The wedding of Peter and Evdokia took place in January 1689, and the bride was three years older than her future husband - he was 17, she was 20 years old.
To say that this marriage was not for love is to say nothing. The young king did not take any part in the election of the bride and in the very decision on marriage - the whole process was taken over by him mother Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, widow of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. By the way, Natalya Kirillovna herself was the second wife of the tsar. True, Alexei Mikhailovich did not get divorced - his first wife, who gave birth to thirteen children, died from the consequences of another birth.
Natalya Kirillovna, arranging her son's marriage, cared not so much about his family happiness, but about issues of big politics. By that time, a difficult situation had developed in Russia: after the Streltsy rebellion, two tsars officially appeared on the throne - Ivan and Peter, whose duties as regent were performed by their elder sister Sophia. Various political forces tried to strengthen their influence.
Evdokia Lopukhin as a monk. Photo: Wikipedia
Tsar Ivan Alekseevich entered into marriage with Praskovya Saltykova and the couple was expecting a baby. In this situation, the father of the family, Ivan, in the eyes of society, looked like a more legitimate head of state than the one who did not start a family Peter. In addition, marriage at that time was perceived by society as coming of age, which allowed the king to get rid of the persistent guardianship of his older sister.
Natalya Kirillovna chose Evdokia Lopukhina as a bride for her son for a reason - the Lopukhins acted as allies Naryshkins, were popular among the archery troops, in addition, this genus was extremely numerous, which was also an important factor.
Did not get along
Peter was already fascinated by the army, shipbuilding, the Western way of life, while Evdokia was brought up in the traditions of Domostroy. However, for about a year, the relationship of the spouses was the relationship of a couple in love. This is not surprising - in the traditions of that time, young people simply did not have the experience of first love, and they were drawn to each other by the novelty of new sensations.
However, in the future, discord began in the family, for which there were several reasons. Firstly, as already mentioned, Evdokia did not share the interests of her husband. Secondly, contemporaries note that with external beauty, Evdokia Lopukhina did not shine with her mind, and did not know how to adapt to her husband. Thirdly, relations with the mother-in-law did not work out either - Natalya Kirillovna remained dissatisfied with her daughter-in-law. Relatives also “contributed” here - the Lopukhins turned out to be not reliable allies, but greedy and greedy people who arranged a noisy division of government posts.During the first three years, Evdokia bore Peter three sons: Alexey, Alexandra and Paul, however the two youngest died in infancy.
The royal marriage was bursting at the seams: in 1692, Peter the Great started an affair with a resident of the German Quarter Anna Mons. Until the death of Natalya Kirillovna in 1694, the tsar, however, tried not to express his negative attitude towards his wife.
Death for love
By 1697, the royal spouses did not even correspond, and moreover, the queen joined the party of opponents of Peter the Great. After that, the king made the final decision on the divorce. Being in the Great Embassy abroad, he gave the order to the close boyars who remained in Moscow to persuade Evdokia to be tonsured as a nun - this was precisely the fate that awaited the “divorced” queens in Russia during this period of time.
Evdokia refused, citing her concern for her son, Tsarevich Alexei.
The queen had more than enough supporters, even Patriarch Andrian tried to "reason" Peter.
Parsuna with the image of Evdokia Lopukhina. Photo: WikipediaThis, however, had the opposite effect - the enraged tsar gave the order to forcibly tonsure Evdokia as a nun. In September 1698, the tsarina was imprisoned in the Suzdal-Pokrovsky monastery, where she became a nun under the name Elena. Moreover, the tsar did not allocate money for the maintenance of his ex-wife, entrusting the care of her to her relatives Lopukhin.
Peter did not take into account one thing - the strength of Russian traditions and the degree of resistance to his reforms. While he, busy building St. Petersburg, the fleet, the war with the Swedes, did not remember his ex-wife, she lived in a monastery as a laywoman, came into contact with the opponents of the king, accepted the honors due to the queen and, which was completely unthinkable, got herself a lover.
Evdokia's relationship with Major Stepan Glebov began around 1709 and continued for a long time. The truth surfaced during the investigation of the "case of Tsarevich Alexei", when Peter the Great suspected his son and his entourage of conspiracy.
Evdokia was also involved in the investigation of the conspiracy in 1718. During interrogation, she did not deny communication with Glebov, for which, according to the verdict of the court of clergy, she was flogged with a whip. Many of the queen's entourage were executed.
