Semantic relations in complex sentences are expressed using subordinating conjunctions and allied words. Therefore, their classification is in many ways similar to the classification of subordinating conjunctions. Allied means are located in the subordinate part. The subordinate clause can refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause as a whole.
Types of subordinate clauses
Main article: Subordinate clause
Subordinate clauses are classified into explanatory, attributive, adverbial and connecting clauses. The first ones answer the question more often Who? or What?, they are characterized by conjunctions and allied words: who, what, how, when, why and so on. The latter answer the question more often Which? and have conjunctions and allied words which, which, which, which, which.
Adverbial clauses are divided into sentences:
by purpose ( why?, for what purpose?),
places ( from where?, where?, where?),
time ( when?, what time?),
reasons ( why?, why?),
conditions ( under what conditions?, in what case?),
course of action ( how?, how?),
comparisons ( How? how much?),
concessions ( no matter what? in spite of what?).
There are also subordinate clauses of consequence and connecting clauses.
Types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses are divided into the following types:
With consistent submission- the first subordinate part is subordinate to the main one, and each subsequent one is subordinate to the previous subordinate part.
With homogeneous subordination- subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main part or to the entire main part.
With parallel subordination(or heterogeneous) - different types of subordinate clauses are subordinated either to the entire main clause or to different parts of the main clause.
Compound sentence(SSP) is a complex sentence with a coordinating connection between its parts. The components of a complex sentence are grammatically independent of each other, that is, they are equal.
Unlike a complex sentence, in a complex sentence the conjunctions are not included in any of the parts and the absolute tense of the predicate verbs is used.
Classifications Based on grammatical meaning
A coordinating connection can be formed by the following relationships in a sentence:
Connecting. They are characterized by the value of logical homogeneity. In temporal terms, the simultaneity of two actions or their succession to each other. Means of communication: unions And, Yes(meaning And) etc.; particles and... and, neither... nor, too, also.
Dividing. Includes the meaning of sequence, shift, alternation, juxtaposition, or enumeration of related events. Means of communication: unions or what, repeated conjunctions or... or, repeating particles whether.. whether, either... or, not that... not that, or else... or else, adverb otherwise as a union.
Comparative. They indicate the equivalence, identity of the situation. Means of communication: unions that is, namely.
Explanatory. Include actually comparative, adversative relations And relationship of inconsistency. Means of communication: unions ah, but, yes(meaning But), particle same, specifiers and therefore, and therefore, and however, and also, but then, and besides.
Gradational. This is a further development of comparative relations. The gradation may be by degree of importance(means of communication: unions not only... but also, not only... but, not even... much less, not even... not only, not only that... also), by degree of intensity(means of communication: unions if not... then at least, if not... then in that case, not exactly... but, not to say that... but), according to the degree of correspondence to the designated(means of communication: unions or rather, more precisely, design more precisely).
Relations unite grammatical meanings that can be conveyed using conjunctions (and particles as conjunctions) and with the help of specifiers that clarify the meaning of the means, as well as connections ( both then and from this, and therefore).
May 28, 2013The types of subordinate clauses in the Russian language are distinguished depending on the semantic connections between the parts of a complex sentence. But first, you need to understand what a complex sentence (or SPP) itself is, and how it differs from its fellow complex sentence (SSP).
Their main difference lies in the type of connection that defines the relationship between the parts of these types of complex sentences. If in SPP we are dealing with a coordinating connection (as you might guess based on the name alone), then in SPP we are dealing with a subordinating connection. 
The coordinating connection presupposes an initial “equality” between the parts, i.e. each individual predicative unit (a simple sentence as part of a complex one) can function separately without loss of meaning: The gentle May sun shone welcomingly and clearly, and each branch reached out to it with its still young leaves.
