9 circles of hell Dante Alighieri
Dante with a copy of the Divine Comedy at the entrance to Hell.
The Divine Comedy is a poem written by Dante Alighieri
in the period from 1308 to 1321. It is considered the most brilliant creation of the poet, standing on a par with the poems of Homer, "Faust", the best tragedies of Shakespeare. We look at the text "The Divine Comedy"
Built extremely symmetrically. It falls into three parts; each part consists of 33 songs, and ends with the word Stelle, that is, the stars. In total, 99 songs are obtained in this way, which, together with the introductory song, make up the number 100. The poem is written in tertsina - stanzas consisting of three lines. This tendency to certain numbers is explained by the fact that Dante gave them a mystical interpretation - so the number 3 is associated with the Christian idea of the Trinity, the number 33 should remind of the years of the earthly life of Jesus Christ, etc.
According to Catholic beliefs, the afterlife consists of hell, where forever condemned sinners go, purgatory - the seat of sinners atoning for their sins - iray - the abode of the blessed. Virgil, having saved him from three wild animals blocking his path, invited Dante to make a journey through the afterlife. Upon learning that Virgil was sent to Beatrice, Dante surrenders without trepidation to the leadership of the poet.
Hell looks like a colossal funnel, consisting of concentric circles, the narrow end of which rests against the center of the earth) is filled with the souls of people who once indulged in unbridled passion. Among those carried by a wild whirlwind, Dante sees Francesca da Rimini and her beloved Paolo, fallen victim to forbidden love for each other. As Dante, accompanied by Virgil, descends lower and lower, he becomes a witness to the torment of gluttons, forced to suffer from rain and hail, misers and spendthrifts, tirelessly rolling huge stones, angry, bogged down in a swamp. They are followed by heretics and heresiarchs engulfed in eternal flames (among them Emperor Frederick II, Pope Anastasius II), tyrants and murderers swimming in streams of boiling blood, suicides turned into plants, blasphemers and rapists burned by falling flames, deceivers of all kinds. The torments of deceivers are varied. Finally, Dante enters the last, 9th circle of hell, intended for the most terrible criminals. Here is the abode of traitors and traitors, of which the greatest are Judas, Brutus and Cassius - they are gnawed with their three mouths by Lucifer, an angel who once rebelled against God, the king of evil, doomed to imprisonment in the center of the earth. The description of the terrible appearance of Lucifer ends the last song of the first part of the poem.
9 circles of hell, let's try them on for our actions!
On the eve of Hell, there are souls who have not acquired either glory or shame in their lives, as well as neutral angels who have remained on the sidelines during the fight between the Archangel Michael and Lucifer, who rebelled against the Creator. Neither Hell, nor Purgatory, nor Paradise accepts neutrals.
1st circle of Hell - Limbo. Limb - the limit of the ancient righteous. It contains unbaptized babies and virtuous non-Christians - Muslim sages and scientists. There is no torment here, but those who are here forever mourn for the heavenly bliss that is inaccessible to them. Therefore, sublime sadness reigns within these limits. The souls of Limbo are granted a high castle. It is surrounded by a spring, through which Dante passes "like on dry land", passes 7 walls and sees a green meadow.
The 2nd circle is for the voluptuous. Minos reigns here. The souls of the condemned rush in a violent whirlwind. In this circular whirlwind are the heroes of antiquity and the heroes of old French novels.
3rd circle - “rain is streaming from the black sky, cursed, eternal, heavy, icy.” The ground under your feet stinks from liquid mud. Cerberus barks at sinners. Here is the valley of gluttons.
Below, in the 4th circle, a place for misers and spenders. Outside of Plutos' realm lie the Stygian Marshes. There, endless ranks of people are stepping at each other, collapsing and dispersing, some shouting “What to save?”, others - “What to throw?”. Both those and others are equally executed by the highest justice, for they have violated the human measure. There are many priests and monks among the money-grubbers:
Here you will meet the pope, you will meet the cardinal,
Unsurpassed by any miser...
