How to determine the grammatical basis in a complex sentence. Workshop "difficult cases of identifying the grammatical basis of a sentence"

Grammar basis: subject and predicate

Task formulation:

Write down the grammatical basis of sentence 22. Because at our school they are creating a museum for the Great Victory Day.

Correct answer: create What you need to know:

The concept of the grammatical basis of a sentence

Difficulties in determining the subject

Difficulties in determining the predicate

Task 8 is related to task 11 of the OGE in Russian, which requires you to indicate the number of grammatical stems in a complex sentence. Considering the specifics of task 8, where you need to write out the grammatical basis, we will not analyze the theoretical material in detail, but will consider the main “pitfalls” that you can come across when determining the grammatical basis of sentences.

The grammatical basis of a sentence

GRAMMAR BASIS- this is the basis, core or main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: subject and predicate: An old man grew under the window oak, which in the summer heat it gave silence and coolness. Core sentence: the oak tree that gave

Difficulties in determining the subject

To correctly highlight the subject, we must remember that

the subject denotes the character (subject) and answers the question Who? What? Words ME, YOU, HER, US, YOU, HIM, THEM answer the question to whom? and subject are not:To me don't like this onecolor . (in this sentence the subject iscolor . because he performs the action);

in the subordinate part of a complex sentence, the role of the subject is often played by allied words WHICH, WHICH, WHICH, WHICH, WHAT:Book,which lay on the table, was open.(in the subordinate clause, the object performing the action is called the word which - this is the subject);You never know,What tomorrow awaits you;

a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case: Several people came to the lecture later. There was a shelffive books. About a thousand offers received by the newspaper from readers:

the subject can be expressed a word in the nominative case + IZ + a word in the genitive case:Each of us I wanted to become an excellent student.Many of the critics assessed the manuscript fairly;

the subject can be expressed a word in the nominative case + C + a word in the instrumental case (if the predicate is in the plural form):Tamara and I we go as a couple;

​the subject can be expressed a proper name consisting of several words:Black Sea Very beautiful.

To correctly highlight the predicate, we must remember that

The predicate denotes the action of the subject and answers the questions: what does the item do? what is the subject? what it is?;

the predicate can be simple or compound;

Difficulties in determining the predicate

Simple verb predicate

​Can be expressed:

verb in the indicative, imperative or conditional mood: I I'm drawing . Draw anything.Let's anythingdraw . Let him draw anything.I would draw anything.She Nothingdidn't draw . Please note: particles COME ON, LET IT BE, NOT are part of the predicate, even if there are other words between them and the verb;

​​phraseology or descriptive phrase:Two students counted crows all day(= idle).HeI took part in the population census(= participated);

verb in the future tense: Each of us will read book. Shewon't work to the cinema.

Compound verb predicate

Can be expressed:

auxiliary verbwith the meaning of the beginning, end, continuation of an action + infinitive:Hiskept asking sing another song(= asked). He started to worry about the exam(= worried). My brother and I finished writing letter(= wrote);

​auxiliary verbwith the meaning of desire, opportunity, desire for action + infinitive:Tatyana Larina I dreamed of seeing you with Evgeny.I I would like to pass exam.He strives to enter to university.Alexei could betterstudy;

​auxiliary verbwith the meaning of thoughts, feelings + infinitive:He I was afraid of being late to school.Me and mom we don't like to travel . Relatives were expecting to come to visit;

​short adjective HAPPY, MUST, ABLE, OBLIGATED, READY, INTENT, AGREE, FORCED + infinitive:We were ready to come to the meeting.I obliged to inform about what happened.He intends to win party;

​words MUST, NECESSARY, NECESSARY + infinitive:To menecessary betterprepare for the exam. To meI had to go away .​

​When is the infinitive not part of the predicate?

it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the predicate: They will start preparing for exams. (In this sentence, only the word “will begin” cannot be singled out as a predicate, since it does not name the main action that “they” perform.WhenAndrey will finish work,Igor onlywill start . In this sentence, the verbs “will finish” and “begin” take on the meaning of independent actions and are simple verbal predicates;

​ if the verb and the infinitive denote the actions of different persons, then we have a simple verbal predicate. The infinitive must have the meaning of expression of will (to ask, beg, order, persuade):Hisasked to write an application.Predicate hereasked , and the word "write" is an addition (askedabout what? write);

​if the infinitive depends on the verb of movement, then we have a simple verbal predicate and an adverbial goal:He came find out about your aunt's health.(camefor what purpose? to know);

​if you can ask the question WHAT? to the infinitive, then we have an inconsistent definition, and not part of the predicate:ABOUThota wanderattacked on him.(huntingwhich? wander).

Compound nominal predicate

Can be expressed:

the linking verb BE (IS, WILL, WILL BE, WOULD BE, LET BE and other forms) and the nominal part (noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, participle, adverb): Brother soonwill be a student;

linking verb TO BE, TO SEEM, TO BECOME, TO BECOME, TO LOOK, TO BE MADE, TO BE CONSIDERED, TO BE and the nominal part: Sheappeared herebyprofessional in your area. Childlooked absolutelyconfused . Sunseemed red .

a linking verb with the meaning of movement, position in space + a nominal part:Autumnit came rainy. Doglay calm.

How to distinguish a simple verbal predicate from a linking verb?

Compare offers:Anyaseemed upset (= was upset) andIn the distanceseemed village(= appeared, saw). Obviously, in the first example we havecompound nominal predicate with copula verb , and in the second example the verb “seemed” receives a full lexical meaning and can only be replaced by another full verb, therefore, issimple verbal predicate . More examples:Mom became thoughtful (= became thoughtful, thoughtful) andAfter a broken itemit won't happen by itself(= will not be repaired).

Presentation on the topic: “The grammatical basis of a sentence. Subject and predicate".

Slide 1

The grammatical basis of the sentence. Subject and predicate.