It is easy to guess that the parts of the sentence in the NGN are in a different type of relationship. The main clause in it “controls” the subordinate clause. Depending on how this control occurs, there are the following types of subordinate clauses:
Types of subordinate clauses | Values | Questions | Unions, allied words | Sample proposal |
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definitive | Identify the noun in the main clause | Who, what, where, where, where, from, which, which | I accidentally came across a letter (which one?) that was written long before I was born. |
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Explanatory | Refers to verbs | Case questions | What, so that, how, as if, etc. | I still don't understand (what exactly?) how this could happen. |
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circumstances | Indicate the location of the action | Where? Where? Where? | Where, where, where | He went to (where?) where flowers bloom all year round. |
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Indicate the duration of action | When? How long? Since when? Until what time? | When, as soon as, since then, etc. | I realized this then (when?) when it was already too late. |
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Under what conditions? | If, if...then | I will help you solve the problem (under what conditions?) if I have time. |
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Clarify the reason for the action | For what reason? Why? | Because, since, because, for | Petya could not answer the question (for what reason?) because he was not ready for it. |
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Indicate the purpose for which an action is performed | For what? For what? For what purpose? | To personally verify this, he personally came to the director (why?). |
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consequences | Show us the result of an action | As a result of what? | She looked so gorgeous that you couldn't take your eyes off her. |
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course of action | How? How? | As if, exactly, as if, as if | The boys rushed as (how?) as if they were being chased by a pack of hungry dogs. |
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measures and degrees | To what extent? To what extent? To what extent? | How much, how much, what, how | Everything happened so quickly (to what extent?) that no one had time to come to their senses. |
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comparisons | Like who? Like what? Than who? Than what? | How, as if, as if, than | This guy turned out to be much smarter (than who?) than his peers. |
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Despite what? | At least, in spite of, no matter what, no matter how...no matter, let | It may not seem true, but I believe in it (no matter what?). |
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To more accurately determine the types of subordinate clauses, you just need to correctly ask the question from the main sentence (or the word in it) to the dependent (subordinate clause).
There are (by analogy with the minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type subordinate clauses: definitive, explanatory And circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.
Subordinate clause may refer to a specific word in the main (proverbial subordinate clauses) or to the whole main thing (unverbal subordinate clauses).
For determining the type of subordinate clause It is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the verbatim or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one.
Subordinate clauses
Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express the attribute of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through situation, which is somehow related to the subject.
In connection with the general meaning of the attribute of an object attributive clauses depend on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question Which? They join the main thing only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs (where, to where, from where, when). In a subordinate clause, allied words replace the main noun on which the subordinate clause depends.
For example: [One of the contradictions, (what creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [noun, (by what (= contradictions)), ].
Conjunctive words in complex sentences with can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) And non-basic (what, where, where, where, when). Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign attributive clauses.
The village where(in which) I missed Evgeny, there was a lovely corner... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].
I remembered today a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [noun], (what).
Sometimes at night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(to which) for the whole city night got off... (F. Tyutchev) -[noun], (when).
The main clause often contains demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that one, that one, For example:
It was the famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. German)- [uk.sl. That - noun], (which).
Pronominal attributive clauses
They are close in meaning to subordinate clauses pronominal attributive clauses . They differ from attributive clauses proper in that they refer not to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, every, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total (that knew more Evgeniy), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what)]. 2) [No oh (what do you remember), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what)].
Like subordinate clauses, they reveal the attribute of the subject (therefore it is better to ask a question about them too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who And What).
Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday), today didn't show up] - subordinate clause. [word + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday), today didn't show up] - subordinate pronominal attributive. [loc., (who),].
In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower don't despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [place. ].
Explanatory clauses
Explanatory clauses answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion (supplement, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most often these are verbs (say, ask, answer etc.; think, know, remember etc.; be afraid, be happy, be proud etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (glad, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear), nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, sensation etc.)
Explanatory clauses attached to the word being explained in three ways: 1) using conjunctions what, as, as if, in order to, when etc.; 2) using any allied words; 3) using a particle conjunction whether.
For example: 1) [The light has decided], (what t smart and very nice) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (that). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought You me I couldn't blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [To her dreaming], (as if she's coming along a snow glade, surrounded by sad darkness) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (as if).
2) [You You know himself], (what the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [verb], (what). [Then she started asking questions me], (where am I now Working) (A. Chekhov)- [verb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo], (How many yo I I'll live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [verb], (how much).
3) [Both are very I wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [verb], (li).
Explanatory clauses can serve to convey indirect speech. With the help of unions what, how, as if, when indirect messages are expressed using a conjunction to- indirect incentives, with the help of allied words and particle conjunctions whether- indirect questions.
In the main sentence, with the word being explained, there may be an indicative word That(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Doctor Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that the forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [noun + adjective], (that).
Distinguishing between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses
Causes certain difficulties differentiation between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, which refer to a noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses depend on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the defined noun is not important for them), answer the question Which?, indicate the attribute of the object that is named by the defined noun, and are attached to the main one only by allied words. Subordinate clauses same explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions), except for the question Which?(and it can always be assigned from a noun to any word or sentence dependent on it) they can also be assigned case question, They reveal(explain) content speech, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and are attached to the main thing by conjunctions and allied words. ( Subordinate clause, attachable to the main thing by conjunctions and particle conjunctions whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)
More difficult differentiate between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, depending on nouns in cases where explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word What). Wed: 1) The question is what(which) they asked him, it seemed strange to him. The thought that(which) came into his head in the morning and haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received it yesterday, I was very upset. 2) The question of what he should do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done haunted him. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.
