Militia in troubled times

Second militia. Liberation of Russia. Russia was threatened with the loss of national independence, the dismemberment of the lands. In this difficult, dashing time in Nizhny Novgorod, a large and rich city on the Volga, the townspeople, led by Kuzma Minin, a simple "beef" (meat merchant) and township headman, organized a fundraiser to create a new militia. In the Volga region, Pomorye and other places, detachments of militias are being created, funds and supplies are being collected.

The second, or Nizhny Novgorod, militia was headed by Minin and Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky. The first was in charge of the treasury, the home of the militia, the second, a descendant of the family of Suzdal princes, became a military leader. Detachments marched on Nizhny from all sides, and the militia, which at first had 2-3 thousand soldiers, quickly increased its ranks. In March 1612 it moved from Nizhny to Kostroma and Yaroslavl. On the way, new reinforcements pour in. In early April, already in Yaroslavl, they created the "Council of All the Earth" - a government of representatives of the clergy and the Boyar Duma, nobles and townspeople; in fact it was led Pozharsky and Minin. Orders started to work. The militia already consisted of 10 thousand people - nobles, archers, peasants, artisans, merchants and others; it included Tatar detachments from Kasimov and Temnikov, Kadom and Alatyr.

Minin and Pozharsky.

In July, the militia left Yaroslavl - its leaders received the news that Hetman Khodkevich was coming to Moscow with an army. The militia went through Rostov, Pereyaslavl, Trinity. At the end of the month, the first detachments approached the capital from the north side. In August, the main forces appeared. Under the capital, they were met by detachments of Zarutsky and Trubetskoy. But Pozharsky and Minin chose not to unite with them, they stood separately. Soon Zarutsky left for Kolomna.

On August 22, Khodkevich's army, which came from the Commonwealth, with a huge convoy, settled down near Moscow. He tried to break through to the besieged in the Kremlin. But every time he was thrown back by the militias of Pozharsky-Minin and the detachments of Trubetskoy, either west of the Borovitsky Gates, or at the Donskoy Monastery. Having not gained success, having lost many people and wagons with food, the hetman left Moscow. The siege, the fighting continued. Famine began in the Kremlin, and the besieged capitulated at the end of October 1612. The militia solemnly entered the Kremlin - Moscow, the heart of all Russia, was liberated by the efforts of the people, who, in a difficult hour for Russia, showed endurance, steadfastness, courage, saved their country from a national catastrophe.

The “Council of All the Land” convened representatives of different strata of the population to the Zemsky Sobor (clergy, boyars, nobility, townspeople, Cossacks, black-sown peasantry). In January 1613, he elected young Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the son of the Tushino Patriarch Filaret, as tsar, in the world boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, a female relative of Tsars Ivan IV the Terrible and Fyodor Ivanovich. The election of the king meant the revival of the country, the protection of its sovereignty, independence and originality.

Liberation of Moscow in 1612. The new government had to solve difficult tasks. The country was ruined, exhausted. Gangs of robbers and invaders roamed the towns and villages. One of these Polish detachments, even before Mikhail Romanov arrived in Moscow (he was then in the Kostroma Ipatiev Monastery), operated in Kostroma and neighboring districts. The ancestral lands of the mother of the newly elected king were located here. It was winter time. The Poles appeared in one of the villages of the Romanovs, seized the headman Ivan Susanin and demanded that he show them the way to where his young master was. Susanin led them into the wilds and, dying himself under the sabers of enemies, destroyed the detachment. The feat of the Kostroma peasant played a role not only in saving Mikhail Fedorovich, but also in preventing a new unrest in the country, in the event of the death of young Romanov.

In October 1612, unable to withstand the famine, the enemy garrison surrendered the Kremlin.

The Moscow authorities are sending military detachments everywhere, and they are gradually freeing the country from gangs. The campaign in Russia, undertaken by the grown-up prince Vladislav in the autumn of 1618, ended in failure. On December 1 of the same year, in the village of Deulino, near the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, a truce was concluded for 14.5 years - hostilities ceased, Poland retained Smolensk and some cities along the southwestern border.