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SUBJECT

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The subject is the main member of the sentence. Answers the questions Who? What? In the nominative case form. Associated with the predicate.

Slide 4

The subject denotes the producer of the action or the bearer of the attribute called the predicate.

• The Queen gave Snow White a poisoned apple.
• Snow White was the most beautiful princess in the world.

Slide 5

The subject names the object on which the action is performed (the meaning of the passive voice).

• The gnomes' house was cleaned by Snow White in just three hours.

Slide 6

1. noun:

• The Queen has long been considered one of the most beautiful women in her kingdom.

The subject can be expressed

2. pronoun:

• She had no idea that the growing princess Snow White could become more beautiful.
• « Who can know for sure? - the mirror avoided answering.

Slide 8

The subject can be expressed

3. a word in the meaning of a noun:

• Patients recovered faster if Snow White looked after them.
• Those invited to the palace did not know how to react to the queen’s words.
• This Tomorrow seemed to the queen the main day in her life.
• This was the most terrible witchcraft of all that the queen resorted to.

Slide 9

Distinguish!

Slide 10

The subject can be expressed

4. the pronoun which in the attributive clause:

• The apple that was given to Snow White turned out to be poisoned.

Slide 11

Distinguish!

“Which” is the subject in Him. n. You can substitute the word to which it refers.

• The main difference between the little mermaid will be a long tail instead of legs, which does not allow you to walk on the ground, but helps to swim quickly.

Secondary member in indirect cases (often with prepositions):

• Deep underwater there is a palace in which the sea king himself and his daughters live.

Slide 12

The subject can be expressed

5. cardinal number:

« Eight is more than five,” concluded the smart Dobryak.

Slide 13

The subject can be expressed

6. Infinitive:

• « Washing your face is just a waste of time!” - said the gnomes.

Slide 14

The subject can be expressed

7. phrase or phraseological unit:

• All seven dwarves engaged in the extraction of precious stones.
• About three hundred princes sought the hand of Snow White.
• He has golden hands.

Slide 15

Attention!

Check the agreement between subject and predicate.

• Quiet with Grumpy hundred whether Snow White's closest friends.
• The king never communicates with the queen on important matters of state no advice came .

Slide 16

Distinguish between subject and direct object.

Addition:

• The ships were built in the last century.
• The houses located on the edge of the forest were painted in all the colors of the rainbow.

Subject:

• The ships were built in the last century.
• The houses were painted in all the colors of the rainbow.

Slide 17

• 1. One of the saddest fairy tales Andersen's "The Little Match Girl".

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 2. Most children In our country, Andersen's fairy tales are read from early childhood.

Slide 19

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 3. Mashenka received as a birthday present a beautiful thick book in which it was published many fairy tales Andersen.

Slide 20

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 4. Reading fairy tales and imagining yourself as a princess is the favorite pastime of little girls.

Slide 21

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 5. Copenhagen Mermaid- this is the only monument in the world that is dedicated to the heroine of the fairy tale.

Slide 22

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 6. It's nice that so many children in the world still love fairy tales.

Slide 23

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 7. About three hundred distinguished guests attended the unveiling of the monument to Andersen.

Slide 24

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 8. A man who loved children so much simply could not write bad fairy tales.

Slide 25

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 9. Picture book famous artists was the most pleasant gift.

Slide 26

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 10. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs became the most popular cartoon characters in America.

Slide 27

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 11. The reader always enjoys not only the content, but also the appearance of the book.

Slide 28

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 12. “How good it is to be able to read!” - all the kids say after they read their first book in their lives.

Slide 29

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 13. Anyone who, while reading fairy tales, can imagine himself as a child will never grow old.

Slide 30

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 14. Something mysterious happens to tourists when they see the house, which became the birthplace of all of Andersen’s most famous fairy tales.

Slide 31

Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 15. From 300,000 to a million publications Andersen's fairy tales are published annually in various world publishing houses.

Slide 32

PREDICATE

Slide 33

The predicate is the main member of the sentence. Answers the questions what does the item do? what is the subject? what is he?

Slide 34

The predicate denotes an action or attribute of an object named by the subject.

• The Queen wanted to destroy Snow White.
• Poisoned Apple it was the most beautiful.

Slide 35

Predicate types:

• - simple verb
• - compound verb
• - compound nominal

Slide 36

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by forms of the verb in some mood.

• The gnomes work from morning to evening.
• The birds will sing about spring and happiness.
• Let Grumpy wash all the dishes.
• Snow White would return to the dwarfs' house.

Slide 37

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by a phraseological phrase.

• Grumpy lost his temper. He kicks ass all day long.

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Compound verb predicate = Auxiliary + Infinitive

Slide 39

An auxiliary verb is expressed by verbs that cannot be used independently in a sentence.

• That same day, the queen began preparing a new witchcraft potion.
• The queen thought to solve all her problems only with the help of witchcraft.
• The Queen is used to talking to her mirror before going to bed.

Slide 40

Compound verb predicate:

The auxiliary element is expressed by short adjectives that do not have a full form (glad, ready, obliged, must, intends, capable).

• The Queen was willing to wait a week for the poison to be completely absorbed into the apple.
• “We are happy to help the princess!” - answered the gnomes.

Slide 41

Remember!

Glad , ready , must , must , intends , capable ...

Not verbs, but short adjectives!

Slide 42

Distinguish!

The infinitive is part of the predicate:

• The king did not like to argue with his new wife.
• The prince could not forget Snow White.

Infinitive - object or circumstance:

• Snow White advised the dwarfs to wash themselves more often.
• smart ass left to study.

Slide 43

Compound nominal predicate = Linking verb + Nominal part

Slide 44

Compound nominal predicate:

The linking verb is expressed by a verb be , There is (absent in the present tense!)

• Snow White was an ordinary girl.
• "She she will be a beauty! - those around her told her father.
• She's a beauty.

Slide 45

Distinguish!

Linking verb be not used in the present tense (only in a compound nominal predicate).