The most terrible fate befell Stepan Glebov - he was tortured for a long time, seeking a confession in a conspiracy against the sovereign. Glebov, who confessed in connection with the tsarina, denied this accusation. He was executed by impalement and died painfully for 14 hours. Some contemporaries claimed that Evdokia was forced to be present at the execution of her lover.
Curse of Evdokia
The queen herself was transferred to the Ladoga Monastery, and seven years later to Shlisselburg.
She got an amazing fate - Evdokia survived her husband, Peter's second wife, son, and even grandson of Peter II, who freed her from imprisonment, allocated a financial allowance and restored her to all rights.
In 1730, after the sudden death of Peter II, Evdokia Lopukhina was named as a pretender to the throne. However, by that time she was already 60 years old, her health was undermined during her imprisonment.
Evdokia Lopukhina died on August 27, 1731 in Moscow, was buried in the Novodevichy Convent.
Evdokia Lopukhina is credited with a curse that prophesies death to Petersburg. "This place is empty to be!" - the queen allegedly exclaimed when she was taken to the monastery. Someone believes that the prophecy was fulfilled during the monstrous blockade of Leningrad, someone sees its fulfillment in the loss of St. Petersburg's status as a capital, someone sees the devastation of the Northern capital in the future.
Young offspring of royal blood often suffered because of the decisions of their parents. Most often, these were girls who were given in marriage to noble old men, but young men often had to marry unloved overseas princesses.
When Peter I was only 16 years old, his mother Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna decided to marry her son to the daughter of the boyar Illarion Avraamovich Lopukhin, whose family had long supported the royal family and was held in high esteem by the warriors.
On January 27, 1689, the queen married Peter to Evdokia Feodorovna, who was Praskovya before marriage. The name had to be changed, since the wife of Natalya Kirillovna's elder brother had the same name.
Yes, and the mother of the prince was in a hurry with the wedding, since the daughter-in-law was pregnant. If she had given birth to a son, he would have ascended the throne, and not Peter I.
Evdokia was 3 years older than her husband. She was remembered as a modest and quiet girl, brought up in the spirit of the old Russian boyars. Not to say that Peter liked the young lady very much, but he did not dare to argue with his mother, besides, the young prince was already savvy in the art of government and understood the benefits of such an alliance.
The first year of the life together of Peter and Evdokia passed quietly. The princess even gave birth to an heir, Alexei Petrovich. The couple later lost two of their children as infants. Soon family life bored the active sovereign, and he left his wife, engaged in the construction of the fleet and campaigns.
Prince Boris Ivanovich Kurakin left memories of the tsarina in her first years of life with Peter: “ There was a princess with a fair face, only an average mind and disposition not similar to her husband, which is why she lost all her happiness. Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna hated her daughter-in-law and wished to see her with her husband more in disagreement than in love. And so it came to an end...»
After the loss of his mother in 1694, Peter and his wife completely went wrong. Before a foreign campaign, the tsar even exiles Evdokia's father and brothers to Totma. During a trip to Europe, the sovereign writes to his sister and comrades without even scribbling a line to his wife.
The tsar returns to Moscow in 1698, but not home, but in German settlement to your favorite Anne Mons. Peter sends the boyars to his wife, demanding that she be a nun. Then he comes himself, but Evdokia persists.
Peter finally decided to get rid of his wife, so his sister Natalya Alekseevna forcibly takes away his son from Evdokia. Soon the guards come for the queen, who send her to the monastery.
Another six months of persistence on the part of Evdokia, and she is sheared as a nun. Peter completely forgot about his first wife, which she took advantage of: she began to write to her family and stopped following the monastic rules. Soon Elena (this name was given to the queen by the clergy) receives luxurious robes, receives guests and even arranges feasts.
The mentor of the monastery assures Evdokia that she will soon regain her throne, she willingly believes the predictions. Year after year, the woman languished in the monastery, waiting for a sign from above. In 1710, a certain Major Stepan Glebov and confesses his love. For some time, the poor warrior takes care of Evdokia, later she reciprocates.
The amusements of the tsarina, who was tonsured as a nun, came as a surprise to Peter I. The tsar learned about the life of his ex-wife from the letters of his son, Alexei Petrovich.
The angry sovereign sends to the monastery for his ex-wife and her lover Glebov. In the dungeons of the royal prisons, major confesses to the crime, Evdokia surrenders all his accomplices in the monastery. Monks also poured on the fifth number.
For the next seven years, until the death of Peter I in 1725, Evdokia lived in extreme poverty in the Ladoga Dormition Monastery. Catherine I, who ascended the throne, completely exiles her to Shlisselburg fortress. The new empress was terribly afraid of encroachments on the throne, which she occupied as a result of a palace coup.