Almost two years earlier, on February 27, 1617, peace was established with Sweden under the Stolbovsky Treaty. She was given land along the southern and eastern shores of the Gulf of Finland with the cities of Ivan-gorod, Yam, Koporye, Oreshek. Russia again lost access to the Baltic Sea.

The task of "pacification" of the country in relations with neighboring countries was finally solved. There were internal affairs, first of all, the continuing unrest and uprisings of the offended people. The rebels during these years captured Cheboksary, Tsivilsk Sanchursk and other cities in the Volga region, Vyatka district and the city of Kotelnich in the northeast. Besieged Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. In Pskov and Astrakhan, local “better” and “lesser” people waged a fierce struggle among themselves for many years. In Pskov, in some years, the rebels established "smerd autocracy", removing the governors, boyars and nobles from business. Impostors operated in both cities.

The Romanov government organizes the fight against the rebels. The civil war is coming to an end. But its echoes, the last peals are heard for several more years, until 1617-1618.

The turmoil, also called by contemporaries the “Moscow or Lithuanian ruin”, is over. She left grave consequences. Many cities and villages lay in ruins. Russia has lost many of its sons and daughters. Agriculture, crafts were ruined, trading life died out. The Russian people returned to the ashes, proceeded, as was customary from time immemorial, to a holy cause - they revived their dwellings and arable land, workshops and trade caravans.

The Time of Troubles greatly weakened Russia and its people. But it also showed his strength. Early 17th century heralded the dawn of national liberation.

§First Romanovs
§On the eve of "Razinschiny"
§Stepan Razin
§Church reforms of the 17th century
§Nikon and Habakkuk

Intervention. Civil uprising.

Liberation of Moscow.

TROUBLE - indignation, uprising, rebellion, sedition, general disobedience, discord between the people and the authorities. IN AND. The TIME OF TROUBLES is a period of Russian history from 1598 to 1613, from the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the last representative of the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne, to the accession of Mikhail Romanov, the first representative of the new dynasty. The era of socio-political, economic and dynastic crisis. It was accompanied by popular uprisings, the rule of impostors, the destruction of state power, Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish intervention, and the ruin of the country.

Intervention is the forcible intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of another. Intervention can be both military and economic, ideological, informational, diplomatic, financial, etc. Polish-Lithuanian intervention (beginning of the 17th century) - the intervention of the Commonwealth in the internal affairs of Russia during the Time of Troubles; actions of the ruling circles of the Commonwealth, aimed at the dismemberment of Russia and the elimination of its state independence. Swedish intervention - Sweden's military intervention in the internal affairs of Russia during the Time of Troubles with the aim of tearing away from Russia the northwestern (Pskov, Novgorod) and northern Russian regions. The open intervention of the Swedes in Russia began in the summer of 1610 and developed until 1615.

Militia: A militia is an army, a squad, an army, especially a people's army, assembled on an emergency occasion, a people's or zemstvo army. (according to V.I. Dahl) The First Zemstvo Militia is a militia under the leadership of Prokopy Lyapunov, created in Russia in 1611, during the Time of Troubles, to fight the Polish intervention. The second militia is a people's militia under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky, created in Russia in 1611, during the Time of Troubles, to fight the Polish intervention.

Minin Kuzma (? - 1616) He is also called Kozma, Kosma, by his patronymic - Zakharyevich, nicknamed - Sukhoruky or Sukhoruk, or Zakharyev-Sukhoruky

Pozharsky Dmitry Mikhailovich (1578 - 1642)

Church of John the Baptist in Nizhny Novgorod

Tasks Give definitions: What is turmoil? What is an intervention? What is a militia?

