Types of flying saucers. Characteristics and unusual properties of UFOs, types of UFOs and their appearance

Ill. 8. Red Bulls (Illinois). 1950

Comprehensive study of the properties of "behavior" and dimensions UFO, regardless of their shape, allows us to roughly divide them into four main types.

First: Very small objects, which are balls or disks with a diameter of 20-100 cm, which fly at low altitudes, sometimes fly out of larger objects and return to them. There is a known case that took place in October 1948 in the area of the Fargo airbase (North Dakota), when the pilot Gormon unsuccessfully pursued a round luminous object with a diameter of 30 cm, which very skillfully maneuvered, evading pursuit, and sometimes itself quickly moved towards the plane, forcing Hormon to avoid the collision (3).

Second: Small UFO, having an egg-shaped and disc-shaped shape and a diameter of 2-3 m. They usually fly at low altitude and most often land. Small UFO also repeatedly seen detaching from the main objects and returning to them.

Ill. 09. San Francisco. 1956

Third: Basic UFO, most often disks with a diameter of 9-40 m, the height of which in the central part is 1/5-1/10 of their diameter. Basic UFO They fly independently in any layer of the atmosphere and sometimes land. Smaller objects can be separated from them.

Fourth: Large UFO, usually having the shape of cigars or cylinders with a length of 100-800 meters or more. They appear mainly in the upper layers of the atmosphere, do not perform complex maneuvers, and sometimes hover at high altitudes. There have been no recorded cases of them landing on the ground, but small objects have been observed repeatedly being separated from them. There is an assumption that large UFO can fly in space. There are also isolated cases of observation of giant disks with a diameter of 100-200 m.

Such an object was observed during a test flight of the French Concorde aircraft at an altitude of 17,000 m above the Republic of Chad during a solar eclipse on June 30, 1973. The crew and a group of scientists on the plane filmed a movie and took a number of color photographs of a luminous object in the shape of a mushroom cap with a diameter of 200 m and a height of 80 m, which followed an intersecting course. At the same time, the contours of the object were unclear, since it was apparently surrounded by an ionized plasma cloud. On February 2, 1974, the film was shown on French television. The results of this study have not been published (9, 11).

Frequently occurring forms UFO have varieties. For example, disks with one or two convex sides, spheres with or without rings surrounding them, as well as oblate and elongated spheres were observed. Objects of rectangular and triangular shape are much less common. According to the French group for the study of aerospace phenomena, approximately 80% of all observed UFO had the round shape of disks, balls or spheres, and only 20% had the elongated shape of cigars or cylinders. UFO in the form of discs, spheres and cigars have been observed in most countries on all continents. Examples of rare UFO are given below. For example, UFO with rings encircling them, similar to the planet Saturn, were recorded in 1954 over Essex County (England) and over the city of Cincinnati (Ohio), in 1955 in Venezuela (7) and in 1976 over the Canary Islands.

UFO in the shape of a parallelepiped was observed in July 1977 in the Tatar Strait by members of the crew of the motor ship Nikolai Ostrovsky. This object flew next to the ship for 30 minutes at an altitude of 300-400 m, and then disappeared (114).

UFO Since the end of 1989, triangular shapes began to appear systematically over Belgium. According to the description of many eyewitnesses, their dimensions were approximately 30 by 40 m, with three or four luminous circles located on their lower part. The objects moved completely silently, hovered and took off at enormous speeds.

On March 31, 1990, southeast of Brussels, three credible eyewitnesses observed how such a triangular-shaped object, six times larger than the visible disk of the moon, silently flew over their heads at an altitude of 300-400 m. Four luminous circles were clearly visible on the underside of the object ( 153).

On the same day, engineer Alferlan filmed such an object flying over Brussels with a video camera for two minutes. Before Alferlan's eyes, the object made a turn and three luminous circles and a red light between them became visible on its lower part. At the top of the object, Alferlan noticed a glowing lattice dome. This video was shown on central television on April 15, 1990.

Along with the basic forms UFO There are many more different varieties found. The table, shown at a meeting of the US Congress Committee on Science and Astronautics in 1968, depicted 52 different shapes UFO.

According to the international ufological organization “Contact international”, the following forms are observed: UFO:

1) round: disc-shaped (with and without domes); in the form of an inverted plate, bowl, saucer or rugby ball (with or without a dome); in the form of two plates folded together (with and without two bulges); hat-shaped (with and without domes); bell-like; in the shape of a sphere or ball (with or without a dome); similar to the planet Saturn; ovoid or pear-shaped; barrel-shaped; similar to an onion or a top;

22 33

2) oblong: rocket-like (with and without stabilizers); torpedo-shaped; cigar-shaped (without domes, with one or two domes); cylindrical; rod-shaped; fusiform;

3) pointed: pyramidal; in the shape of a regular or truncated cone; funnel-like; arrow-shaped; in the form of a flat triangle (with and without a dome); diamond-shaped;

4) rectangular: bar-like; in the shape of a cube or parallelepiped; in the shape of a flat square and rectangle;

5) unusual: mushroom-shaped, toroidal with a hole in the center, wheel-shaped (with and without spokes), cross-shaped, deltoid, V-shaped (28).

Generalized NIKAP observation data UFO various forms in the USA for 1942-1963. are given in the following table.

Linear dimensions data UFO, reported by eyewitnesses, in some cases are very relative, since with visual observation only the angular dimensions of an object can be determined with sufficient accuracy.

Linear dimensions can only be determined if the distance from the observer to the object is known. But determining the distance in itself presents great difficulties, because human eyes, due to stereoscopic vision, can correctly determine the distance only within 100 m. Therefore, the linear dimensions UFO can only be determined very approximately.

Usually UFO have the appearance of metallic bodies of silver-aluminum or light pearl color. Sometimes they are shrouded in a cloud, as a result of which their contours seem to be blurred.

Surface UFO usually shiny, as if polished, and there are no visible seams or rivets. The top side of an object is usually light, and the bottom is dark. Some UFO have domes that are sometimes transparent.

UFO with domes were observed, in particular, in 1957 over New York (7), in 1963 in the state of Victoria (Australia) (20), and in our country in 1975 near Borisoglebsk (82) and in 1978- m - in Beskudnikovo (89).

In some cases, one or two rows of rectangular “windows” or round “portholes” were visible in the middle of the objects. An oblong object with such “portholes” was observed in 1965 by members of the crew of the Norwegian ship “Yavesta” over the Atlantic (53).

In our country UFO with “portholes” were observed in 1976 in the village of Sosenki near Moscow (82), in 1981 near Michurinsk (96), in 1985 near Geok-Tepe in the Ashgabat region (112). On some UFO rods similar to antennas or periscopes were clearly visible.

In February 1963, in the state of Victoria (Australia), a disk 8 m in diameter with a rod similar to an antenna (20) hovered at an altitude of 300 m above a tree.

In July 1978, members of the crew of the motor ship Yargora, sailing in the Mediterranean Sea, observed a spherical object flying over North Africa, in the lower part of which three structures similar to antennas were visible (96).
There have also been cases when these rods moved or rotated. Below are two such examples.

In August 1976, Muscovite A.M. Troitsky and six other witnesses saw a silvery metal object over the Pirogovsky reservoir, 8 times the size of the lunar disk, slowly moving at an altitude of several tens of meters. Two rotating stripes were visible on its side surface. When the object was above the witnesses, a black hatch opened in its lower part, from which a thin cylinder extended. The lower part of this cylinder began to describe circles, while the upper part remained attached to the object (115).