1) The first group - complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Union word What can be replaced with a conjunction word which. The subordinate clause indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause you can only ask a question Which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).
2) The second group is complex sentences with explanatory clauses. Replacing a conjunction word What union word which impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, news(a case question can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause). The demonstrative word in the main sentence has a different form (case forms of pronouns: question, thought, news).
Adverbial clauses
Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and are accordingly divided into the same types.
Clauses of manner and degree
Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative characteristic and answer questions How? how? to what extent? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of an adverbial manner of action or degree in the main sentence. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence in two ways: 1) using allied words how, how much, how much; 2) using unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.
For example: 1) [The offensive was underway because was provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [verb + uk.el. so], (as) (clause of manner of action).
2) [The old lady is the same age I wanted to repeat it your story], (how much of it do I need listen) (A. Herzen)-[verb+uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).
Clauses of manner and degree there may be unambiguous(if they join the main one with allied words how, how much, to what extent)(see examples above) and double digit(if added by conjunctions; the second meaning is introduced by the conjunction). For example: 1) [White the acacias smelled so much], (that their sweet, sugary, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-
[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (that) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the subordinate conjunction What).
2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the conjunction to).
3) [It's all small plant So sparkled at our feet] (as if it was really made made of crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [U.S. so + verb.], (as if) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of comparison, which is introduced by the conjunction as if).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions Where? Where? where? They depend on the entire main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by the adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and are attached to the main sentence using allied words where, where, where. For example:
1) [Go along the free road], (where entails free tsm for you)... (A. Pushkin)- , (Where).
2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [adv.], (where).
3) (Where the river has flown), [there and there will be a channel] (proverb)- (where), [ uk.sl. there ].
Subordinate clauses should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.
Wed: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(in which) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [noun], (where) (clause clause).
2) [I_ started to remember], (Where walked during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [verb], (where) (expository clause).
Clauses of time
Clauses of time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions When? How long? since when? until when?, depend on the entire main clause and are joined to it by temporary conjunctions when, while, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc. For example:
1) [When the count is back], (Natasha discourteous I was happy him and I was in a hurry to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (cog2) (Bye does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice Apollo), [in the worries of the vain world he is cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (Bye), .
The main clause may contain demonstrative words then, until then, after that etc., as well as the second component of the union (That). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause Then, That When in a subordinate clause it is a conjunctive word. For example:
1) [I_ sitting until I'm not starting to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until then], (Bye).
2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells in spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].
3) [The poet feels literal meaning of the word even then] (when gives it in a figurative sense) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. Then],(When).
Clauses of time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a conjunctive word When. For example:
1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- in which) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [adjective + noun], (when) (clause clause).
2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [verb], (when) (expository clause).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition?, if, if... then, when (= if), when... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:
1) (If I I'll get sick), [to doctors I won't contact you]...(Ya. Smelyakov)- (If), .
2) (Once we started talking), [That it's better to negotiate everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].
If subordinate clauses stand before the main one, then the latter may contain the second part of the union - That(see 2nd example).
Subordinate goals
Subordinate clauses offers goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They relate to the entire main clause, answer questions For what? for what purpose? For what? and join the main thing with the help of unions in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to (obsolete) etc. For example:
1) [I_ woke me up Pashka], (so that he didn't fall down out of the way) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);
2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that disgust Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)- , (so that);
3)(In order to be happy), [necessary not only love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;
When a compound conjunction is dismembered, a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause to, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, being an indicative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ I mention about this solely for the purpose] (so that emphasize the unconditional authenticity of many things by Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [U.S. for that],(to).
Subordinate goals must be distinguished from other types of clauses with a conjunction to. For example:
1) [I Want], (to the bayonet equated feather) (V. Mayakovsky)- [verb], (so that) (expository clause).
2) [Time landings was calculated so], (so that to the landing place get in at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [cr.adverb.+uk.sl. So],(so that) (clause of action with the additional meaning of purpose).
Additional reasons
Subordinate clauses offers reasons reveal (denote) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions Why? for what reason? why?, refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it using conjunctions because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, then that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:
1) [I send her all my tears as a gift], (because Not live until the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)
2) [Any labor is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (for).