Quiz №1 What are the names of the interventions of the time of troubles: Polish-Lithuanian and Ottoman Swedish and Greek Greco-Roman and Ottoman Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish In what year did the Polish-Lithuanian intervention begin? In 1147 In 1340 In 1609 In 2015 In what year did the Swedish intervention begin? In 1610 In 1609 In 1054 In 1999 How many people's militias were formed during the turmoil? 10 3 0 2

Test number 2 When was the first people's militia formed? In June 1505 In January 1611 In December 1700 In September 1445 Who was the leader of the first militia? P.P. Lyapunov K. Minin B. Godunov D. Medvedev When was the second people's militia formed? In September 1611 In April 1054 In October 1598 In December 1611 Who was at the head of the second people's militia? Putin and Medvedev Minin and Pozharsky Bolotnikov and Pugachev Razin and Godunov

Keys to Test #1 d c a d Keys to Test #2 b a a b

First militia

The first people's (zemstvo) militia- militia led by Procopius Lyapunov, Ivan Zarutsky and Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, who in 1611 tried to put an end to the Polish-Lithuanian occupation of Moscow.

At the beginning of January 1611, Patriarch Hermogenes began to send letters to Russian cities containing the following call:

You see how your fatherland is being plundered, how they swear at holy icons and temples, how innocent blood is shed... Disasters like our disasters have never happened, you won’t find anything similar in any books.

The letter of the patriarch found a warm response in Ryazan, where the voivode Prokopy Lyapunov, the first of the future leaders of the people's militia, began to gather patriots of the Russian land for the campaign and liberation of Moscow from the interventionists and already sent out letters on his own, calling for the fight against the Poles.

The Poles, having learned about this, called for help for the ruin of the Ryazan cities of the Little Russian Cossacks, who occupied a number of cities, including Pronsk. Lyapunov recaptured the city from them, but he himself fell under siege. Prince D. M. Pozharsky, the governor of Zaraisk, came to the aid of Lyapunov. Having released Lyapunov, Pozharsky returned to Zaraysk. But the Cossacks, who left near Pronsk, captured the Zaraysk fortifications (stockade) around the Kremlin, where Pozharsky was located, at night. Pozharsky managed to knock them out, the survivors fled.

Lyapunov's militia was significantly reinforced by former supporters of the "Tushinsky Thief", who, however, subsequently ruined his undertaking. Among them were Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, Masalsky, princes Pronsky and Kozlovsky, Mansurov, Nashchokin, Volkonsky, Volynsky, Izmailov, Velyaminov.

The Cossack freemen, led by atamans Zarutsky and Prosovetsky, also went over to the side of the militias.

In January 1611, the inhabitants of Nizhny Novgorod, having established themselves by kissing the cross (oath) with the balakhons (residents of the city of Balakhna), sent draft letters to the cities of Ryazan, Kostroma, Vologda, Galich and others, asking them to send warriors to Nizhny Novgorod in order to “stand for ... faith and for Moscow state at one. Appeals from Nizhny Novgorod were successful. Many Volga and Siberian cities responded.

The Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov, in turn, sent his representatives to Nizhny Novgorod to agree on the timing of the campaign against Moscow and asked Nizhny Novgorod to take more ammunition with them, in particular gunpowder and lead.

The advance detachment of the Nizhny Novgorod people set out from Nizhny Novgorod on February 8, and the main forces under the command of the governor, Prince Repnin, on February 17. In Vladimir, the advance detachment of Nizhny Novgorod united with the Cossack detachment of Prosovetsky. Repnin, having joined on the road with Masalsky and Izmailov, caught up with the advance detachment, and all of them together reached Moscow in mid-March 1611, where they met with the troops of Lyapunov and other governors. Among the associates of Lyapunov, the Zaraisk governor, Prince Pozharsky, arrived with his detachment. The Polish garrison of Moscow consisted of 7 thousand soldiers under the command of Hetman Gonsevsky, 2000 of them were German mercenaries.

On March 19, 1611, the first detachments of the First Home Guard reached the walls of Moscow, where a popular uprising began, which was brutally suppressed by a detachment of German mercenaries. According to some reports, up to 7 thousand Muscovites died. A large number of victims is explained by the fire that arose during the riots. Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Golitsyn, who was in custody, was also killed.

