Types of syntactic connections and ways of expressing them. Syntactic functions of intonation What ways of expressing syntactic meaning do you know?

In phrases, sentences and texts, words (more precisely, word forms) with their inherent signifiers and signifiers are used as building material. Performing tasks such as connecting words in speech, designing sentences and texts (expanded statements) as integral formations, dividing text into sentences, and sentences into their components (constituents), distinguishing sentences and statements of different communicative types, expressing syntactic functions highlighted in a sentence constituents and their syntactically dominant or subordinate status, accounts for formal syntactic means. In most cases, several formal indicators are used simultaneously (for example, intonation indicator + linear indicator, or arrangement).

The most universal syntactic means is intonation . In formal terms, it is the presence of intonation that distinguishes a sentence-statement and a sounding text as communicative units from a phrase. With all its components (and above all the melodic and dynamic components) it ensures the unity of communicative formations. Phrase intonation can highlight sentences in a text and syntagmas in a sentence, ensure the integration of a phrase and a syntagma around stressed words, highlight the most semantically important parts of a sentence and a syntagma, and distinguish between the topic and rheme of an utterance. Intonation means can help distinguish interrogative and declarative, exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences, signal the presence of enumerative structures, etc.

Another most universal syntactic device is word order (their arrangement), and in more complex constructions, the order of sentences. The order of words in sentences is characterized by a tendency towards direct juxtaposition of constituents connected with each other, i.e. their positional proximity, adjacency to each other. (Here we mean positional adjacency in general, regardless of whether a given syntactic connection is expressed or not expressed morphologically. In the Russian grammatical tradition, adjacency as a morphologically unmarked syntactic connection is distinguished from morphologically marked agreement and control, although in reality the adjacency of the dependent word to the dominant is not excluded in the case of a syntactic connection such as coordination and control.) Usually they talk about the adjunction of a syntactically dependent word to a syntactically dominant one (for example, the adjunction of a definition to the defined noun: English blue eyes 'blue eyes'; Kalm. khureh makhla‘merlushka cap’; Chukot. Ergatyk Treeg'e‘I’ll come tomorrow’).

If the subordinate word is in front of the dominant word, then they speak of preposition (regressive word order: interesting lecture). If the subordinate word follows the dominant one, then we are dealing with postposition (progressive word order: read the text). The predominant use of preposition or postposition of definition is one of the important typological characteristics of the syntactic structure of different languages. Thus, the preposition of the definition dominates in the Slavic and Germanic languages, the postposition of the definition is a characteristic feature of the Romance languages.

Adjunction as a contact method of syntactic communication can be resisted distant location syntactically related words. Yes, in it. in a sentence with several complements, the one that is more closely related in meaning to the verb (usually the addressee’s complement) can be separated from it by other complements: Er schenkte der Schwester eine Vase ‘He gave his sister a vase’. The adverbial component of a complex verb is distanced and located at the end of the sentence (Er ruft seinen Bruder an ‘He calls his brother’). Sometimes they try to explain such distancing by the fact that in Proto-Indo-European there could have been a dominant tendency towards the final position of the verb, which was correspondingly adjoined by a word more closely related to it.

If a given dominant word has several subordinates, one of the dependent words can, together with the dominant word, form frame structure, closing other dependent words. Such a frame is formed, for example, in it. and English Article and noun in languages: ein neues Buch, a new book‘new book’ (in both cases).

The order of words in a sentence can be free or fixed. In typological studies of languages, the relative position of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) relative to each other is taken as a basis. There are 6 options: SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV, OVS.

Some languages are characterized by a tendency towards free word order. These are, for example, the Russian and Latin languages, which have rich possibilities for morphological marking of syntactic functions (members of a sentence). Wed: Students take an exam. - The students are taking the exam. - Students take an exam. - Students take the exam. - Students take the exam. - Students take the exam. Other languages, especially those where syntactic functions are not morphologically marked, tend to fixed word order. So, in Spanish language, out of 6 possible options, 4 are implemented, and in French. only two. The word order is mute. sentences are more strict than in Russian. language. In English in the sentence it is stricter than in it, but freer than in French.