Dante and Virgil bypass the Stygian swamp of the 5th circle, in the dirty waters of which the angry ones are floundering, whose "throats are covered with mud." The lights of the city of Dita are visible, behind the walls of which are the circles of the lower Hell. The infernal city of Dith is on fire. There are guards at the entrance to it. Terrible visions appear on the walls and towers (Erichto, Furies). Dit is a barren valley, "hilly with tombs." Fires blaze behind them, inflaming stone coffins. This is a "field of torment and ledges of towers." Here are buried the followers of Epicurus, who did not believe in a future life. Heretics are buried in the 6th circle
On the outskirts of the 7th circle - a collapse. The slope, covered with fragments of rocks between the sixth and seventh circles of Hell, Dante compares with a collapse in the mountains on the way from Verona to Trento. Murderers and rapists are executed here. The 1st belt of the 7th circle forms the bloody waters of the Phlegeton River (the tyrants of antiquity and Dante's contemporaries, robbers and robbers - rapists of their neighbor and his property are buried). If a sinner leans out of the seething wave, he is struck with an arrow by a centaur. 2nd belt of the 7th circle - a wild forest stretches here (rapists over themselves and over their property). This is a forest of suicides, whose souls are turned into trees. The 3rd zone (violators of nature and art - covetous) begins with a desert, abundantly populated by sinners who sit huddled on a dusty road or are cast down, unwilling to notice anything. A river flows between the sands of the desert, from which the bloody stream Phlegeton originates. In the next circle, water falls down from the steep, so a terrible rumble is heard. Sodomites (violators of nature) executed in this circle are known on earth as military leaders and politicians. These are men afflicted with the vice of sexual perversion. In the 8th circle, people defend themselves from fire and hot sand. It contains deep ditches, or Evil Fissures. Its topography is complex: from the first elevation, going around under the cliff, on which there is a rock separating it from the 7th circle, there are stone bridges (with radii towards the center) - to a deep stone well, descending to the lowest abyss of Hell - to the 9th oh circle. 10 ditches and 10 dams are located between them in concentric circles. The vaults of the bridges cross all the dams and rise above the ditches with curved slopes /
In the 1st ditch - pimps.
In the 2nd - flatterers, immersed in evil impurities.
In the 3rd - those who traded in church offices and turned the church into a place of commercial transactions. Only the legs of sinners stick out in the gray stone, while the bodies go into the ground, the fire snakes over the feet.
In the 4th ditch, soothsayers and wizards are executed - they are struck by dumbness; their heads are turned against the wall, they move backwards and never see directly.
The 5th ditch is terrible in its blackness. Bribe-takers are executed here.
6th ditch - hypocrites who move slowly and hopelessly.
In the 7th, thieves are executed.
In the 8th - crafty advisers (in the depths of the ditch - fires, in each there is a sinner).
9th ditch - instigators of discord are executed here.
In the 10th - falsifiers of metals (alchemists), people who pretended to be others and simply liars and slanderers - counterfeiters of people, money and words.
Antaeus transports Dante and Virgil to the surface of Cocytus. Ice lake - the center of the universe. This is the 9th circle, where those who deceived those who trusted are punished. In its limitations, it is opposed to the fiery infinity of the Empyrean. The cocyte contains 4 zones running in concentric circles. In the center is Lucifer. The ice of the 1st belt is called Caina (sinners are frozen into the ice up to half of the body - traitors to relatives). 2nd zone of Caina - Antenor (traitors of like-minded people, traitors to the motherland). 3rd belt - Tolomei (heavy sinners who betrayed and killed their friends and guests - companions, they lie on their backs, squeezed by ice, and their tears freeze with ice crust. A hellish wind is blowing, which is generated by the flapping of Lucifer's wings). 4th zone of Cocytus - Giudecca. The sinners (traitors of the benefactors) are frozen deep in the ice. Some lie (those who betrayed their benefactors or people who did good to them, equal to them in rank and dignity), others stand upside down (these are those who betrayed the highest in position), some bent into an arc (those who betrayed them as the highest , and lower in rank)
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