. 14. 4. Expression of emotional states 371

IV 14. 5. Forms of experiencing feelings 374

IV. 14. 6. Higher feelings 379

IV. 14. 7. Personality and feelings 384

Chapter 15. Will

IV. 15. 1. The concept of will 389

IV. 15. 2. Volitional act and its structure 394

IV. 15. 3. Volitional qualities of the individual and their formation 400

Part five. PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PERSONALITY

Chapter 16. Temperament

V. 16. 1 General characteristics of temperament 405

V. 16. 2 Physiological foundations of temperament 408

V. 16. 3 Typology of temperaments 412

V. 16. 4. The role of temperament in human labor and educational activity 417

Chapter 17. Character

V. 17. 1. The concept of character 422

V. 17. 2. Physiological foundations of character 425

V. 17. 3. The structure of character and symptom complexes of its properties 428

V. 17. 4. Character formation 433

Chapter 18. Abilities

V. 18. 1. The concept of abilities 441

V. 18. 2. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of abilities 443

V. 18. 3. Structure of abilities 449

V. 18. 4. Talent, its origin and structure 452

V. 18. 5. Natural prerequisites for abilities and talents 456

V. 18. 6. Formation of abilities 462

Brief terminological dictionary 467

FROM THE EDITOR

The course of general psychology begins the study of the cycle of psychological disciplines in pedagogical institutes - the course precedes the study of developmental and pedagogical psychology, various types of psychological and pedagogical practice, special courses devoted to individual problems of the psychology of teaching and upbringing, social psychology of the team, etc. Teachers should rely on knowledge of general psychology when presenting the fundamentals of pedagogy, private methods and other disciplines that prepare the future teacher for his professional activities. General psychology in this regard, on the one hand, becomes a kind of introduction to psychological science, and on the other hand, it takes upon itself the solution of specific problems of theoretical preparation of the student for his professional work, imparting to him the necessary knowledge about the nature and patterns of basic mental processes and psychological characteristics individuals, without orientation in which the further formation of a professional teacher turns out to be impossible.

This second, revised and expanded edition of “General Psychology” takes into account the introductory nature of the course in general psychology and takes into account the totality of existing teaching aids that will be used by students mastering psychology throughout their entire stay at a pedagogical institute. We mean the textbook "Age and Pedagogical Psychology" (M., "Prosveshchenie", 1973), "Practical Lessons in Psychology" (M., "Prosveshchenie", 1972), "Collection of Problems in General Psychology" (M. , "Enlightenment", 1974), as well as other forthcoming textbooks for students. In this regard, the authors and editor sought to avoid duplication and at the same time maintain the unity of content of all textbooks on psychology in a teacher training university.

When preparing the second edition of “General Psychology”, the teaching experience accumulated in recent years was taken into account

psychology in pedagogical institutes, reviews and comments from psychology departments, the most significant results of scientific research by Soviet and foreign psychologists. The book places increased emphasis on the methodological foundations of psychology.

All this determined the direction of work on the new edition. The most significant revisions were made in the second edition of chapters 2, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15, 16. Changes were made to other chapters, mainly of an editorial nature.

Chapter 1 - Academician of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor A. V. Petrovsky and Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor M. G. Yaroshevsky; chapters 2, 4, 13 and 18 - Professor A.V. Petrovsky; chapter 3 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor V. S. Mukhina; Chapter 5 - Professor A.V. Petrovsky and Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, Doctor of Medical and Psychological Sciences, Professor K.K. Platonov; Chapter 6 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor L. B. Itelson; Chapter 7 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor N. F. Dobrynin and Candidate of Psychological Sciences E. B. Pirogova; Chapter 8 - Doctor of Philology, Professor A. A. Leontyev; Chapter 9 - Candidate of Psychological Sciences T. P. Zinchenko; Chapter 10 - Corresponding Member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor V. P. Zinchenko and Candidate of Psychological Sciences T. P. Zinchenko; Chapter 11 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor P. I. Zinchenko and Candidate of Psychological Sciences G. K. Sereda; Chapter 12 - Candidate of Philosophical Sciences A. V. Brushlinsky; Chapter 14 - Candidate of Psychological Sciences G. A. Fortunatov and Doctor of Psychological Sciences P. M. Yakobson; chapter 15 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences P. M. Yakobson; Chapter 16 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor V. S. Merlin and Candidate of Psychological Sciences B. A. Vyatkin; Chapter 17 - Professor V.S. Merlin.

Petrovsky A.V. General psychology. -M., 1976.