In principle, the arrangement of words must correspond to the movement of thought (the principle of iconicity of linguistic signs). In this case, they talk about the objective order of words, which performs a kind of iconic function (first, what is called is what is initial in the description of a given state of affairs). But deviations from the standard word order for a given language are allowed:

a) with inversion due to the need to distinguish between communicative types of sentences. Yes, in it. in a declarative sentence, direct word order is common, with the subject in the initial position (Er kommt morgen ‘He will come tomorrow’), and in an interrogative sentence (general question) the verbal predicate precedes the subject (Kommt er morgen? ‘He will come tomorrow?’);

b) when moving to the initial position of a word that serves to connect the sentence with the pretext ( We are currently studying an introduction to theoretical linguistics. Lectures on this course are given by Professor N);

c) when placing the thematized in the initial position, i.e. used as a topic, a component of a statement (for example, the topic of a statement can be an indication of the figure: My grandson will go to Moscow tomorrow, indication of destination: My grandson will go to Moscow tomorrow, etc.);

d) when the speaker expresses his emotions (in this case, the unusual, emphatic arrangement of words is reinforced by emphatic stress: I don't want to take the exam with THIS teacher.);

e) if necessary, express an additional value (for example, an approximate value: two hours - two hours).

Close to positional abutment syntactic basis , used to create incorporative structures in which roots (or bases) are loosely connected. Corporate complexes can serve as:

to express attributive connections (Koryak. echvy-v"alata‘with a sharp knife’, kytpylv"yet-v"alata‘steel knife’);

to express the relationship between an action and its object or circumstance (Chukot. Tumg-yt kopra-ntyvat-gat‘Comrades set up nets’, lit. ‘set-set’, Myt-vinvy-ekvet-yrkyn‘leaving secretly’);

to construct a sentence as a whole (Nutka language unikw-ihl-"minih-"is-it-a 'There were several lights in the house', lit. 'fire-house-plural -diminutive - past tense -will express . tilt').

Further, as a formal way of expressing syntactic relationships and functions, the use of function words (conjunctions and allied words, particles, prepositions and postpositions, connectives).

Widely used in affix languages morphological indicators. They signal the presence management, in which the syntactically dominant word predetermines the presence in the structure of word forms of the dependent word of one or another gramme (for example, a gramme of one of the indirect cases), and coordination, in which one or more grammes of the word form of the dominant word are repeated in the structure of the word form of the dependent word, i.e. there is a kind of likening of one gramme complex to another (for example, in a Russian adjective, when used attributively, its word form contains grammes of case, number, and also - in the case of the singular - gender: difficult exam). In languages that have a concordant grammatical category of nominal noun classes, indicators of a certain class appear in syntactically related words: lang. Lingala Lo-lenge lo-ye l-a lo-beki lo-nalo-ko lo-zali lo-lamu ‘The shape of this pot is good’.

It is possible to simultaneously use management indicators and coordination indicators: five tables(here the connections are multidirectional: the numeral controls the noun and at the same time itself agrees with it); cargo. Deda shvils zrdis 'The mother (abs. p.) of the son (dat. p.) raises (present tense)' (here the verb agrees with the subject (postfix -s) and at the same time controls the noun, requiring its use in the dat. p. ).

The indicator of syntactic connection usually appears in the word form of the dependent word. But it can, however, characterize the word form of the dominant word.

In Arabic studies (and under its influence in descriptions of Turkic and Iranian languages) the presence of the so-called Izafeta: Persian ketabe xub ‘good book’, lit. ketab ‘book’ + -e ‘indicator of attributive connection’ + xub ‘good’ (without any morphological indicators)"; similar to Azerbaijani. at bashi ‘ horse + head + connection indicator’.

Unlike izafet, idafa is a connection between two nouns - dominant and dependent, in which the leading component, with its so-called conjugate form, which has neither the necessary endings nor the definite article, thereby already signals the presence of a component dependent on it: Arab. jaamuusatu-l-fallaahi‘peasant’s buffalo’.

Morphological indicators can mark the syntactic functions of nouns (subject, objects, predicate, definition, adverbial circumstances), adjectives (definition, predicate), verb (predicate), etc.

LITERATURE

Bogdanov, V.V. Semantic-syntactic organization of a sentence. L., 1977.

Bogdanov, V.V. Modeling the semantics of a sentence // Applied linguistics. St. Petersburg, 1996. pp. 161-200.

Van Valin, R., Foley, W. Referential-role grammar // New in foreign linguistics. Vol. XI: Modern syntactic theories in American linguistics. M., 1982. pp. 376-410.

Ivanova, V.I. Content aspects of a sentence-statement. Tver, 1977.

Kasevich, V.B. Semantics. Syntax. Morphology. M., 1988.

Katsnelson, S.D. Typology of language and speech thinking. L., 1972.