In July 1978, passengers of the Sevastopol - Leningrad train near Kharkov watched for several minutes as from the upper part of a motionlessly hanging elliptical UFO some kind of rod with three brightly glowing points came out. This rod was deflected to the right three times and returned to its previous position. Then from the bottom UFO a rod with one luminous point (115) extended.

Inside the bottom UFO sometimes there are three or four landing legs, which extend during landing and retract inward during takeoff. Here are three examples of such observations.

In November 1957, Senior Lieutenant N., returning from Stead Air Force Base (Las Vegas), saw four disc-shaped UFO with a diameter of 15 m, each of which stood on three landing supports. As they took off, these supports retracted inward before his eyes (2).

In July 1970, a young Frenchman, Erien J., near the village of Jabrelles-le-Bords, clearly saw how four metal supports ending in rectangles were gradually retracted inside the flying round UFO 6 m in diameter (87).

In the USSR, in June 1979, in the city of Zolochev, Kharkov region, witness Starchenko watched as a UFO in the shape of an overturned plate with a row of portholes and a dome. When the object dropped to a height of 5-6 m, three landing supports about 1 m long, ending in the likeness of blades, telescopically extended from its bottom. After standing on the ground for about 20 minutes, the object took off, and it was visible how the supports were retracted into its body (98).

At night UFO usually glow, sometimes their color and glow intensity change with changes in speed. During rapid flight, they have a color similar to that produced by arc welding; during slower flight, they have a bluish color. When falling or braking, they turn red or orange. But it happens that objects hovering motionless glow with bright light, although it is possible that it is not the objects themselves that glow, but the air around them under the influence of some radiation emanating from these objects. Sometimes on UFO Some lights are visible: on elongated objects - on the bow and stern, and on disks - on the periphery and on the bottom. There are also reports of rotating objects with red, white or green lights.

In October 1989 in Cheboksary six UFO in the form of two plates folded together hovered over the territory of the industrial association “Industrial Tractor Plant”. Then a seventh object joined them. On each of them yellow, green and red lights were visible. Objects rotated and moved up and down. Half an hour later, six objects soared up at great speed and disappeared, and one remained for some time (130).

Sometimes these lights come on and off in a specific sequence.

In September 1965, two police officers in Exeter, New York observed a flight UFO with a diameter of about 27 m, on which there were five red lights that lit up and went out in the sequence: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 4th, 3rd, 2nd , 1st. The duration of each cycle was 2 seconds (8, 45).

A similar incident occurred in July 1967 in Newton, New Hampshire, where two former radar operators observed through a telescope a luminous object with a series of lights flashing on and off in the same sequence as at the Exeter site (32).

The most important characteristic feature UFO is the manifestation of unusual properties in them, not found either in natural phenomena known to us, or in technical means created by man. Moreover, it seems that certain properties of these objects clearly contradict the laws of physics known to us. These properties will be revealed in subsequent sections of the second chapter.

A comprehensive study of the properties of the “behavior” and size of UFOs, regardless of their shape, allows us to conditionally divide them into four main types.

Main types of UFOs

First: Very small objects, which are balls or disks with a diameter of 20 - 100 cm, which fly at low altitudes, sometimes fly out of larger objects and return to them.
Second: Small UFOs, having an egg-shaped and disc-shaped shape and a diameter of 2 - 3 m. They usually fly at low altitude and most often land. Small UFOs have also been repeatedly seen detaching from and returning to the main objects.
Third: Main UFOs, most often disks with a diameter of 9 - 40 m, the height of which in the central part is 1/5-1/10 of their diameter. The main UFOs fly independently in any layer of the atmosphere and sometimes land. Smaller objects can be separated from them.
Fourth: Large UFOs, usually shaped like cigars or cylinders, 100-800 meters or more in length. They appear mainly in the upper layers of the atmosphere, do not perform complex maneuvers, and sometimes hover at high altitudes.

There have been no recorded cases of them landing on the ground, but small objects have been observed repeatedly being separated from them. There is speculation that large UFOs can fly in space. There are also isolated cases of observation of giant disks with a diameter of 100 - 200 m.
Commonly encountered forms of UFOs have variations. For example, disks with one or two convex sides, spheres with or without rings surrounding them, as well as oblate and elongated spheres were observed. Objects of rectangular and triangular shape are much less common. According to the French group for the study of aerospace phenomena, approximately 80% of all observed UFOs were round in the shape of disks, balls or spheres, and only 20% were elongated in the shape of cigars or cylinders. UFOs in the form of discs, spheres and cigars have been observed in most countries on all continents.
Along with the main forms of UFOs, there are many more different varieties.

UFO shapes

According to the international ufological organization "Contact international", the following forms of UFOs have been observed:
1) round: disc-shaped (with and without domes); in the form of an inverted plate, bowl, saucer or rugby ball (with or without a dome); in the form of two plates folded together (with and without two bulges); hat-shaped (with and without domes); bell-like; in the shape of a sphere or ball (with or without a dome); similar to the planet Saturn; ovoid or pear-shaped; barrel-shaped; similar to an onion or a top;
2) oblong: rocket-like (with and without stabilizers); torpedo-shaped; cigar-shaped (without domes, with one or two domes); cylindrical; rod-shaped; fusiform;
3) pointed: pyramidal; in the shape of a regular or truncated cone; funnel-like; arrow-shaped; in the form of a flat triangle (with and without a dome); diamond-shaped;
4) rectangular: bar-like; in the shape of a cube or parallelepiped; in the shape of a flat square and rectangle;
5) unusual: mushroom-shaped, toroidal with a hole in the center, wheel-shaped (with and without spokes), cross-shaped, deltoid, V-shaped.
The characteristic features of UFO flight are their ability to fly at enormous speeds and instantly develop such speeds from a motionless hover, as well as the ability to make sharp maneuvers and hover or instantly change the direction of their movement to the opposite.
There are many examples indicating that UFOs are capable of flying in space and in the atmosphere at enormous speeds, completely silently, without disturbing the environment, and the most reliable data was recorded using radars.

Unusual properties of UFOs

For some reason, UFO flights are not accompanied by explosive sounds that usually occur when airplanes break the sound barrier. It seems that these objects do not feel any air resistance at all, since they fly in any position of the body. A characteristic feature of the flight of UFOs is their ability to instantly develop enormous speeds from a motionless hover, or, conversely, to instantly stop at full speed or even change the direction of movement to the opposite.
One of the unusual properties of UFOs is their ability to disappear, becoming invisible to the human eye, and also suddenly appear. There are a number of cases where clearly visible objects suddenly disappeared before the eyes of eyewitnesses or disappeared in one place and suddenly appeared in another.