From the editor 3

Part one. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter 1. The subject of psychology

I. 1. 1. Concept of psychology 5

I. 1. 2. Brain and psyche 20

I. 1. 3. The concept of consciousness 29

Chapter 2. State, structure and methods of modern psychology

I. 2. 1. Marxist-Leninist philosophy - the methodological basis of scientific psychology 33

I. 2. 2. Modern psychology and its place in the system of sciences 41

I. 2. 3. Principles and structure of modern psychology 46

I. 2. 4. Principles and methods of research in modern psychology 56

Chapter 3. Development of the psyche and consciousness

I. 3. 1. Development of the psyche in phylogenesis 66

I. 3. 2. Dependence of mental functions on the environment and structure of organs 86

I. 3. 3. The emergence of consciousness in the process of labor activity and its socio-historical nature 89

Part two. PERSONALITY AND ACTIVITY

Chapter 4. Psychological characteristics of personality

II. 4. 1. The concept of personality in psychology 97

II. 4. 2. Human personality activity 102

II 4. 3. Motivation as a manifestation of individual needs 110

II. 4. 4. Personality formation 129

Chapter 5. Psychology of Interpersonal Relations

II. 5. 1. General concept of groups and teams 136

II. 5. 2. Group differentiation 140

Chapter 6. General characteristics of individual activity

II. 6. 1. Definition of the concept of activity 157

II. 6. 2. Structure of activity 160

II. 6. 3. Mastering the activity. Skills 166

II. 6. 4. Main types of activities and their development in humans 176

Chapter 7. Attention

II. 7. 1. General characteristics of attention 187

II. 7. 2. Physiological mechanisms of attention 189

II. 7. 3.. Types of attention and their characteristics 193

II. 7. 4. Characteristic features of attention 199

II. 7. 5. Development of attention in children and ways of its formation 206

Chapter 8. Speech and Communication

II. 8. 1. Language, communication, speech activity 210

II. 8. 2. Physiological mechanisms of speech activity 214

II. 8. 3. Types of speech activity 218

II. 8. 4. Development, speech in the learning process 223

Part three. COGNITIVE PROCESSES OF PERSONALITY

Chapter 9. Sensation

III. 9. 1. The concept of sensation 229

III. 9. 2. General patterns of sensations 237

Chapter 10. Perception

III. 10. 1. The concept of perception and characteristics of its main features 249

III. 10. 2. Perception as action 257

III. 10. 3. Perception of space 268

III. 10. 4. Perception of time and motion 278

Chapter 11. Memory

III. 11. 1. General concept of memory 283

III. 11. 2. Types of memory 291

III. 11. 3. General characteristics of memory processes 296

III. 11. 4. Memorization 297

III. 11. 5. Playback 306

III. 11. 6. Forgetting and storing 309

III. 11. 7. Individual differences in memory 312

Chapter 12. Thinking

III. 12. 1. General characteristics of thinking 315

III. 12. 2. Thinking and problem solving 328

III. 12. 3. Types of thinking 337

Chapter 13. Imagination

III. 13. 1. The concept of imagination, its main types and processes 342

III. 13. 2. Physiological foundations of imagination processes 349

III. 13. 3. The role of fantasy in the play activity of a child and the creative activity of an adult 354

Part four. EMOTIONAL-VOLITIONAL SIDE OF PERSONAL ACTIVITY

Chapter 14. Feelings

IV. 14. 1. The concept of feelings 361

IV. 14. 2. Physiological bases of emotional states 366

IV. 14. 3. Emotions in animals and human emotions 370

IV. 14. 4. Expression of emotional states 371

IV 14. 5. Forms of experiencing feelings 374

IV. 14. 6. Higher feelings 379

IV. 14. 7. Personality and feelings 384

Chapter 15. Will

IV. 15. 1. The concept of will 389

IV. 15. 2. Volitional act and its structure 394

IV. 15. 3. Volitional qualities of the individual and their formation 400

Part five. PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PERSONALITY

Chapter 16. Temperament

V. 16. 1 General characteristics of temperament 405

V. 16. 2 Physiological foundations of temperament 408

V. 16. 3 Typology of temperaments 412

V. 16. 4. The role of temperament in human labor and educational activity 417

Chapter 17. Character

V. 17. 1. The concept of character 422

V. 17. 2. Physiological foundations of character 425

V. 17. 3. The structure of character and symptom complexes of its properties 428

V. 17. 4. Character formation 433

Chapter 18. Abilities

V. 18. 1. The concept of abilities 441

V. 18. 2. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of abilities 443

V. 18. 3. Structure of abilities 449

V. 18. 4. Talent, its origin and structure 452

V. 18. 5. Natural prerequisites for abilities and talents 456

V. 18. 6. Formation of abilities 462

Brief terminological dictionary 467

FROM THE EDITOR

The course of general psychology begins the study of the cycle of psychological disciplines in pedagogical institutes - the course precedes the study of developmental and pedagogical psychology, various types of psychological and pedagogical practice, special courses devoted to individual problems of the psychology of teaching and upbringing, social psychology of the team, etc. Teachers should rely on knowledge of general psychology when presenting the fundamentals of pedagogy, private methods and other disciplines that prepare the future teacher for his professional activities. General psychology in this regard, on the one hand, becomes a kind of introduction to psychological science, and on the other hand, it takes upon itself the solution of specific problems of theoretical preparation of the student for his professional work, imparting to him the necessary knowledge about the nature and patterns of basic mental processes and psychological characteristics individuals, without orientation in which the further formation of a professional teacher turns out to be impossible.

