The Constitutional Democratic Party, also called the Kadets Party, was founded in 1905 and was a left-wing trend of liberalism. It was also called the "Professional Party" for the high level of education of its members. The Cadets proposed empires and constitutional solutions that were implemented in European states. However, in Russia they turned out to be unclaimed.
The Cadets Party advocated the non-violent development of the state, parliamentarism and liberalization. In education there was a provision on the equality of all citizens, regardless of nationality, class, gender and religion. The Cadet Party also advocated the abolition of restrictions for different classes and nationalities, the right to inviolability of the person, freedom of movement, conscience, speech, assembly, press and religion.
The best for Russia, the party of Cadets considered a parliamentary form of government based on universal suffrage with open and secret voting. The democratization of local self-government and the expansion of its powers were also what the Cadets wanted. The party advocated the independence of the judiciary and an increase in the area of land allotments for peasants at the expense of specific, state, office and monastic lands, as well as by buying out private lands of landlords at their real estimated value. The list of priorities also included: freedom of strikes and workers' unions, an eight-hour working day, the development of industrial legislation, universal compulsory and free, as well as full autonomy for Poland and Finland. The leader of the party of cadets P.N. Milyukov subsequently became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Provisional Government.
In 1906, a clause was added to the program that the country should become a parliamentary and constitutional monarchy. The highest party body of the Cadets was the Central Committee, which was elected at congresses. It was subdivided into Moscow and St. Petersburg departments. The St. Petersburg Central Committee was engaged in work on the party program and the submission of various bills to the Duma. There was publishing work at the Moscow Central Committee, as well as the organization of agitation. The composition of the Central Committee most of all consisted of representatives of the bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia, as well as landlords with liberal views.
In 1917, after the party of the Cadets happened, it turned from an opposition structure into a ruling political entity. Its representatives occupied leading positions in the Provisional Government. From the idea, the party quickly moved on to slogans about democracy, and after the February Revolution, this party began to actively strengthen its position among the clergy, students and intellectuals. Among the working class and the majority of the peasants, her position remained weak, which later became one of the reasons that the Provisional Government could not stay in power for a long time.
In 1921, at a party congress in Paris, the party split into two groups. The new "democratic" branch was under the leadership of Milyukov, and the part that remained in its former positions was headed by Kaminka and Gessen. Since that time, the Cadets, as a single political party, ceased to exist.
The cadet corps, as indicated in the Soviet Historical Encyclopedia 1 , originally arose in Prussia. In 1659, schools were established there to prepare noble children for military service, and in the same year the first cadet school was established for military service by noble children. In 1716 King Frederick I of Prussia formed a company of cadets 2 in Berlin. In the Prussian likeness, cadet corps arose in France, Denmark and a number of other European countries.
Pupils of cadet schools began to be called cadets. The word "cadet" comes from the French " cadet", which means junior, minor. So in pre-revolutionary France, before being promoted to officers, young nobles enrolled in military service were called. From France, the name "cadet" passed to all European states.
Cadets appeared in Russia simultaneously with the establishment of the cadet corps in 1731. 3 The appearance of the first cadet corps in Russia was preceded by the creation by Peter I of specialized military noble schools, primarily navigational, artillery and engineering schools.
1.1. NAVIGATIONAL, ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERING SCHOOLS
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL AND NAVIGATIONAL SCIENCES
On January 14, 1701, by decree of Peter the Great, the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was established 4 .
The school was ordered to accept the sons of "noble, clerk, clerk, from the houses of boyars and other ranks" from 12 to 17 years of age; later they began to accept 20-year-olds, "you need not only sea traffic, but also artillery and engineering."
A set of students was defined as 500 people, and those who had more than five peasant households were supported at their own expense, all the rest received "feed money".
The school curriculum consisted of Russian literacy, artillery, geometry and trigonometry, with practical applications to geodesy and navigation; taught and "rapier science". Pupils from the lower classes were taught only literacy and arithmetic and were appointed at the end of school as clerks, assistant architects and to various positions in the admiralty; students from the nobility at the end of the full course of study were released into the fleet, engineers, artillery, conductors to the quartermaster general and to architectural affairs. They should have received further knowledge already in the service itself.
Primary teachers were also trained at the school, who were sent around the provinces to teach mathematics at bishops' houses and monasteries, in admiralty and digital schools 5 .
With the establishment of the Naval Academy in St. Petersburg in 1715, the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences lost its significance as an independent institution and turned into only a preparatory institution for this academy.
ENGINEERING SCHOOLS
The first Military Engineering School was created by the personal Decree of Peter I on January 16, 1712 in Moscow. At first, 23 students studied in it, but on November 19, 1713, by decree of the Senate, it was ordered "to recruit 77 more people to this school, from all ranks of people, also from court children, behind whom there are up to 50 yards; and to teach engineering science so that they may receive the teaching" 6 .
In 1719 On March 17, an Engineering company was established in St. Petersburg under the command of engineer-colonel Coulomb, to which it was ordered to transfer from the Moscow Engineering School all the available number of students, their engineering teachers with their tools and other property 7 . At the St. Petersburg Engineering School, they taught arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry and fortification, and the basics of hydraulics. The acquired knowledge was consolidated in practical classes 8 . Those who successfully completed the course of sciences received the rank of conductors in the engineering team or were transferred as sergeants and corporals to the engineering company 9. Poorly successful people entered there as simple miners and rose in ranks only when they proved their perfect knowledge of their business. This rule also applied to conductors who were not promoted to warrant officers if they were carelessly conducting practical exercises 10 .
Graduated from the school 1^sh^.kt;og^1^ applied their knowledge in the construction of fortifications, the construction and repair of fortresses.
Lazy and incapable students were to be expelled from the engineering school and sent to ordinary miners. For example, in 1727, 12 people were expelled from the engineering school to be miners 11 .
In 1728, at the engineering school, the set of students from 150 people was reduced to 60, but in 1742 their total number increased again to the original figure due to the opening of a new engineer in Moscow! noah school by 60 and increase the number of students in St. Petersburg school up to 90 people 12 .
Since 1756, the St. Petersburg Engineering School came under the special jurisdiction of engineer-general Avraam Petrovich Gannibal. The Engineering School was located initially on the Moscow side, then from 1733 - at the Engineering Yard, which belonged to Count Burchard Christoph (Christopher Antonovich) Minich. There was also a regimental church, a drawing room, an archive, a model chamber, a school, a hospital, a guard room, a prisoner's room, and living quarters at the end of the courtyard, in which teachers, conductors, and, since 1734, school students 13 were placed.
ARTILLERY SCHOOLS
The first artillery schools arose at the beginning of the 18th century. along with engineering. Of the earliest, a school is known that has existed since 1698 under the bombardier company of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The bombardment company itself was founded in 1695 by Peter I. Two years later, setting out on a trip to Europe, he "sent to be trained several people close to himself and his fellow bombardiers" 14 . It was they who later became the teachers of the first artillery school, established under the Artillery Regiment in March 1712 under the command of Major General Ginter. It was recruited from the soldiers of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments. It taught arithmetic, geometry, the beginnings of trigonometry, fortification (field fortifications, attacking fortresses) and artillery (building scales, drawing carriages and guns, preparing gunpowder, shooting rules). Theoretical material was consolidated in practical classes. Students who successfully completed their studies at school received the rank of scorer, which opened the way for them to promotion in the guards or field artillery. If there were vacancies, they were promoted to officers.
In 1721, by the highest nominal decree of March 13, a special school for 30 people was founded in St. Petersburg, in which artillerymen in the service 15 were trained; On May 20, 1730, another artillery school for 60 people was also established in St. Petersburg to train clerical and regimental clerks and sons of "craftsmen and other artillery servants aged from 7 to 15 years", which later received the name of the Artillery Arithmetic School. It was located on the Foundry against the Artillery Yard. The head of the school was the Junker Bayonet Voronov, and from 1733, Borisov from the Moscow Artillery School 16 .
In 1735, a drawing and artillery school for 30 noble and officer children was opened in St. Petersburg. In it, they were taught mainly mathematical sciences and artillery and released as non-commissioned officers in the artillery. From October 10, after the approval of a single staff, the school became known as the St. Petersburg Artillery School 17 . It consisted of two departments: one (for 60 people) trained clerks and artisans from "Pushkar" children, the other - for 30 people, mainly from noble and officer children - was intended for teaching mathematical sciences and artillery art and released non-commissioned officers into artillery. The newly created school was divided into 3 classes. Pupils of the 3rd grade studied arithmetic, the 2nd - geometry and trigonometry, scale, went through the drawings of guns and mortars with their accessories. The first class studied ""other artillery sciences and drawings" 18 .
Since 1737, the arithmetic school became a preparatory school for entering the artillery. In the artillery school, as well as in the engineering school, supernumerary students from fairly well-to-do families with more than 20 households were admitted. In addition to the set, it was also allowed to recruit the sons of poor nobles who did not have any means and received maintenance from the treasury 19 .
Artillery and engineering schools were under the command of the Feldzeugmeister General, who successively were Count B.-K. Minich, Prince of Hesse-Homburg, Prince V. A. Repnin and since 1756 - Count P. I. Shuvalov.
JOINT ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERING SCHOOL
It was formed by the decision of General Feldzeugmeister Count P. I. Shuvalov on August 22, 1758 on the basis of the merger of the St. Petersburg Engineering and Artillery schools. For this purpose, the Artillery School was transferred to the St. Petersburg side, to the Engineering Yard, where, as already mentioned, since 1733 the Engineering School was located 20. Engineer-Captain Mikhail Ivanovich Mordvinov, who previously headed the School of Engineering, was approved as the immediate head of the United Artillery and Engineering School.
In 1759, the 2nd department was opened at the United Artillery and Engineering School, which received the name of the United Soldiers' School, formed from the Arithmetic School (for soldiers' children) and transferred from the St. Petersburg Fortress of the Engineering School for children of engineering servants. The number of pupils from the nobles who made up the 1st department of the Artillery and Engineering School was determined at 135 people: 75 from the Engineering School, 60 from the Artillery School 21 .
At the same time, special persons from the Office of the Main Artillery and Fortification were appointed to monitor the schools - curators of the schools: Engineering - General Engineer A.P. Gannibal, Artillery - Lieutenant General I.F. Glebov.
The training ground on the Vyborg side, created at the direction of A.P. Gannibal back in 1753, was transferred to the school to show fortification works to engineering students. On the training ground, the senior students of the United School were to perform the duties of non-commissioned officers, corporals and enlisted men; along with them, all the minors were sent to the teachings, so that they, "noting the teachings, would themselves learn, looking at the elders" 22 .
The educational process at school was also improved: the practical orientation of studies was strengthened, the teaching of the German language was introduced, the volume of hours for military sciences and mathematics was increased, a library, a museum and a printing house were founded, and an infirmary was established.
The United School was staffed by the best teachers of the Artillery and Engineering Schools: I. A. Velyashev-Volintsev, Ya. P. Kozelsky, I. F. Kartmazov and others.
In the United Artillery and Engineering School in 1759-1 1761, the future commander, Field Marshal General, His Serene Highness Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky 24 studied and simultaneously taught arithmetic and geometry at the United Soldiers' School.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the military schools created by Peter I. They became the cornerstone underlying the scientific education of Russian artillerymen, naval sailors and engineers, although due to the limited period of study, which fluctuated mainly from two to four years, they could not give young noblemen a complete and versatile general education and properly level to prepare them for military service in officer positions. It is for this reason that for a long time military schools let out only non-commissioned officers and conductors into the troops, who, in turn, replenished and improved their professional knowledge at the place of service. Because of this, school pupils had a poor humanitarian education, and their physical training left much to be desired. The short period of training also did not allow to fully give the future officers a "military leaven", to more purposefully educate them in the spirit of following military traditions, regulations, and the army way of life. But most of all, they were not satisfied with the fact that the number of school graduates no longer corresponded to the growing needs of the army in officer cadres.
For the above reasons, it became necessary to create new military educational institutions of a closed type with a longer period of study than in military schools - cadet corps.
1.2. FIRST CADET CORPS
LAND gentry cadet corps
It arose on the initiative of the Cabinet Minister Count P.I. Yaguzhinsky and the President of the Military Collegium Count B.-K. Minich by the Highest Decree of July 29, 1731: "In order for the gentry to be trained in theory from an early age to that, and then they were suitable for practice, ... to establish a Corps of Cadets, consisting of 200 people of gentry children from 13 to 18 years old as Russian , and the Estonian and Livonian provinces, which are taught arithmetic, geometry, fortification, artillery, epee action, riding horses and other necessary sciences for military art. Considering that “political and civic education is no less necessary, for the sake of having teachers of foreign languages, history, geography, law, dancing, music and other useful sciences, so that, seeing a natural inclination, we can determine by that” 25 .
In November 1731, the charter was approved, according to which only nobles who had already learned to read and write were accepted into the corps; the training course was divided into four classes and in the three higher classes lasted 5 or 6 years. The corps was divided into two hundred companies, with 150 pupils recruited from Russian nobles, and 50 people from Estonian and Livonian. In addition to the Decree of July 29, the charter defined the following subjects of instruction: Russian, German, French and Latin, calligraphy, grammar, rhetoric, morality and heraldry. It was prescribed to "exercise pupils in dancing, vaulting and in soldier's exercise." Every third of the year, it is appointed to conduct private examinations for the cadets, and at the end of the year - public examinations, the last in the presence of the empress herself or "with ministers, generals and other spiritual and civil noble persons."