Evdokia Fedorovna breathed out only in 1727, when her grandson became emperor Peter II. The young ruler released the grandmother, providing her with maintenance and servants.
In 1730, the king goes to the next world, the issue of succession to the throne again becomes acute in the empire. Nobles from Supreme Privy Council offer Evdokia to take the throne, but she refuses in favor of niece, Anna Ioannovna. By the way, she is the same child, fearing the birth of which, Natalya Kirillovna married her son Peter.
Everyone knows that Peter I was married to a commoner Marta Skavronskaya, who became empress under the name of Catherine I. About his first wife, Evdokia Lopukhina, in most sources it is sparingly reported only that Peter imprisoned her in a monastery, “to shed tears”, as Aleksei Tolstoy writes in his novel... Meanwhile, the story of the disgraced queen is not so simple...
Unloved…
The bride for her son was chosen by the mother, Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna. Evdokia, from a seedy boyar family, was several years older than the 16-year-old tsar, modest and very pretty ...
At first, young Dunyasha is sincerely her husband. However, compared with his former lovers - the liberated beauties from the German Quarter - the shy, unsophisticated in carnal love, the towering hawthorn Evdokia seemed boring, insipid, uninteresting ... Peter spent more and more time in the German Quarter with his favorite Anna Mons, thus causing his wife's furious jealousy ... True, this did not prevent him from having children from Evdokia: Alexei and Natalya.
In 1696 Natalya Kirillovna died. In August 1698, Evdokia, by royal order, was sent by force to the Suzdal Convent of the Intercession.
Mad Evdokia and two Glebovs
In May 1699, Evdokia received a secret tonsure under the name of the old woman Elena. In exchange for agreeing to become her, she was allowed to maintain relations with her Moscow relatives - Lopukhin, Shcherbatov, Troekurov ... From them she received money, parcels, and from Princess Marya Alekseevna, the half-sister of the tsar, daughter of Alexei Mikhailovich from her first marriage, news of son ... But this was not enough for the disgraced Evdokia. Perked up, the nun queen dreamed of returning to the court!
At this time, the rejected tsarina received the news that not far away, in the Snovitsky monastery of the Vladimir diocese, hegumen Dosifey, who had a prophetic gift, lives. By the way, his parents belonged to the yard people of the Lopukhins. But this did not prevent Demid Glebov (such was the secular name of Dositheus) from taking the priesthood, and later becoming the Metropolitan of Rostov and Yaroslavl.
So, Evdokia visited the former serf of her family, and now a clergyman, to find out about her own future. Her expectations were not deceived - the seer predicted to her: "You will return to the court, you will end your life in glory and wealth, decent to you!" In addition, Dositheus announced that the death of Tsar Peter was near, and Alexei, the son of Peter and Evdokia, would soon ascend the throne.
Upon returning to her sister, Elena no longer wore monastic robes, she wore luxurious outfits sent from Moscow by her relatives ... From now on, she led a secular life, gathering around her a court of former Moscow subjects. More than once, as a legitimate empress, she hosted local governors, burgomasters and the clergy.
In 1710, Evdokia had a lover - Major Stepan Glebov (by a strange coincidence - the namesake of Dositheus), who arrived in Suzdal for recruiting. However, having had enough of the love of the queen, Glebov left her ... Evdokia turned to the same Dositheus for help, and he advised her to go on a pilgrimage ... Traveling through churches and monasteries, she willingly accepted honors from the clergy ...
Pay
In the meantime, rumors reached the king that Evdokia did not live as it should in a monastic order, and even got herself a low-ranking lover! With the son from his first wife, Alexei, Peter's relationship also did not go well. In 1718, the prince was thrown into prison on charges of "high treason." An investigation has begun. In the course of it, it turned out that Alexei constantly kept in touch with his disgraced mother ... In a word, soon Evdokia, her close associates and the ill-fated Glebov were brought to Moscow and staged an inquiry in full: confrontations, torture ...
Glebov, however, completely denied a love affair with the queen, but this did not save him from punishment: he was impaled. The rest of the "culprits" were punished by execution or exile. Even the "prophet" Dositheus did not pass this cup. The bodies of the executed conspirators were thrown into the fire, after having cut off their heads, which they planted on poles and put them on a high stone wall for everyone to see.
The unenviable befell other participants in the "conspiracy." Tsarevna Marya Alekseevna was imprisoned for aiding the "rebel" Evdokia ... Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich died in the Shlisselburg fortress under mysterious circumstances ...