There are a significant number of reports of sightings of UFOs with one or more beams of light resembling searchlights. Most often these rays are directed towards the ground.
There have also been cases where rays emitted by UFOs moved back and forth or moved up and down.
There have also been cases where rays emitted by a UFO periodically appeared and went out.
At the same time, there are individual cases where rays emitted by UFOs and having the appearance of light exhibited very strange, completely unusual properties: these rays may not be scattered in space, but have clearly defined boundaries and a clear end of the beam, and the beam retains the same brightness throughout its length is similar to a neon tube; the rays emitted by the UFO ended in luminous balls; These rays can slowly extend out of the UFO, and then also gradually retract back. Another feature of the propagation of these rays is that they are apparently capable of bending at different angles, even straight. Such cases have also been observed both in our country and abroad.
These rays may be wider at the base and tapering towards the end, and the rays are sometimes intermittent or dotted, breaking up into luminous and dark areas, similar to illuminated advertising.
Some rays can easily pass through various obstacles and illuminate the space behind them.
Cases have also been recorded when the rays released by UFOs did not illuminate the surrounding area or the rooms into which they penetrated. In other cases, on the contrary, they illuminated the surrounding area in some special way, without forming shadows.
Considering the properties of the strange rays emitted by UFOs, French researchers Scornio and Pian indicate that these are apparently not ordinary light rays, if only because the speed of their extension and retraction has nothing to do with the speed of light. Most likely, we can assume that this is a stream of ionizing particles that make the air they encounter glow. In this case, their passage through the partitions becomes understandable. These particles can be deflected by an electromagnetic field, which explains the existence of curved beams. The flow of these particles can be intermittent - hence the stippling of the rays.

An analysis of numerous reports of UFOs shows that these objects are capable of having a diverse impact on living and inanimate nature and on various technical means.
The physical impact exerted by these objects can be purely mechanical, thermal, light, radiation, and is manifested both during flights and during UFO landings. Moreover, of particular interest are not only electromagnetic, but also some other, as yet unknown, types of radiation emitted by these objects and affecting the environment, living organisms and technical means.

The impact of UFOs on humans

The impact of UFOs on the human psyche, which manifests itself in a variety of forms, deserves special consideration. First of all, it should be noted that people have unequal sensitivity, as a result of which they perceive UFOs differently. There are a number of cases where individual people, long before the appearance of UFOs, experienced some kind of unreasonably excited state and a premonition of something unusual. Sometimes the very fact of the appearance of a UFO has a significant impact on the psyche of people. At this moment, some suddenly wake up, experiencing a feeling of some kind of anxiety, and go to the windows, where they see a UFO appearing.
Being in close proximity to a UFO has a particularly strong specific effect on the psyche of people. In some cases, it causes a feeling of fear or even horror in witnesses.
Sometimes close encounters with UFOs ended with more severe consequences for eyewitnesses, associated with severe nervous shock, causing a general disturbance of the mental state.
Sometimes UFOs seem to influence the subconscious of eyewitnesses, and this influence continues for some time after the encounter with the UFO. This is expressed in the fact that in a number of cases, people who were in close proximity to these objects remember everything that happened to them before and after the meeting with a UFO, but what happened during the meeting itself completely falls out of their memory. Sometimes this gap can be restored using so-called regressive hypnosis.
The impact of the UFO on the psyche of some people who found themselves near the UFO was also expressed in the fact that after that, for several days, they saw repeated and very real nightmares, from which they woke up in a very excited state.
There have also been isolated cases where people who found themselves near landing objects then slept for weeks and months, 16 hours a day. In very rare cases, after close encounters with UFOs, the mental abilities of eyewitnesses sharply increased or they developed the ability to hypersensitive perception.

Impact of UFOs on the Earth's surface

The impact of UFOs on the soil and ice cover is manifested mainly during their so-called landings, which took place on all continents, including in our country. Foreign sources indicate that more than 5,000 UFO landings have now been recorded in 65 countries (mainly in the USA, France, Canada, Spain, Australia, Argentina, England and Brazil).
Most often, plantings occur at night and in remote, sparsely populated areas, far from large cities. According to T. Phillips, the average length of time a UFO spends on Earth is about 5 minutes. In most cases, egg-shaped UFOs with a diameter of about three meters or objects shaped like a saucer with a diameter of 7-9 m land. When landing, UFOs usually release landing legs, and sometimes land on the body in a horizontal position, although there are isolated cases when they landed “edge-on” ". After a UFO takes off, various traces of mechanical impact remain at their landing sites, in approximately 50% of cases. Sometimes dents are found in the soil, which appear to be caused by the weight of objects landing directly on the body.
At the landing sites, an anomalous presence of substances not typical for the area was recorded, in particular magnesium, manganese, tin, as well as an oily green quickly evaporating liquid that has no analogues on Earth.
There have also been cases when, when a UFO flew to the ground, strange long white threads, nicknamed “angel hair,” fell out. These threads gradually turned into a gelatinous smelling mass that quickly evaporated. Touching them caused itching and left stains on the hands.
The impact of UFOs on vegetation is expressed primarily in the fact that circles or rings of burnt or crushed grass and burnt or broken trees are often found at planting sites.
At the same time, there are many cases where no traces remained at the planting site.

The impact of UFOs on technology

A wide variety of impacts of UFOs on various types of equipment have been recorded: from the harmless rotation of compass needles to the destruction of aircraft.
The force fields created by these objects can temporarily disrupt the operation of electrical and mechanical clocks, the operation of radios, weapons control systems, and even the power supply of entire cities, cause internal combustion engines to stop, and attract heavy objects to objects.
The impact of UFOs on the compasses of ships and aircraft was expressed in the fact that their arrows sometimes followed the objects, as if attracted by them, or continuously rotated.
There are a number of known cases in the USA and France when the appearance of a UFO caused disruption or stopping of electric and mechanical watches.
Very often, the appearance of UFOs led to the cessation of radio operation, which began to work again as soon as the UFOs flew away. In other cases, during UFO flights, intense interference was observed in the operation of radio and television stations. Cases of temporary cessation of operation of radar stations when a UFO appears have also been recorded. The examples below indicate that UFOs can disrupt weapons control systems.
One of the proofs of the strong electromagnetic influence from UFOs is also the unexplained disruption of the power supply systems of entire cities during their flights. In some cases, the power supply completely stops, which is explained by the activation of the emergency shutdown relay or blown fuses. However, there were also cases of power supply disruptions during UFO flights, when light bulbs in cities continued to smolder, that is, the operation of power plants did not stop, and the relays did not turn off, which indicates some kind of special impact from the UFO. There have also been cases where the pulsation of a hovering UFO caused a corresponding pulsation of electric lighting or a bell alarm.
It has also been noted that when a UFO appears at low altitude, the gasoline engines of cars that find themselves in close proximity to these objects usually stall, the car headlights dim or go out at night, and the radios turn off. According to MUFON, more than 400 cases of car engines stopping during encounters with UFOs have been recorded in the United States.
There are also examples when, under the influence of a UFO, the engines of flying aircraft stopped or began to work intermittently. There are also known cases of aircraft dying in collisions with UFOs.
Many UFO researchers theorize that the stalling of gasoline internal combustion engines appears to be caused by powerful electromagnetic fields that can be generated by these objects and affect the engines' ignition systems. Under the influence of such a field, a very high voltage is induced in the bobbin, and strong ionization occurs in the breaker, causing discharge breakdowns on all spark plugs at once, and the ignition becomes continuous. And this leads to the simultaneous ignition of the combustible mixture in all cylinders at once and the unconditional stopping of the engine, and therefore the generator running from it.

