Words are divided into syllables. Syllable- this is one sound or several sounds pronounced by one exhalation push of air.

Wed: wow, wow.

1. In the Russian language there are sounds of different audibility: vowel sounds are more sonorous compared to consonant sounds.

Exactly vowel sounds form syllables, are syllabic.

Consonants are non-syllabic. When pronouncing a word, the consonant sounds “stretch” towards the vowels, forming a syllable together with the vowels.

2. A syllable can consist of one sound (and then it must be a vowel!) or several sounds (in this case, in addition to the vowel, the syllable contains a consonant or a group of consonants).

The rim is o-bo-dok; country - country; night light - night light; miniature - mi-ni-a-tyu-ra.

3. Syllables can be open or closed.

Open syllable ends with a vowel sound.

Wow, country.

Closed syllable ends with a consonant sound.

Sleep, lay-ner.

There are more open syllables in Russian. Closed syllables are usually observed at the end of a word.

Wed: no-chnik(the first syllable is open, the second is closed), oh-bo-doc(the first two syllables are open, the third is closed).

In the middle of a word, the syllable usually ends in a vowel sound, and the consonant or group of consonants that comes after the vowel usually ends in the following syllable!

No-chnik, dammit, announcer.

Note!

Sometimes a word can have two consonants written but only one sound, for example: get rid of[izh:yt’]. Therefore, in this case, two syllables stand out: and-live.
Division into parts out-live corresponds to the rules of word hyphenation, and not division into syllables!

The same can be seen in the example of the verb leave, in which the combination of consonants zzh sounds like one sound [zh:]; therefore the division into syllables will be - leave, and division into parts for transfer is leave.

Errors are especially common when highlighting syllables in verb forms ending in -tsya, -tsya.

• Division twisting, pressing is a division into parts for transfer, and not a division into syllables, since in such forms the combination of letters ts, ts sounds like one sound [ts].


• When dividing into syllables, combinations of letters tc, tc go entirely to the next syllable: hover, press.

In the middle of a word closed syllables can only form unpaired voiced consonants: [j], [p], [p’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’].

May-ka, Sonya-ka, so-lom-ka.

Note!

When combining several consonants in the middle of a word:

1) Two identical consonants necessarily go to the next syllable.

O-t-t, yes-nn-y.

2) Two or more consonants usually extend to the next syllable.

Sha-pk a, equal.

Exception make up combinations of consonants in which the first is an unpaired voiced voice (letters r, r, l, l, m, m, n, n, th).

Mark-ka, dawn-ka, bul-ka, insole-ka, dam-ka, ban-ka, ban-ka, bark-ka.

4. The division into syllables often does not coincide with the division into parts of the word (prefix, root, suffix, ending) and with the division of the word into parts during transfer.

For example, the word calculated is divided into morphemes calculated (races- console, counts- root; a, nn- suffixes; th- ending).
When transferred, the same word is divided as follows: calculated.
The word is divided into syllables as follows: calculated.

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound system of language and speech sounds in general. Phonetics is the science of combining sounds in speech.

Phonetic analysis, or sound-letter analysis, is an analysis of the structure of syllables and the sound system of a word. This analysis is proposed to be performed as an exercise for educational purposes.

Analysis means:

• counting the number of letters;
• determining the number of sounds in a word;
• placement of stress;
• distribution of sounds into consonants and vowels;
• classification of each sound;
• compiling a transcription (graphic form of a word).

When parsing, it is important to distinguish between the concepts of “letter” and “sound”. After all, the former correspond to spelling rules, and the latter to speech rules (that is, sounds are analyzed from the point of view of pronunciation).

Before you begin sound-letter analysis, you should remember

There are ten vowel sounds in the Russian language:

The first five indicate that the preceding consonant is hard, and the second five indicate that the preceding consonant is soft.

And twenty-one consonants:

Voiced consonants are those that are formed with the participation of sound, and unvoiced ones are formed with the help of noise. Paired consonants are those consonants that form a voiceless/voiced pair. For example, [B]/[P], [V]/[F], [G]/[K]. Unpaired - those that do not form pairs: [L], [M], [P].