Evdokia was sent to the Ladoga Monastery, where she lived on bread and water... It seemed that the prediction of the unfortunate Dositheus would never come true... Moreover, the latter could not even foresee his own terrible death!
A fulfilled prophecy
However, it is too early to draw conclusions. In 1725, after the death of Peter I, Empress Catherine I ascended the throne.
First of all, the newly-made ruler of Russia ordered to imprison her predecessor in the same Shlisselburg fortress where her son died ...
However, two years later, Catherine ordered to live long - according to rumors, her ... The only surviving male heir, Peter II, the son of the ruined Alexei, became Tsar ...
The grandson, of course, immediately remembered his own grandmother. He wrote letters to her, sent his portrait and ten thousand rubles as a gift ... But at a personal meeting, the grandmother somehow did not please Peter: he gave her money for maintenance, but often did not want to see her ... From now on, she began to live in the Novodevichy Convent, with a large staff of servants, surrounded by honor. Sometimes she appeared at court ... Evdokia died on August 27, 1731 in the Novodevichy Convent, where she was buried.
Was Dositheus so wrong? After all, Peter I still died before his first wife, and her descendant - if not a son, but a grandson, Peter II - nevertheless ascended the throne! And, finally, Evdokia Lopukhina-Romanova completed her life, as befits a royal person. Survived in spite of fate, seeking to push her to the back of history ...
Plan
Introduction
1 Biography
1.1 Tongue
1.2 The case of Tsarevich Alexei
1.3 After the accession of Peter II
2 Petersburg to be empty
3 Children
4 In church activities
6 Bibliography
Bibliography
Introduction
Evdokia Fyodorovna Lopukhina
Praskovya Illarionovna Parsuna with the image of Evdokia Feodorovna Tsarina of Russia January 27, 1689 - 1698 Predecessor: Praskovya Saltykova Successor: Catherine I Birth: July 30, 1669 (1669-07-30)
Serebreno village, Meshchovsky district Death: August 27, 1731 (1731-08-27) (aged 62)
Moscow Dynasty: Romanovs Father: Illarion (Fedor) Avraamovich (Abramovich) Lopukhin Mother: Ustinya Bogdanovna Rtishcheva (Lopukhina) Spouse: Peter I Children: Alexei Petrovich (1690-1718)
Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina at Wikimedia Commons
Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina on Rodovod
Tsaritsa Evdokia Fedorovna nee Lopukhina (at birth Praskovya Illarionovna, monastic Elena; June 30 (July 9), 1669 - August 28 (September 7), 1731) - queen, first wife of Peter I (from January 27, 1689 to 1698), mother Tsarevich Alexei, the last Russian tsarina and the last reigning equal non-foreign wife of the Russian monarch.
1. Biography
Daughter of the boyar Fyodor Avraamovich Lopukhin, head of the archery, later okolnichiy and steward of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. She was born in the patrimonial estate of the village of Serebreno, Meshchovsky district. The city of Meshchovsk was the birthplace of Empress Evdokia Streshneva, the wife of Mikhail Fedorovich - the grandfather of Peter I. During the marriage, the name "Praskovya" was changed to a more euphonious and befitting for Empress Evdokia, perhaps in honor of her compatriot, and also, perhaps, so as not to coincide with the name of the wife of the co-ruler of Peter I - Praskovya Saltykova, wife of Ivan V. The patronymic was changed to "Feodorovna" (traditionally, in honor of the Romanovs' shrine - the Feodorovskaya icon).
Figure located at the beginning "Books of love are a sign in an honest marriage", presented in 1689 as a wedding gift to Peter the Great.
She was chosen as the bride by Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna without agreeing this issue with the 16-year-old groom. To the idea that it was time for her son to get married, the mother was prompted by the news that Praskovya Saltykova was expecting a child (2 months after the wedding of Peter and Lopukhina, Princess Maria Ivanovna was born). Natalya Kirillovna in this marriage was seduced by the fact that although the Lopukhins, who were among the Naryshkins' allies, were seedy, they were numerous, and she hoped that they would guard the interests of her son, being popular in the archery troops. Although there was talk of Peter's marriage to a relative of Golitsyn, the Naryshkins and Tikhon Streshnev prevented this.
The wedding of Peter I and Lopukhina took place on January 27, 1689 in the church of the Transfiguration Palace near Moscow. The event was significant for those who were waiting for Peter to replace the ruler Sophia, "because according to Russian concepts, a married person was considered an adult, and Peter in the eyes of his people received the full moral right to rid himself of his sister's guardianship."