Graduation cadets, "not having been in soldiers and sailors and in other lower ranks", were intended directly for service "in regiments from cavalry or infantry, in fortification or artillery, in non-commissioned officers and ensigns, and who know more - in second lieutenants and to bail or similar civil ranks or ranks" 26 .
The palace of A.D. was allocated to the created cadet corps on Vasilyevsky Island. Menshikov, who had been sent to Siberia a few years earlier, and the vast territory adjacent to it.
The official opening of the corps took place on February 17, 1732. And although on that day there were only 56 pupils in it, the next month there were more than 300 of them. By the middle of the year, a new staff of the corps for 360 people was approved with the division of cadets into three companies 27.
In the first years of the Corps' existence, the educational process in it was adjusted with great difficulties: there were not enough teachers, the level of their training, especially methodological skills, left much to be desired. In addition, the low level of salaries of teachers and the insecurity of their housing significantly limited the circle of those who wanted to teach in the building. Therefore, everyone was accepted for teaching vacancies, without any competition or certification. It is not surprising that during this period the level of training of the pupils of the corps turned out to be rather mediocre. Thus, in 1737, in one of the reports to the Senate, it was reported that more than one quarter of the cadets of twenty years of age "understood nothing from any science" 28 .
Gradually, through the efforts of the chief directors of the corps, Count B.-K. Minikh, Princes V. A. Repnin, B. G. Yusupov, Count I. I. Shuvalov, I. I. Betsky, the quality of education and upbringing was brought into line with the high requirements that were laid down during its creation. Professors of the Academy of Sciences and teachers with pedagogical, and later with university education, began to be widely involved in teaching in the building; the selection of military teachers and corps officers became more thorough. The corps museum and library began to be used more widely for educational purposes and to expand humanitarian knowledge. Corpus literary journals began to be published with the publication of articles by cadets and works of European literature translated by them.
Under the leadership of F. G. Volkov, the founder of the first permanent Russian professional theater, a theater group was created in the cadet corps, a kind of "cadet theater", the productions of which were very successful.
As a result, the Land (as it began to be called from 1743) Gentry Cadet Corps becomes not only a prestigious military and educational institution, but also a major center of education and cultural life, a genuine "knight's academy". The merit in this of a prominent scientist-teacher and organizer of science I.I. Betsky, who developed a charter for the cadet corps - "firm rules according to which it is appointed to accept, educate and train noble youth" 29 .
The general meaning of these rules was that "education in the cadet corps should be practical, more than theoretical, youth should learn more from looking and hearing than from rejecting lessons."
As it was written in the charter, education in the cadet corps "has the goal: a) to make a person healthy and able to endure military labors and b) to decorate the heart and mind with deeds and sciences that are needed by a civil judge and a soldier."
"It is necessary to bring up the baby, - it is said in the appendix to the charter, - healthy, flexible and strong, to instill calmness, firmness and fearlessness in his soul" 30 .
The charter of I. I. Betskoy was approved in 1766, and I. I. Betskoy himself, as a senior member of the corps council, became the head of the corps administration.
The staff of the corps from 490 cadets in 1760, divided into grenadier, three musketeer and equestrian companies, increased by 1766 to 600 pupils. All of them were subdivided into five ages (since 1766) 31 . The first age included cadets from five to nine years old, since the admission of children to the corps began at the age of no more than six years. Pupils from nine to twelve years old are assigned to the second age, to the third - from twelve to fifteen, to the fourth - from fifteen to eighteen, and to the fifth - from eighteen to twenty-one years.
The duration of the cadet's stay in each of the ages was three years, and the entire process of training within the walls of the corps lasted for fifteen years. The right to enter the corps was already granted not only to the sons of the nobles, but also to the children of persons in the staff officer ranks; the advantage in admission was given to children from poor families and those whose fathers were wounded or killed in the war. Upon admission to the cadet corps, the parents of future cadets were required to sign a signature stating that they voluntarily send their children to an institution for at least fifteen years and "they will not even be taken on temporary leave."
Cadets of the first age were divided into ten departments, each of which consisted of 12 pupils and was entrusted to a special teacher; general leadership over the first age group was carried out by the ruler of the age.
Cadets of the second age made up eight sections of fifteen people each; the department had its own teacher, and the age group was headed by the inspector. The structure of the third, middle age was similar, but already in each of the six departments there were 20 pupils. The older age groups - the fourth and fifth - were divided into military and civilian departments: the first consisted of two companies commanded by captains as inspectors, and half companies headed by educator officers; the civil department was headed by a special inspector, who was assisted by two to four tutors.
Every four months, pupils of the two younger ages, the middle one after six months and the older one after a year, were subjected to examinations.
According to the test results, the best students of younger and middle ages received awards at the discretion of the corps directorate; the best pupils of older ages were awarded silver (IV age) and gold (V age) medals of three different sizes and names: a small medal - "Achieving", a medium one - "Achieving", a large one - "Achieving". The presentation of six silver and six gold medals of three denominations was made annually from the Highest Name "with decent importance and at the meeting of persons of the leading ranks of both sexes." The medal received by the cadet was entered into his official list and gave the recipient a number of privileges. The graduates of the corps, who received a "commendable certificate" for their success in their studies and behavior, acquired the right to the rank of lieutenant or the corresponding civil rank. They were given the opportunity at public expense "to go to foreign lands for three years, with the obligation to report ... both on the success of their journey, and on the notes and inventions they made in various places."
The first directors of the corps were Baron Ludwig von Luberas (from 1731), Count Burchard Christoph (Christopher Antonovich) Munnich (from 1734), Lieutenant General Tetau (1734) and General A.P. Melgunov (from 1756) 32 .
Since the approval of the new charter (1766), as is already known, I.I. Betskaya; in subsequent years, the corps was managed by F. I. Glebov, P. D. Eropkin, P. I. Panin, I. I. Meller-Zakomelsky, A. M. Golitsyn, I. I. Mikhelson, A. A. Vyazemsky. In November 1787, Adjutant General F. A. Anhalt was called to head the corps, from September 1794 to December 1797, Lieutenant General M. I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov.
Having visited the cadet corps during the directorship of F. A. Anhalt, Catherine II called it "a hotbed of great people."
During the first 70 years of its existence, 3300 pupils were released from the cadet corps, including prominent figures in the field of military and public service, science and art: Field Marshals Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev, a graduate of 1740, Alexander Alexandrovich Prozorovsky (1736) and Mikhail Fedotovich Kamensky (1755); generals Mikhail Nikitich Volkonsky (1736), Pyotr Ivanovich Repnin (1737), Ivan Ivanovich Veymarn (1740), Pyotr Ivanovich Melissino (1750), Mikhail Vasilyevich Kakhovsky (1757); Prosecutor General Alexander Alekseevich Vyazemsky (1747) and Alexander Andreevich Bekleshov (1764), Admiral IM11 ^ 1oshshshg ^_ Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1743), General Engineer Mikhail Ivanovich Mordvinov (1747), Director of the first Russian theater Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov (1740), Russian writers-tragedians Mikhail Matveyevich Kheraskov (1751), Vladislav Alexandrovich Ozerov (1787) and Matvey Vasilyevich Kryukovskiy (1798), Russian ambassador to Turkey during the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, active privy councilor Alexei Mikhailovich Obreskov and many others 33 .
By the highest decree of March 10, 1800, the Imperial (since 1756) Land Gentry Cadet Corps was renamed the 1st Cadet Corps.
In 1907 the 1st Cadet Corps celebrated its 175th anniversary. During this time, 95 Knights of St. George 34 were brought up within its walls. Among the first holders of this most honorable award among the Russian army is the graduate of the cadet corps, Count P. A. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, who was awarded the Order of St. on July 27, 1770. George of the 1st degree "for the famous victories won over the enemy at Lar-ge on July 7 and near Cahul on July 21, 1770." 35 .
Among the holders of the Order of St. George of the 2nd and 3rd degrees Alexander Prozorovsky and Mikhail Kamensky; 2nd and 4th - Karl Tol; 3rd and 4th degrees - David Mikhelson, Yakov Guinet, Pavel Choglokov, Yakov Potemkin.
They became Knights of St. George for distinction in battles with the French in 1812-1815. - 11, during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. -30 and in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905 - 18 graduates of the 1st Cadet Corps 36 .
MARINE CADET CORPS
On December 15, 1752, by decree of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the Naval Cadet Corps was formed, the seniority of which was attributed to January 1701, the year Peter I founded the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences. At the same time, the Moscow school on the Sukharev Tower, the St. Petersburg Naval Academy, which had existed since 1715, the midshipman company and the Naval Artillery School, which had a set for 150 people, were abolished. Pupils of these educational institutions were transferred by the same decree to the Naval Cadet Corps, the building and property of the Naval Academy and the midshipman company 37 were transferred to it.
Initially, the set of students in the state was 360 people, distributed in three companies of 120 people; in 1783 the staff of pupils was increased to 600, and in 1817 to 700 people. Pupils of the first class, completing their studies in the cadet corps by studying purely marine sciences, were called midshipmen; in the second grade they took navigation, other sciences of a general educational nature and were called second-class cadets; in the third grade there were cadets of the third grade, they studied trigonometry and other "low sciences".
The first director of the Marine Gentry Cadet Corps was a graduate of the St. Petersburg Naval Academy, Captain 1st Rank Alexei Ivanovich Nagaev, a participant in several maritime campaigns, a well-known specialist in the field of hydrography, who developed an atlas of the Baltic Sea and compiled maps of the Kamchatka Sea and the Cape Coast. A. I. Nagaev also showed himself excellently in the pedagogical field in the midshipman company, teaching naval sciences from 1724 to 1730.
For forty years, since 1762, the Naval Cadet Corps was headed by Admiral First Class Ivan Loginovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, second cousin of M. I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov. Through the efforts of the widely educated and active director I. L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, the Naval Cadet Corps turned into a genuine officer training center for the Russian fleet. Within its walls, more than one generation of Russian sailors has been trained, glorifying the Fatherland with their exploits and glorious deeds in the vastness of the oceans.
Among the first students of the Naval Cadet Corps were the famous naval commanders Admirals Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov, a graduate of 1766, Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin (1780), Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1808), brave navigators, discoverers of new lands and continents Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern (1788), Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1797).
ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERING SMALL CADET CORPS AND ITS BRANCHES
Established according to the project of Count P. I. Shuvalov, Fieldmaster General of the Russian Army, on October 25, 1762 on the basis of the United Artillery and Engineering Noble School with seniority from 1712. The first director of the corps was Lieutenant Colonel Mikhail Ivanovich Mordvinov, a graduate of the Land Gentry Cadet Corps in 1747, who headed the United Artillery and Engineering School. The number of cadets from noble children was determined at 146 people, later they became 274. Moreover, three parts of the set were intended for the Russian, and the fourth part for the Livonian and Estonian nobility 38 .
Simultaneously with the creation of the cadet corps, the School of Arts was formed under him instead of the former Soldiers' School, to which 171 people from among the soldiers' sons were transferred. The purpose of the School of Arts was to train non-commissioned officers trained in the arts, "in order to obtain, according to Shuvalov's definition, knowledgeable masters ... for the artillery and engineering corps" 39 . At the School of Arts, students were taught machine, foundry, instrumental, chased, plumbing and carpentry, wood and stone work.
Initially, graduations of cadets, as before in the United School, were not carried out at a strictly appointed time, but were determined by the needs of the troops, moreover, according to the regulation established by P.I. Shuvalov, every cadet could not be promoted to officer without having spent three years in cadet and two years in officer classes. Subsequently (the term of study in the corps increased from five to seven years.
During their stay in the cadet corps, the cadets had to study both general education and special disciplines.
During the first four years, cadets of younger ages (8-12 years old) studied arithmetic, geometry, their native language, as well as French and German, the basic basics of history and geography, drawing, dancing, fencing in "preparatory classes".
In subsequent years, the matured and strengthened pupils continued to study mathematics, Russian and foreign languages, history, geography and studied special sciences necessary for future artillerymen and engineers: physics, chemistry, fortification, artillery, civil architecture, tactics, drafting and drawing. The training program also included drill exercises (exercises) held on the corps parade ground with and without weapons, and horseback riding in the arena.
For practical training in artillery and engineering, the cadets went to a camp on the Vyborg side, where they mastered the art of fireworks, fired cannons at targets, built fortifications, mastered the basics of minecraft.
Cadets lived in chambers (living quarters) and studied in specialized classes. The life of the pupils of the corps was strictly regulated. In the summer they rose at 6 o'clock, at 7 - prayer and breakfast, then morning classes until 11 o'clock, lunch at 12 o'clock, lessons continued from 15 to 18 o'clock. They had supper at 19 o'clock, and after breaking through the evening dawn (at the signal of the Peter and Paul Fortress) at 21 o'clock they went to bed. In winter, they got up an hour later and, accordingly, the daily routine shifted by an hour.
On Wednesdays and Saturdays afternoons were reserved for classes in the dance and fencing halls and in the arena.