Kobozeva, I.M. Linguistic semantics. M., 2000. Section III.

Lyons, J. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. M., 1978. Ch. 4-8.

LES/BES. Articles: Syntax. Semantics. Pragmatics. Communication. Speech. Text. Phrase. Offer. Proposition. Judgment. Deep structure. Valence. Actant. Agent Patient. Members of the sentence. Subject. Predicate. Predication. Predicativity. Reference. Presupposition. Actual division of the proposal. Subject. Rema. Empathy. Speech act. Performative. Intonation. Word order. Adjacency. Incorporation. Functional words. Composition. Subordination. Control. Coordination. Izafet. Idafa. Generative linguistics. Directly components of the method. Transformational method. Case grammar.

Maslov, Yu.S. Introduction to linguistics. Any edition. Ch. IV.5.

Pocheptsov, G.G. Proposal // Ivanova, I.P., Burlakova, V.V., Pocheptsov, G.G. Theoretical grammar of modern English, M., 1981, pp. 164-281.

Modern American linguistics: Fundamental directions. M., 2002.

Susov, I.P. Semantic structure of a sentence. Tula, 1973.

Tenier, L. Basics of structural syntax. M., 1988.

Testelets, Ya.G. Introduction to general syntax. M., 2001.

Fillmore, Ch. The Case of Case // New in Foreign Linguistics. Vol. H: Linguistic semantics. M, 1981. S. 369-495.

Fillmore, Ch. The Case of Case Reopens // New in Foreign Linguistics. Vol. H: Linguistic semantics. M, 1981. S. 496-530.

Chafe, W.L. Meaning and structure of language. M., 1975.

Chafe, W. Given, contrast, definiteness, subject, topics, points of view // New in foreign linguistics. Vol. XI: Modern syntactic theories in American linguistics. M., 1982. S. 277-316.

________________________________________________________________

In phrases, sentences and texts, words (more precisely, word forms) with their inherent signifiers and signifiers are used as building material. Performing tasks such as connecting words in speech, designing sentences and texts (expanded statements) as integral entities, dividing text into sentences, and sentences into their components (constituents), distinguishing sentences and statements of different communicative types, expressing syntactic functions highlighted in a sentence constituents and their syntactically dominant or subordinate status, accounts for formal syntactic means. In most cases, several formal indicators are used simultaneously (for example, intonation indicator + linear indicator, or arrangement).

The most universal syntactic means is intonation. In formal terms, it is the presence of intonation that distinguishes a sentence-statement and a sounding text as communicative units from a phrase. With all its components (and above all the melodic and dynamic components) it ensures the unity of communicative formations. Phrase intonation can highlight sentences in a text and syntagmas in a sentence, ensure the integration of a phrase and a syntagma around stressed words, highlight the most semantically important parts of a sentence and a syntagma, and distinguish between the topic and rheme of a statement. Intonation means can help distinguish interrogative and declarative, exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences, signal the presence of enumerative structures, etc.

Another most universal syntactic device is word order (their arrangement), and in more complex constructions, the order of sentences. The order of words in sentences is characterized by a tendency towards direct juxtaposition of constituents connected with each other, i.e. their positional proximity, adjacency to each other. (Here we mean positional adjacency in general, regardless of whether a given syntactic connection is expressed or not expressed morphologically. In the Russian grammatical tradition, adjacency as a morphologically unmarked syntactic connection is distinguished from morphologically marked agreement and control, although in reality the adjacency of the dependent word to the dominant is not excluded in the case of a syntactic connection such as coordination and control.) Usually they talk about the adjunction of a syntactically dependent word to a syntactically dominant one (for example, the adjunction of a definition to the defined noun: English Blue eyes “blue eyes”; Kalm. khureh makhla"merlushka hat"; Chukot. Ergatyk Treeg'e"I'll come tomorrow").

Adjunction as a contact method of syntactic communication can be resisted distant location syntactically related words. Yes, in it. in a sentence with several complements, the one that is more closely related in meaning to the verb (usually the addressee's complement) can be separated from it by other complements. Sometimes they try to explain such distancing by the fact that in Proto-Indo-European there could have been a dominant tendency towards the final position of the verb, which was correspondingly adjoined by a word more closely related to it.

If a given dominant word has several subordinates, one of the dependent words can, together with the dominant word, form frame design, closing other dependent words. Such a frame is formed, for example, in English. language article and noun: A new book"new book" (in both cases).