• The day was sunny.
• The day is sunny.

Verb be in meaning to be, to be, to visit, to exist(only in a simple verbal predicate).

• The little mermaid had a voice.
• This there were sea treasures.

Slide 46

Compound nominal predicate:

Linking verbs are expressed by semi-nominal verbs (appear, seem, become and etc.).

• Queen seemed like a witch.

Slide 47

Compound nominal predicate:

Linking verbs are expressed by verbs whose meaning in the predicate is weakened.

• The gnomes returned home tired.(Wed: They returned home around midnight.)
• The king's first wife had been ill for a month.(Wed: She was lying in bed.)
• The princess was born happy.(Wed: The princess was born on Christmas Day.)

Slide 48

Compound nominal predicate:

The nominal part is expressed by a noun in Im. or TV. cases.

• The queen seemed like a witch.(Noun in Tv. p.)
• In fact, the queen was a real witch.(Noun in Tv. p.)
• Snow White is such a sweetheart!

Slide 49

Compound nominal predicate:

The nominal part is expressed by an adjective, numeral, pronoun, participle.

• The road from the forest edge to the gnomes' house was long.
• Quiet has always been seventh.
• “This house is ours!” - said Grumpy.

Slide 50

Compound nominal predicate:

The nominal part is expressed by a short adjective or short participle!

• Grumpy's proposal to kick Snow White out of the house was stupid and inexplicable.(Cr. adj.)
• Ariel and her sisters are very friendly.(Cr. adj.)
• The apple was poisoned.(Cr. participle)

Slide 51

Compound nominal predicate:

The nominal part is expressed by an adjective in the comparative degree!

• The desire to have legs turned out to be stronger.
• This forest was the most dangerous in the kingdom.
• The good guy was the least confrontational in the squad of gnomes.

Slide 52

Name the predicate.

• 1. Many Danish residents would like to take part in the festivities marking Andersen's anniversary.

Slide 53

Name the predicate.

• 2. The publisher invited him to translate the fairy tale “The Little Mermaid” into the language of the Mumbo-Jumbo tribe to introduce the latter to European culture.

Slide 54

Name the predicate.

• 3. Tourists come to this area of ​​Copenhagen take a photo against the backdrop of the Little Mermaid.

Slide 55

Name the predicate.

• 4. “I’ll go read the next chapter from The Snow Queen to Vanya for the night,” the hostess apologized to the guests.

Slide 56

Name the predicate.

• 5. The artist was obliged to make illustrations for “The Snow Queen” by Saturday, but he had already wasn't able to come up with fresh solutions.

Slide 57

Name the predicate.

• 6. I I love books that have a lot of pictures.

Slide 58

Name the predicate.

• 7. Residents of Denmark allowed to come to celebrate the anniversary of the great storyteller, even to representatives of those countries that did not have diplomatic relations with the kingdom.

Slide 59

Name the predicate.

• 8. "You let me show you Dear gift edition of fairy tales for you, which is a must gotta like it Your children? - came to the rescue salesman.

Slide 60

Name the predicate.

• 9. Humanity still has a long way to go will rack your brains on why to write fairy tales for Andersen meant to create philosophical works, not stories for children.

Slide 61

Name the predicate.

• 10. Andersen wanted fame and recognition in the world, but not as a children's writer.

Slide 62

• Technology has made each state as a whole and humanity as a whole powerful.(Technology made them powerful.)

Slide 63

Write down the grammatical basis of the first part of a complex sentence.

• And they also say that he took not only real money for lodging, but did not disdain either oats or a pectoral cross.(They say.)

Slide 64

Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.

• And there were not even isolated signs on the horizon of the coming scientific and technological revolution or even an information boom.(Did not have.)

Slide 65

Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.

• This “device” can be called the voice of God within us.(You can name it.)

Slide 66

Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.

• His selflessness was unparalleled.(The selflessness was unparalleled.)

Slide 67

Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.

• No one else has such big black eyes.(No.)

Slide 68

TASK A 9

Slide 69

Question options:

1. What words are the grammatical basis in a sentence or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
2. Which combination is not the grammatical basis of the given sentence?
3. Which word is the subject (predicate) of one of the sentences?

Slide 70

Which word(s) is not a predicate in one of the sentences in the text?

(2) The body temperature of these “ships of the desert” can rise to forty degrees completely painlessly. (3) And only then does the camel begin to sweat. (4) But its water is not released from the blood, as in other animals, but from the cells and intercellular space. (6) The camel has another protective device - thick and dense fur, which protects it from overheating and prevents the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the skin.

1. maybe (sentence 2)
2. starts to sweat (sentence 3)
3. stands out (sentence 4)
4. yes (sentence 6)

Answer: (1).

Slide 71

What words are the grammatical basis in one of the parts of the fifth sentence?

(5) It turned out that if you stretch the skin over a hollow wooden or clay object, the sound will become louder and stronger.

1. the sound will become booming
2. the sound will become
3. the sound will become louder and stronger
4. the sound will become loud and strong

Answer: (3).

Slide 72

Algorithm:

1. Eliminate answer options with sentence members that have meanings of time, place, conditions.
2. Was And it seemed most often they are part of a compound nominal predicate (look nearby for Тв.п.).
3. Simple form of comparative adjective, short adjectives and participles - always predicable!
4. Remember about one-part sentences and homogeneous members!

Slide 73

What words are the grammatical basis in one of the parts of the second sentence of the text?

(2) According to researchers, modern Ararat is not the place mentioned in the Bible.

1. modern Ararat
2. which is mentioned
3. mentioned in the Bible
4. Ararat is mentioned

Answer: (2).

Slide 74

What words are the grammatical basis in the eighth sentence of the text?

(8) But no one called the great Armenian mountain Masis by this word.

1. Masis did not name
2. didn't name the mountain
3. no one called
4. no one called it that word

Answer: (3).

Slide 75

What word is the subject in the ninth sentence?