On Sundays and on holidays, the pupils, who received approving certifications from teachers, went for a walk to the islands and to the Summer Garden.
Beginning in 1770, Feldzeugmeister General Count G. G. Orlov introduced the practice of submitting to him every third of the year a list of pupils with detailed marks, on the basis of which he appointed them to graduate in one rank or another, depending on success in the sciences. Later, an annual general examination was introduced. Those cadets who "showed themselves excellent in the sciences" were promoted to non-commissioned officers in the corps or appointed to graduate as officers, and those who "were careless in the sciences or have a weak concept, so as not to spend a waste of money on their maintenance," assigned to the artillery and engineering corps as non-commissioned officers or privates 40 .
The most successful cadets were awarded a silver or gilded medal with the inscription "For Diligence and Good Conduct". Sergeants Alexei Arakcheev and Maxim Stavitsky were among the first recipients of this medal.
In 1771, the director of the cadet corps, M.I. Mordvinov obtained permission to assign to the corps, in addition to the established staff, 40 supernumerary cadets, mostly children of poor parents.
In 1783, instead of the deceased General Engineer Mikhail Ivanovich Mordvinov, Major General of Artillery Pyotr Ivanovich Melissino, “known,” according to G. A. Potemkin, “for his extensive knowledge and famous in the military field,” took command of the corps. For differences in the summer campaign of 1770, especially under Larga and Cahul, Major General P.I. Melissino, who commanded an artillery brigade, was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd degree.
For fifteen years, General P.I. Melissino successfully supervised the training of the cadets. On his initiative, the number of hours in general education disciplines was increased; more attention began to be paid to the study of foreign languages, as well as the practical and physical training of future officers.
On May 22, 1784, the staff of cadets was established at 400 people, and instead of the School of Arts, a company of soldiers' children (Soldier's Company) was re-established for 145 people 41 .
In 1794, by order of Catherine II, for the cadet corps, the architect F.I. Demertsov developed a project of stone buildings forming a closed square in the form of a quadrangle. The main building of the "cadet classes", whose facade overlooked the embankment of the Karpovka River, was founded in May 1795 and built in 1796. On a metal plate in the wall of the building, the inscription read: "Catherine II, the most generous founder of this school, ordered to erect this stone building on the representation of Mr. General Field Zeichmeister Count Platon Alexandrovich Zubov, which was founded on the 22nd day of May 1795 under the Director of this Artillery School, Lieutenant General Petr Melissino "" 42.
The main building contained classrooms, a museum, a dance hall, Catholic and Lutheran churches. In 1800, according to a new plan of the same architect, the construction of two similar buildings of "cadet chambers" began, which made up the second and third sides of the building quadrangle and were completed in 1803 (right front) and in 1805 (left front). In the ledge of the right front of the "cadet chambers" on the second floor, in 1804, a design created by F.I. Demertsov Orthodox Church of St. Alexander Nevsky.
In 1802, the construction of the last building facing Bolshaya Spasskaya began. It was completed the following year. It housed the apartments of corps officers, kitchens and a dining room. The construction of the buildings of the cadet corps was completed in 1806.
On March 10, 1800, the Artillery and Engineering Shlyakhetsky Cadet Corps (AISHKK) was renamed the 2nd Cadet Corps. In its structure, it approaches the 1st Cadet Corps, and cadets are trained according to a single program.
By this time, the educational institution had become the largest center in Russia for the training of artillery engineering officers of the Russian army. During the first 40 years of its existence, 1543 highly educated officers emerged from its walls, leaving a bright mark on the military history of Russia.
Among the first pupils of this educational institution, Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Infantry General Fedor Fedorovich Buksgevden, a graduate of 1770, prominent organizers of the domestic artillery and engineering troops, artillery generals Alexei Andreevich Ar. Akcheev. (1787), Pyotr Ivanovich Meller- Zakomelsky (1769), Aleksei Ivanovich Korsakov (1768), engineer-lieutenant general Christian Schwanebach (1781), academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, author of works on geometry, mathematical analysis and mechanics Semyon Emelyanovich Guryev (1784), well-known specialist in the field of mathematical analysis and the calculus of variations Vasily Ivanovich Viskovatov (1796), a prominent artillery scientist, one of the founders of Russian rocket artillery, Lieutenant General Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko (1794); organizers and first commanders of the famous horse artillery Vladimir Yashvil 1st, Nikolai Bogdanov, Vasily Kostenetsky, many commanders of artillery brigades, artillery, miner and pontoon companies. Became widely known during the war with Napoleon 1812 - 1814. the names of generals G.P. Veselitsky, V.G. Kostenetsky, P.M. Kaptsevich, P. A. Kozen, P. P. Konovnitsyn, A. I. Markov, A. P. Nikitin, M. F. Stavitsky, L. M. Yashvil, famous partisans I.S. Dorokhov, A.N. Seslavina, A.S. Figner 43 .
In 1912, in honor of the 200th anniversary, the cadet corps was named after Emperor Peter the Great, the founder of the Military Engineering School, from which this illustrious educational institution derives its seniority, educating 67 Knights of St. George 44 .
He headed the list of former pupils of AISHKK - 2KK, holders of the Order of St. Great Martyr and Victorious George, Field Marshal M. I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky, who became the first full Knight of St. George in the Russian army.
Among those awarded the Order of St. George 2nd, 3rd and 4th degrees - Infantry General Pyotr Konovnitsyn, who spent 27 years (since 1788) in campaigns and battles and headed the Ministry of War from 1815 to 1819; 2nd and 3rd degrees - General of Infantry Fyodor Buksgevden, appointed in 1808 as Commander-in-Chief of the Russian troops in Finland and clearing it of Swedish troops, Commanders-in-Chief of the Infantry Corps, Generals Pyotr Kaptsevich and Alexander Rudzevich; 3rd and 4th degrees - heroes of the Patriotic War Ivan Dorokhov, Yegor Vlastov, Gavriil Veselitsky, Alexander Zasyadko, Alexander Seslavin; participants in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877 - 1878 infantry generals Konstantin Komarov and Julian Lyubovitsky; commander of the Southwestern Front in 1914 - 1916 Nikolay Ivanov; 3rd degree - head of artillery of the 2nd army in the battle of Borodino Karl Levenshtern, head of artillery of the corps, famous horse artilleryman Alexei Nikitin, participants in the defense of Sevastopol, infantry generals Konstantin Semyakin and Alexander Khrushchev.
Corps of Foreign Co-religionists. In 1775, through the efforts and cares of M.I. Mordvinov, the Gymnasium of Foreign Co-religionists for 200 people was founded at AISHKK "to educate the Greek youth who settled in Russia." The staff of the gymnasium consisted of a lieutenant colonel, 2 warrant officers, a class inspector and 25 teachers 45 . "The school has to be at the Artillery and Engineering Gentry Cadet Corps. Greeks should be trained at this school and not sent to the Cadet Corps to complete their studies," the Highest Command said.
The Greek gymnasium was located in a building adjacent to the cadet corps, administratively and economically managed by the corps office and had an infirmary and a pharmacy in common with the corps.
On July 12, 1792, the Gymnasium of Foreign Co-religionists received the name of the Corps of Foreign Co-religionists 46 . Four years later, this educational institution was abolished, and its students were transferred to the Land and Naval Cadet Corps.
Graduates of the Corps of Foreign Fellow Religionists at the end of the course of study were sent to the artillery, engineering corps, navy, infantry and cavalry regiments, less often - to the guards. Many of them took part in military campaigns, showed themselves heroically in the Patriotic War of 1812.
According to V. M. Glinka and A. V. Pomarnatsky 47, three pupils of the corps became generals and took part in the war of 1812-1815, according to our updated data - 7 people 48 .
In total, from 1775 to 1796, 190 officers were released from the corps, 100 of them for the fleet.
Noble Regiment. On March 14, 1807, by the highest rescript, a Volunteer Corps was created at the 2nd Cadet Corps for the accelerated training of officers from among the poor nobles with a training period of 2 years and the release of 500 people twice a year.
In the rescript of Alexander I on this occasion, it was ordered to classify young people from 16 years old and older to the 2nd Cadet Corps in the same way as the cadet of the Imperial Military Orphanage, so that they, having learned the order of military service and learned to shoot at a target, would be represented in officers 49 .
Volunteers, as they were called at the beginning, lived and went to classes with the cadets. They were housed in the main building of the cadet corps, then the whole front of the corps and both outbuildings were transferred to them. The administrative part, the infirmary, the dining room, the educational and material base, and most of the teaching staff became common.
A year later, this educational institution was named the Noble Regiment. The number of arrivals for admission by the end of the first year of study amounted to 600 people. Of these, the 1st battalion was formed under the command of Major Goldgoyer and the 2nd battalion, subordinate to Major Engelhardt. The general management of the Noble Regiment remained with the director of the 2nd Cadet Corps, A. A. Kleinmikhel.
Such a subordinate position of the 2nd Cadet Corps remained until 1832, when the Noble Regiment was completely separated from the 2nd: KK, then successively transformed into the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps (1855), the Konstantinovsky Military School (1859) and the Konstantinovsky Artillery School (1894 ) fifty .
For the first five years, i.e. until 1812, from the Noble Regiment it was released: ensigns 2665 people, including infantry commanders -2040, artillery - 250, cavalry - 146 and guards - 27 people.
In 1812 the number of graduates reached 1139 people; in 1813 - 139 and in 1814 - 700 people 51 .
Thus, by the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, the Noble Regiment, in terms of the number of trained officers, reached the forefront.
Already the first graduates of the Noble Regiment had to fight with Napoleon's army, occupying primary officer positions in the army. Many of them, having proven themselves as combat officers, later became famous people. For example, we indicate the names of the Decembrists N. I. Lorer, V. F. Raevsky, G. S. Batenkov. The last two gained fame as poets and philosophers, N. I. Lorer was friends with M. Yu. Lermontov, V. F. Raevsky - with A. S. Pushkin, G. S. Batenkov was engaged in literary translations and wrote philosophical treatises.
Among the pupils of the Noble Regiment of later issues there were many glorious names. The best of them became well-known military leaders, scientists, organizers of artillery. Information about them will be given in subsequent chapters.
GRODNO CADET CORPS
Initially, it arose in the town of Shklov, Mogilev province, on the basis of the Shklov noble school, and its creation is inextricably linked with the name of General Semyon Gavrilovich Zorich. He opened the named school on November 24, 1778 for the children of poor nobles, mainly from Mogilev, Smolensk, Chernigov and other neighboring provinces.
At first, the noble school was located in a small outbuilding, near the house of S. G. Zorich himself; with the increase in the number of students, in 1793 he built for him a three-story stone house on the right bank of the Dnieper and two wooden outbuildings for the infirmary and the music team, with a total cost of 50 thousand rubles 52 .
Serb by nationality, S.G. Zorich at the age of eleven was enlisted in one of the newly formed hussar regiments, and at the age of 17 he began active service by participating in the Seven Years' War of 1756 - 1763. He distinguished himself in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774, for which he was awarded the Order of St. George 4th degree. In the battle near the Ryaba Mogila, having received three wounds, he was captured and remained in it until the end of the war. In 1776 he became an adjutant to G.A. Potemkin, the next year he was promoted to major general, appointed adjutant general and granted estates in Livonia and Belarus, including becoming the owner of Shklov, where he settled in 1778. 53 In 1781, S.G. Zorich bought a library in St. Petersburg for his school for 8,000 rubles and annually began to spend more than 200 rubles on its replenishment; for him, at various times, he purchased zoological collections, physical instruments, four copper unicorns, globes, maps, machine models and other teaching aids.
Subsequently, Semyon Gavrilovich handed over to the school and his richest art gallery.
Initially, the school was divided into 2 cavalry platoons and 2 foot companies. The first graduation from the institution (7 people) took place in 1785, the following year 15 graduated, in 1787 - 18 people; over the next fifteen years (up to 1800), an average of just over 30 students graduated annually. From 1785, many of them began to be promoted to officers upon graduation.
From 1778 to 1800, 665 students were educated at the school, of which 470 were artillery and army officers 55 . They were sent to army and garrison regiments, to artillery and to the Black Sea battalions.
According to the memoirs of L.N. Engelhardt, a graduate of 1788, "many pupils took out a lot of information from the school, especially in mathematics" "".
A. I. Markevich (1788), a graduate of the Shklov School, became a well-known artillery scientist and director of the 2nd Cadet Corps; N. N. Petryaev (1789) published several original and translated works on mathematics, fortification and mechanics.
Many Shklovite officers distinguished themselves in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, for example, Vasily Ludwig (1785), Ivan and Peter Kakhovsky (1786), Kuzmitsky (1786), Kurosh (1788); some of them became generals.
In 1799, after the death of S. G. Zorich, the Shklov Noble School received the name of the Shklov Cadet Corps and was entrusted to the main jurisdiction of the Belarusian Governor. In the summer of the following year, the cadet corps, consisting of 211 pupils 57, was transferred to the city of Grodno, to the palace of the Polish kings, with the new name "Department of the Grodno cadet corps" 58 .
The new castle, which housed this branch, was a two-story building on the banks of the Neman and was built by the Polish king August III.
A number of cadets who were educated in the Grodno KK later held prominent government posts: A. A. Zakrevsky, a graduate of 1802, became the Governor-General of Finland, the Minister of the Interior and the Moscow military governor-general; M. I. Leke - Deputy Minister of the Interior; V. R. Marchenko served as State Secretary.
