List of sailing ships of the Russian fleet. Sailboats of Russia (19 photos)

Battleships of the Baltic Fleet (1710-1724)

90-gun

Lesnoye, 90 or., 1718
Gangut, 92 op., 1719
Friedrichstadt, 90 op., 1720

80-gun

Untitled, 80 op., 1713. Built for the Baltic Fleet, but the order was not paid on time and did not take place.
Northern Eagle, 80 or., 1720
Friedemaker, 80 op., 1720
Saint Peter, 80 op., 1720
Saint Andrew, 80 op., 1721

70-gun

Leferm, 70 op.
Saint Alexander, 70 op., 1717
Neptunus, 70 op., 1718

66-gun

Ingermanland, 64 op., 1715
Moscow, 64 or., 1715
Revel, 68 op.
Isaac-Victoria, 66 op., 1719
Astrakhan, 66 or., 1720
Saint Catherine, 66 op., 1721
Panteleimon-Victoria, 66 op., 1721
Derbent, 66 or., 1724

60-gun

St. Catherine, 60 or., 1713. Renamed Vyborg in 1721.
Shlisselburg, 60 or., 1714
Narva, 60 or., 1714
Malburgh / Marlborough, 60 op. Built in 1714 in Holland by order of Russia. Withdrew from the fleet in 1747.
Syurireis (=Surrey?) - Sold to Spain in 1714 (as Real Macy, 60 op.)? (never part of the Russian fleet).

54 and 56 guns

Poltava, 54 or., 1712
Portsmouth, 54 op., 1714
London, 54 op. (formerly English) - Purchased in 1714 by F. S. Saltykov, crashed on October 1, 1719.
St. Michael, 54 or., 1723
Raphael, 54 or., 1724
Nystadt, 56 op. (1721, built in Holland by order of Russia, came to Russia as Rotterdam) - Crashed in 1721 on the way to Russia.
Untitled, 56 op. (1710, former French Beau Parterre, former Dutch Schonauwen, captured in 1711) - On the way to Russia, captured by Sweden and renamed Kronskepp.

50 and 52 guns

Riga, 50 or., 1710
Vyborg, 50 or., 1710
Pernov, 50 or., 1710
Untitled (1711), 50 op., 1711
Gabriel, 52 op., 1713
Raphael, 52 op., 1713
Michael, 52 op., 1713
Randolph, 50 or. (formerly English Randolph) - Purchased in England in 1712 by T. Stealth, left the fleet in 1725.
Bullinbrook, 52 or. (built 1702, former English Sussex) - Taken by the Swedes in 1714 on the way to Russia, returned to England.
Oxford, 50 op. (built in 1699, former Tankerfield) - Acquired in 1712, sold in England in 1717.
Victoria, 50 or. (1706, England, former French Grand Vainqueur, (former French Gaillard) Oaillard - former Dutch Overwinnaer, captured in 1708) - Purchased for the Russian fleet in 1712 by F. S. Saltykov, converted into provisions ship (1716), withdrawn from the fleet after 1739
Straford 50 op. (built in 1700 in England, formerly English Wintworth) - Purchased for the Russian fleet in 1712 by F. S. Saltykov, hospital (1717), fire ship (1727), dismantled in 1732.
Fortuna, 50 op. (formerly English Fortune) - Purchased for the Russian fleet in 1713 by F. S. Saltykov, crashed in 1716.
Armont, 50 op. (formerly English Armont) - Purchased for the Russian fleet in 1713 by F. S. Saltykov, fire ship (1734), dismantled in 1747.
Arondel, 50 op. (formerly English Arundel) - Purchased for the Russian fleet in 1713 by F. S. Saltykov, withdrawn from the fleet in 1747.
Pearl, 50 op. (1706/13, former Dutch. Groote Perel) - Purchased for the Russian fleet in 1713, hospital (after 1734).
Richmond, 46 or. (formerly English) Purchased for the Russian fleet in 1714 by F. M. Saltykov. Dismantled in 1721
Britannia, 50 op. (formerly English Great Allen) - Purchased for the Russian fleet in 1714 by F. S. Saltykov, converted into a prime mover (1728).
Devonshire, 52 or. (1714, built in Holland by order of Russia) - Removed from the fleet after 1737.
Uriel, 52 op., 1715
Yagudiel, 52 op., 1715
Selafail, 52 op., 1715
Varahail, 52 op., 1715
Prince Eugene, 50 op. (1721, built in Holland by order of Russia) - Removed from the fleet after 1739.

Battleships of the Baltic Fleet 1725-1740

100-110-gun

Peter the First and Second, 100 op., 1727
Empress Anna, 114 op., 1737

66-gun

Narva, 66 or.
Saint Natalia, 66 or.
Glory to Russia, 66 op., 1733
Northern Eagle, 66 or., 1735
Revel, 66 op., 1735
Ingermanland, 66 op., 1735
Foundation of Welfare, 66 op., 1736
Leferme, 66 op., 1739

54-gun

Don't touch me, 54 op., 1725
Peter the Second, 54 op. 1728
Riga, 54 or., 1729 - rebuilt into a hospital ship.
Vyborg, 54 or., 1729
New Hope, 54 op., 1730
City of Arkhangelsk, 54 op., 1735
Northern Star, 54 op., 1735
Neptunus, 54 op., 1736
Azov, 54 or., 1736
Astrakhan, 54 op., 1736
Saint Andrew, 54 op., 1737
Kronstadt, 54 op., 1738
Saint Panteleimon, 54 op., 1740
Saint Isaac, 54 op., 1740

Battleships of the Baltic Fleet (1741-1770)

80-100-gun

St. Paul, 80 op., 1743
Zakhvariy and Elizabeth, 100 op., 1748
Saint John Chrysostom the First, 80 op., 1751
Saint Nicholas, 80 op., 1754
St. Paul, 80 op., 1755
Saint Dmitry of Rostov, 100 op., 1758
Saint Andrew the First-Called, 80 or., 1758
Saint Clement Pope, 80 op., 1758
Cyrus John (King Frederick), 80 op., 1762
Saint Catherine (formerly Prince George), 80 or., 1762
Svyatoslav, 80 op., 1769. Converted into a two-deck, 72-gun ship in England in 1769.
Chesma (St. John the Baptist), 80 op., 1770