Types of UFOs

An analysis of numerous observations, the properties of “behavior” and the size of UFOs allows us to conditionally divide them into four main types, regardless of their shape.
1. Small objects, which are balls or disks with a diameter of 20 cm to 1 meter, which fly at low altitudes, sometimes they jump out of larger objects and return back. An example is the incident that took place in October 1948 in the area of the Fargo airbase (North Dakota, USA), when pilot Gorman unsuccessfully chased a round luminous object with a diameter of 30 cm, which maneuvered, evading the chase, and sometimes itself was rapidly heading towards the plane, forcing Gorman to avoid the collision.
2. UFOs are egg-shaped and disk-shaped with a diameter of 2-3 m. As a rule, they fly at low altitude and “land” more often than other types of UFOs. Small UFOs have been repeatedly seen detaching from the main objects and returning back.
3. The main UFOs, most often disks with a diameter of 9-40 m, the height of which in the central part is 1/5-1/10 of their diameter. Such UFOs fly independently in any layer of the atmosphere and sometimes land. Smaller objects can also be separated from them.
4. Large UFOs, most often in the form of cigars or cylinders, 100-800 meters or more in length. They appear mainly in the upper layers of the atmosphere, but do not perform various maneuvers, and sometimes hover at high altitudes. So far there have been no cases of them landing on the ground, but many times it has been noted how smaller objects have been separated from them. There is a hypothesis that large UFOs can fly in space. There are also some cases of observation of huge disks with a diameter of 100-350, sometimes more, meters. Ufologists suggest that such large UFOs are “mother ships” carrying smaller UFOs on board and sending “UFO scouts” to different parts of our planet;
According to the international ufological organization “Contact international”, the following forms of UFOs are distinguished:
Round: disc-shaped, shaped like an inverted plate, bowl, saucer or rugby ball, shaped like two plates put together, hat-shaped, bell-shaped, spherical or ball-shaped, similar to the planet Saturn, shaped like an onion or a top.
Oblong: rocket-shaped, torpedo-shaped, cigar-shaped, cylindrical, rod-shaped, spindle-shaped.
Pointed: pyramidal, in the shape of a regular or truncated cone, like a funnel, arrow-shaped, in the form of a flat triangle, diamond-shaped.
Rectangular: bar-like, in the shape of a cube or parallelepiped, in the shape of a flat square and rectangle.
Unusual shapes: mushroom-shaped, toroidal with a hole in the center, wheel-shaped, cross-shaped, deltoid, V-shaped, “flying wing”.
The vast majority of unidentified flying objects are the classic version - the “saucer”. This is usually a flat disk with a dome-shaped superstructure on top and sometimes below. The rarest case is a correct disk with no add-ons at all. In some cases, a UFO resembles a bell. Sometimes portholes, round or oval in shape, are visible on the surface of the object. Sometimes additional devices are noticeable: antennas, landing supports and other objects whose purpose is still unknown to us. Georg Adamski, a famous UFO researcher, first published a series of sensational photographs in 1952. He managed to take a photo of the bottom of the flying saucer. On its “bottom” three spherical objects are visible, which could be landing supports or engines of an unknown design to us.
Interestingly, in February 1965, nurse Magdalene Rodeffer shot a short film with an 8mm camera from the window of her car. Despite the miniature image, the Adamsky-type flying saucer and a similar landing device in the shape of three balls are clearly visible in the photographs. The diameters of UFO disks of this design range from several meters to several tens of meters. However, there are known cases of sightings of literally tiny UFOs, with a diameter of 30-50 cm. Most likely, these are controlled machines.
Commonly encountered forms of UFOs have variations. For example, disks with one or two convex sides, spheres with or without rings encircling them, oblate and elongated spheres were observed. The least common objects are rectangular and triangular in shape. According to the French group for the study of aerospace phenomena, approximately 80% of all observed UFOs were round in the shape of disks, balls or spheres, and only 20% were elongated in the shape of cigars or cylinders. UFOs in the form of discs, spheres and cigars have been observed in most countries on all continents. Examples of rarely seen UFOs are given below. For example, UFOs with rings surrounding them, similar to the planet Saturn, were recorded in 1954 over Essex County (England) and over the city of Cincinnati (Ohio), in 1955 in Venezuela and in 1976 over the Canary Islands .

Food for thought:

UFOs can be of any shape or size. There are small luminous spots that move strangely across the night sky. They are called “night lights” (nocturnal lights; NLs). This is the most widespread type of UFO. “Night lights” are actually not of much interest, since eyewitnesses in this case cannot see the details. Without them, a ufologist is unable to learn anything new. Distant objects, usually disk- or saucer-shaped, observed during the daytime are called “daylight disks” (DDs). If a witness saw a UFO from a very close distance (up to 500 meters), then such sightings are called “close encounters” (CEs).
Electronics engineer and famous scientist Daniel Fry photographed several designs of flying saucers in the United States for a long time. In his photographs you can see both disks with identical domes on top and bottom, reminiscent of lentils in shape, and flat plates of large diameter. Of extraordinary interest is a clear photograph of Eduard Mayer on March 24, 1976. The disk with a clearly visible beacon on top hovered above the ground at a low altitude. The diameter of this ship is approximately 100 meters, which allows it to be classified as a heavy ship. However, there are photographs of UFOs that show interplanetary ships in the shape of a regular ball. Sometimes such a ball accompanies a flying saucer, constantly following it with an escort of smaller sizes. Also, a ball ship can be the main means of transportation for aliens. True, this does not happen often. In the photograph of the ball, three points of the landing device are visible.
This design appears to exist on all flying saucers, supported when landing on three or four telescopic legs. Based on the depth of the dents in the ground from these supports at the UFO landing sites, one can approximately determine the weight of the flying saucer. Studies of landing sites have found that various UFOs weigh from several tons to several tens of tons. This is due to the size of the device and the material from which it is made. Analysis of the wreckage of a flying saucer found in Brazil showed that the material from which it is composed is an alloy of zinc, copper, strontium and magnesium. But the alloy has special strengthening properties. Experts believe that such an alloy does not exist in natural conditions, and it is most likely of artificial origin.
In some cases, one or two rows of rectangular “windows” or round “portholes” are visible in the middle of objects. An oblong object with such “portholes” was observed in 1965 by crew members of the Norwegian ship Yavesta over the Atlantic.
UFOs with “portholes” were also observed in 1976 in the village of Sosenki near Moscow, in 1981 near Michurinek, and in 1985 near Geok-Tepe in the Ashgabat region. On some UFOs, rods similar to antennas or periscopes were clearly visible.
In February 1963, in the state of Victoria (Australia), a disk 8 m in diameter with a rod similar to an antenna hovered at an altitude of 300 m above a tree.
The surface of the flying saucer is not painted, it is metal-colored - silver or aluminum. It is noticed that when moving, the casing glows, which depends on the speed of the UFO. The speed of a UFO ranges from hovering to speeds unthinkable for conventional aircraft - 200 thousand km/hour. But what is most striking is that at this speed the plate repeatedly changes direction at right angles. This should cause colossal overloads of several thousand g, which under terrestrial conditions would destroy any aircraft and, of course, be fatal to any living creature. It is still unclear how technology and humanoids cope with such catastrophic overloads under terrestrial conditions. Apparently, UFOs do not obey the normal laws of physics under Earth conditions.
Over the past few years, from different parts of the globe there have been reports of encounters with UFOs of an unusual shape - these are flying triangles. Such, by the way, quite large devices literally besieged the skies of Belgium for several days - they were observed by tens of thousands of residents of the capital and surrounding cities. According to the description of many eyewitnesses, their dimensions were approximately 30 by 40 m, with three or four luminous circles located on their lower part. The objects moved completely silently, hovered and took off at great speed. The meeting with similar giant flying objects on the other side of the globe, in Puerto Rico, ended dramatically. When a blue object the size of a football field appeared in the Cabo Royo region above the Sierra Bermaya mountains on December 28, 1988, no one believed it was a UFO. The object was triangular in shape with rounded edges. Three US Air Force fighters came out to meet the flying object. Hundreds of people watched as the plane rising towards the UFO disappeared in the blink of an eye, as if it had disappeared into thin air. The same fate befell the second fighter. As the pilot of the third plane, Colonel Stevens, and his Puerto Rican colleague Ioche Martin, recount in their interview, the metal triangular object suddenly, without any sound, split into two halves, which scattered in different directions and melted in the airspace. Numerous witnesses confirm that there was no mass hypnosis in this case - this is reality.
A triangular-shaped “flying tray” is an uncommon phenomenon, but perhaps even more rare is the sighting of a cigar-shaped UFO. A huge cigar was first registered on May 1, 1952 by G. Adamsky. It was an oblong-shaped aircraft with luminous portholes along the entire cigar-shaped body. After this, cigar-shaped UFOs were observed more than once. These ships reach colossal sizes. Some are about 1.5 km long. One of these giants was recorded over Moscow several years ago. But what is surprising: such ships are a kind of “womb” for several UFOs. It was repeatedly observed how a whole flock of luminous objects flew out of it. The landing of such “UFO queens” is an extremely rare phenomenon; it was first recorded by an American businessman of German origin, Raymond Schmidt, on November 5, 1957, on the highway between Boston and San Francisco, in the very center of the United States. Late in the evening, seeing a light near the road, Schmidt went to him by car. He saw a huge metal cigar lying in a clearing in the forest. He was met by several humanoid creatures emerging from the ship. They spoke to him in German. Schmidt thought that it was a Soviet aircraft of unknown design, in which German scientists were located. He hastened to retreat. And the ship silently rose into the air and disappeared behind the forest. Despite the fact that cigar-shaped aircraft have since been repeatedly observed in the air, they have been studied to a lesser extent than other designs. But, perhaps, we know the least about the UFOs that were observed by American astronauts who visited the Moon. Cosmonaut Staffaord spoke about this at one time upon his return to Earth. According to him, it was a flying saucer, similar to those that we encounter on earth.
A UFO in the shape of a parallelepiped was observed in July 1977 in the Tatar Strait by members of the crew of the motor ship Nikolai Ostrovsky. This object flew next to the ship for 30 minutes at an altitude of 300-400 m, and then disappeared.
However, we are very little familiar with space objects capable of diving under water and flying out of it. Such cases have been repeatedly recorded by trusted observers. Even the famous ocean explorer Piccard observed UFOs at great depths in the ocean. Scuba divers have repeatedly seen space objects under water.
But it should also be taken into account that in many cases the testimony of observers may not reflect the true shape of objects, since the disc-shaped
an object may look like a ball from below, like an ellipse from below and from the side, and like a spindle or mushroom cap from the side; an object shaped like a cigar or an elongated sphere may appear like a ball from the front and back; a cylindrical object may look like a parallelepiped from below and from the side, and like a ball from the front and back. In turn, an object in the shape of a parallelepiped from the front and back may look like a cube.
Data on the linear dimensions of a UFO reported by eyewitnesses are in some cases very relative, since with visual observation only the angular dimensions of the object can be determined with sufficient accuracy.
Linear dimensions can only be determined if the distance from the observer to the object is known. But determining the distance in itself presents great difficulties, since human eyes, due to stereoscopic vision, can correctly determine the distance only within 100 m. The linear dimensions of a UFO can only be determined approximately.

Food for thought:

Although there have been tens of thousands of UFO reports over the past forty years, less than 1% of them turned out to be hoaxes. For the most part, competent researchers can spot a hoax almost instantly. The most common type of hoax is manipulation with a candle or torch and a balloon filled with helium. With the help of these simple tools, they make the ball glow and thus give the impression of a UFO. Carefully planned and executed hoaxes that require deeper study are extremely rare. To rule out the possibility of a false report, you need to check the reliability of witnesses, the details of the report and any physical evidence, especially photographs. Before trusting the data obtained, the researcher must check the reliability and validity of these factors. The reliability of a witness can be checked through conversations with neighbors, friends, relatives, and work colleagues. In particular, the researcher is interested in determining whether he has a reputation as a sincere, responsible person, or as a hoaxer, joker and talker. The researcher also examines the message to determine whether it contains incredible statements or glaring inconsistencies. For example, are elements of the report similar to those found in science fiction, or are they so unusual that they have not appeared in other reports of UFO sightings? Does the witness claim to have seen a UFO many times even though no other witnesses can be found? Does the witness claim that important evidence of his claims mysteriously disappeared or was stolen by “government agents”? While these facts cannot prove a hoax, they may cast doubt on the report and should be considered during the investigation. Ultimately, the investigator must examine the readings to see if they have been altered, falsified, or hoaxed. If the testimony appears to be false, or if it can be explained in more prosaic ways, then a shadow of doubt falls on its validity. Often, experienced ufologists can identify a fake UFO photo at first glance. Various features, such as noticeable differences between the clarity of the UFO image and foreground and background objects, help identify a fake. Computer analysis of a photograph can also be used to prove a fake. Technical means can indicate counterfeit and provide factual data about object shapes, materials and density. It must be remembered that in any study it is necessary to examine the indications critically and carefully. The more unreliable facts are proven, the greater the shadow of doubt casts on the reliability of the UFO phenomenon as a whole. The "rule of thumb" in UFO research is that if something seems too good to be true, it probably is too good to be true. This rule applies not only in ufology, but also in life. Thus, the researcher must always approach any fact critically.

A comprehensive study of the properties of the “behavior” and size of UFOs, regardless of their shape, allows us to roughly divide them into four main types. First: Very small objects, which are balls or disks with a diameter of 20-100 cm, which fly at low altitudes, sometimes fly out from larger objects and return to them. There is a known case that took place in October 1948 in the area of the Fargo airbase (North Dakota), when the pilot Gormon unsuccessfully pursued a round luminous object with a diameter of 30 cm, which very skillfully maneuvered, evading pursuit, and sometimes itself quickly moved towards the plane, forcing Hormon to avoid a collision. Second: Small UFOs, having an egg-shaped and disc-shaped shape and a diameter of 2-3 m. They usually fly at low altitude and most often land. Small UFOs have also been repeatedly seen detaching from and returning to the main objects. Third: Main UFOs, most often disks with a diameter of 9-40 m, the height of which in the central part is 1/5-1/10 of their diameter.

The main UFOs fly independently in any layer of the atmosphere and sometimes land. Smaller objects can be separated from them. Fourth: Large UFOs, usually shaped like cigars or cylinders with a length of 100-800 meters or more. They appear mainly in the upper layers of the atmosphere, do not perform complex maneuvers, and sometimes hover at high altitudes. There have been no recorded cases of them landing on the ground, but small objects have been observed repeatedly being separated from them. There is speculation that large UFOs can fly in space. There are also individual cases of observation of giant disks with a diameter of 100-200 m. Such an object was observed during a test flight of the French Concorde aircraft at an altitude of 17,000 m above the Republic of Chad during a solar eclipse on June 30, 1973. The crew and a group of scientists on the plane filmed a movie and took a series of color photographs of a luminous object in the shape of a mushroom cap with a diameter of 200 m and a height of 80 m, which followed an intersecting course. At the same time, the contours of the object were unclear, since it was apparently surrounded by an ionized plasma cloud. On February 2, 1974, the film was shown on French television. The results of the study of this object were not published.

Commonly encountered forms of UFOs have variations. For example, disks with one or two convex sides, balls with or without rings encircling them, as well as flattened and elongated spheres were observed. Objects of rectangular and triangular shape are much less common. According to the French group for the study of aerospace phenomena, approximately 80% of all observed UFOs were round in the shape of disks, balls or spheres, and only 20% were elongated in the shape of cigars or cylinders. UFOs in the form of discs, spheres and cigars have been observed in most countries on all continents. Examples of rarely seen UFOs are given below.

For example, UFOs with rings surrounding them, similar to the planet Saturn, were recorded in 1954 over Essex County (England) and over the city of Cincinnati (Ohio), in 1955 in Venezuela and in 1976 over the Canary Islands A UFO in the shape of a parallelepiped was observed in July 1977 in the Tatar Strait by members of the crew of the motor ship Nikolai Ostrovsky. This object flew next to the ship for 30 minutes at an altitude of 300-400 m, and then disappeared. Since the end of 1989, triangular-shaped UFOs began to systematically appear over Belgium.

According to the description of many eyewitnesses, their dimensions were approximately 30 by 40 m, with three or four luminous circles located on their lower part. The objects moved completely silently, hovered and took off at enormous speeds. On March 31, 1990, southeast of Brussels, three credible eyewitnesses observed how such a triangular-shaped object, six times larger than the visible disk of the moon, silently flew over their heads at an altitude of 300- 400 m. Four luminous circles were clearly visible on the underside of the object. On the same day, engineer Alferlan filmed such an object flying over Brussels with a video camera for two minutes. Before Alferlan's eyes, the object made a turn and three luminous circles and a red light between them became visible on its lower part. At the top of the object, Alferlan noticed a glowing lattice dome.

This video was shown on central television on April 15, 1990. Along with the main forms of UFOs, there are many more different varieties. The table shown at a meeting of the US Congress Committee on Science and Astronautics in 1968 depicted 52 UFOs of various shapes. According to the international ufological organization Contact International, the following UFO shapes are observed: 1) round: disc-shaped (with domes and without them); in the form of an inverted plate, bowl, saucer or rugby ball (with or without a dome); in the form of two plates folded together (with and without two bulges); hat-shaped (with and without domes); bell-like; in the shape of a sphere or ball (with or without a dome); similar to the planet Saturn; ovoid or pear-shaped; barrel-shaped; similar to an onion or a top;

2) oblong: rocket-like (with and without stabilizers); torpedo-shaped; cigar-shaped (without domes, with one or two domes); cylindrical; rod-shaped; fusiform;

3) pointed: pyramidal; in the shape of a regular or truncated cone; funnel-like; arrow-shaped; in the form of a flat triangle (with and without a dome); diamond-shaped; 4) rectangular: bar-like; in the shape of a cube or parallelepiped; in the shape of a flat square and rectangle; 5) unusual: mushroom-shaped, toroidal with a hole in the center, wheel-shaped (with and without spokes), cross-shaped, deltoid, V-shaped.

Generalized NIKAP data on observations of UFOs of various shapes in the USA for 1942-1963. are given in the following table.

It should be borne in mind that in many cases, observers' readings may not reflect the true shape of objects, since a disk-shaped object may look like a ball from below, like an ellipse from the bottom side, and like a spindle or mushroom cap from the side; an object shaped like a cigar or an elongated sphere may appear like a ball from the front and back; a cylindrical object may look like a parallelepiped from below and from the side, and like a ball from the front and back. In turn, an object in the shape of a parallelepiped from the front and back may look like a cube. Data on the linear dimensions of a UFO reported by eyewitnesses are in some cases very relative, since with visual observation only the angular dimensions of the object can be determined with sufficient accuracy. Linear dimensions can be determined only if the distance from the observer to the object is known. But determining the distance in itself presents great difficulties, because human eyes, due to stereoscopic vision, can correctly determine the distance only within 100 m. Therefore, the linear dimensions of a UFO can only be determined very approximately. UFOs usually look like metal bodies of silver-aluminum or light - pearl color. Sometimes they are shrouded in a cloud, as a result of which their contours seem to be blurred. The surface of a UFO is usually shiny, as if polished, and no seams or rivets are visible on it. The top side of an object is usually light, and the bottom is dark. Some UFOs have domes, which are sometimes transparent. UFOs with domes were observed, in particular, in 1957 over New York, in 1963 in the state of Victoria (Australia), and in our country in 1975 near Borisoglebsk and in 1978 - in Beskudnikovo. In some cases, one or two rows of rectangular “windows” or round “portholes” were visible in the middle of the objects. An oblong object with such “portholes” was observed in 1965 by members of the crew of the Norwegian ship “Yavesta” over the Atlantic. In our country, UFOs with “portholes” were observed in 1976 in the village of Sosenki near Moscow, in 1981 near Michurinsk, in 1985 near Geok-Tepe in the Ashgabat region. On some UFOs, rods similar to antennas or periscopes were clearly visible.

In February 1963, in the state of Victoria (Australia), at an altitude of 300 m above a tree, a disk 8 m in diameter with a rod similar to an antenna hovered. In July 1978, crew members of the Yargora motor ship, traveling along the Mediterranean Sea, observed flying over the North Africa was a spherical object, in the lower part of which three antenna-like structures were visible. Cases were also recorded when these rods moved or rotated. Below are two such examples. In August 1976, Muscovite A.M. Troitsky and six other witnesses saw a silvery metal object over the Pirogovskoye Reservoir, 8 times the size of the lunar disk, slowly moving at an altitude of several tens of meters. Two rotating stripes were visible on its side surface. When the object was above the witnesses, a black hatch opened in its lower part, from which a thin cylinder extended. The lower part of this cylinder began to describe circles, while the upper part remained attached to the object. In July 1978, passengers on the Sevastopol - Leningrad train near Kharkov watched for several minutes as some kind of rod emerged from the upper part of a motionlessly hanging elliptical UFO with three brightly glowing dots. This rod was deflected to the right three times and returned to its previous position. Then a rod with one luminous point extended from the bottom of the UFO. Inside the bottom of the UFO there are sometimes three or four landing legs, which extend during landing and retract inward during takeoff. Here are three examples of such observations.