3) (Thanks to the fact that we put new plays every day), [ theater ours quite willingly visited] (A. Kuprin)- (due to the fact that), .
Compound conjunctions, the last part of which is What, can be dismembered: a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause What, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of an index word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:
[That's why roads to me People], (What live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. that's why],(What).
Subordinate clauses
The subordinate clause reports an event in spite of which the action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessional relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). Thus, subordinate clauses they call it a “failed” reason. Subordinate clauses answer questions no matter what? in spite of what?, refer to the entire main sentence and are joined to it 1) by conjunctions although, although... but, Not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how, no matter how much, no matter what. For example:
I. 1) And (even though he was a ardent rake), [But he fell out of love finally, abuse, and saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].
Note. In the main clause, which has a concessive clause, there may be a conjunction But.
2) (Let the rose is plucked), [she more blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let), .
3) [B steppes it was quiet, cloudy], (despite What the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (despite the fact that).
P. 1) (No matter how protected myself Panteley Prokofevich from any difficult experiences), [but soon had to go through a new shock for him] (M. Sholokhov)-(no matter how), [but].
2) [I_, (no matter how much would love you), getting used to it, I'll fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (no matter how much), ].
Comparative clauses
The types of adverbial clauses discussed above correspond in meaning to the categories of adverbials of the same name in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of clauses (comparative, consequences And connecting), for which there is no correspondence among the circumstances in a simple sentence. A common feature of complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses is the impossibility, as a rule, of asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it by conjunctions as, exactly, as if, buto, as if, just as, as if, with... with whatAnd etc. For example:
1) (As in summer we swarm midge flies to the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](How), ["].
2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if Who their washed and varnish on them directed) (I. Turgenev)- , (as if).
3) [We three of us started talking], (as if a century do you know each other?) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).
A special group among comparative clauses make up sentences with a conjunction how and with a double union than... the. Subordinate clauses with double conjunction than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditionality of parts. Subordinate clauses with a conjunction how, in addition, they do not refer to the entire main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed in the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.
1) (The smaller the woman we love), [the easier like us to her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [that].
2) [Time passed slower] (than the clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compare step.nar.], (than).
Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main sentence. For example:
[Existence his concluded into this close program] (as egg into the shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (How).
The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by the secondary member of the predicate group - into the shell.
Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative clauses, which cannot contain a predicate.
Subordinate corollaries
Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .
Subordinate corollaries refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are joined to it by a conjunction So.
For example: [ Heat All increased], (So it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow All became whiter and brighter], (So it ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (So).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses contain additional information and comments to what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting clauses refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are attached to it by conjunctive words what, what, O what, why, why, why etc.
For example: 1) [To her I shouldn't have been late to the theater], (whyshe Very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (why).
2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed tomorrow the weather will be good) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (What).
3) [And the old man Cuckoos n quickly allotment glasses, having forgotten to wipe them], (which has never happened to him in thirty years of official activity didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2.Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
Make a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of subordinate clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1) [In time of strong storm vomited with the roots of a tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).
, (why).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main thing and is joined to it by a conjunctive word why.
2) (So that be contemporary clear), [all wide the poet will open the door] (A. Akhmatova).(so that), .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The subordinate clause answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and is joined to it by a conjunction so that
3) [I I love everything], (to which there is no consonance or echo in this world No) (I. Annensky).[local], (to).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamative, complex with a pronominal clause. The subordinate clause answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun All in the main, it is joined by a conjunctive word what, which is an indirect object.
Subordinate clauses are divided into three groups: attributive, explanatory and adverbial; the latter are divided into subgroups.
Complex sentences with attributive clauses
They answer the question - which one?
Refer to one word in the main part - a noun, pronoun or word of another part of speech in the function of a noun, and are located after this defined word.
Subordinate clauses are added using allied words - relative pronouns: which, which, whose, what; and pronominal adverbs where, where, from, when. In the subordinate clause they replace the noun from the main clause.
The conjunctive words that, where, where, from where, when are non-basic for subordinate attributives and can always be replaced by the main conjunctive word which in a certain form
The word being defined in the main part may have the demonstrative words that, such. There are subordinate attributive clauses that relate specifically to the demonstrative or attributive pronouns that, that, such, such, each, all, everyone, etc., which cannot be omitted. Such subordinate clauses are called pronominal attributives. The means of communication in them are relative pronouns: who, what, which, which, which.
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Answer case questions.
They are joined to the main part by conjunctions that, as, as if, as if, as if, so that, whether, not - whether, whether - or, whether - whether, etc., and allied words that, who, how, what, why, where, where, where, why, etc.
Subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main part - a verb, a short adjective, an adverb, a verbal noun with the meaning of speech, thought, feeling, perception.
The main part may contain an indicative word in different case forms. However, in some SPPs with explanatory clauses, the demonstrative word in the main part is an obligatory component of the sentence structure. Such subordinate clauses refer specifically to the demonstrative word, which can only be the word that. This feature brings such sentences closer to pronominal-definitive ones, while the use of a conjunction rather than a conjunctive word allows them to be classified as explanatory.
An explanatory clause is usually located after the word in the main part to which it refers, but occasionally, mainly in colloquial speech, it can be located before the main part.
Adverbial clauses
Subordinate adverbial clauses replace the position of circumstances of various kinds and answer questions specific to the circumstances. The following types of adverbial subordinate clauses are presented in the Russian language: time, place, cause, effect, condition, concession, comparison, manner of action, measure and degree.
Complex sentences with clauses of time
Answers the questions - when? How long? since when? until when?
The subordinate clause refers to the entire main part, indicates the time of the action in the main part and is attached to the main part with the help of subordinating conjunctions when, as, while, barely, only, before, while, until, since since then, suddenly, etc.
If there is a word with the meaning of time in the main part, including the demonstrative word then, the subordinate clause is attached with the conjunctive word when, stands after this word in the main part and refers specifically to it.
From sentences with a correlative adverb in the main part, it is necessary to distinguish sentences with complex conjunctions, which can be divided into two parts by a comma. Such conjunctions are found not only in SPPs with subordinate clauses, but in their other types. Splitting a conjunction with a comma does not change its part-sentence and the type of subordinate clause.
In the absence of an indicative word, the subordinate part in the dictionary of time can be in any position in relation to the main part. There are only two cases when the position of the subordinate part is fixed.
- 1) the conjunction is used as, as suddenly, expressing the relationship of suddenness, unexpectedness between the situations named in the main and subordinate parts. The subordinate clause comes after the main clause.
- 2) a two-component (double) conjunction is used when - then, only - as, when - then, etc. The second component of these conjunctions is placed in the main part and can be omitted; the subordinate part is located before the main part.
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
They answer the questions - where? Where? where?
Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of movement; they do not refer to the entire main part, but to one word in it - the adverb of place, expressed by the pronominal adverb there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere. The means of communication in SPP with subordinate clauses are the allied words where, where, from, which act in the syntactic function of circumstances.
In colloquial speech, the correlative adverb in the main part may be omitted, and this part becomes incomplete; the subordinate part refers to this omitted adverb. Usually subordinate clauses come after the demonstrative word in the main part. The location of the subordinate clause before the main clause is presented only in colloquial speech, mainly in proverbs and sayings.
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Answer the questions - why? why?
Subordinate reasons relate to the entire main part, they have the meaning of reason and are attached to the main part by conjunctions because, because, since, for, good, due to the fact that, since, especially since, etc. The subordinate reasons are usually located after the main part, however when using a two-component union, the subordinate part can stand before the main part, into which the second component of this union is placed.
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Answers the question - what happened as a result of this?
The subordinate clause refers to the entire main part, has the meaning of a consequence, a conclusion, is attached to the main part by a conjunction so that it is always found after the main part.
They do not belong to SPPs with a subordinate clause of the consequence of a sentence, in the main part of which there is an adverb so, and in the subordinate clause there is a conjunction that.
Sentences whose parts are connected by a coordinating or non-union connection and in the second part of which the adverbs therefore and therefore are presented do not belong to the group under consideration.
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Answers the question - under what conditions?
The subordinate condition refers to the entire main part, has the meaning of the condition, and is attached to the main part with the help of subordinating conjunctions if, when (in the meaning of the union if), if, as soon as, once, in case if, etc. Subordinate conditions can occupy any position according to in relation to the main part. Two-component unions can participate in the design of a conditional connection: if - then, if - so, if - then, and all of them can be replaced by a simple union if (that is, their second part is not obligatory). In this case, the subordinate part comes before the main part.
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Answers the questions - for what purpose? For what?
The subordinate clause of the goal refers to the entire main part, has the meaning of the goal, and is attached to the main part with the conjunctions so that (so that), in order to, so that, then so that, so that, if only, if only, if only. In these SPPs, the demonstrative word then is sometimes used. Conjunctions used in IPPs with clauses of purpose are often separated by a comma.
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Answers questions - no matter what? in spite of what?
The subordinate clause of concession refers to the entire main part and has a concessional meaning - it names the situation in spite of which the event named in the main part takes place. The subordinate clause is joined by subordinating conjunctions although (even though), despite the fact that, for nothing that, let, let or allied words who neither, where nor, which nor, no matter how many, etc. The conjunction can be two-component with the second part but, yes, however ; these components can also be used when using allied words.
), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:
- definitive,
- explanatory,
- circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, comparison, concession, consequence),
- connecting.
Subordinate clauses
Refers to a noun or pronoun. Answer questions about definitions ( Which? which? which?).
Join using allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from, etc.
And also unions: so that, as if, exactly, as if, etc.
Examples
- [The alarm clock rang]. Alarm Which?(Which my grandmother gave to me). [Alarm clock rang( which my grandmother gave me)].
- [The house burned to the ground]. House Which?(Where I was born). [House( where I was born) burned to the ground].
- [A.S. More than one monument was erected to Pushkin]. A.S. Pushkin which one?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate). [A.S. Pushkin( , whose contribution to the development of Russian literature can hardly be overestimated,) erected more than one monument].
- [That day my life changed]. per day Which?(When I understood everything). [On that day( when I understood everything) my life has changed].
Explanatory clauses
Refers to a verb. Answer case questions ( Who? What? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc.).
Join using allied words: who, what, which, whose, where, where, where, how, why, why, how much
And also unions: what, in order, as if, as if, as if, etc.
Examples
Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.
- [I'm definitely sure]. Sure in what?(In that the Earth has the shape of a ball). [I'm sure( that the Earth is spherical)].
- [He found out]. Found out What?(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite). [He found out( , how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite)].
- [They understood]. Got it What?(Why did I do this). [They understood( why did I do this)].
Adverbial clauses
Common circumstances play a role. Answer detailed questions. Like ordinary circumstances, they are divided into several types:
| Subordinate clause type | Questions it answers | Linking using conjunctions | Linking using allied words | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mode of action | How? how? | how, what, so that, as if, exactly |
|
|
| Measures and degrees | how much? to what extent? | what, how | how much, how much |
|
| Places | Where? Where? where? | where, where, where |
|
|
| Time | When? How long? since when? until when? | when, while, while, as soon as, since, until |
|
|
| Goals | For what? for what purpose? | so that (so that) |
|
|
| Reasons | Why? why? | because, because, since, for |
|
|
| Terms | under what condition? | if, when, times |
|
|
| Concessions | no matter what? | although, despite the fact that, let, let | no matter how much, no matter how |
|
| Consequences | And..? hence..? | So |
|
|
| Comparative | How? | as if, as if |
|
Subordinate clauses
Apply to the entire main part.
Join with the help of allied words: what, where, where, where, when, how, why
They supplement and explain the content of the main part. Often they have the meaning of a consequence.
Examples
- He was worried( , that's why I couldn't pass the exam successfully).
- My brother never opened the book during all this time( that didn't give me peace of mind).
See also
Notes
Links
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Main clause - Dictionary of literary terms
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what a “subordinate clause” is in other dictionaries:
Subordinate clause- SUBJECT CLAUSE. See main sentence... Dictionary of literary terms
APPENDIX, weave, m. Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
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The dependent part of a complex sentence containing a conjunction or a conjunctive word. Refers to the entire main clause or to one word in it (additional, attributive clauses). F.I. Buslaev laid the foundation... ... Literary encyclopedia
- (gram.). This is what is called, in contrast to the main sentence, a sentence that does not have an independent, integral meaning without the main sentence. The syntactic structure of all Indo-European languages shows beyond doubt that the creation of the category P... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
subordinate clause- linguistic Part of a complex sentence, syntactically subordinate to the main part (main clause) and connected to it by a conjunction or a conjunctive word. P ot sentence of reason. Conditional sentence... Dictionary of many expressions
subordinate clause- See main sentence... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE- (following p., German Nachsatz), this is the name, by analogy with the terminology of grammar, the second part of the musical period, corresponding to its first part, which is called the main (previous) sentence and ends for the most part ... ... Riemann's Dictionary of Music
Subordinate clause answering the question which? and relating to a member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or a substantivized word. Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A subordinate clause that answers any case question and relates to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion: without a subordinate clause, the main clause would be structurally and semantically incomplete. Subordinate clauses... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
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