Released in 1799 to the horse artillery, Ya. V. Zakharzhevsky and Tibenkov, became well known during the Patriotic War of 1812.
On January 24, 1807, the Grodno Cadet Corps, at the request of the nobility of the Smolensk province, was moved as part of two companies to Smolensk and renamed the Smolensk Cadet Corps. It began to prepare for military service the children of the nobles of both Smolensk and Vitebsk, Mogilev, Vilna and Grodno provinces.
In 1811, 13 cadets were sent to St. Petersburg for the first time from the Smolensk Corps "to train the order of military service" at the 2nd Cadet Corps. In 1812, all the cadets intended for graduation from the Smolensk Corps were sent to the Noble Regiment at the 2nd Cadet Corps.
With the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, 73 cadets of the Smolensk Cadet Corps were evacuated to Tver, then to Yaroslavl, and by the end of August of the same year - to Kostroma, while the corps retained the name of Smolensk.
The Smolensk Cadet Corps was in Kostroma until July 1824, before it was transferred to Moscow. After moving to Moscow, on August 3, 1824, he became known as the Moscow Cadet Corps. By the highest command, the set of pupils increased to 500 people, and the building of the Golovinsky Palace 59, built in 1774 by the architects Rinaldi and Quarenghi and the architect Comporesi, was assigned to the corps.
In 1828, a new Regulation was issued for the Moscow KK, according to which it was intended to have, in addition to four combatant companies, another company for pupils from 10 to 12 years old and a special juvenile department for children under 10 years of age; the number of each company was determined at 110 pupils.
The juvenile department for 100 pupils was opened on June 1, 1830 in a room on Nemytnaya Street.
The directors of the Grodno (Smolensk, Moscow) Cadet Corps were successively Generals V.K. Ketler (since April 2, 1800), A.K. Gotovtsev (since 1812), P.S. from 1831), N. P. Annenkov (from 1837), M. F. von Bradke (from 1844), P. A. Gresser (from 1849), V. P. Zheltukhin (from 1851), V. N. Lermontov (since 1854), I. V. Zhdanov-Pushkin (since 1864), M. Ya. Popello-Davydov (since 1872) 60 .
During the leadership of General Annenkov, the cadet corps was renamed the 1st Moscow (1838) in connection with the opening in Moscow in 1837 of another educational institution of this type. In 1864, the corps was transformed into the 1st Moscow Military Gymnasium, but in 1882 the latter was again called the 1st Moscow Cadet Corps.
On November 5, 1903, the cadet corps, headed by Major General Zavadsky, celebrated the 125th anniversary of its founding. In honor of this anniversary, he was given the name of the 1st Moscow Empress Catherine II Cadet Corps; a museum was opened at the building.
Over the years of the corps' existence, many of its graduates have glorified the educational institution that raised them with their deeds and exploits on the battlefields. In 1910, there were 14 Knights of St. George among them; a graduate of 1833 A. O. Brunner became a general from infantry, commander of the troops of the Kazan military district, a general from infantry N. V. Isakov (1839); the chief heads of military educational institutions, adjutant generals - P. S. Vannovsky (1840) and V. N. Trotsky (1853). A graduate of 1833 P. A. Fedotov gained fame as a famous artist, general engineer V. I. Ashkharumov (1845) left a noticeable mark on research in the field of military history, became a professor at the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff and editor of the newspaper "Russian invalid" P. S. Lebedev (1836), Persian envoy - graduate of 1894 Mirza Hassan Khan 61 .
CORPORATION OF PAGES
Established on October 10, 1802, according to the project of Count Sheremetev and Major General Klingern, as a separate educational institution for children of high-ranking and noble families of Russia, who were trained in the retinue of His Imperial Majesty and in the guard 62 .
From 1832 the sons of military and civilians of the first four classes could use this right, from 1837 - only the sons of the first three classes 63 . The corps has been leading its seniority since 1742 from a special institution, which in 1769 received the name of the Court boarding house.
In the corps it was supposed to have three page class and one chamber page class. The charter of the corps, defining the purpose of its establishment in "the education of morals and character, and in which the knowledge necessary for an officer can be taught," pointed out the need to treat pages and chamber pages in a polite, easy, decent and without rudeness, not only in practice, but also in words, "since it is not fear, but conviction in their duties that should guide them."
The subjects studied in the corpus included the law of God, Russian, French and German, history, geography, arithmetic, algebra, elementary and higher geometry, trigonometry, physics, statics and mechanics, artillery and fortification, drawing and drawing, dancing, front, horse riding and fencing: pupils of the chamber-page class were especially ordered to acquaint them with "the history of treatises and state negotiations", about "the political attitude of the state and about the boards of Europe", and also to exercise in a business style in the three languages \u200b\u200bmentioned" 64.
In 1810, the new staff of the Corps of Pages for 50 pages and 16 cameras-pages 65 came into force, he was provided with the palace of Chancellor Vorontsov on Sadovaya Street for accommodation.
Since 1819 The page corps was subordinate to the Chief Director of the cadet corps, the training period was increased, as in the cadet corps, to seven years.
In 1827, the staff of the Corps of Pages consisted of 134 pages and 16 chamber pages 66 .
The charter of the corps from the very beginning determined its privileged position in relation to the cadet corps, which was preserved even after various organizational transformations. Even under the reform of 1862-1863, when the cadet corps were transformed into military gymnasiums and lost the right to graduate officers, the Corps of Pages retained the right to graduate pages and chamber-pages who graduated from special classes into the troops with officer ranks.
By the end of the 19th century, the Corps of Pages had developed a system of graduation into the troops, which included four ranks.
The first three categories gave the right to choose a place of service even in excess of the set and receive from 300 to 500 rubles for uniforms, which amounted to two or more annual salaries.
Among the pupils of the Corps of Pages there are the names of field marshals of His Serene Highness Prince of Warsaw, Count of Erivan I.F. Paskevich, a graduate of 1800, I.V. Gurko (1846); the discoverer and explorer of the Far East, Governor-General of the Amur Territory, Count N. N. Muravyov-Amursky (1822); Minister of War Prince A. I. Chernyshev (1802); the author of historical works N. K. Schilder (1860); writers N. Radishchev (1766) and A. V. Druzhinin (1843); musician Bakhmetiev (1826); Count S. R. Vorontsov (1761); General of the Cavalry Adjutant General Count P. A. Shuvalov (1845); Prince N. A. Orlov (1845) and other prominent statesmen and military figures of Russia.
For a hundred years of existence (from 1802 to 1902), 103 pupils of the Corps of Pages became St. George Knights. Among them are the full St. George Cavalier I.F. Paskevich, holders of the Order of St.. George of the 2nd degree I. V. Gurko, A. P. Tormasov, D. S. Dokhturov; 3rd degree - Prince V. I. Vasilchikov, P. A. Shuvalov, N. I. Svyatopolk-Mirsky, Prince Imeretinsky.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, the names of "pupils of the Corps of Pages, General of the Cavalry Count Alexander Petrovich Tormasov - Commander-in-Chief of the 3rd Observational Reserve Army, Commander of the 6th Infantry Corps, General of Infantry Dmitry Sergeevich Dokhturov, commander of the light-horse partisan detachment Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev, became widely known - one of the best Russian intelligence officers of that period.
IMPERIAL MILITARY ORPHAN HOUSE
It was founded on December 23, 1798 on the basis of the Kamennoostrovsky and Gatchina schools for the sons of the dead and the disabled, united in 1795 into one institution called the Orphan's House.
The Imperial Military Orphanage (IVSD) had two departments: the first for 200 people from among the sons of poor nobles and officers, preferably orphans. Pupils of this department were called cadets and were issued into the army as junkers and warrant officers, and the best of them were promoted to officers.
The second department was intended for 800 orphans with their subsequent release into the army by non-commissioned officers. From among the best pupils of the second department, who distinguished themselves by exemplary behavior and achieved academic success, up to 50 people were allowed to select annually to continue their education in the cadet classes of the IVSD.
IVSD also had branches at garrison regiments in other cities.
From 1811 to 1825, students of the IVSD intended for graduation as officers were seconded to the Noble Regiment "to learn the rules of front-line service" 67 .
MINING CADET CORPS
It was formed on November 19, 1804 from the Mining School, established on October 21, 1773, for the training of mining officials.
From the moment of its foundation, the Mountain Cadet Corps was under the jurisdiction of the Mining Department, although the general rules of conduct, training and education were borrowed from the charter of military educational institutions.
Pupils of the four lower classes were called cadets, the next two were called conductors, and officers were trained in the upper classes.
In 1833, the Mining Cadet Corps was renamed the Mining Institute, and in connection with this, the corps ceased to exist the following year 68 .
Basic information about the first cadet corps in Russia is given in Table 1.
|
Table 1 |
|||||
| No. p / p | Year education |
Seniority | Number of pupils | ||
| at the establishment | for 1825 | ||||
| 1 | Land, from 1800 - 1st KK (St. Petersburg) | 1732 | 1731 | 200 | 1000 |
| 2 | Marine KK (St. Petersburg) | 1752 | 1701 | 360 | 700 |
| 3 | Artillery and Engineering, from 1800 - 2nd KK (St. Petersburg) | 1762 | 1712 | 274 | 700 |
| 4 | Corps of Foreign Co-religionists (St. Petersburg) | 1792 | 1775 | 200 | |
| 5 | Imperial Military Orphanage (St. Petersburg) | 1798 | 1795 | 1000 | |
| 6 | Grodno, aka Smolensk KK (Grodno, Smolensk) | 1799 | 1778 | 200 | 500 |
| 7 | Corps of Pages (St. Petersburg) | 1802 | 1742 | 66 | 170 |
| 8 | Mining KK, since 1833 - Mining Institute (St. Petersburg) | 1804 | 1773 | ||
| 9 | Noble regiment, aka Konstantinovsky KK (St. Petersburg) | 1808 | 1807 | 600 | 2236 |
1.3. CADET CORPS IN THE 30-40s 19th century
In the 30-40s. 19th century a new stage has begun in the history of the cadet corps. In St. Petersburg, Moscow and ten provincial cities of Russia, along with the existing ones, military educational institutions of this type are being opened, forming three military educational districts: St. Petersburg, Moscow and Western.
The St. Petersburg military educational district, in addition to those already mentioned in paragraph 1.2., included the Pavlovsky, Novgorod, Finnish topographic and Alexander cadet corps.
The Moscow military educational district was formed by the 1st and 2nd Moscow, Alexandrovsky Sirotsky, Orlovsky Bakhtin, Tula Alexandrovsky, Mikhailovsky Voronezh, Tambov, Orenburg Neplyuevsky and 1st Siberian Cadet Corps.
The Western Military Educational District included the Polotsk, Petrovsky Poltava, Grodno (Smolensk) and Kalisz Cadet Corps (Table 2).
PAVLOVSK CADET CORPS
Created in 1829 from the Imperial Military Orphanage. According to the position in it, it was supposed to have four combatant companies and one non-ranked one - for pupils from 10 to 12 years old; each company consisted of 100 cadets. Thus, according to the staff, there were 500 cadets in the corps, who accounted for 120 educators and teachers.
Having existed for more than 30 years, the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps was transformed in 1863 into the First Pavlovsk Military School, and in 1894 - into the Pavlovsk Military School.
ALEXANDROVSKY CADET CORPS
Established in 1829 in Tsarskoye Selo, it was intended to prepare 400 juvenile orphans and children of the most honored soldiers of noble origin aged 7 to 10 to enter the capital's cadet corps.
The corps had four companies, of which one was called naval; each company consisted of three departments entrusted to wardens, to whose aid uncles from retired non-commissioned officers were appointed to look after the children.
In total, in the corps it was supposed to have, in addition to the director, the inspector of classes, the boss, the housekeeper, the ruler of affairs, 15 guards, 27 nannies and three doctors. The training course in the sciences was designed for 5 years, and since 1836 - for 3 years. From foreign languages, French and German were studied here, and pupils of the naval company - French and English 69 . The first director of the corps was Major General A. Kh. Schmidt, who was replaced in 1834 by Colonel I. I. Khvatov, later Lieutenant General, who remained in this position for 21 years.
ALEXANDRIYSKY ORPHANT CADET CORPS
It was formed by rescript on December 25, 1849 in Moscow for 400 orphans of staff and chief officers, as well as military and civil officials from hereditary nobles. It arose on the basis of the Alexandria Orphan Institute and officially opened in December 1851.
According to the staffing table, it was supposed to have 57 educators and teachers 70 to conduct educational work in it.
Both of these schools for orphans were closed in 1862-1863. in connection with the transformation of the cadet corps into military gymnasiums.
2nd MOSCOW CADET CORPS
Opened in December 1849 for 400 pupils from the poorest nobles from each county of the Moscow province 71 .
It consisted of four companies and was located together with the 1st Moscow Cadet Corps in the Golovinsky Palace, in its other half.
FINNISH TOPOGRAPHIC CADET CORPS
Created in the town of Gaapanyemi in the Kuopik province in 1812, it was originally intended to train topographers for reconnaissance of the region and the study of its navigable rivers. However, four years later, pupils from the natives of Finland begin to be trained in all types of military service 72, its initial composition of 10 officers and 6 cadets was increased to 60 cadets with 8 officers and 5 teachers.
In the autumn of 1818 the fire destroyed all the corps buildings, which is why for the next five years the corps was located in the surrounding villages. In 1823 it was transferred to the city of Friedrichshamn, renamed the Finnish Cadet Corps and officially opened on February 22, 1823 73 .
The term of study in it was 4 years, during which the law of God, history, geography, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, differential and integral calculus, fortification, artillery, tactics, topography with drawing, fencing, horseback riding and the front were studied. In 1830, it was extended to 6 years, the staff of the corps was brought up to 90 cadets, with enrollment after the exam of the natives of Finland from 12 to 17 years old 74 .
In 1845 the staff was increased to 105 state and 15 private students 75 .
KALISH CADET CORPS
It traces its history since 1793, became part of the military educational institutions of Russia in 1815, after the accession to Russia of most of the Duchy of Warsaw. The corps received a charter, according to which it was ordered to contain 150 state-owned and 50 private cadets, divided into two companies.
At the end of the training course, the cadets were assigned to the regiments of the Russian army as ensigns, and the best of them were transferred to the Warsaw Application School 76,
After the Polish uprising of 1831 was pacified, the Kalisz Cadet Corps was abolished, and its pupils were transferred to other establishments. In this regard, the nobles of the Kingdom of Poland were given the right to appoint their children to all the cadet corps of Russia on a common basis.
Unlike the cadet corps opened in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the cadet corps in the provincial cities were established with funds raised by the provincial nobility and with large financial donations from private individuals.
Very indicative in this regard is the history of the creation of cadet corps in Novgorod, Orel and Voronezh.
NIZHNY NOVGOROD COUNT ARAKCHEEV CADET CORPS
The cadet corps in Novgorod became the first of the newly created provincial cadet corps. It was opened on March 15, 1834 with a donation from General of Artillery Count Aleksey Andreevich Arakcheev, who contributed 300 thousand rubles to the treasury for the corps in banknotes, so that the sons of the nobles of the Novgorod and Tver provinces were brought up on the interest from them.
At the opening of the building, among the guests of honor was: A. A. Arakcheev, and a month later, on April 21, he died. According to the spiritual testament of the count, all the rest of the count's wealth was also received at the expense of the opened corps: an estate in the village of Gruzino. movable and immovable property, a library with more than 10 thousand volumes, rare items, medals, portraits and rescripts of Paul I and Alexander I.
On May 6, 1834, by the highest order, the corps was ordered to be called the Novgorod Count Arakcheev Cadet Corps.
The project for the creation of the corps was drawn up in 1830 on the direct instructions of Nicholas 77.
Initially, the cadet corps was located 28 versts from Novgorod, in the village of Arakcheevka, in the so-called Arakcheevka barracks - a one-story building that previously housed the headquarters of the 4th district of military settlements 78 .
In 1864, the cadet corps was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, two years later it was renamed the Nizhny Novgorod Count Arakcheev Military Gymnasium, but 16 years later it was revived as a cadet corps.
The first director of the KK, General A.I. Borodin, a graduate of the 2nd Cadet Corps, who grew up in the Regiment of the Nobility, went through a thorough military service. After him, for 16 years, the military gymnasium was led by an outstanding teacher and organizer of the educational process Pavel Ivanovich Nosovich and a worthy successor to his work I. I. Ordynsky.
From 1834 to 1908, more than 5 thousand pupils were trained in the Nizhny Novgorod Count Arakcheev Cadet Corps, of which 2700 people were transferred to military schools.
The motto of the cadets of the Arakcheev Corps was the words carved on the building of the palace built by Count Arakcheev in Gruzino: "Betrayed without flattery" 79 .
25 Arakcheevs became Knights of St. George for the heroic defense of Sevastopol, the liberation of Bulgaria from the Turkish yoke, for differences in the fields of Manchuria, in the steppes of sultry Turkmenistan, the mountains of the Caucasus, during the capture of Kars.
Among the most distinguished pupils of the corps, a graduate of 1853, General of Artillery, Knight of St. George A.V. Onoprienko, General N.K. Durop (1863) - the author of a common textbook of tactics; brothers N. A. and G. A. Zabudsky - chemical scientists and excellent artillerymen, whose research and leadership were considered outstanding for many years; a prominent teacher, General 3. A. Maksheev (1874) and his brother - General Ya. A. Maksheev (1872) - head of the main military newspaper and magazine; Ethiopian explorer K. S. Zvyagin (1875), poet N. I. Sergievich, N. G. Golmdorf (1863), I. I. Tsytovich (1849) and others 80 .
ORLOVSKY BAKHTIN CADET CORPS
Established by the Highest Command on May 1, 1843, however, the seniority of this corps is attributed to 1835, when the Oryol and Kursk landowner Mikhail Petrovich Bakhtin (1768-1838) contributed a capital of 1.5 million rubles and an estate in 2700 peasants. In an order for military educational institutions dated December 31, 1835, the emperor accepted this donation "for the establishment of a cadet corps in the city of Orel, calling it Bakhtin's corps" 81 .
By the same order, Colonel M.P. Bakhtin was promoted to major general by compiling the entire service and awarded the Order of St.. Vladimir 2nd degree.
In 1836, MP Bakhtin donated to the future cadet corps his family estate of 1,469 souls with all economic movables 82 .
The Orlovsky Bakhtin cadet corps was opened as part of 5 companies, and 4 combatant companies were supposed to be in the Orlovsky, and the 5th non-ranked - in the Tula corps. Each of the companies provided for 75 people, but there were still 25 vacancies for native students 83 .
The term of study was 6 years.
The first graduation from the cadet corps was made in 1849 in the amount of 35 pupils. All of them were sent to complete their military education in the Noble Regiment.
In 1864, the Oryol Bakhtin cadet corps was transformed into the Oryol Bakhtin military gymnasium for 300 people; in 1882 the original name was returned.
Colonel Tinkov (from 1843), Major General Vishnyakov (from 1854), Major General Bushen (from 1863), Major General Shcherbachev (from 1867), Major General Chigarev (from 1872) and General - Major Svetlitsky (since 1884) 84 .
From 1843 to 1893, 3,869 people entered the Orlovsky Bakhtin Cadet Corps, of which more than 1,700 people were promoted to officers from the Noble Regiment and military schools and another 262 cadets were released into the troops by the lower ranks; dismissed due to illness and domestic circumstances 630 people 85 .
12 pupils of the cadet corps with their military exploits, courage and bravery deserved the honor of awarding the Order of St. George, of which 11 people were awarded this award for distinction in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Among the awarded were the commander of the 4th battery of the Caucasian Grenadier Artillery Brigade, Major General A.V. Karakutsky, graduate of 1852, later commander of a brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division; commander of the 3rd battery of the 39th artillery brigade, colonel D. I. Mushelov (1853), later major general, mayor of Gori; Lieutenant General P. A. Razgildeev (1849), commander of the 20th Galician Infantry Regiment, later head of the 3rd Guards Infantry Division; battalion commander Colonel Prince A.P. Putyatin (1863), who distinguished himself during the assault on Mount Avliar, during which he was wounded and shell-shocked 86 .
Among the most distinguished in the service of the pupils of the cadet corps lieutenant-general Mikhail Grigorov (1849), head of artillery of the Kazan military district; Alexander Manykin-Nevstruev (1849), chief of staff of the Odessa military district; Petr Zelensky (1851), chief of artillery of the 13th Army Corps; Vasily Zolotarev (1851), head of the Main Directorate of the Cossack Troops; Pavel Dukmasov (1854), head of the 2nd Grenadier Division; Major General Vladimir Yaroshev (1851), Commander of the 1st Artillery Brigade and Commander of the 5th Reserve Artillery Brigade Khitrovo 1st (1863), Chief of Staff of the 7th Army Corps Viktor Ilyinsky (1861), Head of the St. Petersburg Arsenal Mikhail Korobov (1861); 1849 graduate Alexander Porohovshchikov, who became editor-publisher of the Russkaya Zhizn newspaper, and others 87 .
MIKHAILOVSK VORONEZH CADET CORPS
On November 8, 1845, a cadet corps was opened in Voronezh for the children of the nobles of the Voronezh, Tambov, Penza, Simbirsk and Saratov provinces, which received the name Mikhailovsky in honor of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich 88 .
The foundation of the corps became possible thanks to large donations in the amount of 2 million rubles in banknotes, made in 1836 by a Voronezh landowner, retired Major General Nikolai Dmitrievich Chertkov (1794-1852). Having accepted them, Emperor Nicholas I ordered to proceed with the establishment of the Voronezh Cadet Corps for the Voronezh province and the Land of the Don Cossacks, to accept Chertkov for service with the appointment of the director of the corps and to invite him to the Knights of the Order of St. Prince Vladimir 2nd Class Grand Cross 89 .
It was at the request of N. D. Chertkov that the cadet corps being established was given the name Mikhailovsky, and the chief of staff of the cavalry corps, Colonel Alexander Dmitrievich Vintulov, later lieutenant general, became the director. General N. D. Chertkov himself was given the honorary title of trustee of Corps 90.
With the money contributed to the state treasury, by the time the cadet corps was opened, corps buildings were built, recognized by the chief of staff of military educational institutions, Major General Rostovtsev, as excellent "strong, conscientious and careful finishing" 91 .
On the day of the opening of the corps, N. D. Chertkov, by the Highest command, was awarded the Order of St.. Anna of the 1st degree and a medal of honor with his image 92 was knocked out.
Combat General Nikolai Dmitrievich Chertkov began his service on 1 1813, participated in five campaigns, was with Field Marshal I.F. Paskevich for special assignments. For distinction in battles, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree 93 .
The idea of creating a military educational institution in Voronezh arose as early as 1805, when fundraising for the opening of a military school began in Voronezh and the surrounding provinces, regions and lands. With the publication in 1830 of the General Regulations on Military Educational Institutions and the approval of the Provisions on Provincial Cadet Corps, the sums collected among the nobility for the establishment of a military school were directed to the establishment of a provincial cadet corps in Voronezh. However, they were not enough, and only the donations of A. D. Chertkov made it possible to carry out what was planned.
The first enrollment in the cadet corps was 36 pupils. 20 of them, after the expiration of the training period, were transferred to the Noble Regiment to complete their military education. Corps graduate Nikolai Maksheev-Mamonov became lieutenant general of the General Staff Academy; Nikolai Perlin - also a lieutenant general - successively served as chief of staff of the Caucasian Military District, commander of the 4th Army Corps, assistant commander of the Vilna Military District; Aleksey Suvorin became a writer and publicist, publisher of the newspaper Novoye Vremya and the magazine Historical Bulletin 94 .
The practice of transferring graduates of the Mikhailovsky Voronezh Cadet Corps for promotion to officers in the Noble Regiment, and then to the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps continued until 1859. From 1857, the Voronezh Cadet Corps also began to prepare for promotion to officers; the first release of officers took place in 1859: out of 61 graduates, 19 were promoted to officers as warrant officers of the artillery, cavalry, army and garrison battalion, four second lieutenants, five cornets and cornets, the rest were still transferred to the Konstantinovsky military school.
In the future, the bulk of the graduates of the cadet corps received officer ranks upon graduation.
An excellent organizer of the internal life in the corps was its first director A. D. Vintulov, who held this post until his death in 1856. 1865), P. P. von Winkler (until 1870), A. P. Tyrtov (until 1878), P. P. Glotov (until 1885) and N. A. Repin (since 1885) 95 .
Since 1895, the full-time staff of pupils of the Voronezh Cadet Corps has increased from 400 to 500 people, and the annual output began to reach 60-70 people 96 . During the first fifty years, 1,895 people completed a full course of study in it, of which 7.4 percent were transferred to the Noble Regiment, 772 to military schools, and 13.6 percent were promoted to officers from the corps itself.
13 pupils of the Mikhailovsky Voronezh Cadet Corps became St. George Knights for their exploits in the war with Turkey in 1877-1878. and Japan - in 1905. Among them are lieutenant generals N. V. Cheremisinov, V. N. Nikitin, Zarubaev, major general N. M. Ivanov, colonels D. E. Dukmasov, V. I. Zhigalin, I. V. Polkovnikov.
Major General S. I. Mosin, a graduate of 1867, head of the Sestroretsk arms factory and advisory member of the Artillery Committee of the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) 98, became famous in various fields of service, science and literature; Chief of Staff of the Irkutsk Military District, Lieutenant General A.P. Shebanov (1856) 99 , Mechanical Engineer of the Artillery Committee of the GAU and Honored Professor of the Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy, Lieutenant General M.K. Takhtarev (1854) 100 ; manager of the affairs of the chapter of the Russian imperial and royal orders, member of the Committee on the service of civil ranks and awards, Privy Councilor N. P. Panov (1853) 101 ; director of the Vladimir Kyiv Cadet Corps, since 1897 - envoy of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions, Lieutenant General P. A. Alekseev (1853) 102 ; editor of the "Artillery Journal" and advisory member of the GAU Artillery Committee, Major General G. I. Ermolaev (1855) 103 ; writers A. P. and N. P. Barsukov, F. N. Berg, I. V. Shpazhinsky 104 .
