In the modern world, the problem of euthanasia occupies a leading place among the most discussed issues in society. In this article we will look at the key points of this problem and try to understand the attitude of the people of our country towards euthanasia. Euthanasia is officially prohibited in Russia, but many countries actively use this type of relief for severe, incurable diseases. This article is about what arguments guide the medical personnel of these countries. The views of seriously ill people on euthanasia and the medical professionals who work in institutions in countries that prohibit euthanasia will also be discussed in the text below. What is euthanasia? It is the practice of ending the lives of people who suffer from incurable diseases. Euthanasia is also often referred to as the termination of the lives of people disliked by the state, prisoners, people who want to die. Euthanasia can also be called the euthanasia of stray animals and seriously ill pets. The latter is often practiced in our country and most people do not see any ethical problem in this procedure. So why is there so much controversy about euthanasia for humans? This is what we will try to find out in the text below.
medicine
problem
euthanasia
1. Akopov V. I. Ethical, legal and medical problems of euthanasia // Medical law and ethics, 2000. - 1. - P. 47-55;
2. J. Rachels “Active and passive euthanasia” // Ethical thought: Scientific publicist. reading. 1990.
3. Dmitriev Yu. A., Shleneva E. V. Human right in the Russian Federation to carry out euthanasia // State and Law, 2000. - 11. - P. 52-59;
4. Kapinus O. S. Euthanasia as a social and legal phenomenon: monograph. - M.: Bukvoed, 2006
5. Rybin V. A. Euthanasia. Medicine. Culture: Philosophical foundations of the modern sociocultural crisis in the medical and anthropological aspect. 2009
Euthanasia is a deliberate act leading to the death of a hopelessly ill and suffering person in a relatively quick and painless way with the goal of ending incurable pain and suffering.
The term “euthanasia” was first used by F. Bacon, an English philosopher and politician, according to whom “the doctor’s duty is not only to restore health, but also to alleviate the suffering and torment caused by disease... even in in the case when there is no longer any hope of salvation and you can only make death easier and calmer, because this euthanasia... is in itself a considerable happiness” (Bacon F. Works in 2 vols., vol. 2 . M., 1978, p. 269).
There are passive and active euthanasia. Passive euthanasia is the withholding of life-sustaining treatment when it is either stopped or not started. Active euthanasia is the deliberate intervention to end a patient's life by injecting a lethal agent.
Controversy over euthanasia dates back to ancient times. So Socrates, Plato and Stoic philosophers from Zeno to the Roman philosopher Seneca justified euthanasia, while Aristotle, the Pythagoreans and F. Aquinas were against it. In the modern world, some countries have taken the path of accepting euthanasia as a natural aid for seriously ill people. These are countries such as the Netherlands, Canada, Belgium, Luxembourg. In Russia, euthanasia is prohibited by Federal Law No. 323 “On the fundamentals of the health of citizens in the Russian Federation.”
The American doctor Jack Kevorkian, known under the nickname Doctor Death, actively practiced euthanasia. In 1989, he created the Mercitron device, which delivered a lethal dose of analgesics and toxic drugs into the patient's blood. Between 1990 and 1998 More than 130 people have used the mersitron. His ideas were condemned by the medical community and the US government. In 1991, D. Kevorkian was deprived of his doctor's license.
According to sociological surveys, both in Russia and among other countries, doctors have a more negative attitude towards euthanasia than the general population.
Arguments in favor of euthanasia include the following:
- A person should be given the right of self-determination to the point that he himself can choose whether to continue his life or end it.
- People must be protected from cruel and inhumane treatment.
- A person has the right to be an altruist. Those. feel sorry for your loved ones, do not burden them either morally or financially.
- Economic side of the problem. The treatment and maintenance of the doomed takes a lot of money from society.
Arguments put forward against euthanasia include:
- Active euthanasia is an attack on such value as human life.
- Possibility of diagnostic and prognostic error of the doctor.
- The possibility of the emergence of new medications and treatments.
- Availability of effective painkillers.
- Risk of abuse by staff. The point is that if active euthanasia is legalized, medical personnel will be tempted to use it not so much based on the interests and desires of the patient, but on other, much less humane, considerations. In the numerous discussions about euthanasia that flare up from time to time in our press, this argument is used, perhaps, more often than any other.