In November 1957, Senior Lieutenant N., returning from Stead Air Force Base (Las Vegas), saw four disk-shaped UFOs with a diameter of 15 m on the field, each of which stood on three landing supports. When they took off, these supports were retracted inward before his eyes. In July 1970, a young Frenchman, Erien J., near the village of Jabrelle-les-Bords, clearly saw how four metal supports, ending in rectangles, gradually retracted inside the taking off round UFO with a diameter of 6 m. In the USSR, in June 1979, in the city of Zolochev, Kharkov region, witness Starchenko watched as a UFO in the shape of an overturned saucer with a row of portholes and a dome landed 50 m from him. When the object dropped to a height of 5-6 m, three landing supports about 1 m long, ending in the likeness of blades, telescopically extended from its bottom. After standing on the ground for about 20 minutes, the object took off, and it was visible how the supports were retracted into its body. At night, UFOs usually glow, sometimes their color and intensity of the glow change with changes in speed. During rapid flight, they have a color similar to that produced during arc welding during slower flight - a bluish color. When falling or braking, they turn red or orange. But it happens that objects hovering motionless glow with bright light, although it is possible that it is not the objects themselves that glow, but the air around them under the influence of some radiation emanating from these objects. Sometimes some lights are visible on UFOs: on elongated objects - on the bow and stern, and on disks - on the periphery and on the bottom. There are also reports of rotating objects with red, white or green lights.

In October 1989, in Cheboksary, six UFOs in the form of two saucers folded together hovered over the territory of the Industrial Tractor Plant production association. Then a seventh object joined them. On each of them yellow, green and red lights were visible. Objects rotated and moved up and down. After half an hour, six objects soared up at great speed and disappeared, and one remained for some time. Sometimes such lights come on and go out in a certain sequence. In September 1965, two police officers in Exeter (New York) observed the flight of a UFO with a diameter of about 27 m, on which there were five red lights that came on and went out in the sequence: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 4th, 3rd, 2nd, 1 th. The duration of each cycle was 2 seconds. A similar incident occurred in July 1967 in Newton (New Hampshire), where two former radar operators observed through a telescope a luminous object with a series of lights flashing and extinguishing in the same sequence as at the object in Exeter. The most important characteristic feature of UFOs is the manifestation of unusual properties in them, which are not found either in natural phenomena known to us or in technical means created by man. Moreover, it seems that certain properties of these objects clearly contradict the laws of physics known to us.

There are many hypotheses about the nature of Unidentified Flying Objects ( UFO). For example, it is argued that outside observers take for UFO a type of ball lightning.

Material prepared by ufologist Gennady Komov

According to another hypothesis, UFO

UFO, flying over Estonia in June 1975. Appearing over Tallinn, it initially had the shape of a silvery triangle, but then turned into a ball and flew east. Above Kehra it already looked like a triangular pyramid, and above Aigvidu it had a T-shape and seemed transparent. Flying over Rakvere, it had a cylindrical shape, and over Kohtla-Jarve it had the shape of an egg in a vertical position. Then it flew to Narva and, as darkness fell, it lit up brightly. The UFO's flight altitude was about 18 kilometers. The object was moving against or perpendicular to the direction of the wind.

There are many hypotheses about the nature of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs). For example, it is alleged that outside observers mistake a type of ball lightning for a UFO. According to another hypothesis, UFO- This is a special form of life. It is clear that if unidentified flying objects are an atmospheric phenomenon or a living creature, there is no need to talk about its structure from the standpoint of technical analysis. Only if UFOs are products of a high civilization can we talk about its structure.

Appearance, size and shape

Unidentified flying objects still remain “black boxes” for us. We can only guess how they are structured and what purpose certain elements of their design have. At the same time, any conclusions can only be based on an analogy with samples of earthly technology, since we have no other examples from the relevant area before our eyes. It is clear that such an approach is fraught with incorrect interpretation, however, until the aliens themselves want to tell us about the structure and principles of operation of their aircraft, we have no choice but to trust our own senses and our (limited) ideas about the laws of the development of science and technology.

Let's start, as expected, with shape and size UFO. Both the size and shape of flying saucers can be very different. At the same time, the “plates” themselves do not occupy the most significant place in the ranking of observations. According to French ufologists, 30% of all unidentified objects are spheroids, disks (that is, “plates”) - 16%, cylinders - 14%, ovoid objects - 14%, various triangles, cubes, comets, dumbbells, crosses - 14%, point UFOs - 9%, dome-shaped ones - 3%. The size of objects ranges from several centimeters to tens of kilometers, but mostly from 2 to 70 meters (usually the figures are 5 - 10 meters).

Russian ufologist German Kolchin divides UFOs into four main groups based on shape and size.

The first group is very small objects, which are balls or disks with a diameter of 20 to 100 centimeters, which fly at low altitudes, sometimes flying out of larger objects and returning to them.

There is a known case that took place in October 1948 in the area of the Fargo airbase (North Dakota), when the pilot Gormon unsuccessfully pursued a round luminous object with a diameter of 30 centimeters, which very skillfully maneuvered, evading pursuit, and sometimes itself quickly moved towards the plane, forcing Hormone to avoid the collision.

The second group is small UFOs, which are egg-shaped and disk-shaped and have a diameter of 2 to 3 meters. These usually fly at low altitude and make landings most often.

Small UFOs have also been repeatedly seen detaching from and returning to the main objects.

“The third group is “basic” UFO

The fourth group is large UFOs, shaped like cigars or cylinders, ranging from 100 to 800 meters or more in length. They appear mainly in the upper layers of the atmosphere, do not perform complex maneuvers, and sometimes hover at high altitudes. There were no recorded cases of them landing on the ground, but it was repeatedly observed how small objects and “main” ones were separated from them UFO. There is an assumption that large UFOs can only fly in space. There are also isolated cases of observation of giant disks with a diameter of 100 to 200 meters above cities.

A similar object was observed over the Republic of Chad during a test flight of a French Concorde aircraft at an altitude of 17,000 meters during a solar eclipse on June 30, 1973. The crew and a group of scientists on board the plane filmed and took a series of color photographs of a luminous object in the shape of a mushroom cap with a diameter of 200 meters and a height of 80 meters, which followed an intersecting course. At the same time, the contours of the object were unclear, since it was apparently surrounded by a cloud of plasma.

Frequently encountered forms of UFOs have their own variations. For example, disks with one or two convex sides, spheres with or without rings surrounding them, as well as oblate and elongated spheres were observed. Objects of rectangular and triangular shape are much less common.

UFO Since the end of 1989, triangular shapes began to appear systematically over Belgium. According to the description of many eyewitnesses, their dimensions were approximately 30 by 40 meters, with three or four luminous circles located on their lower part. The objects moved completely silently, hovered and took off at enormous speeds.

On March 31, 1990, southeast of Brussels, three eyewitnesses observed how such a triangular-shaped object, six times larger than the visible disk of the moon, silently flew over their heads at an altitude of 300 - 400 meters. Four glowing circles were clearly visible on the underside of the object. On the same day, engineer Alferlan filmed such an object flying over Brussels with a video camera for two minutes. Before Alferlan's eyes, the object made a turn and three luminous circles and a red light between them became visible on its lower part. At the top of the object, Alferlan noticed a glowing lattice dome.

One should also take into account the fact that in many cases the testimony of observers may not reflect the true shape of objects, since a disk-shaped object looks like a ball from below, like an ellipse from below and from the side, and like a spindle or a mushroom cap from the side. An object shaped like a cigar or an elongated sphere may appear like a ball from the front and back. A cylindrical object may look like a parallelepiped from below and from the side, and like a ball from the front and back. In turn, an object in the shape of a parallelepiped from the front and back may look like a cube.

Data on linear dimensions and dimensions UFO, reported by eyewitnesses, in some cases are very relative, since with visual observation only the angular dimensions of an object can be determined with sufficient accuracy. Linear dimensions can only be determined if the distance from the observer to the object is known. However, determining the distance in itself is difficult, since human eyes, due to stereoscopic vision, can correctly determine the distance only within 100 meters.