Among the Muscovites were the advance detachments of the militia that had penetrated the city, led by Prince Pozharsky, Buturlin and Koltovsky. The Pozharsky detachment met the enemies on Sretenka, repulsed them and drove them to Kitay-gorod. Buturlin's detachment fought in the Yauza Gates, Koltovsky's detachment - in Zamoskvorechye. Seeing no other means to defeat the enemy, the Polish troops were forced to set fire to the city. Special companies were appointed, which set fire to the city from all sides. Most of the houses were set on fire. Many churches and monasteries were looted and destroyed.

On March 20, the Poles counterattacked a detachment of the First Home Guard, which settled on the Lubyanka. Pozharsky was seriously wounded, he was taken to the Trinity Monastery. The attempt of the Poles to occupy Zamoskvorechye failed, and they fortified themselves in Kitai-Gorod and the Kremlin.

On March 24, a detachment of Prosovetsky's Cossacks approached Moscow, but it was attacked by the Polish cavalry of Sborovsky and Strus, suffered significant losses and retreated. In the skirmish, about 200 Prosovetsky Cossacks were killed, after which he went on the defensive ("sat down in walk-towns"). The Poles did not dare to attack and returned to Moscow.

On March 27, the main forces of the First Home Guard approached Moscow: detachments of Lyapunov, Zarutsky and others. A militia of 100 thousand people strengthened at the Simonov Monastery. By April 1, the militia was already assembled. On April 6, it attacked the towers of the White City, and on May 22, the towers of Kitai-Gorod.

Having stopped near Moscow, the people's militia did not begin active hostilities against the Poles who were under siege, but began to restore power structures. On the basis of the army headquarters, the Zemsky Sobor was founded, which consisted of "vassal Tatar khans (princes), boyars and rounders, palace officials, clerks, princes and murzas (Tatar princes), nobles and boyar children, Cossack atamans, delegates from ordinary Cossacks and all service people.

In the militia, antagonism between the Cossacks and the nobles immediately emerged: the former sought to preserve their liberty, the latter - to strengthen serfdom and state discipline. This was complicated by personal rivalry between two prominent figures at the head of the militia - Ivan Zarutsky and Prokopy Lyapunov. The Poles skillfully took advantage of this. They sent fabricated letters to the Cossacks, where it was written that Lyapunov was trying to destroy the Cossacks.

Lyapunov was summoned to the Cossack circle and hacked to death there on June 22, 1611. After that, most of the nobles left the camp; the Cossacks under the command of Zarutsky and Prince Trubetskoy remained until the approach of the Second Militia of Prince Pozharsky.

Second militia

The second national or second zemstvo militia - arose in September 1611 in Nizhny Novgorod to fight the Polish invaders. It continued to actively form during the journey from Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow, mainly in Yaroslavl in April - July 1612. It consisted of detachments of townspeople, peasants of the central and northern regions of Russia. The leaders are Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In August 1612, with part of the forces remaining near Moscow from the First Home Guard, they defeated the Polish army near Moscow, and in October 1612, they completely liberated the capital from occupation by the interventionists.

The initiative to organize the Second People's Militia came from the craftsmen and merchants of Nizhny Novgorod, an important economic and administrative center on the Middle Volga. At that time, about 150 thousand males lived in the Nizhny Novgorod district (in the Nizhny district itself - about 3.5 thousand male residents, of which about 2-2.5 thousand townspeople), there were up to 30 thousand households in 600 villages.

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Causes of the First Militia

Formation of the First Militia

The initiative to create a militia was shown by the elected authorities of the cities. They began to send letters to each other with a call to abandon the power of the "traitors" who had settled in the Kremlin.

Only by rising "with all the earth" could Moscow be liberated and legally, at the Zemsky Sobor, choose a new tsar.

Patriarch Hermogenes initiated the rise of the people, the Zemsky Sobor was convened from service people - the “Council of the whole earth”. The first militia was headed by the voivode Prokopy Lyapunov, as well as Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, Cossack ataman Ivan Zarutsky. The participants in the campaign pursued not only selfish goals. In their actions, patriotic sentiments are clearly visible: the desire to clear Moscow of interventionists and elevate an Orthodox tsar to the throne.