Evdokia was brought up according to the old customs of Domostroy, and did not share the interests of her pro-Western husband. Boris Ivanovich Kurakin was married to her sister Xenia since 1691. He left a description of Evdokia in “History of Tsar Peter Alekseevich”: “And there was a princess with a fair face, only an average mind and disposition not similar to her husband, which is why she lost all her happiness and ruined her whole family ... True, at first love between them, the king Peter and his wife, was a fair amount, but only lasted a year. But then stopped; besides, Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna hated her daughter-in-law and wanted to see her with her husband more in disagreement than in love. And so it came to an end that from this marriage great deeds followed in the Russian state, which were already obvious to the whole world ... "The Lopukhins, who soon after the wedding turned out to be" in sight "of court life, he characterizes as follows:"... people are evil , stingy tell-tales, the lowest minds and who do not know the least in the way of the courtyard ... And by that time everyone hated them and began to argue that if they came to mercy, they would destroy everyone and take over the state. And, in short, they were hated by everyone and everyone was looking for evil or danger from them.
Three sons were born from this marriage during the first three years: the younger ones, Alexander and Pavel, died in infancy, and the eldest, Tsarevich Alexei, born in 1690, was destined for a more fatal fate - he would die on the orders of his father in 1718.
Peter quickly lost interest in his wife and from 1692 became close in the German Quarter with Anna Mons. But while his mother was alive, the king did not openly show antipathy towards his wife. After the death of Natalya Kirillovna in 1694, when Peter left for Arkhangelsk, he ceased to maintain correspondence with her. Although Evdokia was also called the queen, and she lived with her son in the palace in the Kremlin, her relatives Lopukhins, who held prominent government posts, fell into disgrace. The young queen began to keep in touch with people who were dissatisfied with Peter's policies.
1.1. tonsured
In 1697, just before the departure of the tsar abroad, in connection with the discovery of the conspiracy of Sokovnin, Tsykler and Pushkin, the tsarina's father and his 2 brothers, boyars Sergei and Vasily, were exiled as governors away from Moscow. In 1697, Peter, while in the Great Embassy, from London instructed his uncle Lev Naryshkin and the boyar Tikhon Streshnev, as well as the tsarina's confessor, to persuade Evdokia to take a veil as a nun (according to the custom adopted in Russia instead of divorce). Evdokia did not agree, referring to her son's infancy and his need for her. But on his return from abroad on August 25, 1698, the tsar went straight to Anna Mons.
Having visited his mistress on the first day and visited several more houses, the tsar saw his lawful wife only a week later, and not at home, but in the chambers of Andrei Vinius, head of the Post Office. Repeated persuasion was unsuccessful - Evdokia refused to get a haircut, and on the same day asked for the intercession of Patriarch Adrian, who interceded for her, but to no avail, only provoking Peter's fury. After 3 weeks, she was taken under escort to the monastery. (There are indications that he generally wanted to execute her first, but was persuaded by Lefort).
Evdokia Lopukhina in monastic vestments
On September 23, 1698, she was sent to the Suzdal-Pokrovsky Monastery (the traditional place of exile for queens), where she was tonsured under the name of Elena. The archimandrite of the monastery did not agree to mow her, for which he was taken into custody. In the Manifesto, later published in connection with the "case of Tsarevich Alexei", Peter I formulated accusations against the former tsarina "... for some of her contradictions and suspicions." It is worth noting that in the same 1698, Peter tonsured his two half-sisters Martha and Theodosia for sympathy for the deposed Princess Sophia.
Six months later, she actually left monastic life, starting to live in a monastery as a laywoman, and in 1709-10 she entered into a relationship with Major Stepan Glebov, who came to Suzdal to carry out recruiting, which was introduced to her by her confessor Fyodor Pustynny.
From a letter of gratitude from Evdokia to Peter: “Most merciful sovereign! In past years, and in which I do not remember, according to my promise, I was tonsured in the Suzdal Intercession Monastery in the old woman and was named Elena. And she went to the tonsure in a monastic dress for half a year; and not wanting to be a monk, leaving monasticism and throwing off her dress, she lived in that monastery secretly, under the guise of monasticism, as a laywoman ... "
According to some indications, the Glebovs were neighbors of the Lopukhins, and Evdokia could have known him since childhood.