UFOs usually look like metallic bodies of silver-aluminum or light pearl color. Sometimes they are shrouded in a cloud, as a result of which their contours seem to be blurred. Surface UFO- shiny, as if polished, and no seams or rivets are visible on it. The top side of an object is usually light, and the bottom is dark. Some UFOs have domes that are sometimes transparent.

In some cases, one or two rows of rectangular “windows” or round “portholes” were visible in the middle of the objects. Rods similar to antennas or periscopes have been seen on some UFOs. So, in February 1963, in the state of Victoria (Australia), at an altitude of 300 meters above a tree, a disk 8 meters in diameter with a rod similar to an antenna hovered. And in July 1978, crew members of the motor ship Yargora, sailing along the Mediterranean Sea, observed a spherical object flying over North Africa, in the lower part of which three structures similar to antennas were visible.

There have also been cases when these rods moved or rotated. In August 1976, Muscovite Troitsky and six other witnesses saw a silvery metal object over the Pirogovsky reservoir, 8 times the size of the lunar disk, slowly moving at an altitude of several tens of meters. Two rotating stripes were visible on its side surface. When the object was above the witnesses, a black hatch opened in its lower part, from which a thin cylinder extended. The lower part of this cylinder began to describe circles, while the upper part remained attached to the object.

In July 1978, passengers on the Sevastopol-Leningrad train near Kharkov watched for several minutes as a rod with three brightly glowing “dots” emerged from the top of a motionlessly hanging elliptical UFO. This rod was deflected to the right three times and returned to its original position.

Inside the lower part of the UFO there are sometimes three or four landing legs, which extend during landing and retract inward during takeoff.

Sometimes some kind of (signal?) lights are visible on UFOs: on elongated objects - on the bow and stern, and on disks - on the periphery and on the bottom. There are also reports of rotating objects with red, white or green lights. Sometimes these lights come on and off in a specific sequence.

In September 1965, two police officers in Exeter (New York) observed the flight of a UFO with a diameter of about 27 meters, on which there were five red lights that turned on and off in the sequence: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4 -th, 5th, 4th, 3rd, 2nd, 1st. The duration of each cycle was 2 seconds.

Thus, despite the variety of shapes and sizes, UFO remind us of aircraft - the absence of wings suggests that UFOs were created with the expectation of a wide range of speeds, including those speeds at which any tail only harms the flow around the object. Indeed, there are many examples indicating that UFO capable of flying in space and in the atmosphere at enormous speeds completely silently, without disturbing the environment, and the most reliable data was recorded using radars.

In the archives of ufologists one can find a case when, in December 1952, the onboard radars of a B-29 bomber flying at an altitude of 6,000 meters recorded several unknown objects flying past the plane at a speed of about 8,000 km/h. After this, the crew members themselves saw eight more giant UFOs, which crossed the plane's course at a speed that was later estimated at 14,000 km/h and disappeared into the stratosphere. These objects were also detected by ground radar.

UFO flights at high speeds were also recorded: in 1949 over the White Sands training ground (New Mexico) - a speed of 40,000 km/h, in 1952 over the Terre Haute airport (Indiana) - a speed of 67,000 km/h (7) and in 1953 over South Africa - a speed of 160,000 km/h (!).

Any aerodynamicist will confirm: wings are not needed at such speeds; the optimal shape of the device is a sphere or disk (“plate”). However, it remains a mystery what kind of engine is needed to accelerate the aircraft to such speeds. However, this mystery pales in comparison to the amazing ability UFO to transformation.

Transformations UFO

There are a number of cases where observers had the impression that UFO during flight they repeatedly changed their shape.

In March 1959, an unknown object was observed hovering over the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw. The object looked like two spheres of different diameters connected by a cylinder. Then it turned into a disk and moved away towards Mlotsin, but soon returned back and took on its previous form.

A rather strange incident occurred in December 1969 near the village of Lyzovo, Perm Region, where two luminous ellipses appeared above the edge of the forest near the drilling rig. Then they increased in size and turned into one ball, on both sides of which two smaller balls appeared. Soon a spark flashed in the middle ball, which turned into a disk, slightly smaller in size than the moon, but much brighter than it. Then, instead of three balls of regular shape, only one ball of a rather loose structure with a disk in the middle became visible, and after a few seconds the disk disappeared, and the shapeless ball disappeared beyond the horizon.

Repeated changes in shape were recorded in UFO, flying over Estonia in June 1975. Appearing over Tallinn, it initially had the shape of a silvery triangle, but then turned into a ball and flew east. Above Kehra it already looked like a triangular pyramid, and above Aigvidu it had a T-shape and seemed transparent. Flying over Rakvere, it had a cylindrical shape, and over Kohtla-Jarve it had the shape of an egg in a vertical position. Then it flew to Narva and, as darkness fell, it lit up brightly. Flight altitude UFO was about 18 kilometers. The object was moving against or perpendicular to the direction of the wind.

There are many cases where individual objects, before the eyes of eyewitnesses, seemed to be divided into two or more parts, which then scattered in different directions.

In September 1980, 200 miles southwest of Gibraltar, members of the crew of the research vessel Viktor Bugaev observed a cigar-shaped object of white color with a black stripe hovering over the stern of the ship, with two yellow rays emanating from one end. In front of eyewitnesses, this object split into two parts, one of which flew to the northeast, and the other to the northwest. The entire observation lasted 4 minutes and was recorded in the logbook.

The Izvestia newspaper of March 23, 1988 described how on March 18, 1988, the crew and passengers of a Chinese plane flying from Beijing to Urumqi observed an unknown object resembling a basketball, initially moving towards the plane. Before their eyes, this object changed its flight direction, and then split into two parts, which quickly moved away.

Along with this, there are cases when two identical objects were combined into one.

In February 1974, in Valeni Munta (Romania), ten children from an orphanage watched as two glowing orange spheres slowly approached each other and merged into an ellipsoidal object about 7 meters in diameter, which increased speed and disappeared.

In February 1979, near the city of Gorky, one could observe how two luminous objects, leaving behind silvery trails, merged into one, which began to move away.

It happened that such divisions alternated with connections, and this happened with objects several times in a row.

In August 1968, the crew and passengers of a plane flying from Adelaide to Perth (Australia) observed a large UFO, to the right and left of which there were three small objects. In front of eyewitnesses, a large object split into two parts, after which groups of small objects began to fly around each of these halves. And two halves of the big one UFO connected several times and separated again.

In July 1977, in Baku, astronomer Tikhonov noticed through a telescope a yellow-green object moving at a high altitude, which split into two halves, diverging in different directions. A few seconds later, one of these halves also split into two parts, each division being accompanied by an explosion. Soon one of the small parts joined the whole half, and then moved back to its previous position. Then all three parts came closer (without connecting), and after a while they separated again and disappeared from sight.

It is not possible to find any satisfactory explanation for such UFO transformations. Our own technology for creating air carriers so far only implies the possibility of separating and launching a lighter aircraft from a heavier one - while the shape of the carrier remains unchanged. What role do metamorphoses play? UFO for their functioning, it is difficult to say. Perhaps the answer to this question should be sought within UFO. However, we will talk about this next time...

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