At phonetic analysis words, it is worth remembering that the consonants [Ч'], [Ш'], [И'] are always soft, regardless of which vowel forms a syllable with them. The consonants [Zh], [Sh] and [C] are always hard.

[Y’], [L], [L’], [M], [M’], [N], [N’], [P], [P’] - sonorous sounds. This means that when pronouncing these consonants, the sound is formed mainly by the voice, but not by noise. All sonorants are voiced sounds.

The Russian alphabet also contains the letters b and b. They don't make sound. b (soft sign) serves to soften the consonants after which it is placed. Kommersant ( solid sign) has a separating function.

Rules for parsing sounds

1. Transcription is written in square brackets: .
2. The softness of the sound is indicated by the symbol “’”.
3. Before deaf people, voiced consonants are deafened: nails - [nokt’i].
4. The sounds [s], [z] in word prefixes are softened: to separate - [raz’y’ed’in’it’].
5. Some consonants in words are not readable: bone - [inert’].
6. The combination of the letters “sch”, “zch” is read as “sch”: happiness - [sch’ast’y’e].
7. A doubled consonant is designated “:”: gradual - [past’ip’en:y’].

Sample sound-letter analysis of a word

1. Write the word according to spelling rules.
2. Divide the word into syllables.
3. Indicate the stressed syllable.
4. Say the word out loud and perform a transcription based on this.
5. Describe the vowel sounds in order, indicate which of them are stressed and which are unstressed. Describe the consonants. Describe them: paired/unpaired, voiced/voiceless, hard/soft.
6. Count the number of sounds and letters in a word.

SEARCH IN THE SPELLING DICTIONARY

Ⅰ. PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORD “CALL”

In a word call:
1. 2 syllables (bell);
2. stress falls on the 1st syllable: call

• 1st option

1 ) Transcription of the word “bell”: [zvó nk].

6 letters, 6 sounds

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Ⅱ. PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORD “CALL”

In a word ringing to:
1. 2 syllables (voice);
2. the stress falls on the 2nd syllable: ringing

• 1st option

1 ) Transcription of the word “zvon k”: [zvon k].

6 letters, 6 sounds

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PRONUNCIATION RULES 1

§ 20

§ 20. The letter o denotes the stressed vowel [o] in the following positions: a) at the beginning of a word: he, os, o sharp, o khat; b) after vowels: zaohat, absentee, further away, prototype; c) after hard consonants (except for hissing ones; for the position after hissing ones, see § 22): house, catfish, floor, side, here, thunder, crowbar, current, lump, guest, move, tskat.

§ 32

§ 32. In the 1st pre-stressed syllable, after hard consonants, except for the vowels [s] and [y], and at the beginning of the word, except for the vowels [i] and [y] (about them, see §§ 5-13), it is pronounced vowel [a]. The vowel [a] in this position is denoted in writing by the letter i or o.

Thus, in place of the letters a and o, the vowel [a] is pronounced: 1) after hard consonants: a) gardens, gifts, mala, plow, old man, grass; naughty, shalash, fry, hot, reign, scratch; b) water (pronounced [wada]), leg (pronounced [naga]), thunderstorm (pronounced [graza]), fields (pronounced [pal❜ á ]), seas (pronounced [mar❜ á ]), tables (pronounced [ became ]), fruits (pronounced [pladý ]), please (pronounced [prashú ]), went (pronounced [pashó l]), driver (pronounced [shaf❜ ó r), juggler (pronounced [jangle❜ ó r]); 2) at the beginning of the word: a) pharmacy, Armenian, arshin, accord, barn; b) window (pronounced [aknó]), one (pronounced [adin]), cucumber (pronounced [agú rchik]), aspen (pronounced [ası́ ny]), dress (pronounced [adé t❜ ]) .

The vowel [a] of the 1st pre-stressed syllable is somewhat different from the stressed [a]: when pronounced, the lower jaw is less pubescent, the opening of the mouth is narrower, the back of the back of the tongue is slightly raised. Therefore, with a more accurate transcription, these sounds should be distinguished, for example, to denote the unstressed [o], use the sign Λ, preserving the letter a for the stressed [a]: [voda] (water). In this dictionary-reference book, the letter a is used to denote both unstressed [a] (more precisely [Λ], and [a] stressed.