From a letter from Evdokia to Glebov: “My light, my father, my soul, my joy! To know that the damned hour is coming, that I should part with you! It would be better if my soul parted with my body! Oh my light! How can I be in the world without you, how can I be alive? Already my accursed heart has heard a lot of something sickening, for a long time everything has been crying for me. Oh, I'm with you, to know, it will grow. I don't have you dearer, by God! Oh, my dear friend! Why are you so nice to me? I don't have my life in the world anymore! Why were you angry with me, my soul? Why didn't you write to me? Wear, my heart, my ring, loving me; and I made the same for myself; then I took it from you "..."
1.2. The case of Tsarevich Alexei
Suzdal Intercession Monastery
Sympathy for the exiled queen remained. Bishop Dosifey of Rostov prophesied that Evdokia would soon be queen again and commemorated her in the churches as a "great empress". They also predicted that Peter would reconcile with his wife and leave the newly founded St. Petersburg and his reforms. All this was revealed from the so-called. Kikinsky search in the case of Tsarevich Alexei in 1718, during the trial of which Peter learned about her life and relations with opponents of reforms. Her participation in the conspiracy was revealed. Captain Lieutenant Skornyakov-Pisarev was sent to Suzdal to search for her, who arrested her along with her supporters.
On February 3, 1718, Peter gives him a command: “Decree of the bombardment company to captain-lieutenant Pisarev. You should go to Suzdal and there, in the cells of my ex-wife and her favorites, inspect the letters, and if there are suspicious ones, take them for arrest according to the letters from whom they were taken out and bring them along with the letters, leaving the guard at the gate.
Skornyakov-Pisarev found the former tsarina in a worldly dress, and in the church of the monastery he found a note where she was commemorated not as a nun, but “To our pious great sovereign, tsarina and Grand Duchess Evdokia Fedorovna”, and wished her and Tsarevich Alexei “a prosperous stay and a peaceful life , health and salvation, and in all good haste, now and henceforth, many and countless years to come, in a prosperous stay, many years to be well. .
Tsarevich Alexei, the only surviving son of Evdokia
During interrogation, Glebov testified, “And I fell in love with her through the old woman Kaptelina and lived with her fornication.” Elders Martemyan and Kaptelina testified that “nun Elena let her lover in to her day and night, and Stepan Glebov hugged and kissed her, and we were either sent to cut quilted jackets to our cells, or nursed out.” Captain Lev Izmailov, who conducted a search of the guard, found 9 letters from the queen at Glebov's. In them, she asked to leave the military service, and to achieve the position of governor in Suzdal, recommended how to succeed in various matters, but mainly, they were devoted to their love passion. Evdokia herself testified: “I lived fornication with him while he was at the recruiting set, and that’s my fault.” In a letter to Peter, she confessed everything and asked for forgiveness so that she "do not die a worthless death."
On February 14, Pisarev arrested everyone and took them to Moscow. On February 20, 1718, a confrontation between Glebov and Lopukhina took place in the Preobrazhensky dungeon, who did not lock themselves in their relationship. Glebov was blamed for the letters in “numerals”, in which he poured out “disgraceful reproaches concerning the banner of the high person of His Royal Majesty, and to indignation against His Majesty the people.” The Austrian Player wrote to his homeland: “Major Stepan Glebov, tortured in Moscow with a terribly whip, red-hot iron, burning coals, tied to a post on a board with wooden nails for three days, did not confess to anything.” Then Glebov was impaled and suffered for 14 hours before dying. According to some instructions, Evdokia was forced to be present at the execution and was not allowed to close her eyes and turn away.
After a brutal search, other supporters of Evdokia were also executed, others were beaten with a whip and exiled. In sympathy for Evdokia, the monks and nuns of the Suzdal monasteries, the Krutitsa Metropolitan Ignatius and many others were convicted. Abbess of the Intercession Monastery Marfa, treasurer Mariamne, nun Kapitolina and several other nuns were convicted and executed on Red Square in Moscow in March 1718. The council of clergy sentenced her to beating herself with a whip, and in their presence she was flogged. On June 26 of the same year, her only son, Tsarevich Alexei, died by the sentence of his father. In December 1718, her brother Lopukhin, Abram Fedorovich, was executed.
As a result, in 1718 she was transferred from Suzdal to the Ladoga Assumption Monastery, where she lived for 7 years under strict supervision until the death of her ex-husband. In 1725, she was sent to Shlisselburg, where Catherine I kept her in strict secret custody as a state criminal under the name of a "famous person" (Eudokia posed a greater threat to the new empress, whose rights were dubious, than to her husband, the real Romanov).