Some languages are characterized by a tendency towards free word order. These are, for example, the Russian and Latin languages, which have rich possibilities for morphological marking of syntactic functions (members of a sentence). Wed: Students take an exam.- Students take the exam.- Students take an exam. - - Students take the exam.- Students take the exam.- Students take the exam. Other languages, especially those where syntactic functions are not morphologically marked, tend to have a fixed word order. So, in Spanish language, out of 6 possible options, 4 are implemented, and in French. only two. The word order is mute. sentences are more strict than in Russian. language. In English in the sentence it is stricter than in it, but freer than in French.

a) with inversion due to the need to distinguish between communicative types of sentences. Yes, in it. in a declarative sentence, direct word order is common, with the subject in the initial position (Er kommt morgen “He will come tomorrow”), and in an interrogative sentence (general question) the verbal predicate precedes the subject (Kommt er morgen? “He will come tomorrow?”);

b) when moving to the initial position of a word that serves to connect the sentence with the pretext (Currently we are studying an introduction to theoretical linguistics. Lectures on this course are given by Professor N);

c) when placing the thematized in the initial position, i.e. used as a topic, a component of a statement (for example, the topic of a statement can be an indication of the figure: My grandson will go to Moscow tomorrow, destination indication: My grandson will go to Moscow tomorrow, etc.);

d) when the speaker expresses his emotions (in this case, the unusual, emphatic arrangement of words is reinforced by emphatic stress: I don’t want to take the exam with THIS teacher);

e) if necessary, express an additional value (for example, an approximate value: two hours- two hours).

Close to positional abutment syntactic basis, used to create incorporative structures in which roots (or bases) are loosely connected. Incorporation complexes can serve as:

to express attributive connections (Koryak, echvy-v"shshta"with a sharp knife" kytpylv"yet-v"achata"steel knife");

to express the relationship between an action and its object or circumstance (Chukot. Tumg-yt kopra-ntyvat-gat“Comrades set up nets,” lit. “set up nets,” Myt-vinvy-ekvet-yrkyn"secretly departing");

to construct a sentence as a whole (Nootka language unikw-ihl-‘minih-‘is-it-a“There were several lights in the house,” lit., “fire-house-plural - diminutive - past tense - will express, noun.”).

Further, as a formal way of expressing syntactic relationships and functions, the use of official, words(conjunctions and allied words, particles, prepositions and postpositions, connectives).

Morphological indicators are widely used in affixed languages. They signal the presence of control, in which the syntactically dominant word predetermines the presence in the structure of word forms of the dependent word of one or another gramme (for example, a gramme of one of the indirect cases), and coordination, in which one or more grammes of the word form of the dominant word are repeated in the structure of the word form of the dependent word, those. there is a kind of likening of one gramme complex to another (for example, in a Russian adjective, when used attributively, its word form contains grammes of case, number, and also, in the case of the singular, gender: difficult exam). In languages that have a concordant grammatical category of nominal noun classes, indicators of a certain class appear in syntactically related words: lang. Lingala Lo-lenge lo-ye l-a lo-beki lo-nalo-ko lo-zali lo-lamu “The shape of this pot is good.”

It is possible to simultaneously use management indicators and coordination indicators: five tables(here the connections are multidirectional: the numeral controls the noun and at the same time itself agrees with it); cargo. Deda shvils zrdis “The mother (abs. p.) of the son (dat. p.) raises (present, vr.)” (here the verb agrees with the subject (postfix -5) and at the same time controls the noun, requiring its use in the dat. p. ).

The indicator of syntactic connection usually appears in the word form of the dependent word. But it can, however, characterize the word form of the dominant word.

In Arabic studies (and under its influence in descriptions of Turkic and Iranian languages) the presence of the so-called Izafeta: Persian. Ketabe xub "good book", lit. ketab "book" + -e "indicator of attributive connection" + xub "good" (without any morphological indicators) 1 ; similar to Azerbaijan. at bashi"horse + head + connection indicator."

Morphological indicators can mark the syntactic functions of nouns (subject, objects, predicate, definition, adverbial circumstances), adjectives (definition, predicate), verb (predicate), etc.