Thus, we see that the arguments for and against are very strong. Medical personnel who work in a country that allows euthanasia have to turn a blind eye to arguments against it. And also with countries that prohibit euthanasia. We, as the authors of this article, are for euthanasia. Every person has the right to life. Why do many countries deny people the right to die? Euthanasia is freedom of choice for people doomed to painful death. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to reveal to the reader the positive and negative sides of euthanasia and to give people the opportunity to choose their own position.
Bibliographic link
Redkina T.V., Zvezdova D.S. EUTHANASIA: ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST // International Student Scientific Bulletin. – 2015. – No. 1.;URL: http://eduherald.ru/ru/article/view?id=11971 (access date: 12/12/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"
- (eng. Moondust argument) one of the most popular creationist arguments in favor of the small (no more than 10,000 years) age of the Earth and other planets. According to creationists, scientific data on the rate of meteorite sedimentation... ... Wikipedia
Argument for benefit- - an argument that stimulates listeners’ awareness of their interests in the issue under discussion, the matter, in particular, personal interests, which can strengthen the logical arguments of the speech or, conversely, neutralize an objective or fair approach to the matter. Wed... ...
argument for benefit- an argument that stimulates listeners’ awareness of their interests in the issue under discussion, the matter, in particular, personal interests, which can strengthen the logical arguments of the speech or, conversely, neutralize an objective or fair approach to the matter.… …
argument- a, m. 1) A logical argument that serves as the basis for proof; judgments, facts used in the process of proof. A convincing argument. A compelling argument. Points for and against. Synonyms: proof 2) mat. Independent variable... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language
Argument to the public (demagoguery)- - appealing to the feelings, moods, prejudices of listeners in order to distract them from a serious and objective consideration of any issue and incline them in solving it in the desired direction. Common, although unworthy... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
argument to the public- (demagoguery) appeal to the feelings, moods, prejudices of listeners in order to distract them from a serious and objective consideration of any issue and incline them in solving it in the desired direction. Common, although... Culture of speech communication: Ethics. Pragmatics. Psychology
Passive Argument- Passive Argument ♦ Paresseux, Argument An argument traditionally made against fatalism, in particular the fatalism of the Stoics. If everything is predetermined and predetermined by fate, why give yourself the trouble to act and do anything at all... ... Sponville's Philosophical Dictionary
The ontological argument is one of the categories of arguments relating to the question of the existence of God, which appeared in Christian Theology. There are no exact criteria for classifying ontological arguments, but arguments are typically... ... Wikipedia
The death penalty as the capital punishment has caused and continues to cause fierce debate. Arguments for and against the death penalty can be found in religious texts (“an eye for an eye”, “thou shalt not kill”). Both for the abolition and for the application of the death penalty... ... Wikipedia
Switching to "winter" time: economic pros and medical cons- On October 28 at 3 o'clock (local time) Russia will switch to winter time. Moving clocks forward an hour in the summer and an hour back in the winter in order to save energy resources was first carried out in Great Britain in 1908. Idea … Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia
Books
- Philosophical Theories in 30 Seconds by Barry Loewer. "I think, therefore I exist; existentialism; dialectical materialism? The Socratic method and deconstruction? Of course, you know what that means. Of course, you've heard about all this...
Sidorov Roman
The work examines the problem of passing the unified state exam in our country and provides arguments: “for” and “against”.
Download:
Preview:
Unified State Exam: PROS and CONS.
Head: Dyumina Irina Aleksandrovna, teacher of history and social studies.
Educational institution: Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 10", Serpukhov.
Unified State Examination: PRO AND CONTRA.
Sidorov R.
The Unified State Exam (USE) is a centrally conducted exam in the Russian Federation in secondary educational institutions - schools and lyceums. It serves simultaneously as a graduation exam from school and an entrance exam to universities and colleges. When conducting the exam throughout Russia, the same type of tasks and uniform methods for assessing the quality of work are used. After passing the exam, all participants are given certificates of the results of the Unified State Exam (in everyday life often called certificates), which indicate the points received in the subjects.
Relevance of the topic.Since 2009, the Unified State Exam (USE) has become the main form of final state certification for all school graduates in Russia. Whether this is good or bad, everyone has been arguing about this since 2001, when a terrible three-letter word entered the lives of schoolchildren, teachers and university professors in our country. Unified State Examination – three letters that divided our society in half. Supporters believe that the Unified State Exam is the most objective way of assessing knowledge; opponents argue that the Unified State Exam destroys the traditional system of Russian education.
Purpose of our research: to study the problem of passing the unified state exam in our country and identify the arguments: “for” and “against”.
The reason for the introduction of the Unified State Exam in Russia (as well as educational reforms in general) is the country’s desire to join the WTO (World Trade Organization), and since 2003, the Bologna system [11]. Standardization of national education systems is one of the mandatory requirements for membership in this international organization. For this reason, Russian universities switched to a two-level system (bachelor's and master's degrees), and unified state exams were introduced in Russian schools. However, the WTO requirements regarding the standardization of the education system in Russia have been met only at the level of higher education. As for secondary education, the changes are of a formal nature.
Assignments in the Unified State Examination for most subjects are divided into three parts (blocks): A, B, C.
Block A contains test tasks, in each of which you need to choose one answer option out of four proposed.
For each task in block B, you must give a short answer consisting of one or more words, letters or numbers. Answers to tasks in blocks A and B are entered into a special form and checked by computer.
Block C consists of one or more tasks with a detailed answer.
The controversy surrounding the Unified State Exam became especially acute in 2008, when all regions joined the Unified State Exam, and the majority of school graduates began to take the Unified State Exam.
Arguments in favor of the Unified State Exam.
The Unified State Exam helps to avoid corruption and cronyism when entering universities.
The Unified State Exam evaluates a student’s knowledge and abilities more objectively than traditional types of exams.
The Unified State Exam encourages students to prepare for the exam, including self-preparation.
The Unified State Exam allows you to compare the quality of education in different schools and regions.
The Unified State Exam allows graduates to enroll in universities located at a considerable distance from their place of residence, without spending money on travel, but simply by sending information about passing the Unified State Exam by mail. It makes it easier to submit documents to several universities at once, without having to take exams in each of them.
The Unified State Exam makes it possible to identify worthy applicants in the provinces who previously did not have the opportunity to take entrance exams in large cities.
The verification of the result is partially computerized, which saves time and money, since there is no need to spend money on the services of hired inspectors.
Increasing the requirements for the Unified State Exam is said to lead to an increase in the quality of education, teacher qualifications and the quality of educational literature.
I will give only some counterarguments. According to the rector of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University V.V. Mironov: “The thesis about the fight against corruption looks naive, not to mention the ugly and sweeping accusations of university management and almost the entire teaching staff of abuse of office. Today it is clear that such a fight against corruption only leads to the emergence of new corruption schemes and a transition to a higher bureaucratic level.” This is also evidenced by the events of the last summer of passing the Unified State Exam: university students who were solving assignments for schoolchildren were detained; use of mobile phones by Unified State Examination participants; at the Medical Institute. Pirogov included 626 names of fictitious applicants in the list of persons recommended for enrollment in the first year, approved by the admissions committee and which is the basis for the rector to issue an order for enrollment.
The objectivity of Unified State Exam tests in determining a student’s knowledge is also a highly controversial issue. Often the correct answer to a question can be found by elimination. In test part C of the Unified State Exam, where written detailed answers to questions are expected, the problem of objective assessment is as follows. The student can give a very lengthy answer, expressing all his assumptions on the proposed question. However, only one or two statements may turn out to be true, and everything else is just water. And even in this case, the inspector is still obliged to give him a certain number of points.
Regarding assessment: “The system for calculating Unified State Exam points is such that you can successfully pass it, hardly being completely illiterate. Children who have only inserted letters into spaces cease to even see the boundaries of words” (Literaturnaya Gazeta, October 26, 2011)
Arguments against the Unified State Exam.
As a result of the transition from a full-fledged exam to tests, the development of the ability to prove and formulate the correct answer is excluded, logical and thinking skills in general, as well as creativity and rationality, suffer.
Testing and measuring materials are unusual for the Russian education system.
Choosing one option out of several does not always show the student’s real knowledge, since some of the answers may be chosen at random. The test form primarily measures the quality of the material learned[source not specified 694 days] and is poorly suited for assessing competence or creativity.
The Unified State Examination in social studies contains incorrectly set tasks and controversial answer options.
The Unified State Exam does not help to completely avoid corruption.
It is impossible to qualitatively check the level of preparedness of poorly and well prepared school graduates with one control and measuring material.
The specialization of the school is not taken into account: students from both schools with a humanitarian and natural science orientation take the same version of the mandatory final exam.
The Unified State Exam leads to a new type of tutoring associated with increasing the level of knowledge in the Unified State Exam specifications.
The cancellation of the oral part of the exam worsens the quality of preparation for exams and the quality of knowledge of applicants.
“In America it was abolished, in Russia it was introduced... The decline in education in our country began in the early 90s, when the first wave of traitors canceled the distribution after universities. Then tests and the Unified State Examination, and now the third, control shot - the preparation of masters and bachelors with the brains of Pokemon. By and large, we don’t care who introduced the new education system in Russia - hack managers or agents of foreign influence... Now it is much more important to resist this as the French people did in the 60s. Yes, it's dangerous. John Kennedy was assassinated soon after he said that America should not switch to a simplified education system that would benefit the English and the American corporations that joined them,” noted the satirist Zadornov.
According to the famous political scientist and publicist Sergei Kara-Murza, “in general, our ruling elite has long adopted the principle of not admitting their mistakes in the doctrine of reforms.” “However, continuing the experiment with the Unified State Exam is also becoming dangerous. The introduction of the Unified State Exam not only caused sharp rejection from the majority of society. And the authorities realized that in this case they had gone very far. Considering that elections are coming soon, they would like to put the brakes on this idea. Apparently, the task is to adjust the educational reform in terms of the Unified State Examination, without recognizing its depravity as such. On the other hand, this is, of course, better than going ahead until complete collapse. That is, although this is a half-measure, it is quite reasonable. This situation somewhat frees the hands of both the school and the university, and the crazy Unified State Examination appears to be curbed to some extent. In fact, this makes it possible to make informal adjustments to the process of its implementation”[9].
And here is another opinion from the exam participant himself: “The Unified State Examination is generated by capitalism and is ideally suited to its needs. Those who failed, who could not withstand the stress, who did not have enough money to prepare, do not have a place at the top. Be kind - to the machine, under the gun, or anywhere else where labor is needed. “Be effective or die” - this is the logic of the Unified State Exam, this is the logic of capitalism. And those who turned out to be “effective”, i.e. children of wealthy parents who don’t mind spending money to prepare for the Unified State Exam and study at paid places in universities, and a number of “geniuses” will make up the future elite of the “consumer society.”
Thus, after analyzing the documents, as well as the statements of famous people, public opinions, we came to the conclusion that there are more arguments “against the Unified State Exam”. However, today the government is not going to cancel this exam, only making adjustments to it. And all we have to do is prepare. In any case, you can pass the Unified State Exam.
Literature.
1. Federal Law No. 17-FZ of 02/09/2007 on the introduction of the Unified State Exam.
2. Order of the Ministry of Higher Education of the Russian Federation dated March 26, 2002, No. 1193 “On approval of the GIFO values for 2003 depending on their categories.”
3. Fraud when passing the Unified State Exam and how to deal with them // VTsIOM. September 19, 2011 // Electronic
81711 27.11.2012
A good death - what is it? This is a translation of the Greek word for euthanasia. Anna Sonkina presented arguments for and against euthanasia in her lecture given on November 26 at the Polytechnic Museum
A good death - what is it? This is a translation of the Greek word for euthanasia. Anna Sonkina presented arguments for and against euthanasia in her lecture given on November 26 at the Polytechnic Museum
Vladimir LOMOV
A good death - what is it? It turns out that this is how the word “euthanasia” is translated from Greek. How do we feel about a “good death”? What do we mean by this concept and are there points of contact between our ideas about a good death and euthanasia: Anna Sonkina, a palliative doctor, palliative care consultant at the Orthodox Service “Mercy”, spoke about this in her lecture given on November 26 at the Polytechnic Museum "
1. Medical ethics has changed a lot over several centuries. Previously, everyone relied on the Hippocratic Oath, the basic principle of which goes something like this: do whatever you want, but do no harm. The ethics of Hippocratic medicine are very paternalistic: the doctor is king and god, he knows everything. Today, medical ethics is based on four ethical principles. None of them is leading, all are equal:
2. Why does the question of a good death arise in the context of medicine? Now we can notice two main trends. Firstly, the transition from paternalism to autonomy, which is gradually developing in medicine. And also a change in medicine’s approach to the dying. That is, if once a doctor, since he was a king and a god, did not deal with the dying, then in the 20th century the hospice movement appears, the idea develops that even a dying person needs to be dealt with.
Causes of death have changed greatly over the years, as has life expectancy. We are seeing a lot of technologies that extend life. We know how to artificially replace a huge number of body functions. But this in turn creates its own difficulties.
3. Euthanasia means “good death” in Greek. The definition of this word has changed. In antiquity there is a mention of this word as a good death as a result of a good life. The first mention of euthanasia in a medical context dates back to the 17th century. Francis Bacon said that a doctor should somehow help the dying so that they would not be so afraid. In the 19th century, they began to talk about the active participation of the doctor in killing. In the 20th century they came to the modern definition:
Euthanasia is death by the administration of lethal doses of drugs by a doctor at the request of the patient.
A concept very close to euthanasia is physician-assisted suicide (PAS). This is when a doctor, at the request of a patient, provides him with drugs for suicide. That is, in the case of euthanasia, the drugs are administered by the doctor, in the second - by the patient himself.
4. Are NOT euthanasia:
5. A little history. Euthanasia was first legalized in Northern Australia. But the law was quickly passed and just as quickly repealed. The first place where not euthanasia, but assisted death was legalized was the state of Oregon. Here, the practice of assisted suicide has the longest duration - in principle, these two terms are interchangeable.
In Belgium, the landmark moment was April 1, 2002. But in Great Britain, since 2005, they have moved from an oppositional to a neutral attitude. In general, there is a growing trend in society's demand for euthanasia.
6.
Why do people want a "good death"? In most cases, as surveys show, this is due to the fact that the person is depressed due to the hopelessness of his own situation. He does not always feel physical pain at this moment.
There are a lot of polls out now and a large percentage support euthanasia, but far fewer people are willing to try it for themselves. They say: “Yes, this is the case.” But somehow in general, for others. That is, the desire to legalize euthanasia will not necessarily result in its widespread use. People just want it to be there, they want to have the right to it.
7. Arguments FOR:
In Holland, where euthanasia has been practiced for 10 years, they advocate it very convincingly. You listen to them and think: “Well, yes, nothing can be done.” For example, they say that people in Holland are very lonely. According to my personal observations, this is indeed the case: older people there often live far from their children and grandchildren. But there is still some feeling that this is all completely wrong.
8. Arguments AGAINST:
All these arguments are good in theory, but need some kind of confirmation. You can't just say, "This is an inclined plane." This issue needs to be studied and supported by real practice. So that this is not just our reasoning.
9. What's happening in Russia?
Article 45 of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation,” adopted quite recently, contains the following lines: “Medical workers are prohibited from carrying out euthanasia, that is, accelerating, at the patient’s request, his death by any actions (inaction) or means.” , including the cessation of artificial measures to maintain the patient’s life.”
But in paragraph 7 of Article 66 there is such an interesting point:
“Resuscitation measures are not carried out: 1) in a state of clinical death(stop of the vital functions of the human body (blood circulation and respiration) of a potentially reversible nature against the background of the absence of signs of brain death) against the background of the progression of reliably established incurable diseases or incurable consequences of acute injury incompatible with life."
Thus, it turns out that not performing resuscitation or stopping resuscitation at the request of the patient is euthanasia. And not to carry out resuscitation due to the fact that death occurs against the background of the progression of incurable diseases - this can be done by order. That is, some kind of complete chaos and chaos, because any termination of artificial life support or failure to provide assistance is illegal.
10. For Russia today it is relevant:
Nature and man are two inseparable friends. We are all strongly connected to the flora and fauna around us and we all depend heavily on it.
Nature provides a person with resources so that he can satisfy his needs, maintain health or strengthen spiritual and physical strength.
In nature there are different extraordinary seasons. Spring - it’s as if it’s taking its first steps, the first sprouts appear on the ground, followed by leaves on the trees. In summer, the forests and gardens offer real natural beauty, with shrubs and a variety of superb flowers blooming. In autumn, the trees are covered with golden and crimson fireworks and decorate parks and alleys. In winter, the lakes are covered with ice, the trees are wrapped in white coats, and nature seems to fall into a deep sleep.
Arguments for":
- A person has a very great potential to change himself and the world.
- Man is endowed with enormous intelligence, thanks to which he can easily retain a large amount of information.
- Man progresses every day and obeys his own laws.
- Man is a rational being, the final thread in evolution.
- Man has speech and is capable of creating many unique things.
- Man is endowed with feelings and emotions.
- Man differs from all animals in his abstract thinking.
- In contact with 0
- Google+ 0
- OK 0
- Facebook 0