Composition of the First Militia

After the death of False Dmitry II, the Cossack ataman I. S. Zarutsky became his political heir, who proclaimed the newly born son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek Ivan as king. Together with Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, Zarutsky led his regiments to Moscow. Simultaneously with the former Tushinians, detachments of the Ryazan nobles under the command of P.P. Lyapunov moved to Moscow.

Campaign of the militia to Moscow

From the beginning of 1611, detachments of the First Militia from different cities moved towards the capital and in March 1611 approached Moscow.

The inhabitants of Moscow were burdened by the presence of foreigners. In March 1611, the citizens of the capital raised an uprising against the Poles. However, the Poles and their Russian henchmen managed to save the day by starting a fire. Fires started in the city. Forgetting about the rebellion, the townspeople rushed to save their property. The raging fire destroyed most of the Moscow suburb, almost all of Moscow burned out. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru

The army of Lyapunov, Trubetskoy and Zarutskoy approached Moscow a few days after the fire. The militia entered the burning city. They managed to capture the White City. The Poles took refuge behind the walls of Kitay-gorod and the Kremlin, which were not damaged by the fire. An attempt to storm the powerful city fortifications was repulsed by the besieged.

Failure of the militia

Soon strife broke out in the militia camp, enmity broke out between the nobles and the Cossacks. It was skillfully inflated by the Poles and supporters of the Seven Boyars. The leader of the Lyapunov movement was summoned to the Cossack circle, suspected and accused of treason and killed by the Cossacks. After that, the nobles, who had lost their leader, went home. The militia as a single force ceased to exist. However, the Cossack troops continued to stand near Moscow and from time to time attempt to storm it.

Thus, the First Militia broke up, without liberating the capital from the Poles. The situation in the country became almost hopeless.

On this page, material on the topics:

Formation of 1 militia in a Russian city
Boltnikov's uprising
Militia and liberation of moscow table
Members of the 1 militia
Date of the liberation of Moscow from the Poles

Questions for this article:

From which cities and where was the First People's Militia sent?

Material from the site http://WikiWhat.ru

The prerequisites for "distemper" and its general periodization

At the turn of the 16th–17th century, the Muscovite state experienced a severe crisis that engulfed all spheres of life and brought it to the brink of existence. The main prerequisites for unrest are the ruin of the country as a result of the Livonian War and the oprichnina, and the intensification of social conflicts.

The main directions of social conflicts:

the struggle of the peasants against enslavement (reserved years were introduced, and then a five-year period for the search and return of fugitive and deported peasants);
boyars against autocracy;
small service people are also dissatisfied with their position.
The effect of these socio-economic factors was intensified by the socio-psychological state of society: the oprichnina led to the moral degradation of society: According to the great Russian historian S.M. While the sovereigns of the usual dynasty sat on the Moscow throne, the vast majority of the population meekly obeyed. But the suppression of the dynasty led to general unrest and crisis. A huge number of "thieves' people" appeared - outcasts, not bound by any moral restrictions, ready to fight under any banner.

Academician Sergei Platonov, the most prominent researcher of the "distemper", singled out its three periods: dynastic, social and national.

"Dynastic" period - 1598-1606 (reign of Boris Godunov and False Dmitry I).

"Social" period - the uprising of Bolotnikov in 1606-1607.
"National" period - 1607-1612 (the struggle against the interventionists is increasingly coming to the fore)
Naturally, there is a large share of conventionality in such periodization, since all these three aspects were traced throughout the "Time of Troubles".

"Dynastic" period of "troubles"

On the eve of the "troubles" in 1584-1598. reign of Tsar Fedor. A certain stabilization of the internal and international situation of the country.

The real ruler of the state becomes the boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov, who came forward even under Grozny, the brother-in-law of the tsar (he was married to his sister Irina). He was a smart and ambitious figure who aspired to power. Since Godunov came from a minor boyar family, representatives of the Moscow nobility treated him with envy and ill will.

In 1591, an event took place in the city of Uglich (on the Volga), the consequences of which had a great influence on the course of subsequent events: under mysterious circumstances, the young Tsarevich Dmitry died; rumors began to spread among the people that the prince was killed on the orders of Boris Godunov, who aspired to the throne.
Tsar Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)

After the death of the childless tsar Fyodor in 1598, the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne ended, and Boris Godunov was elected king by the Zemsky Sobor.