66-gun

Happiness, 66 op., 1741
Prosperity, 66 op., 1741
Saint Peter, 66 op., 1741
Catherine, 66 op., 1742
Friedemaker, 66 op., 1742
Lesnoye, 66 or., 1743
Poltava, 66 or., 1743
Archangel Raphael, 66 or., 1745
Holy Great Martyr Barbara, 66 or., 1745
Saint Sergius, 66 op., 1747
Saint Alexander Nevsky, 66 or., 1749
Saint John Chrysostom, 66 op., 1749
Archangel Gabriel, 66 or., 1749
Archangel Uriel, 66 or., 1749
Moscow, 66 or., 1750
Ingermanland, 66 or., 1752
Natalia, 66 or., 1754
Poltava, 66 or., 1754
Astrakhan, 66 or., 1756
Revel, 66 op., 1756
Raphael, 66 or., 1758
Untitled, 66 op., 1758
Moscow, 66 or., 1760
Saint Peter, 66 op., 1760
Saint James, 66 op., 1761
Saint Alexander Nevsky, 66 or., 1762
Touch me not, 66 op., 1763. Converted to a frigate in 1772, sold to Livorno in 1775.
Northern Eagle, 66 op., 1763. Sold in England in 1770.
Eustathius Placida, 66 op., 1763
Januarius, 66 or., 1763 - Sold in Paros in 1775.
Saratov, 66 or., 1765
Tver, 66 or., 1765
Three Hierarchs, 66 op., 1766
Three Saints, 66 op., 1766. Sold at Paros in 1775.
Europe, 66 op., 1768
Vsevolod, 66 or., 1769
Rostislav, 66 or., 1769
Saint George the Victorious, 66 ord., 1770
Count Orlov, 66 or., 1770
Memory of Eustathius, 66 op., 1770
Victory, 66 op., 1770

54-gun

Saint Nicholas - 54 op., 1748
Varahail - 54 op., 1749
Shlisselburg - 54 op., 1752
Varahail - 54 op., 1752
Neptunus - 54 op., 1758
City of Arkhangelsk - 54 op., 1761
Asia - 54 op., 1768. Lost in the Aegean Sea in 1773 (439 people died)

Battleships of the Baltic Fleet (1771-1796)

100-gun

John the Baptist, 100 op. Broken in 1802 in Reval
Three hierarchs, 100 or. Removed from the lists after 1792.
Rostislav, 100 or. Broken in 1802 in Reval
Saratov, 100 or. Broken in Reval in 1803
Twelve apostles, 100 op. Broken in Kronstadt in 1802.
Holy Equal to the Apostles Prince Vladimir, 100 or. Broken in Kronstadt in 1802.
Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, 100 op. Broken in Kronstadt in 1807
Evseniy, 100 or. Broken in Kronstadt in 1803.
Untitled, 100 op. Completed as a set, but in 1798 broken down due to disrepair.

74-gun

Holy Great Martyr Isidore (1772), 74 op. Broken in 1784 in Kronstadt.
Holy Great Martyr Panteleimon (1772), 74 op. Broken in 1784 in Kronstadt
Ezekiel (1773), 78 op. Timbered in 1782 and 1793. in Kronstadt. Broken in Kronstadt after 1797
Tsar Constantine (1779), 74 op. Last mentioned in 1790
Pobedoslav (battleship, 1782), 74 op. Broken in 1804 in Kronstadt.
Yaroslav (battleship, 1784), 74 op. Broken in 1798 in Kronstadt.
Vladislav (battleship, 1784), 74 op. Captured by the Swedes on July 6, 1788 in the Battle of Hogland
Vseslav (battleship, 1785), 74 op. Broken in 1798 in Kronstadt.
Mstislav (battleship, 1785), 74 op. Broken in 1811 in Kronstadt.
Saint Helena (ship of the line), 1785, 74 op. Timbered in 1798-1804. Left the fleet on September 29, 1808.
St. Peter (battleship, 1786), 74 op. In 1803 it was converted into a store.
Cyrus John (battleship, 1786), 74 op. In 1798 it was broken in Kronstadt.
Alexander Nevsky (battleship, 1787), 74 op. In 1795-1797 timbered in Kronstadt. Floating crane (since 1804), broken in 1814
Sysoy the Great (battleship, 1788), 74 op. Broken in Kronstadt in 1804.
Maximus the Confessor (battleship, 1788), 74 op. Broken in Kronstadt in 1803.
Prince Gustav (battleship, 1788), 74 op., Swedish prize. Sank on November 4, 1798 in the North Sea.
Boris (battleship, 1789), 74 op. Converted into a store in 1802
Gleb (battleship, 1789), 74 op. Timbered in 1798. In 1802 it was turned into a floating barracks, in 1805 - into a hospital.
Sophia Magdalene (battleship, 1790), 1774, Swedish prize. Dismantled after 1805
Peter (battleship, 1790), 74 op. Broken in 1821 in Kronstadt.
Alexey (battleship, 1790), 74 op. Broken in 1815 in Kronstadt.
Memory of Eustathius (battleship, 1791), 74 op. Broken in 1817 in Reval.
Isidore (battleship, 1795), 74 op. In 1801 he was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet.
Elizabeth (battleship, 1795), 74 op. Broken in 1817 in Reval.
Vsevolod (battleship, 1796), 74 op. Killed on August 14, 1808 in a battle with English ships.

66-gun

Victor (battleship, 1771), 66 op.
Vyacheslav (battleship, 1771), 66 op.
Dmitry Donskoy (battleship, 1771), 66 op.
Myrrhbearers (battleship), (Holy Myrrhbearers), 66 op.
Holy Prince Vladimir (battleship, 1771) 66 op.
Alexander Nevsky (battleship, 1772), 66 op.
Boris and Gleb (battleship, 1772), 66 op.
Preslava (battleship, 1772), 66 op.
Fight (battleship, 1772), 66 op.
Ingermanland (battleship, 1773), 66 op.
Asia (battleship, 1773), 66 op.
America (ship of the line, 1773), 66 op.
Glory to Russia (battleship, 1774), 66 op.
Welfare (ship of the line, 1774)
Solid (ship of the line, 1774)
Saint Nicholas (ship of the line, 1775)
Brave (ship of the line, 1775)
Spiridon (battleship, 1779), 66 op.
David of Thessalonica (battleship, 1779)
Touch me not (ship of the line, 1780)
Ianuarius (ship of the line, 1780)
Victorious (battleship, 1780)
Svyatoslav (battleship, 1781)
Three Saints (battleship, 1781)
Vysheslav (battleship, 1781)
Rodislav (battleship, 1782)
Pobedoslav (battleship, 1782)
Mecheslav (battleship)
Boleslav (battleship, 1783)
Izyaslav (battleship, 1784)
Panteleimon (battleship, 1786)
Northern Eagle (ship of the line, 1787)
Prokhor (battleship, 1788)
Parmen (ship of the line, 1789)
Nicanor (ship of the line, 1789)
Pimen (battleship, 1789)
Prince Charles (ship of the line, 1790)
Emgaten (ship of the line, 1790)
Retvizan (battleship, 1790)
Finland (battleship, 1790), 56 op.
Jonah (ship of the line, 1790)
Philip (ship of the line, 1790)
Count Orlov (battleship, 1791), Mikhail (battleship, 1796)
Europa (ship of the line, 1793)
Asia (ship of the line, 1796)

Battleships of the Black Sea Fleet (1780-1796)

80-gun

Joseph ΙΙ, Nativity of Christ (from March 15, 1790), 80 op. Dismantled in 1800
St. Paul, 84/82 op. Dismantled in 1810

74-gun

John the Baptist, 74/78 op. Turkish prize. In 1800 in Sevastopol it was converted into a battery.
Saint Peter, 74 op. Shop since 1803
Saints Zechariah and Elizabeth, 74 op. Turned into a store in 1803.

66-gun

Transfiguration of the Lord (battleship), Glory of Catherine (until March 3, 1778), 66 op. Last mentioned in 1791
St. Paul (ship of the line, 1784), 66 op. Dismantled after 1794
Mary Magdalene (ship of the line, 1785), 66 op. Captured by the Turks on September 13, 1787
Alexander (battleship), 66 op. Crashed near Cape Tarkhankut on September 24, 1786.
Saint Vladimir (battleship), 66/70 op. Dismantled after 1804
Martyr Leontius (battleship, 1788), 58 op. Turkish prize. Dismantled after 1791
Mary Magdalene (ship of the line, 1789), 66 op.
Epiphany of the Lord (ship of the line, 1791), 66/72 op. Dismantled in 1804 in Sevastopol.
Holy Trinity (battleship, 1791), 66/72 op. Dismantled in 1804 in Sevastopol.

Frigates considered ships of the line (1787-1792)

Battleships of the Baltic Fleet (1797-1824)

100-130-gun

Grace (battleship, 1800), 130 op. Broken in 1814
Gabriel (battleship, 1802), 100 op. In 1804, the building was lined with copper sheets. In 9. 1812 it was delivered to the port, in 1819 it was broken up in Kronstadt.
Brave (battleship, 1808), 120 op. Timbered in 1817. Run aground on November 7, 1824 in the Military Harbor of Kronstadt. There it was dismantled in 1828-1829.
Rostislav (battleship, 1813), 110 op. Dismantled in Kronstadt in 1827.
Leipzig (battleship, 1816), 110 op. Stranded on November 7, 1824, refloated (December 15), “fit for navigation in the local sea.” In 1829 it was turned into a store.
Tverdy (battleship, 1819), 110 op. Stranded on November 7, 1824, dismantled in 1828.

80 and 90 guns

Raphael (battleship, 1802), 80/82 op. Transferred to the English fleet in Lisbon on August 23, 1808.
Uriel (battleship, 1802), 76/80 op. In 1804, the ship's hull was sheathed with copper sheets. Delivered to the French government on 10/10/1809.
Bold (battleship, 1808), 88 op. Timbered in 1817 in Kronstadt. Broken in 1819
Emgeiten (1822), Kronstadt (1829), 84 op.

74-gun

Northern Eagle (battleship, 1797), 74 op. Broken in 1809 in Kronstadt.
Untitled (battleship), 74 op. Only the keel was laid. Broken in 1798
Moscow (battleship, 1799), 74 op. In 1804 it was lined with copper boards. Came to the disposal of France in 1808.
Yaroslav (battleship, 1799)
St. Peter (ship of the line, 1799
Conception of St. Anne (ship of the line, 1800)
Archangel Michael (battleship, 1800), 64/72 op.
Selafail (ship of the line, 1803), 74 op.
Strong (ship of the line, 1804)
Tverdy (battleship, 1805), 74 op. It was laid down as a 90-gun, but in 1803 it was converted into a 74-gun.
Eagle (ship of the line, 1805
North Star (ship of the line, 1807)
Borey (ship of the line, 1807
Touch me not (ship of the line, 1809)
Three Hierarchs (ship of the line, 1809)
Svyatoslav (battleship, 1809)
Memory of Eustathius (battleship, 1810)
Prince Gustav (ship of the line, 1810)
Chesma (battleship, 1811)
Berlin (battleship, 1813)
Hamburg (ship of the line, 1813)
Dresden (battleship, 1813)
Lübeck (ship of the line, 1813)
Arsis (ship of the line, 1816)
Katzbach (battleship, 1816)
Retvizan (battleship, 1818)
Three Saints (battleship, 1819)
St. Andrew (ship of the line, 1821)
Prokhor (battleship, 1823)
Prince Vladimir (battleship, 1824)

66-gun

Pobeda (battleship, 1797), 66 op. Transferred to the Black Sea Fleet in 1801.
Powerful (battleship, 1805), 66 op. 29.9.1808 delivered to the English fleet.
Fast (battleship, 1805), 66 op.? 29.9.1808 delivered to the English fleet.
Victorious (battleship, 1809), 64 op. In 1821 it was converted into a blockhouse in Sveaborg.
Vsevolod (battleship, 1809), 66 op. In 1821 it was converted into a blockhouse in Sveaborg.
Saratov (battleship, 1809), 66 op. In October 1812 he sat down on the stones near Fr. Grohar and was dismantled.
Emmanuel (battleship, 1824), 66 op. Dismantled in 1833 for firewood.

Battleships of the Black Sea Fleet (1797-1824)

110-gun

"Yagudiel", 110 op. Disassembled after
"Ratny", 110 op. Disassembled after
"Poltava", 110 op. Dismantled in Sevastopol in
"The Twelve Apostles", 110 op. Dismantled in Kherson.
"Paris", 110 op. Converted to blockshiv in the city.
"Emperor Franz", 110 op. Disassembled in

80-gun

Panteleimon (battleship, 1824), 80 op. Converted to blockshiv in 1838.

74-gun

Simeon and Anna (1797), 74 op. Last mentioned in 10. 1804
Saint Michael (1798) / Michael, 74 op. Hospital in 1807. Left in Corfu on 12/12/1807, sold.
Tolskaya Mother of God (1799), 74 op. Broken by a storm on December 8, 1804 off the coast of the Caucasus.
Mary Magdalene the Second (1799), 74 op. Brand watch in 1807-1810. in the Sevastopol. Dismantled after 1810
Saint Paraskeva (1799), 74 op. Delivered to Corfu on September 27, 1809 to France.
Isidore (1795), 74 op. - transferred in 1801 from the Baltic Fleet to the Black Sea.
Right (1804), 74/76 op. Last mentioned in 1813
Anapa (1807), 74 op. Converted to Blokshiv in 1827.
Maria (1808), 74 op. Dismantled after 1812
Dmitry Donskoy (1809), 74 op. He took an active part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. Last mentioned in 1818
Asia (1810), 74 op. Dismantled in 1825
Lesnoye (1811) / Lesnoy, 74 op. Converted to Blokshiv in 1825.
Maximus the Confessor (1812), 74 op. Dismantled in 1832 in Sevastopol.
Kulm (1813), 74 op. Converted to Blokshiv in 1826.
Brien (1813), 74 op. Converted to Blokshiv in 1826.
Red (1816), 74 op. Converted to Blokshiv in 1827.
Nicholas (1816), 74 op. In 1827 he was converted into a block.
Skory (battleship, 1818), 74/81 op. Hospital since 1829. Dismantled after 1830.
Nord-Adler (1820), 74/91 op. Dismantled in 1839
Pimen (1823), 74/95 op. Converted to Blokshiv in 1839.
Parmen (1823), 74/89 op. Turned into a block in 1835. Dismantled in 1842.

66-gun

Varahail (1800), 68 op. Dismantled after 1813
Asia (1796), 66 op. -transferred in 1801 from the Baltic Fleet to the Black Sea Fleet.
Victory (1797), 66 op. - transferred in 1801 from the Baltic Fleet to the Black Sea.

Battleships of the Baltic Fleet (1825-1855)

110-130-gun ships

Emperor Alexander I (battleship), 1827, 110 op.
Emperor Peter I (battleship), 1829, 110/118 op. Timbered in 1850. Excluded from the lists 5. 1. 1863.
St. George the Victorious (battleship, 1829), 110/118 op. Dismantled in 1858
Russia (1839), 120/128 op. Since 1857 it was used as a floating barracks.
Tsarevich (battleship), 135 op.
Sinop (1858), 135 op.
Emperor Nicholas I (1860), 111 op.

90-gun ships

Emgeiten (1828), 94 op. Timbered in Kronstadt in 1846. Dismantled in 1858.

84-gun ships

Gangut (battleship, 1825), 84 op.
Empress Alexandra (battleship, 1827), 84/96 op.
Poltava (battleship, 1829), 84/90 op.
Don't touch me (battleship, 1832), 84/92 op.
Vladimir (battleship, 1833), 84/92 op.
Lefort (battleship, 1835), 84/94 op.
Vola (battleship, 1837), 84/92 op.
Andrey (battleship, 1844), 84 op.
Prokhor (battleship, 1851), 84 op.
Eagle (battleship, 1854), 84 op.
Retvizan (battleship, 1855), 84/81 op.

74-gun ships

Tsar Constantine (battleship, 1825), 74 op.
Ezekiel (ship of the line, 1826), 74/80 op.
Azov, (1826) 74/80 op.
Alexander Nevsky (battleship, 1826), 74 op.
Grand Duke Mikhail (battleship, 1827), 74/86 op.
Katzbach (battleship, 1828), 74/80 op.
Kultm (battleship, 1828), 74/90 op.
Arsis (battleship, 1828), 74/80 op. Timbered in the city of Kronstadt. After the year he was converted to blockhouse in Sveaborg.
Lesnoye (battleship, 1829), 74/80 op.
Narva (battleship, 1829), 74/80 op.
Brienne (ship of the line, 1829), 74/80 op.
Krasny (battleship, 1830), 74/80 op.
Borodino (battleship, 1830), 74/80 op.
Berezino (battleship, 1830), 74/80 op.
Smolensk (battleship, 1830), 74/80 op.
Memory of Azov (battleship, 1831), 74/86 op.
Eagle (battleship, 1833), 74/80 op.
Ferchampenoise (battleship, 1833), 74/82 op.
Ostrolenka (battleship, 1834), 74/80 op.
Leipzig (battleship, 1836), 74/80 op.
Konstantin (battleship), 74 op.
Retvizan (battleship, 1839), 74/80 op.
Finland (battleship, 1840), 74/80 op.
Vyborg (battleship, 1841), 74 op.
Ingermanland (battleship, 1842), 74/80 op.
Narva (battleship, 1846), 74 op.
Ezerkiel (battleship, 1847), 74 op.
Red (battleship, 1847), 74 op.
Memory of Azov (battleship, 1848), 74 op.
Sysoy the Great (battleship, 1849), 74 op.
Borodino (battleship, 1850), 74 op.
Vilagos (battleship, 1851), 74 op.

Battleships of the Black Sea Fleet (1825-1855)

110-130-gun

Derbent, battleship, (1826), Paris (from 2. 1827), 110/112 op. Disassembled in
Memory of Eustathius (battleship, 1830), 84/108 op. Dedicated to port (). Disassembled in
Adrianople (battleship, 1830), 84/108 op. Dedicated to port (). Disassembled in
Warsaw (battleship), 120 op. Disassembled in
Three Saints (battleship, 1838), 120/130 op. Timbered in the city. Flooded on September 11th at the entrance to Sevastopol Bay.
The Twelve Apostles (ship of the line, 1841), 120/135 op. Hospital since 12/18. Sunk in roadstead 2/13.
Paris (1849), 120/130 op. Flooded on 28.8. while leaving Sevastopol.
Grand Duke Constantine (1852), 120 op. Flooded on 28.8. while leaving Sevastopol.

84-gun

Chesma, 84/91 gun.
Anapa (battleship, 1829), 84/108 guns.
Memory of Eustathius (battleship, 1830), 84/108 guns.
Adrianople (battleship, 1830), 84/108 guns.
Empress Catherine (battleship, 1831), 84/96 guns.
Silistria (battleship, 1835), 84/88 guns.
Sultan Mahmud (ship of the line, 1836), 86 guns.
Three Hierarchs (battleship, 1838), 84/90 guns.
Gabriel (battleship, 1839), 84/86 guns.
Selafail (ship of the line, 1840), 84/96 guns.
Uriel (ship of the line, 1840), 84/96 guns.
Varna (battleship, 1842), 84/96 guns.
Yagudiel (battleship, 1843), 84/96 guns.
Rostislav (battleship, 1844), 84/96 guns.
Svyatoslav (battleship, 1845), 84/96 guns.
Chesma, 84/72 guns.
Empress Maria (battleship, 1853), 84/90 guns.

A battleship is a sailing military vessel made of wood with a displacement of up to 6 thousand tons. They had up to 135 guns on their sides, arranged in several rows, and up to 800 crew members. These ships were used in naval battles using so-called linear battle tactics in the 17th to 19th centuries.

The emergence of battleships

The name “ship of the line” has been known since the time of the sailing fleet. During this time, the multi-decks lined up in one line in order to fire a salvo of all guns at the enemy. It was the simultaneous fire from all onboard guns that caused significant damage to the enemy. Soon such battle tactics began to be called linear. The formation of ships in a line during naval battles was first used by the English and Spanish navies in the early 17th century.

The ancestors of battleships are galleons with heavy weapons, carracks. The first mention of them appeared in Europe at the beginning of the 17th century. These models of battleships were much lighter and shorter than galleons. Such qualities allowed them to maneuver faster, that is, line up with the side facing the enemy. It was necessary to line up in such a way that the bow of the next ship was necessarily directed towards the stern of the previous one. Why weren’t they afraid to expose the sides of their ships to enemy attacks? Because the multilayer wooden sides were reliable protection for the ship from enemy cannonballs.

The process of formation of battleships

Soon a multi-deck sailing battleship appeared, which for more than 250 years became the main means of warfare at sea. Progress did not stand still; thanks to the latest methods for calculating hulls, it became possible to cut cannon ports into several tiers at the very beginning of construction. In this way, it was possible to calculate the strength of the ship even before it was launched. In the mid-17th century, a clear distinction between classes emerged:

Old double deckers. These are ships whose decks are located one above the other. They are lined with 50 cannons firing at the enemy through windows on the sides of the ship. These floating craft did not have sufficient strength to conduct linear combat and were mainly used as escorts for convoys.
Double-decker battleships with 64 to 90 guns represented the bulk of the fleet.
Three- or four-decker ships with 98-144 guns served as flagships. A fleet containing 10-25 such ships could control trade lines and, in the event of war, block them for the enemy.

Differences between battleships and others

The sailing equipment of frigates and battleships is the same - three-masted. Each one necessarily had straight sails. But still, a frigate and a battleship have some differences. The first has only one closed battery, and battleships have several. In addition, the latter have a much larger number of guns, and this also applies to the height of the sides. But frigates are more maneuverable and can operate even in shallow water.

A ship of the line differs from a galleon in having straight sails. In addition, the latter does not have a rectangular turret at the stern and a latrine at the bow. A battleship is superior to a galleon in both speed and maneuverability, as well as in artillery combat. The latter is more suitable for boarding combat. Among other things, they were very often used to transport troops and cargo.

The appearance of battleships in Russia

Before the reign of Peter I, there were no such structures in Russia. The first Russian battleship was called “Goto Predestination”. By the twenties of the 18th century, the Russian Imperial Navy already included 36 such ships. At the beginning these were complete copies of Western models, but by the end of the reign of Peter I, Russian battleships began to have their own distinctive features. They were much shorter and had less shrinkage, which negatively affected seaworthiness. These ships were very well suited to the conditions of the Azov and then the Baltic seas. The emperor himself was directly involved in the design and construction. The Russian Navy had its name, the Russian Imperial Navy, from October 22, 1721 to April 16, 1917. Only people from the nobility could serve as naval officers, and recruits from the common people could serve as sailors on ships. Their service in the navy was lifelong.

Battleship "Twelve Apostles"

“12 Apostles” was laid down in 1838 and launched in 1841 in the city of Nikolaev. This is a ship with 120 cannons on board. There were only 3 ships of this type. These ships were distinguished not only by their grace and beauty of form, they had no equal in battle among sailing ships. The battleship "12 Apostles" was the first in the Russian Imperial Navy to be armed with new bomb guns.

The fate of the ship was such that it was unable to participate in a single battle of the Black Sea Fleet. Its hull remained intact and did not receive a single hole. But this ship became an exemplary training center; it provided the defense of Russian forts and fortresses in the western Caucasus. In addition, the ship was engaged in transporting land troops and went on long voyages for 3-4 months. The ship was subsequently sunk.

Reasons why battleships lost their importance

The position of wooden battleships as the main force at sea was shaken due to the development of artillery. Heavy bombing guns easily pierced the wooden side with bombs filled with gunpowder, thereby causing serious damage to the ship and causing fires. If earlier artillery did not pose a great threat to the hulls of ships, then bombing guns could send Russian battleships to the bottom with just a few dozen hits. Since that time, the question of protecting structures with metal armor arose.

In 1848, screw propulsion and relatively powerful steam engines were invented, so wooden sailing ships slowly began to fade from the scene. Some ships were converted and equipped with steam units. Several large ships with sails were also produced; out of habit, they were called linear.

Linemen of the Imperial Navy

In 1907, a new class of ships appeared; in Russia they were called linear, or battleships for short. These are armored artillery warships. Their displacement ranged from 20 to 65 thousand tons. If we compare battleships of the 18th century and battleships, the latter have a length from 150 to 250 m. They are armed with a gun of caliber from 280 to 460 mm. The battleship's crew ranges from 1,500 to 2,800 people. The ship was used to destroy the enemy as part of a combat formation and artillery support for ground operations. The ships were given their name not so much in memory of battleships, but because they needed to revive the tactics of linear combat.

Since the times of the Soviet Union, six training sailing ships have been preserved in Russian nautical schools: “Young Baltiets”, “Kruzenshtern”, “Sedov”, “Mir”, “Nadezhda” and “Pallada”.

1. The sailing ship “Young Baltic” is assigned to the Maritime Technical College named after Admiral D.N. Senyavin, which is located in St. Petersburg.

2. The sailing ships “Kruzenshtern” and “Sedov” are assigned to the Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet, which is located in Kaliningrad.

3. The sailing ship “Mir” is assigned to the port of St. Petersburg and is at the disposal of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Rosmorport”.

4. The sailing ship “Nadezhda” is registered at the port of Vladivostok and is at the disposal of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Rosmorport”.

5. The sailing ship “Pallada” is assigned to the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University, which is located in Vladivostok.

Thus, six training sailing ships are concentrated in three ports: Vladivostok, Kaliningrad and St. Petersburg, two in each, while three: “Young Baltiets”, “Mir” and “Nadezhda” belong to educational institutions of Rosmorrechflot, and three: “Kruzenshtern”, “Pallada” and “Sedov” belong to educational institutions of the Federal Fisheries Agency.

Sailboat "Young Baltic"

Built at the Baltic Shipyard in 1989 and became the first motor-sailing vessel built in Russia since 1914.

At the Lieutenant Schmidt embankment.

According to the type of sailing rig, it belongs to two-masted schooners with gaff-Bermuda rigs. The height of the masts is 32 m.

Displacement 441 register tons. Length 49.5 m. Beam 8.4 m. Draft 3.1 m. Speed up to 12 knots. Can accommodate 32 trainees. Mainly operates flights with trainees in the Baltic Sea. During the 2017 navigation season, 109 cadets from the college and the Young Boys and Admiralteets clubs completed internships on it.

Sailboat "Kruzenshtern"

Built in 1926 in Germany. According to the type of sailing equipment, it is a four-masted barque. Total displacement 6400 tons. Length 114.5 m. Width 14.02 m. Maximum draft 7.2 m. Sailing speed up to 16 knots. Maximum height of masts is 56 m. Sail area is up to 3800 sq. m. Can take on board up to 203 trainees. The navigation area is unlimited.

In 1991, the bark was transferred from the Estrybprom association to the Kaliningrad Higher Marine Engineering School, and changed its home port of Tallinn to Kaliningrad.

The bark regularly makes voyages with cadets from various sailors, mainly in the seas surrounding Europe. He completed two circumnavigations of the world in 1995-1996 and in 2005-2006. In 2015, the sailing ship sailed in honor of the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War along the route: Sochi - Novorossiysk - Kerch - Sevastopol - Toulon - Reykjavik - Murmansk - Arkhangelsk - Kaliningrad.

Every year, several hundred cadets from various educational institutions of the Russian Federal Fisheries Agency undergo swimming practice on the sailboat.

Sailboat "Sedov"

Built in 1921 in Germany. Currently considered the largest training sailing ship. The sailing rig corresponds to a four-masted barque.

Total displacement 7320 tons. Length 117.5 m. Beam 14.7 m. Draft 6.7 m. Speed up to 18 knots. The maximum height of the masts from the keel to the fore is 63.5 m. The sail area is 4192 sq. m. Can accommodate 164 cadets on board. The navigation area is unlimited.

The sailboat holds the official world speed record under sail for ships of this class - 18.32 knots, which was set in 1987 in the Mediterranean Sea.

From 1966 to 2015, the ship traveled more than 500 thousand miles, which is equal to the distance from the Earth to the Moon and back.

In 2006 and 2010, the sailboat made voyages in the high latitudes of the Arctic dedicated to the memory of the defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War. On September 23, 2010, it reached latitude 78° and became the first ship of its class to rise so far to the north.

In 2012–2013, “Sedov” made a circumnavigation of the world dedicated to the 1150th anniversary of the creation of the ancient Russian state.

Just like on the Kruzenshtern, on the Sedov, several hundred cadets from various educational institutions of the Russian Federal Fisheries Agency undergo swimming practice every year.

Sailboat "Mir"

Built in 1987 in Poland. By type of armament - a three-masted sailing ship. Displacement 2984 tons. Length 108.6 m. Beam 14.0 m. Draft 6.6 m. Mast height 49.5 m. Speed 11.6 knots. Sail area 2771 sq. m. Can accommodate 144 cadets on board.

The ship holds the official speed record under sail - 21 knots. The sailing ship has participated in many international regattas and during navigation sails with cadets from various nautical and river schools, mainly in the seas surrounding Europe.

Every year, several hundred cadets from various educational institutions of Rosmorrechflot of Russia undergo swimming practice on the sailboat.

Sailboat "Nadezhna"

Built in 1992 in Poland. By type of armament - a three-masted sailing ship. Displacement 2984 tons. Length 108.6 m. Beam 14.0 m. Draft 6.6 m. Mast height 49.5 m. Speed 11.6 knots. Sail area 2768 sq. m. Can accommodate 144 cadets on board.

The sailing ship received its name in honor of the flagship ship of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, Nadezhda.

The sailboat sails mainly in the seas of the Far East.

In 2014 and 2016, he took part in regattas on the Black Sea, for which he traveled through the Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal.

On the sailing ship "Nadezhda", as well as on the sailing ship of the same type "Mir", several hundred cadets from various educational institutions of Rosmorrechflot of Russia, mainly located in the Far East and eastern Siberia, undergo swimming practice every year.

Sailboat "Pallada"

Built in 1989 in Poland. The sailing ship inherited its name in honor of the frigate “Pallada”, on which the Russian writer Ivan Goncharov sailed to the Far East and wrote his famous novel “Frigate Pallada”. Well, historical continuity in the names of ships is always good.

By type of armament - a three-masted sailing ship. Displacement 2284 tons. Length 108.6 m. Beam 14.0 m. Draft 6.6 m. Mast height 49.5 m. Speed 11.6 knots. Sail area 2771 sq. m. Can accommodate 144 cadets on board.

In 2007 - 2008, the sailing ship made a circumnavigation of the world, dedicated to the 190th anniversary of the circumnavigation of Russian ships under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev and the 50th anniversary of the beginning of Russian exploration of Antarctica.

Every year, several hundred cadets from various educational institutions of the Russian Federal Fisheries Agency, located in the Far East, Kamchatka and Eastern Siberia, undergo swimming practice on the sailboat.

This article provides only the briefest information about each legendary training sailboat. Of course, each of them has its own history, dating back decades, and filled with unforgettable voyages and impressions of tens of thousands of cadets who became familiar with the sea on their decks and masts, making long voyages through fogs and storms, in different parts of the world's oceans.

It is worth noting that our country has not only the largest number of nautical and river schools, but also the largest fleet of training sailing ships.

In addition to specialized training sailing ships assigned to one or another maritime educational institution, in Russia there are other sailing ships on which boys and girls and even quite adults are introduced to sea life. After all, the sea attracts not only young people; a person can develop a craving for the sea and a desire to try oneself in overcoming difficulties at sea at any age. That’s why various sailing ships and yachts ply the waters every year, for example, the sailing ship “Standard” and the sailing schooner “Nadezhda”.

The sailing ship “Standard”, built in honor of the first-born of the Baltic Fleet, a ship from the time of Peter the Great.

Photo taken in the port of Hamburg in February 2012.

The sailing schooner "Nadezhda" passes the protective dam in Kronstadt and proceeds to the Great Kronstadt roadstead. Photo taken in August 2019.

Sailing ship “Poltava” near the Promenade des Anglais

Although the sailing ship "Poltava" was built as a historical ship, even stepping onto its deck one already becomes familiar with the sea to some extent, and even if you spend a few hours on it, over the course of a few more days, you'll be at sea and You can fall in love with ships.

To the cadets who will climb onto the decks of training sailing ships for the first time, I would like to say that it is not the ship that adorns the sailor, but the sailor, with his love for the ship and the sea, his reasonable service zeal and concern for the technical serviceability of the ship, becomes its true adornment and the basis for safe and accident-free navigation.

Not a single snow-white and seemingly luxurious liner will become a home for an illiterate and irresponsible sailor, and any hard-working fishing trawler or dry cargo ship on a coastal line is transformed and becomes a reliable assistant and a road to the future, a caring sailor who sincerely loves ships is devoted sea and always conscientiously fulfills his duties on every ship, wherever the fate of a sailor takes him.

For a real sailor, first paper, and then small and rusty boats, eventually give way to huge ocean liners. There is no force on earth that can become an obstacle in the path of a person who wants to be a sailor and is ready to devote his whole life to it, and let his parting words in this noble endeavor be the words from Veniamin Kaverin’s magnificent novel “Two Captains”:

“Fight and search, find and don’t give up!”

In 1800, the anti-French coalition, which included Turkey, collapsed. Moreover, the latter even began to hatch a plan for concluding an alliance with Napoleon. In this situation, Russia was forced to further strengthen its positions in the Black and Mediterranean Seas. The importance of the created F.F. has increased. Ushakov of the Republic of the Ionian Islands. It was supposed to become a center for providing assistance to the national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples and a base for the operation of the Russian fleet and ground forces in the Mediterranean theater of operations.

However, after the defeat of the Russian-Austrian army at Austerlitz in November 1805, facing the threat of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, Alexander I gave the order to return all Russian troops from the Mediterranean, leaving only small forces on the island of Corfu. The tsar's order came very late: only in March 1806, when Senyavin had already launched active military operations against the French in the Adriatic and achieved significant success. The tsar soon canceled his order to leave the Mediterranean, and the Second Archipelago Expedition of the Russian fleet continued. Despite the lack of regular supplies and reliable communications with Russia, in the face of sudden changes in the military-political situation, the Russian Mediterranean squadrons managed to prevent Napoleon from capturing the Balkan Peninsula.

In the hostilities against the Turks, the forces of D.N. Senyavin managed to win a number of striking victories. The Dardanelles and Athos battles were especially effective for Russian sailors. In the last of them, which occurred on June 19, 1807, the Turks lost a third of their ships, about 1000 people were killed and wounded, and more than 700 people surrendered. The Russian squadron did not lose a single ship.

The defeat at sea was the main factor that forced Turkey to agree to a truce with Russia. From 1805 to 1818 Russia continuously waged wars, mainly on land. During the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813-1814. the fleet was almost never used. His activities were limited to transporting troops, minor actions on the coastal flanks of the army, blocking, together with the British, the coasts of Holland and France.

In 1803-1813 and 1826-1827. There were two wars with Persia. The actions of Russian troops in Eastern Transcaucasia were supported by the Caspian Flotilla, based in Astrakhan. The Persian troops that invaded the territory of the Tala-Shin and Karabakh khanates were defeated. According to the peace treaty of 1828, the Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates, as well as part of the Caspian coast up to the river, went to Russia. Astara. Russia received the right to keep military ships in the Caspian Sea.

At the beginning of the 19th century. At the head of the fleet was Admiral P.V. Chichagov, who, unlike his father, the talented Admiral V.Ya. Chichagov, did not shine with great intelligence, considering the fleet “a burdensome luxury for the state.” Under his successors, admirals I.I. Traverse and von Moller the fleet fell into even greater decline. In view of Turkey's refusal to grant autonomy to Greece, Russia, England and France decided in 1827 to hold a joint naval demonstration off the Turkish coast. A squadron consisting of 4 battleships, 4 frigates, a corvette and 4 brigs was sent from the Baltic to the Archipelago. It was commanded by Rear Admiral L.P. Heyden. Having united with the English squadron of Vice Admiral E. Condrington and the French Rear Admiral De Regny at Zante Island, the ships approached Navarino Bay. On October 8 (20), 1827, a battle took place here with the combined Turkish-Egyptian fleet, commanded by Muharrembey. The Russian-English-French squadron had 26 ships with 1298 guns, the Turks and Egyptians had 66 ships and 2224 guns. The Russian battleships were in the center of the battle. With skillful and decisive actions they destroyed the bulk of the enemy fleet. The ship "Azov" under the command of Captain 1st Rank M.P. especially distinguished itself. Lazarev, for which he was awarded the St. George flag for the first time in the Russian fleet. The British and French fought courageously and with high combat skill. As a result of the four-hour battle, the entire Turkish-Egyptian fleet was destroyed, killing 7,000 people. The defeat of the Turks in the Battle of Navarino significantly weakened the military power of Turkey, but did not resolve the issue of Greek independence. The Greek struggle continued.

A new war between Russia and Turkey began in April 1828 with the offensive of the Russian army in two directions - to the Balkans and Erzurum. The Black Sea Fleet was called upon to assist the ground forces in capturing enemy fortresses. As a result of the month-long siege of Anapa, supported by fire from the ships of the Black Sea squadron of Vice Admiral A.S. Greig, the fortress garrison capitulated. The same fate befell the Varna fortress, where the Russians captured over 9 thousand Turks, captured about 300 guns and a lot of ammunition. In February 1829, the Sizopol fortress fell.

Advancing in the Balkans, the Russian army occupied Adriapole and began to threaten Constantinople. The Black Sea Fleet landed five troops on the enemy coast. At the end of August 1829, Russian troops reached the shores of the Aegean Sea, in which the Baltic squadron of Vice Admiral L.P. operated. Heyden. Military defeats in the battles forced Turkey to conclude a peace treaty, according to which the mouth of the Danube with the islands and the eastern coast of the Black Sea went to Russia. Türkiye recognized the annexation of Georgia, Imereti, Megrelia, and Guria to Russia. Greece received broad autonomy.

Despite the beginning of the era of the steam fleet, the pace of construction of sailing ships in Russia does not slow down. The Black Sea Fleet includes sailing battleships, the prototype of which was the 84-gun ship Silistria, which proved itself well in voyages.

The first Russian screw frigate "Archimedes"
1848

The naval personnel under Admiral M.P. is being replenished especially intensively. Lazarev, appointed chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and ports. More modern 68-pound bomb guns are being adopted for the ships' arsenal.

For the first time in Russia, the 120-gun battleships “Twelve Apostles” (Nikolaev) and “Russia” (St. Petersburg) are being built and put into operation. They were one of the most powerful and fastest sailing ships of their time. At the Alexander Plant in St. Petersburg, according to the design of engineer-general K.A. Schilder is building a metal submarine equipped with an original optical tube, the predecessor of the modern periscope.

During the Crimean War of 1853-1855. The Black Sea Fleet entered with 14 battleships, 6 frigates, 4 corvettes, 12 brigs, 7 steam frigates built in foreign shipyards, and dozens of other ships and vessels. At the beginning of the war, the Baltic Fleet included 26 battleships, 14 frigates, 2 corvettes, 6 brigs, 9 steam frigates and more than 100 small sailing and rowing ships.

The defeat of the Turkish squadron in the Battle of Sinop by the Black Sea squadron under the command of Vice Admiral P.S. Nakhimov, holding the flag on the battleship "Empress Maria", and the heroic defense of Sevastopol entered the history of the Russian fleet as particularly vivid, both heroic and tragic, pages. In the last major battle of the era of the sailing fleet, the Turks lost 7 frigates, 3 corvettes, a steamship and 4 transports. Of the 4,500 people who made up the crew of the Turkish squadron, 3,000 people died. Many Turks were captured, including the squadron commander, Admiral Osman Pasha. Nakhimov's squadron did not lose a single ship, 37 killed and 229 wounded were out of action.

However, Russia was defeated in the Crimean War. The Anglo-French fleet, which entered the Black Sea as an allied Turkish fleet, consisted mainly of steam ships. The Russian sailing fleet was unable to resist the enemy, who managed to capture Sevastopol, Evpatoria, Kerch, and Kinburn.

Russia suffered minor territorial losses in the war. Russian cities occupied by the Allies were returned. However, the fate of the Russian fleet was difficult. By the Treaty of Paris on March 18, 1856, Russia was prohibited from having a navy in the Black Sea. The south of the country became defenseless from enemy attack from the sea (Russia rejected the humiliating articles of this treaty only in 1871, which was confirmed by the London Conference). And yet the fleet lived.

"Duke of Edinburgh"
1877

In 1863-1864. Russia carried out a military action to help the Northern states of the United States, which were waging a civil war with the Confederates who defended the interests of the slave-holding South of the country. For this purpose, in the summer of 1863, two squadrons of the Russian fleet were sent to the shores of America - the Atlantic and the Pacific. As part of the first, which set off from Kronstadt to New York under the command of Rear Admiral S.S. Lesovsky, included 3 frigates, 2 corvettes and a clipper. The second, Far Eastern, consisting of 4 corvettes and 2 clippers, heading to San Francisco, was headed by Rear Admiral A.A. Popov. The equipment and transition of the squadrons was carried out in the strictest secrecy, and the ships’ voyage was not noticed by the Anglo-French coalition.

At the end of September the squadrons arrived in America. They met with a worthy reception in the Northern States. Over nine months, the ships visited many American ports, cruised in the waters of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, and visited Cuba and Honduras, Jamaica and Bermuda, Honolulu and Sitka. The presence of Russian squadrons off the coast of America contributed to the victory of the northerners, strengthening the international positions of the United States and further Russian-American rapprochement. “St. Andrew's Cross weaves its folds with stars and stripes,” read the headlines of American newspapers. The threat of England and France entering the war against Russia because of the “Polish question” has passed. In July-August 1864, the squadron of S.S. Lesovsky and A.A. Popov returned to Russia.

Alexander II highly appreciated the activities of the Russian fleet in America, and in the published rescript, without hesitating the opinion of the world community, he called Poland a country “under the yoke of sedition and the harmful influence of foreign troublemakers.” The prestige of Russia, shaken by the Polish uprising, quickly increased. The American expedition of Russian squadrons was a classic example of the influence of sea power on the peaceful resolution of international issues.

The story about sailing ships that ply the seas and oceans under the flag of Russia must begin with the oldest Russian four-masted barque, the Sedov. This sailing ship was built in Germany at a shipyard in the city of Kiel and launched on February 14, 1921. At the time of its birth, it was named “Magdalena Winnen 11”. During the Second World War, it was part of the auxiliary fleet of Nazi Germany and transported military cargo. By decision of the Potsdam Conference on reparations in December 1945, the barque was transferred to the Soviet Union and received a new name in memory of Russian hydrographer and polar explorer Georgiy Yakovlevich Sedov. During its service as a training vessel, more than one generation of Russian sailors completed shipboard practice on the barque “Sedov”. And currently, the beautiful bark, which is the largest training sailing ship in the world (displacement 7320 tons), plows the seas and oceans of the planet.

Bark "Kruzenshtern". Photo: www.russianlook.com

The second oldest among Russian sailing ships is the four-masted barque Kruzenshtern. It was built at the shipyard in Wesermünde (now Bremerhaven) in Germany and launched in 1926. Before the war, it was used as a cargo ship, its holds accepting up to 4 thousand tons of coal. In 1946, like the bark "Sedov", it was transferred to the Soviet Union and renamed in honor Russian navigator and admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Bark "Sedov". Photo: www.russianlook.com

The bark “Comrade” occupies a special place among Russian sailing ships of the post-war period. In 1933, the three-masted training bark Gorch Fok was built at the Hamburg shipyard by order of the German Imperial Navy. The sailboat turned out to be reliable, stable and maneuverable. The Gorch Fock became the model for a series of six German sailing ships built between 1936 and 1958. Since 1934, the above-mentioned barque was used for training purposes, making voyages in the Atlantic, North and Baltic seas. After the outbreak of World War II, Gorch Fock and its sister ships served as offices and barracks in German ports. At the end of the war, the sailing ship was towed to the island of Rügen, where on April 30, 1945, by order of the German command, it was blown up and sank. According to the decision of the Potsdam Conference on reparations, among other ships, the sailing ship Gorkh Fok was transferred to the Soviet Union. In 1947, the ship was raised from the bottom of the sea and was overhauled within 4 years. While still undergoing major repairs in Germany, the sailing ship received a bell with the name “Comrade”, which the ship inherited from the first training sailing ship on the Black Sea, which was lost during the Great Patriotic War in the port of Mariupol.

In 1950, the bark “Comrade” arrived at the port of Liepaja in Latvia, and on July 8, 1951, the ship set out on its first voyage under the Soviet flag. Its path lay to the shores of the Black Sea, where the sailing ship began to serve as a training vessel for shipboard practice for cadets of the maritime schools of Odessa and Kherson. During its service under the flag of the USSR, the bark "Comrade" repeatedly made long voyages, made official visits to other states, participated in sailing regattas and won. More than 500 thousand miles and ports of 86 countries remained behind the stern of the bark. The ship played several "roles" in films. He starred in the films “Maximka”, “Scarlet Sails”, “Treasure Island”, “Captain Nemo”, “Prisoner of the Chateau d’If”.

Bark "Gorkh Fok". Photo: www.globallookpress.com

But soon the sailboat had no time for cinema. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the division of the Black Sea Fleet, Tovarishch became the property of the Ministry of Education of Ukraine. Having served until 1995 under the flag of Ukraine, the barque was sent to England for major repairs, where it remained for three years. Ukraine did not have the $3 million required for repairs. At the suggestion of the German “Organization of Friends of the Sailing Fleet,” the sailing ship was towed from England to the German port of Wilhelmhaven, where it took part in the international exhibition Expo 2000. In 2003, the natural ending came: the ship was sold for 500 thousand euros to the same “Organization of Friends of the Sailing Fleet.” Currently, Gorkh Fok 1 (as the former Comrade is now called) is used as a museum ship for banquets and other ceremonies. This story echoes with pain in the hearts of veteran sailors who completed shipboard practice on the Tovarishch or served on it.

Of the other sailing ships similar to the Comrade, three remained in service: the American barque Eagle (formerly Horst Wessel), received as a reparation, the Romanian Mircea, built by order of Bucharest in 1939, and the German Gorch Fok 11 ", the last of this series, launched in 1958.

As the years passed, the need for training sailing ships increased. The veterans of “Sedov”, “Kruzenshtern” and “Tovarishch” could no longer provide practical training to the cadets of maritime universities in a rapidly developing country.

On August 12, 1981, a training sailing ship was launched in the Polish People's Republic (ships of this series are often called frigates). The sailing ship was built at the Gdansk Lenin Shipyard with funds raised by Polish youth for the Maritime Academy in the city of Gdynia. The frigate “Gift of Youth” took part in many regattas and repeatedly won victories among the sailing ships of the world. Currently, the veteran of the Polish fleet is permanently moored as a memorial ship.

Frigate "Gift of Youth". Source: Public Domain

This sailing ship became the model for a series of training sailing frigates built for the Soviet Union in the nineties of the last century. All ships were built at the Gdansk shipyard under the direction of designer Sigmund Horen. The series consisted of five sailing ships: “Friendship”, “Mir”, “Chersonese”, “Pallada” and “Nadezhda”. The fate of these beautiful training sailing ships in the post-Soviet space is different. When the Black Sea Fleet was divided, the frigates Druzhba and Khersones went to Ukraine. In 1992, “Friendship” was moved to the Italian port of Messina, where it was converted into a cruise yacht. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the beautiful sailing ship has been laid up in the port of Odessa and is used for practice by junior cadets.

The fate of “Chersonese” is more tragic. After the division of the fleet until 2006, the frigate was used as a cruise ship under lease. Since 2006, due to a financial dispute between the lessee and the shipowner, the ship has been laid up in the port of Kerch. Over the years, the sailboat has lost its former elegant appearance, metal parts have rusted, and many interior items have been stolen. After the annexation of Crimea to Russia, there was a glimmer of hope that the Khersones, owned by the Kerch Maritime Technological University, would be restored and again raise sails above its red and golden hull.

Frigate "Chersonese".

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