§ 48

§ 48. In overstressed syllables, after hard consonants, except for the vowels [ы] and [у] (about them, see §§ 5-13), the vowel [ъ] is pronounced, which is denoted in writing by the letters o and a.

Thus, in place of the letters A And O in overstressed syllables the vowel [ъ] is pronounced: a) vý dan (pronounced [vý dān]), selected (pronounced [vý brnʹ]), pulled out (pronounced [vý taskl]), worked tal (pronounced [raboʹ tʹl]), by fences (pronounced [пъ-заbó ъм]), on the fences (pronounced [нъ-зabó ръх]), behind the fences (pronounced [зъ-зabó ръмь]), cow (pronounced [ко́ въ]), windows ( pronounced [о́ кнъ]), dela (pronounced [dé l]), squeezed out (pronounced [vý zhъl]), through the puddles (pronounced [pa-lú zhъm]), in the puddles (pronounced [v-lú zhъh] ), behind the puddles (pronounced [za-lú zh'mi]), puddle (pronounced [lúzh]), you scratched (pronounced [vý tsarʹpʹl]), chicken (pronounced [kuricz]), in the faces (pronounced [pa-u face]); b) take out (pronounced [vý nъs]), throw (pronounced [vý brъs]), head (pronounced [golvu]), on the head (pronounced [na -gulvu]), on the house (pronounced [na - dʹm], narrow (pronounced [у́ зак]), behind the house (pronounced [za-dó mъm]), on the old (pronounced [na-stá rъm]), behind the ditch (pronounced [z-kana voy] ), hay (pronounced [se ́ n]), delo (pronounced [de ́ l]), a lot (pronounced [mno ́ g]), na ́ do (pronounced [na ́ d]).

Thus, if the ending of the form is unstressed. n. and gen. p.un. h. matter and cases or forms average. and female birth past the time has set and set (there is business and there is no business; the sun has set and the moon has set) are pronounced the same way - with a vowel [ъ] at the end: [del ъ], [зхади лъ]. The TV forms are also pronounced the same. p.un. hours and dates p.m. h. husband and average genera: technicians and technicians, fences and fences, barrels and barrels, chairs and chairs: [technics], [fences], [dulums], [chairslam].

Note. At the end of some unchangeable words of foreign language origin, in place of the letter o in an overstressed syllable, the vowel [o] can be pronounced without reduction, for example: aviso (can be pronounced [zo]), veto (can be pronounced [to]), credo (can be pronounced [ to]), legato (can be pronounced [to]), allegro (can be pronounced [ro]). For such words, pronunciation marks are given in the dictionary.

1 Pronouncing dictionary Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S.N. Borunova, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; Ed. R.I. Avanesova. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. lang., 1988. - 704 pp.

As soon as parents begin to think about how to teach their child reading skills, in addition to letters and syllables, the concept “ sound analysis words". However, not everyone understands why it is necessary to teach a child who cannot read how to do it, because this can only cause confusion. But, as it turns out, the ability to write correctly in the future depends on the ability to correctly understand words into sounds.

Sound analysis of a word: what is it

First of all, it is worth giving a definition. So, sound analysis of a word is the determination of the order in which sounds are placed in a particular word and the characterization of their features.

Why do children need to learn to perform sound analysis of a word? To develop phonemic awareness, that is, the ability to clearly distinguish between sounds and not confuse words, for example: Tim - Dima. After all, if a child is not taught to clearly distinguish words by ear, he will not be able to write them down correctly. And this skill can be useful not only when studying the grammar of your native language, but also when studying the languages ​​of other countries.

The order of parsing words by sounds

When performing a sound analysis of any word, you must first place the stress and then divide it into syllables. Then find out how many letters are in the word and how many sounds. The next step is to analyze each sound step by step. After this, it is calculated how many vowels and how many consonants are in the analyzed word. At first, it is better for children to be given simple one-syllable or two-syllable words for analysis, for example their names: Vanya, Katya, Anya and others.

When the child has gradually figured out how to correctly analyze simple examples, it is worth complicating the analyzed word examples.

Sound analysis of a word: diagram

When working with very young children, special colored cards are used to better assimilate information.

With their help, children learn to create a sound analysis scheme.

The scarlet card is used to indicate vowel sounds. Blue - hard consonants, green - soft. To indicate syllables, two-color cards in the same color scheme are used. With their help, you can teach your child to characterize sounds and whole syllables. You also need a card to indicate stress and a card to show the division of the word into syllables. All these symbols, which help teach a child to make a sound analysis of a word (the diagram plays an important role in this), are approved by the official school curriculum Russia.

Vowel sounds and their brief characteristics. Diphthongs

Before you start analyzing a word, it is important to know what features all phonetic sounds (vowels/consonants). When teaching children in the early stages, it is necessary to provide information only about the most simple properties, the child will study everything else in high school.

Vowel sounds (there are six of them: [o], [a], [e], [s], [u], [i]) can be stressed/unstressed.
Also in Russian there are letters that in a certain position can produce a pair of sounds - ё [yo], yu [yu], ya [ya], e [ye].

If they follow consonants, they sound like one sound and add softness to the preceding sound. In other positions (the beginning of a word, after vowels and “ъ” and “ь”) they sound like 2 sounds.

Brief characteristics of consonants

There are thirty-six consonant sounds in our language, but they are represented graphically by only twenty-one characters. Consonants are hard and soft, as well as voiced and voiceless. They also may/may not form pairs.

The table below lists voiced and unvoiced sounds that can form pairs, and those that do not have this ability.

It is worth remembering: the consonant sounds [y`], [ch`], [sch`] are soft in any position, and the consonants [zh], [ts], [sh] are always hard. The sounds [ts], [x], [ch`], [sch`] are absolutely always unvoiced, [m], [n], [l], [р], [й`] are (sonorous) or voiced .

Soft and hard signs do not produce sounds. Soft sign makes the previous consonant soft, and the hard sign plays the role of a sound separator (for example, in Ukrainian the apostrophe plays a similar role).

Examples of sound analysis of words: “language” and “group”

Having understood the theory, it is worth trying to practice.

For example, you can conduct a sound analysis of the word “language”. This word is quite simple, and even a beginner can understand it.

1) In this example there are two syllables “I-language”. 2nd syllable is stressed
2) The first syllable is formed using the diphthong “ya”, which is at the beginning of the word, and therefore consists of 2 sounds [y`a]. The sound [й`] is a consonant (ag.), soft (soft.) (green card), the second sound [a] is a vowel, unstressed (scarlet card). To indicate this syllable in the diagram, you can also take a two-color green-red card.

4) Syllable 2 “tongue”. It consists of three sounds [z], [s], [k]. Consonant [z] - hard, voiced (card of blue color). Sound [s] - vowel, shock (red card). Sound [k] - agree, hard, deaf. (blue card).
5) The emphasis is placed and checked by changing the word being analyzed.
6) So in the word “language” there are two syllables, four letters and five sounds.

One point is worth considering: in this example, the word “language” was understood as if it were for first-grade students who do not yet know that some vowels in an unstressed position can produce other sounds. In high school, when students deepen their knowledge of phonetics, they will learn that in the word “language” the unstressed [a] is pronounced like [i] - [yizyk].

Sound analysis of the word "group".

1) In the analyzed example there are 2 syllables: “group”. 1st syllable is stressed.
2) The syllable “gru” is made up of three sounds [gru]. The first [g] - agree, firm, ringing. (blue card). Sound [r] - agree, hard, ringing. (blue card). Sound [y] - vowel, shock. (scarlet card).
3) A card is placed in the diagram indicating the division of syllables.
4) The second syllable “ppa” has three letters, but they produce only 2 sounds [p:a]. Sound [p:] - agree, hard, deaf. (blue card). It is also paired and pronounced long (blue card). The sound [a] is vowel, unstressed (scarlet card).
5) Emphasis is placed in the scheme.
6) So, the word “group” consists of 2 syllables, six letters and five sounds.

The ability to do the simplest sound analysis of a word is not something difficult, in fact it is a fairly simple process, but a lot depends on it, especially if the child has problems with diction. If you figure out how to do it correctly, it will help you pronounce words in native language without errors and will contribute to the development of the ability to write them down correctly.