According to the general opinion, being on the throne, Boris Godunov showed himself to be a talented ruler, tried to pursue a balanced policy, sought to reconcile the interests of various groups of society. Particular attention is paid to strengthening the western borders of the Moscow state. The danger from the West is becoming more acute, as the Polish-Lithuanian feudal lords are making plans for the complete subjugation of Russia. This goal was to be served by an agreement on the unification (union) of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. It was proclaimed in 1596 in Brest, and since then, up to the present time, the Uniates (supporters of this union) have played an important (not only religious, but also political) role in the life of this region. Boris Godunov managed to conclude a truce with Poland for several years. A defensive outpost was erected on the western border - the powerful Smolensk fortress (under the guidance of the architect Fyodor Kon).

However, it can be said that the new king was fatally unlucky: in addition to social contradictions, a natural factor intervened. In 1601 there was a terrible crop failure, which lasted another two years. Famine began in the country, food aid provided to the population by order of the king was insufficient. Only in Moscow were buried 127 thousand people who died of starvation. Many boyars, in order not to feed their serfs, let them go free. Numerous armed groups gather from the released and fugitives. The main focus of the concentration of discontented and rebellious elements becomes the western outskirts of the state (the so-called Seversk Ukraine). As early as 1603, the government barely managed to suppress a significant movement of dissatisfied people under the leadership of Khlopok.

In such an explosive situation, Tsar Boris had a mysterious and terrible enemy: a young man appeared in Poland who called himself Tsarevich Dmitry, the son of Ivan the Terrible, and announced his intention to go to Moscow, to get the “ancestral throne”. Historians are still arguing about the identity of that impostor. At that time, the official version was that he was the Galich boyar son Grigory Otrepyev, who took the monastic vows at the Chudov Monastery in Moscow, but then fled to Lithuania, so he was subsequently called a “rasstriga” (runaway monk).

Some Polish magnates agreed to help him, and in October 1604 False Dmitry entered Moscow and issued an appeal to the people with the message that God had saved him. The population of the Seversk Ukraine began to go over to his side, the troops sent against the rebels showed "unsteadiness" and "bewilderment" - are they going against the legitimate king?

In April 1605, Tsar Boris died unexpectedly, the troops went over to the side of "Dmitry" and in June Moscow triumphantly received the "natural" sovereign (1605-1606). The wife and son of Boris Godunov were killed before False Dmitry arrived in Moscow.

The new king seemed to be an active and energetic ruler, confidently holding on to his "ancestral" throne. In diplomatic contacts with other countries, he assumed the title of "emperor" and tried to create a large alliance of European powers to fight against Turkey. But soon he began to arouse dissatisfaction with the fact that he did not observe the old Russian customs and rituals (it is believed that he was the first tsar-"Westernizer", a kind of predecessor of Peter I). The Poles who came with him behaved arrogantly and arrogantly in Moscow, offended and insulted the Muscovites.

Discontent especially increased when, in early May 1606, his bride, Marina Mniszek, came to the tsar from Poland, and he married her and crowned her as a queen, although she refused to convert to Orthodoxy. Using this discontent, the boyars, led by Vasily Shuisky, prepared a conspiracy. On the night of May 17, 1606, the conspirators broke into the Kremlin and killed the tsar. According to legend, the corpse of "Dmitry" was burned and, having mixed the ashes with gunpowder, they shot him from a cannon in the direction from which he came.

Vasily Shuisky (reigned 1606-1610), who later became king, was known as an old intriguer and liar, he was not respected. The main result of the "dynastic" stage of "distemper" is a catastrophic fall in the authority of power, the collapse of all restraining ties, the beginning of a "war of all against all."