Ways of expressing syntactic relations

Ways of expressing relationships between words in a phrase and in a sentence. These include:

1) form of the word. With the help of the ending, a connection is formed and the relationships between the components of the phrase and between the members of the sentence are expressed. Making a plan, devotion to duty, passion for music, useful book, second generation, solving a problem worthy of a reward;

2) function words:

a) prepositions (together with the form of the word). A non-smoking carriage, a trip out of town, a book with pictures, dreams of the future;

b) conjunctions (only in a sentence). Pencil and pen, spring or summer;

3) word order (only in the sentence and and) “An interesting book (attributive relations) - an interesting book (predicative relations). Ten people (expressing the exact number) - ten people (expressing the approximate number).

Tired children returned (adjective definition indicates a sign) - children returned tired (adjective indicates a state and forms part of a predicate);

4) intonation (only in a sentence). When you come home, change clothes (the intonation of the enumeration indicates relations of homogeneity). When you come home, you will change clothes (intonation of conditionality indicates a temporary relationship).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what “ways of expressing syntactic relations” are in other dictionaries:

The term "nexus" has other meanings. Nexus and junction in linguistics: two possible relationships between the directions of semantic and syntactic valencies. Nexus is the situation of correspondence between semantic and active... ... Wikipedia

Coordination is one of the three main types of subordinating syntactic connection (along with control and adjacency). It consists in assimilating the dependent component to the dominant one in the grammatical categories of the same name (in gender, ... ... Wikipedia

Jabbar Manaf ogly Mamedov (Azerbaijani: Cabbar Manaf oğlu Məmmədov) Azerbaijani scientist, Doctor of Philosophy. Author of several theories. Nominee of the special presidential scholarship “For valuable contributions to Azerbaijani science and education.” ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Congruence. Congruence in linguistics: morphological dependence of an anaphoric pronoun on its antecedent (noun phrase), which occurs in the absence of syntactic ... ... Wikipedia

GRAMMAR- (from the Greek gramma - written sign, feature, line). 1. A system of rules that objectively operate in a language for changing words, forming word forms, and combining words into phrases and sentences. 2. Section of linguistics containing the doctrine of forms... ... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

Syntax- (from the Greek σύνταξις construction, order) 1) means and rules for creating speech units characteristic of specific languages; 2) a section of grammar that studies the processes of speech generation: compatibility and order of words within a sentence, and... ...

Linguistics, linguistics, the science of Language. The object of language is the structure, functioning and historical development of language, language in the entire scope of its properties and functions. However, as the direct subject of Ya in different eras, ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Typology- linguistic (from the Greek τύπος imprint, form, pattern and λόγος word, teaching) comparative study of the structural and functional properties of languages, regardless of the nature of the genetic relationships between them. Typology is one of two main... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

orthology- units A branch of linguistics, the subject of which is a description of the theory of correct literary speech. Concept about. is associated with mastering the norms of oral and written forms of the literary language, i.e. with the study of the normative component of speech culture.... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

GOST R 52292-2004: Information technology. Electronic information exchange. Terms and Definitions- Terminology GOST R 52292 2004: Information technology. Electronic information exchange. Terms and definitions original document: algorithm ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Page 5 of 20

Means of expressing syntactic connections

To express syntactic connections, the modern Russian literary language has a variety of means: these means are different in a phrase and a simple sentence, on the one hand, and in a complex sentence, on the other.

1. The Russian language is an inflectional language, therefore syntactic connections in phrases and simple sentences are expressed directly by those forms of words that convey not nominative, but syntactic meanings, or both at the same time, namely: case forms of nouns; number, gender and case of adjectives; person, number and gender of conjugated forms of verbs.

2. To express the syntactic connections of the forms of indirect cases of nouns, prepositions are used: believe in victory, enter the house, jump over the stream, prone to laziness, the strongest of fighters, far from home, alone with oneself, victory over the enemy, a film about youth.

3. Syntactic connections at the level of a complex sentence, as well as some types of connections between word forms in a phrase and a simple sentence, are expressed by conjunctions, as well as their functional “substitutes,” in particular relative pronouns (conjunctive words).

4. Word order is involved in the expression of syntactic connections. However, in Russian this is not the only means of expressing connection. Syntagmatic division “works” together with it, combining syntactically related word forms into one syntagma. In addition, the direction of a syntactic connection (what depends on what) is often uniquely determined by the relationship between the lexical meanings of related word forms.

The order of words (together with syntagmatic division) distinguishes the direction of connection, showing the syntactic dependence of the forms of oblique cases of nouns, prepositional case forms and adverbs from the verb or, conversely, from the noun; compare: Alongside the door stood there is a vase on the table With flowers.- There was a vase of flowers on the table near the door; Behind the hillock the bright strip has already completely faded.- Bright strip behind the hill it has already completely gone out; Not far from the road blackened uneven jagged ridge forest.- The forest not far from the road was a black, jagged ridge.