(9) It received the name “Ararat” no earlier than the 12th-13th centuries, at which time it began to be associated with the biblical Flood and Noah’s Ark.

1. "Ararat"

Answer: (3).

Slide 76

Which sentence has a compound verb predicate?

(1) Each literary text represents one or another information, which always pursues certain practical goals. (3) The strength of this impact depends on the degree of artistry of the work, its visual and expressive texture. (4) It can excite us, take us, as they say, by the soul and leave us indifferent, not touch us, like it or not, be close in spirit or alien and distant. (5) And all this only if we understand it.

1. sentence 1
2. sentence 3
3. sentence 4
4. sentence 5

Answer: (3).

Slide 77

What words are the grammatical basis in sentence 5?

(5) ...a final answer to these questions has not been received.

1. no response received
2. no answers received
3. not received
4. never received

Answer: (3).

Slide 78

What words are the grammatical basis in sentence 6?

(6) These slow changes change the parameters of the Earth's orbit itself and affect the planet's climate.

1. changes change and have an impact
2. changes change
3. changes change and have an impact
4. these changes change and have an impact

Answer: (1).

Slide 79

What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence in the text?

(2) In 1894, he assembled a radio receiver that responded to electromagnetic waves generated by lightning discharges (the so-called lightning detector). (4) In January 1900, Popov’s radio station was used to rescue the battleship Admiral General Apraksin, which had landed on rocks. (5) The icebreaker "Ermak", which participated in removing the battleship from the rocks, was sent a radiogram that on January 24 an ice floe with fishermen was torn off from the shore, and the icebreaker removed the fishermen from the ice floe.

1. radiogram sent (sentence 5)
2. assembled a radio receiver (sentence 2)
3. the ice floe broke off (sentence 5)
4. the radio station was used (sentence 4)

Answer: (4).

Slide 80

What words are the grammatical basis in the second (2) sentence of the text?

(2) All other information (sounds, images) must be converted into numerical form for processing on a computer.

1. information for processing
2. information should
3. information must be converted
4. information converted

Answer: (3).

Slide 81

TEST YOURSELF

Slide 82

1. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences of the text?

(2) However, not all of these fragments should be included in the abstract. (3) They should be selected in accordance with the topic of the abstract and grouped around several large subtopics developing it. (5) Semantic folding, or compression, is understood as an operation that leads to the reduction of text without losing important, relevant information. (6) ... compression, which involves excluding redundant, secondary information from the text, is one of the leading techniques when writing an abstract.

1. understood (sentence 5)
2. fragments must enter (sentence 2)
3. they should be selected (and) grouped (proposition 3)
4. the exception is (sentence 6)

Answer: (2).

Slide 83

2. Which words are NOT the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) In 332 - 331 BC e. Alexander the Great founded the capital of Hellenistic Egypt, Alexandria. (2) Here is the famous Alexandrian musseion - one of the main scientific and cultural centers of the ancient world, and with it the no less famous Library of Alexandria, which contained almost 700 thousand volumes of Greek and oriental books. (4) Many remarkable buildings were erected in Alexandria. (5) These include the Alexandria Lighthouse on the rocky island of Foros near the Nile Delta.

1. Alexander the Great founded (sentence 1)
2. Alexandria Musseion one of the main centers (sentence 2)
3. was erected (sentence 4)
4. belongs to the Alexandria Lighthouse (proposal 5)

Answer: (3).

Slide 84

3. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) The legend of Atlantis, a mysterious state that swallowed up the sea, may turn out to be more than just a myth. (3) The ancient Minoans were skilled architects and shipbuilders, their achievements left their mark on the culture and life of many ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean, including the Egyptian. (4) Experienced shipbuilders, they traded with many Mediterranean cities, and it is no coincidence that in Egyptian papyri they are called “the people from the sea.” (6) Now scientists have found new evidence that the cause of the death of the Minoan culture was a raging water element.

1. which absorbed (sentence 1)
2. called (sentence 4)
3. the element has become (sentence 6)
4. the Minoans were experienced architects, shipbuilders (sentence 3)

Answer: (2).

Slide 85

4. Which words are NOT the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(2) The death of the highly organized Cretan civilization almost 3.5 thousand years ago remained a mystery for a long time. (4) Experienced shipbuilders, they traded with many Mediterranean cities, and it is no coincidence that in Egyptian papyri they are called “the people from the sea.” (7) On the shore of the island of Crete, Minoan building material and pottery were found mixed with rounded pebbles, as well as shells and other representatives of microscopic marine fauna. (8) Scientists are sure that only a tsunami could have created such a mixture.

1. found material and utensils (sentence 7)
2. could create a tsunami (sentence 8)
3. the death remained a mystery (sentence 2)
4. they traded (sentence 4)

Answer: (1).

Slide 86

5. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(2) His flight was accompanied by sound and light effects and ended with a powerful explosion, equal in strength to two thousand explosions of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima. (4) Scientists around the world have long been racking their brains over the phenomenon of the Tunguska meteorite. (5) But it is still impossible to say unambiguously what happened in the Siberian taiga almost a hundred years ago. (6) Krasnoyarsk researchers published the next version of the solution.

1. the flight was accompanied (sentence 2)
2. men break (sentence 4)
3. can't say (sentence 5)
4. version made public (proposal 6)

Answer: (3).

Slide 87

6. What words are the grammatical basis in the second (2) sentence of the text?

(2) His flight was accompanied by sound and light effects and ended with a powerful explosion, equal in strength to two thousand explosions of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima.

1. the flight was accompanied
2. the flight is over
3. the flight was accompanied and ended
4. the flight was accompanied by effects and ended with an explosion

Answer: (3).

Slide 88

7. Which words are NOT the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) On June 30, 1908, at about 7 o’clock in the morning, a giant fireball flew over the territory of Central Siberia in the area between the Lower Tunguska and Lena rivers. (3) The blast wave felled trees within a radius of 80 km from the Evenki village of Vanavara. (4) Scientists around the world have long been racking their brains over the phenomenon of the Tunguska meteorite. (9) For the comet, which scattered into many ice pieces, the Earth became a kind of hot frying pan.

1. pundits are scratching their heads (sentence 4)
2. the earth for the comet became a kind of hot frying pan (sentence 9)
3. a fireball flew by (sentence 1)
4. trees were felled (sentence 3)

Answer: (2).

Slide 89

8. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) The snow leopard has another common name - snow leopard. (3) Back in the 17th century, Russian merchants, fur traders, adopted this name from local Asian hunters, many of whom spoke the Turkic dialect. (4) They pronounced this word as “irbiz,” which meant “snow cat.” (6) The leopard has in common with big cats the pattern on its head, the way it holds its tail when the animal is calm, and a number of other anatomical features.

1. leopard has (sentence 1)
2. adopted the name (sentence 3)
3. what did it mean (sentence 4)
4. manner of holding (sentence 6)

Answer: (3).

Slide 90

9. Which words are NOT the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(4) They pronounced this word as “irbiz,” which meant “snow cat.” (7) But the leopard, like other small cats, can purr; the posture that an animal takes when eating. (8) Given this similarity with both cats, leopards are sometimes called “average cats.” (9) But in terms of their dimensions, they are in no way inferior to the leopard, a typical representative of the “big ones”.

1. called (sentence 8)
2. the animal accepts (sentence 7)
3. it was pronounced (sentence 4)
4. they do not yield (sentence 9)

Answer: (3).

Slide 91

10. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) Madagascar separated from Africa 120,000,000 years ago and has since followed its own evolutionary path of development. (2) As a result, animals and plants that you will not find anywhere else in the world have successfully survived and thrived on this island - the fourth largest in the world. (3) For example, lemurs, which have long disappeared in Europe and North America.

1. Madagascar seceded (sentence 1)
2. the animals survived (sentence 2)
3. lemurs disappeared (sentence 3)
4. who disappeared (sentence 3)

Answer: (4).

Slide 92

Check answers: 1 - 2; 2 - 3; 3 - 2; 4 - 1; 5 - 3; 6 - 3; 7 - 2; 8 - 3; 9 - 3; 10 - 4.

Video tutorial 1: Homogeneous members of the sentence

Video tutorial 2: The grammatical basis of the sentence The main members of the sentence

Lecture: Offer. The grammatical (predicative) basis of a sentence. Subject and predicate as the main members of a sentence

Offer- a word or several words, grammatically combined and having a complete meaning:Wedding! We are waiting for our dear friends to celebrate our wedding day!

Offer- the basic syntactic unit intended for communication.

We speak in sentences; they, in turn, can consist of phrases.

NB! An important formal feature of a sentence is its semantic design and intonation completeness.

Sentence, its types

1. In terms of attitude to reality - affirmative and negative :

Not a soul in the audience. (negative)

We will try. (affirmative)

2. According to the purpose of the statement - narrative, interrogative and incentive :

Natasha tried, and she succeeded. (narrative)

How are you doing? (question.)

Everything will work out, keep at it! (prompt.)

3. According to emotional coloring - exclamation and non-exclamation :

Forward to the victory! (exclamation)

We fought for victory, children. (non-vocal)

4. According to the context and speech situation - complete and incomplete:

How much time?

Nine. (incomplete)

The clock showed nine o'clock in the evening. (full)

5. According to the number of grammatical bases:

A) one grammatical basis – simple:

Mom brought juicy fruits, healthy vegetables, fresh meat and fish from the market and began preparing dinner.

Although the sentence is common, it is simple because it consists of one subject (mom) and two predicates (brought it and began to cook).

b) two or more grammatical stems – complex:

[All the products (that mom brought from the market) were fresh].

2 grams. basics, therefore it – complex.

6. Common and non-common , i.e. whether they have or do not have minor members:

Mom returned from the market. (spread)

Mom is back. (non-extension)

Grammatical (predicative) basis of a sentence

A sentence has a grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate or one of them:

Sunset. It's getting brighter. Natasha went to the circle.

Subject – the main member of a sentence, denoting a person or object and often answering the questions “WHO?”, “WHAT?”.

It is expressed:

1) Noun: Mom brought toys.

2) Pronoun: He decided to hit the road.

3) Numeral: Seven – lucky number.

4) Participle, adjective, adverb or pronoun in the meaning of a noun: The invitees sat on the balcony. Beautiful is forever. “A little” doesn’t count. An au was heard in the distance.

5) Infinitive: Smoking – harm health.

6) Combination of words:

compound proper name: Ursa Minor and helped to navigate at night.

noun or pronoun in Im.p. + “with” + noun or pronoun in the like: King and Queen retired to the chambers.

numeral, pronoun (as many, as, several), noun and adverb having a quantitative meaning + noun in R.p.”: Most of the children passed the exam.

numeral, pronoun in Im.p. + “of” + noun or pronoun in R.p.”: Three of those who entered were familiar with us. None of the people looked at the child.

undefined pronoun + substantivized adjective or attributive pronoun + noun or substantivized adjective (participle)”: Was in Sergei something mysterious.

7) phraseological unit: Petrov has golden hands.

Predicate –the main member of a sentence, usually denoting an action, state or attribute of an object and answering the questions “what does the object do?”, “what is the object?”, “what is happening?” etc.

The predicate means grammatical and lexical meaning.

There are three types of predicate:

simple verb (PVS),

compound verb (CGS),

compound nominal (SIS).

PGS – a predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed by one verb form.

NB! The future tense consists of two words, but the predicate is considered an ASG because two words are used to express one meaning - will express. incl., future tense, verb nesov. kind. The particle BY is included in the subjunctive mood of the verb, therefore, part of the PGS.

PGS is expressed:

1 ) Verb: The son ran to the playground.

2) Phraseologism or combination of words: Peter imagined Andrei nodding off.

3) Word combinations: I look, I can’t see enough at you.

4) Verb-interjective forms: The saucer dinged and broke.

A predicate is called a compound in which grammatical and lexical meanings are expressed in different words.

Compound Verbal Predicate (CVS) includes an auxiliary G., which expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an infinitive, expressing the lexical meaning: Brother started studying in biology.

Auxiliary G. also mean the beginning, end, duration of an action, the possibility or desirability of an action, and express this G. be able, be able, be able, be able to, want, want, decide, decide, gather, desire, begin, continue, finish, etc.:

From the speakers stopped being heard songs.

Marina finished drawing, collected the brushes from the table.

You will be able to walk!

Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of a G. connective and a nominal part: 8th grade team was united.

The verb is often used – bunch of BE. Present tense copula – zero: Everything is fine. Makhachkala is the capital of Dagestan.

The nominal part is expressed:

1) Noun: Barbos is the Petrovs' dog.

2) Adjective: Month of June rainy and cold.

3) Adverb: The blouse fit Marya.

4) Numeral: Seven plus one is eight.

5) Pronoun: The lecture notebooks were ours.

6) Communion: Many cities were liberated from the Nazis.

7) Syntactically indivisible combination: Costume was turquoise.

Syntax shows how words are combined into syntactic units: phrases and sentences.

Punctuation contains a system of rules for placing punctuation marks, which help to divide the text into sentences, establish connections and relationships between words in a sentence.

1. Main types of communication between words and sentences - subordinating and coordinating.

Subordinating connection a phrase or complex sentence combines a main (subordinate) and a dependent (subordinate) part, and, usually, when subordinating, you can ask a question from the main part to the dependent part. Know (what?) literature. I don’t know (what?) what will happen to me.

The main means of communication when subordinating words is the ending of the dependent word. I love Yu Moscow region s groves And . The connection of the predicate with the subject is expressed by its ending -y, the connection of the complement “groves” with the predicate “love” is expressed by the ending -i, the connection of the definition “Moscow region” with the addition “groves” is by the ending –y.

The subordinating relationship between words can be clarified prepositions. Compare: walk from school, walk past school; relax in the camp, remember the camp; book review, book review, etc.

Independent words included in subordinating phrases play the role of individual members of the proposal. I believe (in what?) in goodness. The autumn air (what?) is transparent. In autumn (when?) birds fly (where?) to the south.

Coordinating connection unites equal parts. The thunder soon died down, but the rain kept pouring down. There are no main and dependent words in coordinating phrases. These phrases combine equal words: You cannot ask a question from one word to another. Coordinating phrases usually consist of words belonging to one part of speech: day and night; buzzes and howls; autumnal, but warm; monotonous and dull, etc.

Submission and composition of communication can be formalized unions. For example:

When the sun slowly came out from behind the mountain, its rays gilded the tops of the trees (a complex sentence with the conjunction “when”).

The sun slowly came out from behind the mountain and turned the treetops golden (a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates).

The sun slowly came out from behind the mountain, and its rays illuminated the tops of the trees (a compound sentence with the conjunction “and”).

In oral speech intonation accompanies all means of communication, but may also be the only means of expressing the connection between words in a phrase, between members of a sentence and sentences:

Outside the window there was a loud rumble in the sky, it cracked and exploded.

The thresher is working. Drive belts rustle, drums knock, sieves rattle.

In the first example, intonation combines words in a coordinating phrase: rumbled, cracked, tore. In a sentence, these words are homogeneous predicates.

In a complex non-conjunction sentence, three simple sentences are combined by enumeration intonation.

Collocation- is a combination of two (or more) independent words related to each other grammatically and in meaning: to love animals; treat animals well; rain or snow; fast but good. Collocations are formed in a sentence and separated from it.

So, from the sentence “The autumn wind plucks the last leaves from the birch and aspen trees,” we highlight first of all the grammatical basis, and then the phrases.

Grammar basis: the wind blows.

Collocations: 1) autumn (what?) wind; 2) plucks (what?) leaves; 3) the last (what?) leaves 4) plucks (from what?) from birches and aspens 5) from birches and aspens.

According to the nature of the connection between words, there are more subordinate phrases in a sentence, in which one word is the main word (the question is asked from it), and the other is dependent. The nouns “wind” and “leaves” are explained by adjectives, forming subordinate phrases: “autumn wind”, “last leaves”. The verb subordinates nouns to itself, forming phrases: “plucks leaves,” “plucks from birch and aspen trees.”

“Birches and aspens” is a coordinating phrase.

In subordinating phrases, coordinating phrases are included as one part - main or dependent. Coordinating phrases occupy the position (place) of one member of a sentence, forming rows of homogeneous members:

— SUBJECT: Nobility, selflessness, respect to the dignity of every person, loyalty ideals of goodness and justice, rigor and exactingness to oneself - these are the traits of a true intellectual;

— Sayings: Heroes of this novel didn’t fuss, didn’t cheat, didn’t lie, didn’t go against conscience;

— secondary members: Evil can be defeated only love, kindness and compassion.

1. Whole phrases.

Typically, each word included in a phrase is a separate member of a sentence. However, there are also phrases that retain their integrity and act as one member of the sentence in a sentence. Such phrases are called whole. In them, the main word does not have sufficient semantic completeness for a member of the sentence, since the main semantic load is carried by the dependent word. The most commonly used whole phrases are:

1) phrases with the main word numeral: three palm trees, many songs, a few minutes, etc. Three girls were spinning under the window late in the evening. Olenin killed five pheasants. This group includes phrases in which the main word - a noun - is formed from numerals: hundreds of roads, tens of kilometers, etc. - or is close to them in meaning: most students, some books, etc.;

2) phrases, the scheme of which includes preposition from, with the general meaning of selectivity: one from the students, two from the class, any of you, any of us, etc. A which of the children doesn't want to become an adult? Which of the divers will you send it into the water? Lisa was traveling to one of the neighbors villages for new exhibits for the museum;

3) phrases, the scheme of which includes preposition with, with the general meaning of compatibility: mother and son, you and me, thread and needle, etc. In the garden birch trees with maples greet us with bows... My mother and I We were given a small bright room.

BUT... There are no complete phrases of this type with a predicate - a verb in the singular form. h. Compare: Mother I went for a walk with my son. - Mother and son let's go for a walk.

4) phrases that include forms of nouns like: with eyes, with a nose, with a face, height, etc. - and adjectives, defining them: Girls with cheerful, laughing faces They gave the tankers flowers and affectionate smiles. Whole phrases of this variety can have other nouns as the main word, for example: Davydov walked slowly but with a long stride.

Knowledge of whole phrases makes it easier to parse sentences into parts: Lots of precipitation fell out because day and night it was raining two weeks in a row.

1. The concept of a proposal.

The sentence is the basic unit of syntax, since the sentence formalizes the thought that the speaker or writer wants to communicate (express) to the listener or reader.

Sentence structure. The type of sentence in structure (structure) is determined by the grammatical basis. It may consist of two main members ( subject and predicate) or from one main member (subject or predicate). Compare:

1) Bird cherry smells nice. - It smells nice of cherry.

2) The house was barely visible behind the trees, - The house was barely visible behind the trees.

Based on the number of grammatical stems, sentences are divided into simple and complex. A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex sentence has two or more.

A simple sentence: The earth was beautiful in its wondrous silver shine.

Complex sentence: We want sunny skies to cover every country.

The coordinating phrase does not make the sentence complex, but forms homogeneous predicates: Truth does not burn in fire and does not sink in water.

Narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences differ in the use of special words and word forms. The question is often framed by interrogative particles (really, really, whether) and interrogative pronouns (who, what, which, where, where, from where, why, etc.). Interrogative particles are not members of a sentence, but interrogative pronouns act as members of a sentence. Didn't I tell you this? Who's knocking on my door with a thick shoulder bag?

Incentive sentences usually have one main member - the predicate, expressed by a verb in the form of the imperative mood: Think sometimes about Dubrovsky. The presence of a subject pronoun softens the impulse: Tell me frankly... Give me advice...

Incentive sentences often include an appeal naming a person or object that is prompted to action: My friend, let us dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses!

Basic types of simple sentences. According to the structure of the grammatical basis, simple sentences are divided into two-part and one-part. Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of a subject and a predicate are called two-part: The truth stings my eyes. Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member are called one-piece: You can’t fill a bottomless tub with water.

Based on the presence of minor members, simple sentences are divided into undistributed(contain only the base) and common: 1) The forest was noisy. (this is a simple, two-part, uncommon sentence); 2) From under a bush, a silver lily of the valley nods its head welcomingly. (this is a simple, two-part, common sentence).

Sentences that include homogeneous subjects and predicates, but do not have secondary members, are not common: The forest rustled, groaned, crackled. And the trees, air and meadows began to rustle and ring.

Order of words in a sentence. The subject usually comes before the predicate. The agreed definition is before the word being defined, the circumstance of the manner of action is before the predicate, and the remaining circumstances and the addition are after the predicate. This word order is called direct.

In speech, the specified order of sentence members is often violated. Changing the direct order of words is called inversion (Latin “inverse” - rearrangement). Inversion allows:

1) highlight the most important members of the sentence;

2) express the question and enhance the emotional coloring of the speech;

3) connect parts of the text. So, in a sentence: The forest drops its crimson headdress. (A. Pushkin) inversion allows you to strengthen the meaning of the main members of the sentence and definition scarlet(cf. direct order: The forest drops its scarlet headdress)

5. The main members of the sentence.

Subject and ways of expressing it. The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers questions with it. n. who? or what? The subject answers the general question: what (who) is the sentence talking about? For example: Invisibly, autumn sings and wanders through the forests. What does this sentence say? - About autumn.

The subject may be expressed:

- a noun in them. p.: Sleepy fog in the meadows turns silver;

- a pronoun in them. p.: Everyone was tired the day before exhaustion;

- infinitive (verb in an indefinite form): To destroy an enemy is a great merit, but to save a friend is the highest honor;

- in a complete phrase: Two drops splashed onto the glass.

Note. Any part of speech can take the place of the subject:

• adjective: The brave strives for victory.
• participle: The future belongs to people of honest work.
• adverb: A bright tomorrow is in our hands, friends!
• numeral: Five is my favorite number, etc.

Adjectives and participles, taking the place of a subject, acquire some characteristics of nouns and can become nouns. Such words can name people (helmsman, manager), animals (gray, oblique - about a hare), premises (dining room, hallway), etc.

Predicate and its main types. The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which denotes what is said about the subject of speech: And the ringing lark sang an early song in the azure. The predicate answers the general question: what is said about the subject of speech? This question can be clarified by asking: what does the object do? What is he like? Who is he? What is an item? What is he like? The choice of a particular question depends on the type of predicate.

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DIFFICULT CASES OF SEPARATING THE GRAMMATIC BASIS OF A SENTENCE

In one of the standard versions of the Unified State Exam developed by the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements, the following task is found:

A 9. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence in the text?

Window glass was invented in Ancient Rome in the 1st century BC. e. (2) This discovery caused a real revolution in Roman architecture. (3) New temples were now illuminated by natural light pouring through transparent or mosaic glass. (4) In ancient Rome, glaziers even served in the army: scientists suggest that the windows in the soldiers' barracks were glazed. (5) And one agricultural expert recommended protecting plants in the spring from bad weather with the help of sheet glass. (6) Therefore, the Romans came up with the idea of ​​a greenhouse!

Answer options:

1) this is a discovery (sentence 2)

2) the windows were illuminated (suggestion 3)

3) the windows were glazed (sentence 4)

Let's analyze the grammatical structure of sentences.