"Social" stage of "troubles". Beginning of the civil war

Bolotnikov's uprising. Soon after the overthrow of "Tsar Dmitry", an uprising began in the cities of Seversk Ukraine under the leadership of the Putivl voivode, Prince Shakhovsky (he was later called "a breeder of all blood"). Then the former serf of Shakhovsky, Ivan Bolotnikov, became the leader of the uprising. In his appeals, he called on the lower classes to exterminate the rich and noble and take away their property, which provided him with massive support. At the same time, servicemen from Tula and Ryazan rebelled under the leadership of Pashkov and Lyapunov.

Bolotnikov's army and rebellious service people united near Moscow. But when the supporters of Pashkov and Lyapunov became better acquainted with their ally, with his “program” and actions, they decided to choose the lesser of two evils and at the decisive moment of the battle near Moscow went over to the side of the tsar. Bolotnikov was defeated and retreated first to Kaluga, then to Tula, where he was besieged by the tsarist troops and forced to surrender (then he was blinded and drowned).

"Tushinsky Thief".

The masses of the participants in the uprising dispersed, ready to resume the struggle if a new leader was found. This soon appeared in the person of the second False Dmitry. Under his banners gathered not only representatives of the oppressed lower ranks of the people, but also part of the service people, Cossacks, detachments of Poles - in a word, everyone who sought to profit in an atmosphere of unrest. False Dmitry approached Moscow and settled down in the village of Tushino near Moscow (hence his nickname - "Tushinsky Thief").

Growing external danger and the struggle against the interventionists

Not being able to defeat the "Tushins", Tsar Vasily agreed on military assistance with the Swedes. The enemy of Sweden, the Polish king Sigismund, took advantage of this - in 1609 he crossed the border and besieged Smolensk. In the summer of the next, (1610). after the defeat of the tsarist troops near Moscow near the village. Klushino Shuisky finally lost his authority and was overthrown.

In power was the boyar government ("seven boyars"), which decided to elect the king's son Sigismund Vladislav to the throne. Moscow swore allegiance to Vladislav as its future tsar, with the consent of the boyars, Polish troops entered Moscow.

For the time being, the Poles were tolerated as protection from the main danger - the "Tushins". However, at the end of 1610, False Dmitry II was killed, and now people's discontent turned more and more to foreign invaders. Patriarch Hermogenes became the initiator of the struggle for the revival of national statehood at that time.

At the beginning of 1611, the first zemstvo militia was created, which is trying to liberate Moscow. It broke up because of the conflict between the service people and the Cossacks. After that, Nizhny Novgorod, headed by the Zemstvo headman Kuzma Minin, became the initiator of the new zemstvo militia. Voivode Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky was invited as the head of the militia. After the arrival of the militia in Yaroslavl, a new temporary supreme power was actually formed - the "council of all the earth."

In October 1612 Moscow was finally liberated. At the beginning of 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov as the new tsar. Thus the turmoil was ended and the beginning of a new dynasty was laid, which ruled the country until a new turmoil in February 1917.

Consequences and historical significance of "distemper"

For many years, "troubles" terribly ruined and weakened the country. According to contemporaries, at that time it was possible to travel all day without meeting a living person - only a crow over abandoned villages. In the subsequent period, with great difficulty, the revival of the Muscovite state takes place.

Long-term consequences - the events of the turmoil left a deep mark on the psychology of the Russian people, who became stronger in the idea of the need to support autocratic power, because even harsh and sometimes unjust power turned out to be better than general disintegration and anarchy. After all, the disasters experienced were mainly the result not of an external invasion (it was a consequence of the weakening of the state), but of internal turmoil. All this strengthened the positions of the autocracy, especially since during the turmoil the old nobility weakened even more: it was either exterminated or, to a large extent, discredited itself with its “unsteadiness”. The difficult restoration of the devastated country forced the state to increase state duties, and contributed to the strengthening of serfdom.

The events of the Time of Troubles at the same time showed the enormous vitality of our people: they were able to find the strength in themselves to save and revive the country in an almost hopeless situation. The Russians turned out to be not passive and obedient "slaves", but enterprising people who retained certain democratic traditions (militia on their own initiative) and the ability to act together. Many heroic deeds: the long-term resistance of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery to the “Tushins”, Smolensk - to the Poles, the feat of Ivan Susanin.

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