This second, revised and expanded edition of “General Psychology” takes into account the introductory nature of the course in general psychology and takes into account the totality of existing teaching aids that will be used by students mastering psychology throughout their entire stay at a pedagogical institute. We mean the textbook "Age and Pedagogical Psychology" (M., "Prosveshchenie", 1973), "Practical Lessons in Psychology" (M., "Prosveshchenie", 1972), "Collection of Problems in General Psychology" (M. , "Enlightenment", 1974), as well as other forthcoming textbooks for students. In this regard, the authors and editor sought to avoid duplication and at the same time maintain the unity of content of all textbooks on psychology in a teacher training university.

When preparing the second edition of “General Psychology”, the teaching experience accumulated in recent years was taken into account

psychology in pedagogical institutes, reviews and comments from psychology departments, the most significant results of scientific research by Soviet and foreign psychologists. The book places increased emphasis on the methodological foundations of psychology.

All this determined the direction of work on the new edition. The most significant revisions were made in the second edition of chapters 2, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15, 16. Changes were made to other chapters, mainly of an editorial nature.

Chapter 1 - Academician of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor A. V. Petrovsky and Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor M. G. Yaroshevsky; chapters 2, 4, 13 and 18 - Professor A.V. Petrovsky; chapter 3 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor V. S. Mukhina; Chapter 5 - Professor A.V. Petrovsky and Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, Doctor of Medical and Psychological Sciences, Professor K.K. Platonov; Chapter 6 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor L. B. Itelson; Chapter 7 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor N. F. Dobrynin and Candidate of Psychological Sciences E. B. Pirogova; Chapter 8 - Doctor of Philology, Professor A. A. Leontyev; Chapter 9 - Candidate of Psychological Sciences T. P. Zinchenko; Chapter 10 - Corresponding Member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor V. P. Zinchenko and Candidate of Psychological Sciences T. P. Zinchenko; Chapter 11 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor P. I. Zinchenko and Candidate of Psychological Sciences G. K. Sereda; Chapter 12 - Candidate of Philosophical Sciences A. V. Brushlinsky; Chapter 14 - Candidate of Psychological Sciences G. A. Fortunatov and Doctor of Psychological Sciences P. M. Yakobson; chapter 15 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences P. M. Yakobson; Chapter 16 - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor V. S. Merlin and Candidate of Psychological Sciences B. A. Vyatkin; Chapter 17 - Professor V.S. Merlin.

M.: Academy, 1996 - 496 p.

The book is based on the textbook “General Psychology,” which was reprinted many times from 1970 to 1986 and translated into German, Finnish, Danish, Chinese, Spanish and many other languages. The textbook has been radically revised and supplemented with new materials that meet the modern level of development of psychological science.

Despite all the content and completeness, the textbook retains the features of propaedeutics in relation to subsequent basic and practice-oriented academic disciplines. In fact, each chapter of this book is the basis of a corresponding textbook for a specific psychological discipline. For example, the chapters “Communication” and “Personality” are a kind of preamble for the course (program and textbook) “Social Psychology”. Chapters devoted to cognitive processes: “Memory”, “Perception”, “Thinking”, “Imagination” are introduced into the course “Educational Psychology” or “Psychology of Education”.

Format: pdf/zip

Size: 2.7 2 MB

/Download file

Format: doc/zip

Size: 733 KB

/Download file

CONTENT
Part I. SUBJECT AND HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 1. Historical path of development of psychology (M.G, Yaroshevsky).................. S
1. Ancient psychology.................................................. ........................... 6
2. Psychological thought of the New Age.................................................... 18
3. The origins of psychology as a science................................................... ......... 28
4. Development of experimental and differential psychology.... 38
5. Main psychological schools.................................................... ....... 44
6. Evolution of schools and directions................................................. ............. 57
Chapter 2. Modern psychology. Its subject and place in the system of sciences (A.V. Petrovsky). 70
1. Subject of psychology......................................................... ........................... 70
2. Psychology and natural science.................................................. ............... 73
3. Psychology and scientific and technological progress.................................................... 76
4. Psychology and pedagogy................................................... ........................ 77
5. The place of psychology in the system of sciences.................................................... .......... 80
6. Structure of modern psychology.................................................. ...... 80
7. The concept of general psychology................................................... ................ 85
Chapter 3. Methods of psychology (LA. Karpenko)............................................ ............... 88
1. Subjective method.................................................... ........................... 88
2. Objective method.................................................... ........................... 91
3. Objective research methods................................................................. ...... 92
4. Experimental method......................................................... ........................... 96
5. Measurements in psychology.................................................... ........................ 100
6. Survey method......................................................... ........................................... 106
7. Projective methods.................................................. ........................... 111
8. Method of reflected subjectivity.................................................... .......... 112
9. Organization of a specific psychological study............ 113
Part II. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND STATES
Chapter 4. Sensations (T.P. Zinchenko)..................................................... ........................... 117
1. The concept of sensation.................................................... ................................... 117
2. General patterns of sensations.................................................... ........ 126
Chapter 5. Perception (V.L. Zinchenko, T.P. Zinchenko).................................. .......... 137
1. Characteristics of perception and its features.................................... 137
2. Perception as action................................................... ........................ 146
3. Perception of space................................................... ........................... 149
4. Perception of time and motion................................................. .......... 159
Chapter 6. Memory (G.K. Sereda).................................................... ........................................ 164
1. General concept of memory................................................... ........................... 164
2. Types of memory........................................................ ........................................... 172
3. General characteristics of memory processes.................................................... 177
4. Memorization................................................... ........................................... 179
5. Playback................................................... ................................... 187
6. Forgetting and storing.................................................... ........................... 190
7. Individual differences in memory.................................................... ........ 194
Chapter 7. Thinking (A.V. Brushlinsky).................................................... ........................ 196
1. General characteristics of thinking................................................... ......... 196
2- Thinking and problem solving.................................................... .................... 209
3. Types of thinking............................................................. .................................... 217
Chapter 8. Imagination (A.V. Petrovsky).................................................... .................... 222
1. The concept of imagination, its main types and processes.................... 222
2. Physiological foundations of imagination processes.................................... 230
3. The role of fantasy in children’s play and adults’ creativity.................................. 233
Chapter 9. Feelings (AL Petrovsky)................................................... ............................ 239
1. Definition of feelings and their physiological basis.................................... 239
2. Forms of experiencing feelings................................................... ................... 243
3. Feelings and personality................................................. ................................... 252
Part III. INTERDISCIPLINARY CONCEPTS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 10. Activity (L.I. Petrovsky, V.L. Petrovsky).................................259
1. Internal organization of human activity.................................................259
2. External organization of activity................................................... .......267
3. Painful actions.................................................. ................................276
Chapter 11. Communication (L.V. Petrovsky).................................................... ........................280
1. The concept of communication.................................................... ...............................280
2. Communication as the exchange of information................................................... .........283
3. Communication as interpersonal interaction.................................................292
4. Communication as people’s understanding of each other.................................................. 301
Chapter 12. Groups (L.V. Petrovsky).................................................... ...............................310
1. Groups and their classification................................................... ...............310
2. The highest form of group development.................................................. ............312
3. Differentiation between groups of different levels of development...................................320
4. Integration of groups of different levels of development....................................331
5. Student groups: psychological features of the work of a teacher (MAO. Kondraty:i).337
6. Structure of relationships in the family.................................................. .....350
Chapter 13. Consciousness (B.S. Mukhina, L.V. PstroiskiP)................................................. ....362
1. Development of the psyche in phylogenesis.................................................... .............362
2. The emergence of consciousness.................................................... ...........................366
3. The structure of consciousness and the unconscious in the human psyche........................372
Chapter 14. Personality (L.V. Petrovsky).................................................... ...........................385
1. The concept of personality in psychology.................................................... .........385
2. Personality structure.................................................... ...............................390
3. Basic theories of personality in foreign psychology...................................397
4. Personality orientation............................................................. .................... 401
5. Personal self-awareness................................................................. ........................ 407
6. Personal development.................................................. ................................... 417
Part IV. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON
Chapter 15. Temperament (N.S. Leites)................................................. ............................... 432
1. General concept of temperament.................................................... ............... 432
2. The role of temperament in work and educational activities.....,............ 442
3. Temperament and parenting problems.................................................. ... 447
Chapter 16. Character (A.V. Petrovsky).................................................... ........................... 451
1. The concept of character................................................... ................................ 451
2. Character structure.................................................... ........................... 452
3. Nature and manifestations of character................................................. .......... 458
Chapter 17. Abilities (A.V. Petrovsky^....................................... .................... 468
1. The concept of abilities................................................... ........................... 468
2. Structure of abilities.................................................... ........................... 474
3. Talent, its origin and structure.................................................... .. 476
4. Natural prerequisites for abilities and talent.................................... 480
5. Formation of abilities................................................... ................ 486
Application. Glossary of terms................................................... ........................... 489
Recommended reading................................................... ............... 491