The basis of the second sentence is the combination"the discovery produced revolution", the predicate in it is expressed by a phraseological combination. The basis of the third sentence is"the temples were illuminated" fourth -"the windows were glazed" with a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed by a short participle. In the fifth sentence we highlight the basis “the specialist recommended protecting” with a compound verb predicate. As a result, we get two “correct” answer options, which, in principle, cannot happen in tasks of type A. Students face a difficult choice.

In this case, you need to try to dismember the compound predicate. If in the 4th sentence such an attempt is unsuccessful, since the meaning of the statement is violated, then in the 5th sentence the semantic center may well be the combination "specialist recommended" . Remembering that the infinitive can play the role of any member of the sentence, by the way"protect" we ask the question “recommended what? " and we get a postpositive complement. (Similar examples:One dawn to change (purpose circumstance) the other hurries, giving the night half an hour (P.)We got task to compose (definition) text).

Now, with a greater degree of confidence, you can choose one (3rd) of the two options.

In order to make it easier for themselves to complete tasks of this type, students need to remember several basic provisions regarding the identification of the grammatical basis of a sentence.

SUBJECT AND WAYS OF ITS EXPRESSION

The subject is the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject and answering questions about? What? The morphological form of expression of the subject is, as a rule, the nominative case of a noun or pronoun. For example: Horses walked at a pace and soon became. He barely spared the girl a glance.

The subject can be any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun:Well-fed he doesn't understand the hungry.First will be the last. There are no others, butthose far away...

The subject can be expressed by a numeral:Fifteen - odd number.Seven one is not expected.

The indefinite form of the verb, which performs the function of naming an action-state, can also act as the subject : Catch Bullfinches are a wonderful activity.

The function of the subject can be performedcombinations that are integral in meaning , lexically or syntactically indecomposable. These include:

1) a combination of a collective noun that has a quantitative meaning(majority, minority, row, part, etc.),with a noun (or pronoun) in the genitive case:The square has already gathereda lot of people.

2) quantitative-nominal combinations:In a dark cabinfour people are waiting for him.Several ladies They walked quickly back and forth across the site.

3) a combination of an adjective, or numeral, or pronoun in the nominative case and a noun (or pronoun) in the genitive case with a preposition from: One of you should help me.Some of those present breathed a sigh of relief.

4) combination of an indefinite pronoun with an adjective:Something can be heardnative in the long songs of the coachman...

5) a combination of a noun in the nominative case and a noun in the instrumental case with a prepositionwith: Grandfather and mother walked ahead of everyone.

6) combination of an infinitive with a nominal part of speech (the so-called compound subject):Become an artist was his constant dream.

7) stable combinations of words, scientific terms(railway, red currants, fur seals, pansies).

PREDICATE AND WAYS OF ITS EXPRESSION

The predicate usually explains the subject and denotes what is being said about the subject. The predicate answers the general question: what is said about the subject? This question can be clarified by asking: What does the object do? What is he like? Who is he? What is an item?

There are predicatessimple verbal and compound (verbal and nominal).

Simple verb the predicate is expressed by the form of some mood.

Simple verbal predicates also include predicates expressed in phraseological combinations, since they have a single integral meaning: groundworkstruck a chord, raised the alarm, became convinced, lost his temperand so on.

Compound verb the predicate consists of two verbs:auxiliary verb , expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, andindeterminate form verb, expressing the main semantic meaning of the entire structure. The first element is used:

phase verbs(start, continue, stop)

modal verbs meaning desire, opportunity, intention to perform an action(expects get better, Maybe help)

verbs expressing emotions(fear, fear, love)

short forms of adjectives(glad meet,must come,ready help)

phraseological combination(to have a desire, to be impatient)

Compound nominal the predicate consists of a verb - a connective, expressing

the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part (noun, adjective, etc.), expressing its main semantic meaning: The village where Evgeniy was bored,it was a lovely place (P.)

The following can act as a ligament:

1) verbbe in various forms of tense and mood, performing purely

grammatical function:InfantryThere is infantry. Grammar and arithmetic

essence Sciences.

verb with a weakened lexical meaning, partially expressing a material

verb meaning of the predicate:There's already a light in the grovewas becoming fire.

verb with the meaning of action, state, movement, capable of acting as

as a verb predicate:Oneginlived anchorite(P.) Anisya is not smart is sitting outside the camp(L.T.)

zero copula, not materially expressed and serving as an indicator of infusion -

current indicative mood:Life is Beautiful and amazing.

In addition to the indicated types of predicate, there are alsocompound predicate : SheI could not

agree to leave for himmarried His judgmentcontinued to be fair.

PRACTICUM

Find the basis in the sentences below.

The palace seemed like a sad island.

2) Life for an indifferent person quickly loses its meaning, and he is left alone with his well-being.

3) Many other similar thoughts passed through my mind.

4) Brother and sister returned separately.

5) The wife and her husband went to the theater.

6) It was believed that during the full moon, wolves were overcome by melancholy, and some people lost their minds.

7) In the distant past, many people worshiped the Moon as a deity.

8) Five soldiers went on reconnaissance.

9) Fur seals can move on land with relative ease.

10) A lazy person goes with the flow all his life.

11) The Shevardinsky redoubt served as a forward post.

12) A crab settled on the raft and made the entire journey with the scientists.

13) For seven years he had to experience the fate of a soldier of the Danish colonial troops, a slave on Spanish plantations in the West Indies.

14) It took about three months to cross the Arabian Sea.

15) The interlocutor turned out to be a cheerful and cheerful person.

Which word or combination of words is the subject of one of the sentences?

A special group of phraseological units is represented by phraseological combinations - connections words, one of which not free in its use. Expression indelible impression, for example, consists of two words, and each of them has its own special lexical meaning. Meanwhile, only one of them - impression – can be freely used in speech and included in different phrases. The word is indelible has strict restrictions on the ability to combine with other words and is used almost only with a noun impression.

connections

one of which

impression

lexical meaning