A number of pupils of the corps distinguished themselves in the civilian field, bringing benefits not only to their native educational institution, but to the entire Voronezh Territory and the city of Voronezh. Nikolai Stepanovich Tarachkov became a naturalist, naturalist-researcher of the Voronezh province, Sergey Pavlov, an artist-ethnographer who collected the richest collection of folk costumes of the Voronezh and neighboring provinces, editor of the Voronezh collection and founder of the first private newspaper in Voronezh, local historian and ethnographer Petr Vasilievich Malykhin , editor of the journal "Philosophical Notes" philologist Alexei Andreevich Khovansky "105 .
Of the other provincial military educational institutions of the closed type, we will single out two more.
ORENBURG NEPLYUEV CADET CORPS
Transformed in 1844 from the Orenburg Neplyuevsky military school. According to the state, it was determined to have 70 state-owned and 40 private pupils in it, and the remaining 90 places should be given to the sons of officers of the local Cossack troops 106 .
1st SIBERIAN EMPEROR ALEXANDER I CADET CORPS
Created in 1845 in Omsk for 240 places to prepare pupils for service in local line battalions and Cossack regiments, its own! seniority led from 1813 from the Omsk military Cossack school. Taking this date into account, the Siberian Cadet Corps became the fifth in the list of Russian cadet corps and the first among the provincial ones.
Pupils of the corps were divided into a company and a squadron; the duration of training was originally set at six, from 1853 at seven years.
In 1846, it was ordered to assign young nobles from Eastern Siberia to the corps, then, from 1849, the sons of chief officers serving in Western Siberia.
The pupils of the cadet corps reliably defended the borders of Siberia from the invasion of nomads, participated in the conquest of new lands for Russia, the exploration of remote regions of Siberia, the opening of the Akmola, Kokchetav and Karkaralinsky administrative districts, founded many cities in Siberia and present-day Kazakhstan.
Among the pupils of the corps - Lavr Georgievich Kornilov, a graduate of 1889; Lieutenant General of the Red Army Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev, who completed his studies in the corps in 1898; cavalry general Nikolai Simonov (1869), who participated in campaigns in Khiva, Kokand, China and in the Russian-Japanese war; professors of the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy Nikolai Tsytovich (1883), Avksenty Sapozhnikov (1888), Alexander Pankin (1893), Sergei Charpentier (1893).
The list of cadet corps for the period from 1731 to 1862 (before the transformation of the Russian military education system), taking into account the year of education, seniority, the number of pupils, teachers and educators at the time of creation and by 1854, is given in table 2.
|
Table 2 |
||||||
| No. p / p | Name of educational institutions | Year of foundation | Seniority | Number of pupils | Number of teachers and educators in 1854 |
|
| while creating | 1854 | |||||
| St. Petersburg VUO | ||||||
| 1 | 1st QC | 1732 | 1731 | 200 | 600 | 120 |
| 2 | 2nd QC | 1762 | 1712 | 274 | 600 | 123 |
| 3 | Corps of Pages | 1802 | 1742 | 66 | 150 | 64 |
| 4 | Noble regiment, aka Konstantinovsky KK | 1808 | 1807 | 600 | 1000 | 165 |
| 5 | Finnish topographic KK | 1812 | 1812 | 60 | 120 | 31 |
| 6 | Alexandrovsky KK | 1829 | 1829 | 400 | 400 | 47 |
| 7 | Pavlovsky KK | 1829 | 1798 | 500 | 500 | 120 |
| 8 | Novgorodsky, aka Nizhny Novgorod KK | 1834 | 1830 | 400 | 400 | 41 |
|
Moscow VUO |
||||||
| 1 | 1st Moscow KK | 1824 | 1778 | 500 | 650 | 106 |
| 2 | Tambov KK | 1830 | 1801 | 100 | 100 | 17 |
| 3 | Tula Aleksandrovskiy KK | 1830 | 1801 | 100 | 100 | 17 |
| 4 | Orlovsky Bakhtina KK | 1843 | 1835 | 400 | 400 | 42 |
| 5 | Orenburg Neplyuevoky KK | 1844 | 1825 | 200 | 200 | 32 |
| 6 | Mikhailovsky Voronezh KK | 1845 | 1830 | 400 | 400 | 53 |
| 7 | 1st Siberian KK | 1845 | 1813 | 240 | 240 | 32 |
| 8 | 2nd Moscow KK | 1849 | 1837 | 400 | 400 | 67 |
| 9 | Alexandria Sirotskiy KK | 1851 | 1849 | 400 | 400 | 57 |
|
Western VUO |
||||||
| 1 | Grodnensky, aka Smolensky KK | 1799 | 1778 | 200 | ||
| 2 | Kalishskiy KK | 1815 | 1793 | 200 | ||
| 3 | Polotsk KK | 1835 | 1830 | 400 | 400 | 43 |
| 4 | Petrovsky Poltava KK | 1840 | 1830 | 400 | 400 | 56 |
| 5 | Aleksandrovskiy Brestsky KK | 1841 | 1841 | 400 | 400 | 53 |
| 6 | Unranked Vladimirsky Kyiv KK | 1852 | 1851 | 200 | 200 | 48 |
1.4. CADET CORPS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH-EARLY 20TH CENTURIES
In the second half of the XIX century. the process of creating new cadet corps continued, but on a different basis, connected, in particular, with the reform of military education in Russia.
In December 1862, the cadet corps were transformed into general educational institutions of the military department and began to prepare not officers for graduation, but candidates for admission to military schools, after which they were awarded officer ranks. And although in 1882 cadet corps were again formed from military gymnasiums with the preservation of their former names, the order of promotion to officers did not change.
For the same reason, earlier, in 1859, the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps, created in 1855 on the basis of the Noble Regiment, was transformed into the Konstantinovsky Military School, the Pavlovsky Cadet Corps in 1863 - into the Pavlovsk Military School, and in Tsarskoye Selo and Moscow the Alexander and Alexandria cadet corps for minors and orphans were closed (in 1862 and 1863, respectively).
In 1866, the Georgian Cadet Corps was also abolished;
In 1852, the Vladimir Kyiv Cadet Corps was opened in Kyiv, transformed from the Unranked Vladimir Kyiv Cadet Corps for juveniles, and in 1882 - 1883. new cadet corps were created in St. Petersburg (Nikolaev and Emperor Alexander II), Moscow (3rd and 4th), Tiflis, Simbirsk and Novocherkassk (Donskoy).
In 1887, in addition to the Orenburg Neplyuevsky (1844), the 2nd Orenburg Cadet Corps was created in Orenburg, in the 90s. - Yaroslavl (1896), Suvorov (1899, Warsaw) and Odessa Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich (1900) cadet corps. At the beginning of the XX century. cadet corps were established in Sumy (1900), Vladikavkaz (1902), Tashkent (1904), Volsk (1908), Irkutsk (1913) and in Sevastopol in 1916 - Marine EIVvys. heir to the Tsarevich, closed in the summer of 1917.
In total, 49 cadet corps were created in Russia over a nearly 200-year period, of which by 1917 there were 31. Note, however, that in 1919 another one was opened in the Crimea - the 32nd - naval cadet corps, which departed together with the White Army to Bizerte and ceased to exist in 1925.
Almost all cadet corps were closed during 1918-1920, the remaining ones ceased to function as the civil war ended and in connection with the transformations that began in the field of military educational institutions. In November 1919, the Petrovsky Poltava Cadet Corps left Poltava, settling first in Vladikavkaz, and then in Massandra (Crimea). Together with him, the Vladikavkaz Cadet Corps departed for Massandra. On October 9, 1920, both corps were merged and received the name of the Crimean Cadet Corps. In November 1920, by order of General Wrangel, the Crimean Cadet Corps and the Sumy Cadet Corps that had merged into it were evacuated from the Crimea to Yugoslavia.
In February 1920, together with the remnants of the White Army, the Don Cadet Corps departed from Novocherkassk, which was located first on Egyptian soil, and then in Yugoslavia and ceased to exist in 1933. In January 1920, the evacuation of the Odessa, Vladimir Kyiv and Polotsk cadet corps 107 .I
In 1922, 600 cadets of the Siberian and Khabarovsk cadet corps, evacuated from Vladivostok, arrived in Shanghai on the transports Baikal, Ilya Muromets, and Zashchitnik, who remained in China until 1925. "108
A single and most complete list of all 49 cadet corps in Russia, compiled on the basis of an analysis of archival documents, historical essays and reviews of cadet corps, as well as foreign sources 109 and taking into account the year of formation, seniority and the year of their closure, is given in Table 3.
The table also contains data on three Russian cadet corps that arose abroad.
1.5. RUSSIAN CADET CORPS ABROAD
As noted above, in 1919-1920. part of the cadet corps in connection with the outbreak of the civil war, along with the remnants of the White Army, left Russia and was accepted into the territory of Yugoslavia. This became possible thanks to the position of the King of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Alexander I, a former cadet of the Page Corps, who did everything possible to establish cadets in his country.
The path of the Cadets to Yugoslavia turned out to be difficult, at times tragic. They had to get to the country that sheltered them by different routes, by sea, by rail and on foot, with losses, bypassing the Bosphorus, Dardanelles, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Algeria, Egypt and even China.
On the basis of the cadet corps that arrived in Yugoslavia, they opened; The first Russian Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich and the Crimean Cadet Corps. In 1930, the Corps Lyceum named after Emperor Nicholas II was created in France.
THE FIRST RUSSIAN GRAND DUKE KONSTANTIN KONSTANTINOVICH CADET CORPS
It was formed in June 1920 in the city of Sarajevo from the Odessa, Vladimir, Kyiv and Polotsk cadet corps.
The first group of cadets, which united two platoons of the 1st company of the Odessa, the 1st company of the Kyiv and the cadets of the Polotsk cadet corps, reached Yugoslavia from Odessa on the English cruiser Ceres and the steamer Rio Negro, and then from Thessaloniki by train. Another group of 480 people on the Bulgarian ship "Tsar Ferdinand" first arrived in Varna, and from there by train to Yugoslavia.
The Cadets who remained in Odessa were forced to fight their way through Romania.
In 1925, 34 cadets of the Siberian Emperor Alexander I of the cadet corps arrived from Shanghai under the command of the director of the corps, Major General E.V. Russet; four months later, the remaining 500 cadets of the Siberian and Khabarovsk cadet corps crossed to Yugoslavia on the steamer Portos.
In 1929, the cadet corps moved to Belaya Tserkov, where it remained until its closure in September 1944. In 1933, part of the cadets of the Don Cadet Corps joined the corps, who arrived in the amount of 120 people in 1920 on the ship "Grand Duke Vladimir "from Evpatoria to the city of Strnische and later transferred to the town of Gorazde on the banks of the Drina. During its existence from 1920 to 1944, the corps made 24 graduations, issuing certificates to 966 cadets. With these certificates in hand, graduates of the corps got the opportunity to enter higher educational institutions or military academies.
CRIMEAN CADET CORPS
The Crimean Cadet Corps arose on October 9, 1920 in Oreanda, when, on the orders of General Wrangel, the Petrovsky Poltava, Vladikavkaz and Sumy Cadet Corps were organizationally merged.
Evacuated in November 1920 in the amount of 697 people to Yugoslavia, in Strnische, the corps was initially located in barracks built by the Austrians for prisoners of war.
On October 19, 1922, barracks were allocated to the corps in the city of Belaya Tserkov, near the Romanian border. The Crimean Cadet Corps remained in these barracks until September 1, 1929, when it was closed by order from above. Part of the cadets was transferred to the First Russian Cadet Corps, the other was merged into the Don Cadet Corps.
From 1920 to 1929 the Crimean Cadet Corps released over 600 cadets from its walls 110 .
BODY-LYCEUM IM. EMPEROR NICHOLAS II
Founded on November 1, 1930 for the children of Russian emigrants on private donations near Paris.
The first director of the corps was General Rimsky-Korsakov, an exceptionally charming man who had a great moral influence on the cadets. He himself taught the Russian language, history and geography of Russia, in his free time he read to them the works of the best Russian writers, awakening in the pupils a feeling of love for the historical Motherland.
The training program in the lyceum building was equated to the secondary educational institutions of France. Classes were small, 10-15 people each, which made it possible to pay more attention to individual work.
The students wore the old cadet uniform, and their whole way of life corresponded to the orders of the Russian cadet corps.
Since the French authorities did not allow foreign educational institutions to function on their territory, the cadets wore uniforms only within the corps. On the streets and in public places they were forced to appear in civilian attire.
In 1937, the lyceum corps moved from a private house in the town of Villiers le bell near Paris to a new building, rented and paid for by the philanthropist Captain Sergeievsky, who lives in America.
Due to the beginning of the war and the gradual reduction of donations, the number of students gradually decreased. By 1957, the corps could not cover all maintenance costs, and there were not enough funds to pay for the building. The Lyceum Corps had to move to Dieppe, on the banks of the English Channel. The place was removed from Paris, from the Russian colony, and this also led to a decrease in the number of pupils. In 1959, this educational institution ceased its independent existence 111 and finally closed in 1964. 112
The internal life in all the cadet corps abroad went on according to the charters and rules adopted in Russia until 1917. Recruitment was carried out from among young people who belonged to various strata of the Russian emigration. The activities of pupils in the cadet corps were very diverse. In addition to scheduled classes, literary performances, gymnastic competitions, concerts of church and secular choirs, wind and balalaika orchestras were often arranged.
At the cadet corps, carpentry, bookbinding, locksmith and shoe workshops were organized, museums were created in which many valuable exhibits were stored related to the military history of Russia and the cadet corps.
All cadet corps let students out of their walls with a matriculation certificate and with a certificate of completion of seven and eight grades in order to equate the corps with foreign gymnasiums and ensure that their pupils receive military or civilian education in the relevant institutions without additional exams.
Brief information about cadet corps abroad is summarized in the already mentioned table 3.
|
Table 3 |
||||
| No. p / p | Name of educational institutions | Year education |
Seniority | Year closing |
| 1 | 1st KK (St. Petersburg) | 1732 | 1731 | 1918 |
| 2 | Marine KK (St. Petersburg) | 1752 | 1701-School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences | |
| 3 | 2nd KK (St. Petersburg) | 1762 | 1712- Military engineering school | 1918 |
| 4 | Corps of Foreign Co-religionists (St. Petersburg) | 1792 | 1775 - Gymnasium of Foreign Co-religionists (Greek Gymnasium) | 1796 |
| 5 | Grodnensky, aka Smolensky KK | 1799 | 1778-Shklov noble school | 1824 |
| 6 | EIV Corps of Pages (St. Petersburg) | 1802 | 1742-Court boarding house (1769) | 1918 |
| 7 | Mining KK (St. Petersburg) | 1804 | 1773 - Mining School | 1833 |
| 8 | Finnish Topographic KK (Gaapanyemi, Friedrichshamn) | 1812 | 1903 | |
| 9 | Kalishskiy KK | 1815 | 1793 | 1831 |
| 10 | 1st Moscow KK | 1824 | 1778-Shklov noble school | 1918 |
| 11 | Aleksandrovsky KK for minors (Tsarskoye Selo) | 1829 | 1862 | |
| 12 | Pavlovsky KK (St. Petersburg) | 1829 | 1798-Imperial Military Orphanage | 1863 |
| 13 | Tambov KK | 1830 | 1801 - Tambov noble school | 1865 |
| 14 | Tula Aleksandrovskiy KK | 1830 | 1801 - Tula Alexander Military School | 1865 |
| 15 | Kazansky KK | 1834 | 1834 | |
| 16 | Novgorod Count Arakcheev, aka Nizhny Novgorod Count Arakcheev KK | 1834 | 1830 | 1918 |
| 17 | Polotsk KK | 1835 | 1830 | 1920 |
| 18 | Petrovsky Poltava KK | 1840 | 1830 | 1920 |
| 19 | Aleksandrovskiy Brestsky KK (Brest-Litovok, Vilna, Moscow) | 1841 | 1859 | |
| 20 | Tulchinsky KK | 1841 | 1863 | |
| 21 | Orlovsky Bakhtina KK | 1843 | 1835 | 1919 |
| 22 | Orenburg Neplyuevsky KK | 1844 | 1825-Orenburg Neplyuev military school | 1920 |
| 23 | Georgian KK (Novgorod province) | 1845 | 1834-Juvenile noble department | 1866 |
| 24 | Mikhailovsky Voronezh KK | 1845 | 1830 | 1918 |
| 25 | 1st Siberian Emperor Alexander I KK | 1845 | 1813-Omsk military Cossack school | 1925 |
| 26 | 2nd Moscow KK | 1849 | 1837 | 1918 |
| 27 | Alexandria Sirotsky KK (Moscow) | 1851 | 1849 - Alexandrinsky Orphan Institute | 1863 |
| 28 | Vladimirsky Kyiv KK | 1852 | 1851-Unranked Vladimir Kyiv KK | 1920 |
| 29 | Konstantinovsky KK (St. Petersburg) | 1855 | 1807 - Volunteer Corps | 1859 |
| 30 | Emperor Alexander II KK (St. Petersburg) | 1882 | 1873-3rd St. Petersburg Military Gymnasium | 1920 |
| 31 | 3rd Moscow KK | 1882 | 1874-3rd Moscow Military Gymnasium | 1892 |
| 32 | 4th Moscow KK | 1882 | 1876-4th Moscow Military Gymnasium | 1892 |
| 33 | Nikolaevsky KK (St. Petersburg) | 1882 | 1823-School of Guards Ensigns | 1918 |
| 34 | Pskov KK | 1882 | 1791 - School for Soldiers' Children | 1920 |
| 35 | Simbirsk KK | 1882 | 1873 Simbirsk military gymnasium | 1920 |
| 36 | Tiflis led. book. Mikhail Nikolaevich KK | 1882 | 1875-Tiflis Military Gymnasium | 1918 |
| 37 | Donskoy Emperor Alexander III KK (Novocherkassk) | 1883 | 1883 -KK in Novocherkassk | 1933 |
| 38 | 2nd Orenburg KK | 1887 | 1919 | |
| 39 | Yaroslavsky KK | 1896 | 1859 - Yaroslavl military school | 1920 |
| 40 | Suvorovsky KK (Warsaw, Moscow) | 1899 | 1898-Warsaw KK | 1918 |
| 41 | Odessa led. book. Konstantin Konstantinovich KK | 1900 | 1920 | |
| 42 | Sumy KK | 1900 | 1920 | |
| 43 | Khabarovsk Count Muravyov-Amur KK | 1900 | 1888 Khabarovsk preparatory school | 1925 |
| 44 | Vladikavkaz KK | 1902 | 1920 | |
| 45 | Tashkent EIV. heir to the Tsarevich KK | 1904 | 1900 - Tashkent preparatory school | 1918 |
| 46 | Volsky KK | 1908 | 1859 - Volskaya military school | 1918 |
| 47 | Irkutsk KK | 1913 | 1888 - Irkutsk preparatory school | 1922 |
| 48 | Marine EIVvys. heir to the Tsarevich KK (Sevastopol) | 1916 | 1917 | |
| 49 | Marine KK (Sevastopol) | 1919 | 1925 | |
| 50 | The first Russian led. book. Konstantin Konstantinovich KK (Sarajevo) | 1920 | 1920 - Polotsk, Odessa, Vladimir Kyiv KK | 1944 |
| 51 | Corps-lyceum them. Emperor Nicholas II (Versailles) | 1930 | 1964 | |
| 52 | Crimean KK (Oreanda, Strnishe, B. Nerkov) | 1920 | 1919 Petrovsky Poltava, Vladikavkaz. Sumy KK | 1929 |
Notes
1 Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 6. M., 1965, p. 771.
2 Military encyclopedia, ed. I.D. Sytin, vol. II. SPb., 1911.. p. 256.
3 Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire (PSZ), vol. VIII, 5811.
4 Ibid., vol. V, 2798.
5 Lalaev M.S. Mention source, p.7-8.
6 PSZ, vol. IV, 2467; vol. V, 2739, 2798.
7 Gervais N.P., Stroev V.K., Mention. ist., p.2.
8 Ibid., p.4.
9 Ibid., p.5.
10 Ibid., Sat.
11 Ibid., p.9
12 Ibid., p. fourteen.
13 Loman N.L. Mention ist., p. 21.
14 Brandenburg N.E.. 500th anniversary of Russian artillery (1389-1889). SPb., 1889, p. 28.
15 Loman N.L. Mention ist., p. eight.
16 Ibid., p.43.
17 Ibid., pp. 49-50.
18 Ibid., p.48.
19 Ibid., pp.71-72.
20 Ibid., p.98.
21 Lalaev M.S. Mention ist., p.36.
22 Loman N.L. Mention ist., p.97.
23 Lalaev M.S. Mention ist., p.36-37.
24 Gulyaev Yun. About the early period of life and activity of M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov. - "Bombardier", 1995, No. 3, p. 24-25.
25 PSZ, vol. VIII, 5811.
26 Ibid., vol. IX, 7369.
27 Ibid., vol. VIII, 6050.
28 Danchenko V. Russian Knights Academy. - "Eagle", 1992, No. 1, p. 3.
29 PSZ, vol. XVII, 12741.
30 Ibid., 12670.
31 Ibid.
32 Viskovatov A.V. Mention ist., p.80-81.
33 125th anniversary of the First Cadet Corps, 1732-1857. SPb., 1857, p. 16-34.
34 Fedorov I.K. Memo about the Knights of St. George, former cadets of the First Cadet Corps. SPb., 1913, p.35.
35 Ibid., p. 3.
36 Ibid., p. 2-10.
37 Lalaev M.S. Mention ist., p. 136.
38 PSZ, vol. XIV, 11696.
39 Loman N.L. Mention ist., p. 115.
40 Ibid., p. 120.
41 PSZ, vol. XIII, 15998.
42 Loman N.L. Mention ist., p. 152.
43 Gulyaev Yu.N., Shemuratov L.V. Sons of the Fatherland. - Artillery and time (collection). SPb., 1993, p. 170.
44 Anniversary memo about the Cavaliers of St. George, former pupils of the 2nd Cadet Corps. SPb., 1912, p. 29, 33-43.
45 PSZ, vol. XX, 14229.
46 PSZ, vol. XXII, 17051.
47 Glinka V. M., Pomarnatsky A. V. Military Gallery of the Winter Palace. L., 1981.
48 Bezotosny V. M. Combat generals 1812-1815 - pupils of domestic educational institutions. - "Bombardier", 1995, No. 1, p. 27.
49 PSZ, vol. XXIX, 22493, 22494.
50 Golmdorf M. Materials for the history of the former Noble Regiment. 1807 - 1859. St. Petersburg, 1882.
51 Ibid., Appendix 1.
52 Historical sketch of the formation and development of the First Moscow Cadet Corps. SPb., 1878, p. 6.
53 Ibid., p. 23.
54 Ibid., p. 149-157.
55 Lalaev M.S. Mention ist. part I, p.84.
56 Historical sketch of the formation and development of the First Moscow Cadet Corps. SPb., 1878, p. eight.
57 Ibid., p. 20.
58 PSZ. vol. XXIV, 19606.
59 PSZ, ed. 2nd, vol. III, 1852.
60 Lalaev M.S. Mention ist., p. 26.
61 Historical sketch of the formation and development of the First Moscow Cadet Corps, p. 98, 101-102, 119-120.
62 PSZ, vol. XXVII, 20452.
63 Lalaev M.S. Mention ist., pp. 98-99.
64 PSZ, vol. XXVII, 20452.
65 Ibid., vol. XXXI, 24231.
66 Ibid., ed. 2nd, vol. 11,919.
67 Lalaev M.S. Mention ist., p.79-83.
68 "Russian antiquity", 1884, XLI, p. 417-419.
69 PSZ, vol. IV, 3072, 3122; vol. VII, 5754.
70 Lalaev M.S. Mention ist., p. 90.
71 PSZ, ed. 2nd, vol. XII, 10773.
72 PSZ, vol. XXXIII, 26227.
73 PSZ, ed. 2nd, vol. V, 3825.
74 Lalaev M.S. Mention ist., p. 108-109.
75 PSZ, ed. 2nd, vol. XX, 18865a.
76 Lalaev M. S. Mention. ist., p. 49.
77 Zvyagin K.S. 75th anniversary of the Arakcheevsky corps. 1834-1909. SPb., p. 7.
78 Sumtsov V.N. Arakcheevtsy in Gruzino and Arakcheevka. Nizhny Novgorod, 1909, p. 66.
79 Ibid.
80 Zvyagin K.S. Mention ist.
81 Brief historical essay by Orlovsky Bakhtin of the cadet corps (1843-1893). Eagle, 1893, p. 1.
82 Ibid., p. 3.
83 Ibid., p. 7.
84 Ibid., p. 9:18:21:23-24:31.
85 Ibid., p. 32.
86 Ibid., p. 32 - 34; application, p. 1-40.
87 Ibid., appendix, p. 1-135.
88 Zverev S. Anniversary collection of the Mikhailovsky Voronezh Cadet Corps, 1845-1895. Voronezh, 1898, p. 2-3.
89 Ibid., p. 2, 4.
90 Ibid., p. 3.
91 Ibid., p. 5.
92 Ibid., p. 94, 115.
93 Ibid., p. 89.
94 Ibid., p. 225-227.
95 Ibid., p. 202-203, 299.
96 Ibid., p. ten.
97 Ibid.
98 Ibid., p. 245.
99 Ibid., p. 232.
100 Ibid., p. 230.
111 Ibid., p. 227.
102 Ibid., p. 226.
103 Ibid., p. 229.
104 Ibid., p. ten.
105 Ibid., Sat.
106 PSZ, ed. 2nd, vol. XIX, 17962 a.
107 Zabelin S.N. Cadet corps abroad. - "Bombardier", 1995, No. 1.
108 Cadet corps in Shanghai. In book. Russians in Shanghai. Ed. V. Zhigarev, April 1936.
109 "Cadet Roll Call", 1978, No. 20, p. 96-107.
110 Zabelin S.N. Mention ist., p. 84.
111 "Cadet Roll Call", 1978, No. 20.
112 Zabelin S.N. Mention ist., p. 88.
The first in Russia are called garrison schools. They appeared at the beginning of the 18th century and taught children elementary sciences and military skills. has survived to our time, and even now the cadet oath is relevant and honorable. In tsarist times, it was in demand and prestigious.
After 25 years in the service, one could count on assistance from the state in the form of a land plot and material benefits. For special merits, they even gave a title of nobility. Now the situation has changed somewhat, but, as before, every military man can be sure that he will always have a job, since the Motherland always needs defenders.
Cadet Corps
Kadetstvo is called upon to prepare young people for a military career. The advantage of such training is the formation of independence and love for the motherland in the child. Principles play an important role in such a school. So, a cadet is a person who appreciates traditions, cultivates various virtues in himself and purposefully forms a cultural and patriotic personality out of himself. Friendship plays a big role.
Now two popular areas of such schools are operating in Russia - this is the Suvorov Military School. The first produces maritime professionals, the second - specialists of the land part.
origins
Medieval heroes can be called the progenitor of the Cadets. And the first so-called school of cadets is the knight's camps. The start of educational and military institutions was given by knightly academies, where venerable warriors taught young men the art of fencing and horseback riding. Such a current originated in Naples, and from there migrated to France and England.
Such knowledge allowed young people to show their courage in all kinds of tournaments and performances. But it was available only to the nobles. Later, mathematics, fortification, blueprints, and even artillery were added. Peacetime has made its own adjustments. If earlier the rank could only be obtained during the battle, then starting from the 17th century, the officer rank was granted by seniority. It was then that the title of cadet arose.
From French, the word "cadet" is the youngest. From Prussian - a young man whose life is connected with military affairs. Wealthy nobles sent their children to serve in military schools to gain time. Cadets received the rank much earlier than their peers.
First schools
The direction begins its history from the distant 1653. For rich children, a military school was founded, the conditions of which differed significantly from the usual system. In 1716 a cadet corps was built. It was a boarding school where, along with the program of the educational institution, the skill of military affairs was introduced.
Oddly enough, the head of the students was a four-year-old boy, the son of King Frederick. At that time, the highest representatives of society were allowed to receive the rank of “cadet” from the cradle. Subsequently, the little general grew into the glorious military leader Frederick the Great. It was during the reign of this man that a lot of new things were done in the field of studying the theory of military art.
History of the Russian Cadets
Peter I became the founder of military educational institutions on the territory of the Russian Empire. In 1698, under his leadership, the “School of Numbers and Surveying” was launched. Then, in 1701, a school of mathematical and navigational sciences was established. But both the first and second became only the foundation for the emergence of a separate trend - the Cadets of Russia.
Peter the Great was a supporter of geodesy, and the main vocation of these schools was to teach boys the theory of mapping. Previously, children were sent to Europe for quality knowledge. But later it turned out to be too costly for the empire. It was this principle that laid the foundation for the creation of military institutions in various directions.
So, in 1721, the first garrison schools were built, which by their nature resembled a cadet corps. They accepted the sons of soldiers. From the age of 7 to 15 they studied military sciences, after which they served in the army. The initiator was Count Mikhin, who arrived in Russia at the invitation of Peter I to manage the engineering process. In the people, such schools were called "knight's academies." Indeed, young people were taught not only literacy, but also the high aesthetic sciences.
In general, the main reason why it was popular to send children to closed schools was that they gave good knowledge and a good start for professional growth.
Craft Development
Subsequently, a plan was developed for changes in the mainstream of military training. Institutions spread throughout the various cities of the empire. In the middle of the 19th century, a cadet was a guy who received military training along with general knowledge. He could continue to serve as an officer. So, from students, the cadets abruptly turned into leaders. Every day they were taught drill, and then they showed the results in front of the king.
But along with the harsh discipline in closed schools, unpleasant events often occurred related to the permissiveness of seniors in rank and age. Often such clashes led to riots.
At one time, more than 40 such schools worked on the territory of the Russian Empire.
What do cadets study?
Today, a cadet is primarily a high school student, but with the addition of special subjects to the curriculum. The average training time is 3 years. But there are schools where the term of education is much longer and can reach 6 years. Most often, children are accepted after the end of the 9th grade. Depending on the building, there are institutions that work with younger children, starting from the 5th.
Before deciding which school to go to, you still need to decide not only on the age, but also on the direction in which the school will teach. Particular attention is paid to gymnastics and physical training. Additional classes are engineering, medicine, topography and military regulations. An important role in the education of cadets is assigned to the aesthetic bias. Also, in accordance with the corpus to which the student belongs, he can study specific sciences. In the 21st century, both boys and girls can equally easily enter the cadets.
Everyday life of cadets
The main criterion by which students are selected is an excellent physical and psychological state of health. The second is associated with significant workloads and a rigid schedule of the school day. In addition, cadets study in closed boarding schools. This means that they can only see their relatives on the weekends. Strict discipline for students is considered the most important in the educational process. Since 1732, uniforms have been worn in the first cadet corps, this tradition continues today.
In addition to wearing military clothing, young people march, keep watch and address seniors in rank. A big plus for such education is the maximum approximation to the real conditions of army life. All kinds of sports camps and field trainings are held.
But the most important stage is the traditional cadet oath. The young warrior promises not only to obediently fulfill his new duties, but also to serve his homeland and defend it if the enemy attacks.
First step towards a dream
Educational institutions today offer not only excellent education, but also many benefits for their future wards. So, for example, children whose military parents died in the line of duty can study for free in such institutions. Also those whose fathers are currently working on particularly important tasks. There is a possibility of free education for orphans. Opportunities are also provided for children from large families.
For approval, you must also take care of such documents as an extract with grades for the last semester and a reference from the previous educational institution.
Before final approval, potential students are examined by a doctor who approves their physical condition. Due to the high sports workload, adolescents with poor health are not recommended to study at the school. A psychologist also works with them, who determines whether the child is emotionally ready to start a new independent life. And only after careful checks does the student wait for initiation into the cadets. Shoulder straps will be given only to the biggest patriots of their dreams.
Problems of modern education
So much time seems to separate Russia from the Soviet Union. But unfortunately the country is still running on the imperial system and is not trying to change that. Contemporaries are faced with remnants that are still dangling in the country's politics, since a new education system has not yet been formed. Old professors work according to the anachronistic scheme that they were taught on the territory of the Union. Party propaganda has long outlived its usefulness, but a century stands as a foundation for a new generation. Also, the goal to which the students should reach is unfinished.
Institutions do not care about the future fate of the wards and do not give them benefits that will help them enter the university in the future. In addition, the graduation marks of a cadet are equated to the points of a simple student. That is, the Cadets of Russia are not at all protected in the face of strict reality.
In general, the only thing that encourages young men and women to continue to choose military schools of this type is the honorary title and moral principle.
Cadet comes from the French word (CADET - JUNIOR) - these are young people in military service in soldier ranks before they are promoted to officers.
The history of cadet corps in Russia dates back to January 27, 1701, when Emperor Peter the Great signed a decree establishing the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences in Moscow. The decree emphasized that "the School of this is needed not only for a single navigation and engineering, but for the benefit of artillery and citizenship." Peter understood that the new Russia was in dire need of well-educated and comprehensively educated people. Among the students of the school, it was prescribed "to elect those who want voluntarily, others even more so with coercion." Children of all classes were accepted here, with the exception of serfs. The term of study at school was unlimited. Some comprehended science in 4 years, others - 13 years. There were no transfer exams. From class to class, students were transferred as they learned, and therefore their age varied greatly - from 15 to 33 years. The richest or most capable were sent to practice abroad. Upon their return, they were subjected to a rigorous examination. Sometimes Peter himself was the examiner.
In Russia, the term "cadet" began to be applied to pupils of children's educational institutions during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna. On June 29, 1731, she signed a decree on the creation of a gentry cadet corps for teaching young people not only military, but also general education subjects. Thus, the foundations were laid for the dual purpose of the corps: to train both military personnel and civilian officials.
In the subsequent history of their existence until October 1917 and further until the disbandment, in 1956, of the last Russian cadet corps in exile, these institutions did not oblige their graduates exclusively to a military career. “Only those cadets are sent to military schools - graduates who are capable of military service,” the Regulations on Cadet Corps of 1886 read.
The fundamental difference between the Russian cadet corps and the European ones was that the young men in them were trained not only for a purely military career, but also for the state service in the civilian field.
The sacred holiday of all cadets is February 17, when in 1732 classes began at the school, first named the "Cadet Corps", which was established by order of Empress Anna Ioannovna in 1731.
Graduates of the cadet corps were the pride not only of Russia, but, one might say, of the entire earthly civilization. The cadets were field marshals Rumyantsev and Kutuzov, naval commanders Bellingshausen and Ushakov, Krusenstern, Nakhimov, Lazarev, poet Sumarokov, diplomat and poet Tyutchev, composers Rimsky-Korsakov, Rachmaninov, doctor Sechenev, artist Vereshchagin, writers Radishchev, Dostoevsky, Kuprin, Leskov, Dal, founder of the Russian theater Volkov.
By the time of the 1917 revolution, there were 29 corps in Russia. In 1920, together with units of the Russian army evacuated by Baron Wrangel, they ended up in a foreign land. Without giving in to despair, without losing heart or complaining, the Cadets went through the torments of emigre life, preserving and continuing the traditions of their upbringing and education.
During the Great Patriotic War in 1943-1945, the first Suvorov and Nakhimov schools appeared in Russia, the prototypes of which were the cadet corps. It is noteworthy that among their teachers were former teachers of the cadet corps, and among the officers - educators - pupils of these educational institutions. In the difficult military autumn of 1943. The first 11 schools were opened in 1944. - 6 more, then another and another. They accepted "children of soldiers of the Red Army, partisans of the Patriotic War, as well as children of Soviet and party workers, workers and collective farmers who died at the hands of the German invaders." Over the years of their activity, Suvorov schools have trained tens of thousands of future cadets of higher military schools (now - military institutes and universities), and now it is difficult to find a military unit, wherever their military duty is performed by their pupils. Hundreds of them earned high general ranks, dozens became Heroes of the Soviet Union and Heroes of Russia. Now there are 7 Suvorov schools in the Russian Federation.
- cadet school
- cadet boarding school
- cadet corps
- Cadet classes appeared in some regular schools.
Obtaining education in a cadet institution of any type makes it possible for boys in the future to choose the profession of an officer. Not everyone will become a military man, but they try to make everyone strong, hardy, literate and cultured citizens. Indeed, in addition to a serious and in-depth study of the subjects of the compulsory school curriculum, adolescents study the history of military art, go in for ballroom dancing, master hand-to-hand combat techniques, and undergo compulsory military training.
To form and develop in students fidelity to civic and professional duty, discipline, a conscientious attitude to learning, the desire to master the chosen profession;
- Organize and conduct professional initial training of students in the field of activity of the State Border Control System;
- To form and develop in students special knowledge and skills, moral and psychological abilities, physical fitness and other personality traits in professional activities as a border control worker;
- Raise the general culture, bring up high moral, business and organizational qualities, physical endurance;
- Prepare cadets for further admission to one of the higher education institutions of their choice of law enforcement agencies: the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation; FSB RF; Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation; Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation.
The creation of the party was the result of the merger in 1905 of two illegal organizations - the Union of Zemstvo-Constitutionalists and the Union of Liberation. The party included aristocrats, nobles with progressive views and simply the most highly educated and intelligent people of their time. Among the party leaders were Prince Shakhovskoy and the brother-princes Dolgorukov, representatives of the royal dynasty and one of the largest landowners in Russia. The history of the creation of the party is inextricably linked with the name of its leader P.N. Milyukov, a prominent public figure who later became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Provisional Government of Kerensky.
The process of uniting the erudite liberal zemstvo landowners and the passionate leaders of the left-wing intelligentsia was extremely difficult. The figure of Milyukov, who had gone through political emigration, was almost the only one who suited the representatives of both unions. According to eyewitnesses, Milyukov had a unique gift for persuasion and knew how to unmistakably find a compromise in disputes. The highest party body of the party was the Central Committee, whose members were elected at congresses. The Central Committee consisted of the Moscow and St. Petersburg departments. At the same time, the St. Petersburg branch was responsible for developing the party program and bills. The Moscow department was in charge of publishing activities and the organization of propaganda work.
Program
The main idea of the Cadets' program was the introduction and development in Russia of liberal values and solutions implemented in the European democratic model of the state. The Cadets proposed the introduction of an 8-hour working day, freedom of speech, assembly, press and religion, universal compulsory and free primary education, inviolability of the person and home. The party advocated the independence of the judiciary and an increase in the area of land plots for peasants, but at the same time defended the principles of social organization based on a constitutional monarchy. That is, in fact, the Cadets were the quintessence of liberal ideas that existed at that time in the Russian Empire.
In 1917, after the February Revolution, the Cadets became one of the ruling parties. Party members entered the cabinet. In the same years there was a change in political course. The abdication of the tsar forced the Cadets to join the supporters. But their positions among the workers and peasants were weak, and their ideas were almost unknown to ordinary people. This was one of the reasons for the overthrow of the Provisional Government.
The conflict of political ideas within the party and the unsuccessful opposition to the Bolsheviks inexorably led the Cadets to a split, which happened in 1921 at a congress in exile in Paris. The party broke up into two currents, one of which was headed by Milyukov, the other by Gessen and Kaminka. At this stage, the history of the party of constitutional democrats of Russia ended.
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