1.3. After the accession of Peter II
Peter II and Grand Duchess Natalya Alekseevna - grandchildren of Evdokia
With the accession of her grandson Peter II (a few months later), she was honorably transported to Moscow and lived first in the Ascension Monastery in the Kremlin, then in the Novodevichy Convent - in the Lopukhin Chambers. The Supreme Privy Council issued a Decree on the restoration of the honor and dignity of the queen with the withdrawal of all documents discrediting her and canceled its decision of 1722 on the appointment of an heir by the Emperor of his own intent without taking into account the rights to the throne (although Alexander Menshikov strongly resisted this). She was given a large allowance and a special courtyard. 4,500 rubles were allocated for its maintenance. per year, upon the arrival of Peter II in Moscow, the amount was increased to 60 thousand rubles. annually. Lopukhina did not play any role at the court of Peter II.
After the death of Peter II in 1730, the question arose of who would become his heir, and Evdokia was mentioned among the candidates. There is evidence that Evdokia Feodorovna refused the throne offered to her by members of the Supreme Privy Council.
She died in 1731 during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna, who treated her with respect and came to her funeral. Before her death, her last words were: "God gave me to know the true price of greatness and earthly happiness." She was buried in the cathedral church of the Novodevichy Convent near the southern wall of the Cathedral of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God next to the tombs of Princesses Sophia and her sister Ekaterina Alekseevna.
2. Petersburg to be empty
1. Alexey Petrovich (1690-1718)
2. Alexander Petrovich (prince) (1691-1692).
3. Pavel Petrovich (prince) (1693)
4. In church activities
· The village of Dunilovo, Vladimir Region, is named after Evdokia and belonged to the Lopukhins. In the Pokrovsky Cathedral of the village there is a miraculous icon - the contribution of Evdokia and Peter.
· In 1691-94, at her command, a 3rd tier was added to the refectory of the Andronikov Monastery, in which the Church of Michael the Archangel with a chapel of St. Peter and Paul. She took the lower tier under the family tomb, setting up icons of the Sign of the Mother of God there.
· In 1748, in the village of Tinkovo near Kaluga, a miraculous image of the Most Holy Theotokos was revealed, later called Kaluga. “On this icon, the Mother of God deigned to appear in a guise strikingly similar to the lifetime portrait of Tsaritsa Evdokia in monastic robes with an open book, written during her stay in the Intercession Monastery almost 40 years before finding this shrine.”
6. Bibliography
M. Semevsky "Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina" ("Russian Bulletin", 1859, No. 9)
Esipov "The Liberation of Tsarina Evdokia Feodorovna" ("Russian Bulletin", vol. XXVIII)
Bibliography:
1. Meshchovsk became related to St. Petersburg
2. I.e. not in a morganatic marriage.
3. N.I. Kostomarov. Russian history in the biographies of its main figures
4. Balyazin V. N. Unofficial history. Russia. The beginning of the Petrine era
5. V. N. Balyazin. Peter the Great and his heirs
6. Kolpakidi A. I. Seryakov M. L. Shield and sword. Heads of state security bodies of Moscow Rus, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation
7. From the book of B. P. Kraevsky “Lopukhins in the history of the Fatherland”, Moscow, ed. Centerpolygraph, 2001
Brief biography
The last Russian queen, first wife Peter I. Nee Avdotya Illarionovna Lopukhina, daughter of the head of the archery Illarion (Fyodor) Avraamovich Lopukhin. For seven years she was the queen, and the last - after her there were only empresses in Russia - but no one remembered her sitting on the throne in silks and brocade. Excommunicated from the throne, she could have led a rebellion, but she preferred monastic exile. She lived a long time, outliving her husband, children and even grandchildren. At the end of her life, she was offered the crown, but she voluntarily refused it, preferring to remain in the memory of the people as a humble prisoner and a ghost on the pages of history.
The Lopukhins were close to the Naryshkins, and Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, on the advice of her brother Lev Kirillovich, chose Evdokia Lopukhin(the name and patronymic of the royal bride was changed before the wedding, which was supposed to avert damage from her) to the bride to her son, trying to rely on an influential family, popular in the archery troops. Evdokia Lopukhina was brought up in the strict traditions of Orthodoxy and Domostroy. She was pretty and was chosen as the bride by Peter's mother without any coordination of this issue with the groom - and at that time the consent of the young was not required - everything was decided by the parents of the newlyweds.
In February 1690, Lopukhina's first son was born - Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, in October 1691 - the second son, Tsarevich Alexander Petrovich, who soon died. Wanting a measured old testamentary Moscow life, she did not want to change her usual way of life, and this led to growing hostility between the spouses. Brought up in the old days, Evdokia could not attract a young and energetic husband to her and understand the reason for his hobbies for "Mars affairs" and "Neptune's fun." She did not share the views of Peter and therefore could not forgive her husband for his constant absences from home. Even the birth of sons could no longer bring them closer. Cooling between the spouses began in 1692, when Peter I met in the Moscow German settlement with the daughter of a merchant Anna Mons. Peter I finally left his wife in 1694 after the death of his mother. Lopukhina was still called the queen, she lived with her son in the Kremlin, but her relatives Lopukhins, who held prominent government posts, had already fallen into disgrace. After the return of Peter I from abroad in 1698, Tsarina Evdokia was exiled by Peter I to Suzdal Intercession Monastery and forcibly tonsured a nun under the name Elena.
In the Manifesto of 1718, published in connection with the "case of Tsarevich Alexei", Peter I formulated accusations against the former queen: "... for some of her opposition and suspicions." Lopukhina was not assigned maintenance from the treasury; She received everything she needed from relatives. In 1709 Stepan Glebov, in the rank of major, ended up in Suzdal on business and at the same time visited his peer and old friend Evdokia Lopukhina. Glebov asked about her life and spoke about his unsuccessful marriage, which lasted sixteen years and did not bring him any joy. After the first meeting, he gave Evdokia two skins of arctic foxes, sables and dense brocade. Then Glebov began to regularly send food to the unfortunate beauty. Year after year passed, but their love grew stronger and stronger. They dreamed that she would be released and they could become a happy couple.
During the investigation into the case of Kikin and Tsarevich Alexei, the participation of Evdokia Lopukhina in the conspiracy of 1718 was also discovered. Lopukhina was accused of involvement in this and was interrogated "with prejudice", forcing her to testify and confess in a secret relationship with Major S. Glebov. In a letter to Peter, she confessed everything and asked for forgiveness so that she “did not die a rootless death.” Cruelly executing all those involved in the case, including S. Glebov, Peter limited himself to transferring his ex-wife to Ladoga Dormition Monastery where she spent seven years. Under the empress Catherine I Evdokia Lopukhina was imprisoned in Shlisselburg and was kept in strictly secret detention as a state criminal under the name of a "famous person".
With accession Peter II, the grandson of Evdokia, she was transferred to Moscow in Novodevichy Convent- she was given a large annual allowance of 60 thousand rubles and special services were assigned. Lopukhina did not play any role at the court of Peter II. Emperor Peter II with his beloved sister Natalia Alekseevna and aunt - the young beauty Elizaveta Petrovna, with whom young Peter was in love, settled in the Kremlin Palace. There he was visited by his grandmother Evdokia, but the royal grandchildren soon got bored with her instructions, Emperor Peter II, having surrounded the former recluse with honors and providing her with money, which she had been deprived of for so long, considered his duty thus fulfilled. After the death of the young Emperor Peter II and in connection with the suppression of the direct line of Peter I, the candidacy of Evdokia Lopukhina was even considered by the Supreme Privy Council as a possible contender for the throne, but Lopukhina refused the crown. In recent years, she lived in the Novodevichy Convent in the chambers, which later became known as "Lopukhin".
Caressed by the new Empress Anna Ioannovna, Tsarina Evdokia Feodorovna peacefully reposed on August 27 (September 9), 1731 in the Moscow Novodevichy Convent, having survived the close descendants of the spouse-emperor Peter I: his second sovereign wife Catherine I, children from his second marriage, except for Tsarina Elizabeth. As well as all his children, including the innocently murdered Tsarevich Alexei and, finally, the unexpected death of his only grandson, Emperor Peter II (1730). Tsarina Evdokia Feodorovna was buried in the Moscow Novodevichy Convent near the southern wall of the Cathedral of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God.
Emperor Peter I Alekseevich was the father of 11 children from two marriages. Three children were born from the first wife of Lopukhina Evdokia Feodorovna:
Alexei(1690-1718) Was considered the official heir to the throne until his arrest. He was married in 1711 to Princess Sophia-Charlotte of Braunschweig-Wolfenbittel, sister of Elizabeth, wife of Emperor Charles VI. Children: Natalia (1714-1728) and Peter (1715-1730), later Emperor Peter II.
Alexander(1691-1692) Alexander Petrovich died in 1692.
Pavel(1693-1693) Born and died in 1693, which is why sometimes the existence of a third son from Evdokia Lopukhina is questioned.
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