It is generally accepted that word order is involved in expressing the direction of syntactic connections between identical forms of words, distinguishing the determined and the defining (subject and predicate) in sentences like My father- teacher; Teacher- my father; Moscow-capital of Russia; Capital of Russia- Moscow. Word order performs a similar function in sentences such as: Being determines consciousness(cf.: Consciousness determines being); The paddle hit the dress(cf.: The dress hit the oar); Mother loves daughter (cf.: Daughter loves mother) where he distinguishes between homonymous forms of the nominative and accusative cases. However, in such constructions, the very relationship of word meanings often shows the direction of the connection; Wed with examples given He's an eccentric; The clock counted down the seconds in which the word order does not directly express the syntactic connection, but only clarifies it. The same occurs in all cases typical of the Russian language (as an inflectional language), when a syntactic connection is conveyed by the form of a dependent word.

5. Intonation is involved in the expression of syntactic connections at different levels. Intonation means divide structures of spoken speech into syntagmas, usually in accordance with syntactic connections. Sometimes such division becomes the only indicator of communication. Yes, in a sentence She sang and danced well(we write it without punctuation to escape from the syntagmatic division) syntactic connection of the word form Fine unclear: it can equally relate to both sang, so and to danced. This or that syntagmatic division expresses a syntactic connection; in writing this is indicated by a comma. Wed: She sang well and danced.- She sang, danced well; same in sentences The forest drops its crimson headdress(P.); A seller of dried roach stuck out between the boxes(Ol.), but with the difference that in written speech the connections of word forms scarlet And roach not marked.

Syntactic connections may remain unambiguously expressed, as a result of which homonymy of syntactic constructions arises (as in the last two examples), which is usually removed by the context.

Material index
Course: Basic Syntax Concepts
DIDACTIC PLAN
Subject and tasks of syntax
Syntactic units – units of language and speech
Means of expressing syntactic connections
Types of syntactic connections

Problems of the connection between intonation and syntax were considered by M. V. Lomonosov, A. A. Potebnya, A. A. Shakhmatov, A. M. Peshkovsky, V. V. Vinogradov, V. A. Artemov, T. M. Nikolaeva and others. Central to their work are the questions of what intonation expresses, how it is related to the sentence (statement), and whether there are types of intonation assigned to certain types of sentences.
Back in the 50s, V.V. Vinogradov generalized the position that intonation itself does not matter: it is important to take into account the syntax and vocabulary of the sentence. For a long time it was believed (and even now there is no consensus) that each type of sentence has its own intonation. Therefore, we talked about the intonation of interrogative, narrative, exclamatory sentences, about the intonation of a simple narrative, complex sentence with cause-and-effect, conditional, temporal relationships, etc. When solving these issues, it is necessary to take into account the generalized nature of the meanings conveyed by one or another type of IC, and diverse specification of these meanings depending on the lexico-syntactic composition of the sentence. The variety of types of interaction is greater than the number of types of intonation, including neutral and emotional implementations, differences in the degree of acoustic expression.
In the history of the issue being presented, the research of A. M. Peshkovsky is of great importance. At the turn of the 20-30s, Peshkovsky formulated the so-called replacement principle. “...The more clearly any syntactic meaning is expressed by purely grammatical means, the weaker its intonation expression can be (up to complete disappearance), and vice versa, the stronger the intonational expression, the weaker the grammatical one can be (also up to complete disappearance) “The principle of replacing Peshkovsky is still understood differently. The fact is that some linguists interpret the relationship “the clearer, the weaker” quantitatively; for example, the tone level is lower if word order is involved in the expression of any meaning. I think that this is not so. In the 60s, T. M. Nikolaeva showed in a number of instrumental studies that the principle of replacement is not always confirmed quantitatively. It seems that this principle should be understood functionally: the greater the role of lexical-syntactic means, the less the role of intonation, and vice versa.
The connection between intonation and syntax is multidimensional; to specify these connections, it is necessary to establish each time the potential possibilities of the lexico-syntactic composition of the sentence.

Types of syntactic connections and ways of expressing them. Syntactic functions of intonation What ways of expressing syntactic meaning do you know?

See what “ways of expressing syntactic relations” are in other dictionaries:

More on the topic § 98. FROM THE HISTORY OF STUDYING THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTONATION AND SYNTAX: