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Presentation on the topic: Counter-reforms of Alexander III

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1. Identify what was the main reason for curtailing the reforms of Alexander II. 1. Identify what was the main reason for curtailing the reforms of Alexander II. 2. Be able to work with documents, photographs, brief information. 3. Be able to create your own opinion about the first persons of the state.

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The concept of counter-reform has a broad meaning and includes not only reactionary laws, but the entire political course of the Russian autocracy. Alexander III sought to preserve the existing order, strengthen the position of the nobility, and prevent a revolution. The emperor's domestic policy was of a conservative, protective nature, which, however, did not exclude the protection of the interests of Russian industrial and commercial capital. The reign of Alexander III was controversial: political reaction was combined with great economic achievements. This was fraught with shocks in the future. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the time of this reign was one of the most peaceful and stable in the history of Russia. The concept of counter-reform has a broad meaning and includes not only reactionary laws, but the entire political course of the Russian autocracy. Alexander III sought to preserve the existing order, strengthen the position of the nobility, and prevent a revolution. The emperor's domestic policy was of a conservative, protective nature, which, however, did not exclude the protection of the interests of Russian industrial and commercial capital. The reign of Alexander III was controversial: political reaction was combined with great economic achievements. This was fraught with shocks in the future. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the time of this reign was one of the most peaceful and stable in the history of Russia.

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Growing up in an officer's environment, Alexander did not receive the education that a future emperor should have. They left much to be desired and the features of the upbringing of the young man. Alexander III was arrogant and rude, he treated people as soldiers subordinate to him. Autocratic royalty was present in the powerful figure of Alexander III. Physically, he was extremely strong: he broke horseshoes, bent silver rubles. His character was calm, balanced, very firm, in rare cases he hesitated. And yet, for a statesman, intelligence and education are more important. “Emperor Alexander III,” Witte wrote, “was of a completely ordinary mind, perhaps, one might say, below average, below average abilities, below average education ...” Unlike his father, Alexander III was not a brave man. Fearing assassination attempts, he retired to Gatchina, to the palace of his great-grandfather Paul I, planned as an old castle, surrounded by ditches and protected by watchtowers. Alexander Alexandrovich did not count on the Russian crown either in childhood or in his early youth. The legitimate heir to the throne - his elder brother Nikolai Alexandrovich - died at the age of 22 from tuberculosis. Growing up in an officer's environment, Alexander did not receive the education that a future emperor should have. They left much to be desired and the features of the upbringing of the young man. Alexander III was arrogant and rude, he treated people as soldiers subordinate to him. Autocratic royalty was present in the powerful figure of Alexander III. Physically, he was extremely strong: he broke horseshoes, bent silver rubles. His character was calm, balanced, very firm, in rare cases he hesitated. And yet, for a statesman, intelligence and education are more important. “Emperor Alexander III,” Witte wrote, “was of a completely ordinary mind, perhaps, one might say, below average, below average abilities, below average education ...” Unlike his father, Alexander III was not a brave man. Fearing assassination attempts, he retired to Gatchina, to the palace of his great-grandfather Paul I, planned as an old castle, surrounded by ditches and protected by watchtowers. Alexander Alexandrovich did not count on the Russian crown either in childhood or in his early youth. The legitimate heir to the throne - his elder brother Nikolai Alexandrovich - died at the age of 22 from tuberculosis.

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The new government course apparently differed from the activities of Alexander II and his inner circle - the liberal-minded ministers. The latter were replaced by D.A. Tolstoy, K.P. Pobedonostsev, S.G. Stroganov, V.P. Meshchersky, who became the closest adviser to Alexander III. The main reason for the sharp change in government policy in the early 80s. XIX century was not only in the originality of the personality of Alexander III and his associates. The decisive role was played by the tense internal political situation caused by the terrorist activities of the Narodnaya Volya, and above all by the assassination of Alexander II. However, Alexander III had one property unusual for Russian emperors: he did not envy someone else's mind, brought talented, extraordinary people closer to him and put him in the most important government posts (for example, the finance ministers N.Kh. Bunge (from 1881 to 1886), and A. Vyshnegradsky (from 1888 to 1892), S. Yu. Witte (from 1892 to 1903), later - Chairman of the Committee of Ministers no constitution was made, and this whole fantastic project was rejected". The new tsar was disgusted with any more or less progressive movements of the century. Therefore, the essence of the domestic policy of Alexander III contained a gradual return to the old: strengthening the estate system and autocracy. The new government course in a visible way differed from the activities of Alexander II and his inner circle - liberal-minded ministers.The latter were replaced by D.A. Tolstoy, K.P. Pobedonostsev, S.G. Stroganov, V.P. Meshchersky, who became the closest adviser to Alexander III. The main reason for the sharp change in government policy in the early 80s. XIX century was not only in the originality of the personality of Alexander III and his associates. The decisive role was played by the tense internal political situation caused by the terrorist activities of the Narodnaya Volya, and above all by the assassination of Alexander II. However, Alexander III had one property unusual for Russian emperors: he did not envy someone else's mind, brought talented, extraordinary people closer to him and put him in the most important government posts (for example, the finance ministers N.Kh. Bunge (from 1881 to 1886), and A. Vyshnegradsky (from 1888 to 1892), S. Yu. Witte (from 1892 to 1903), later - Chairman of the Committee of Ministers no constitution was made, and this whole fantastic project was rejected.” The new tsar had an aversion to any more or less progressive movements of the age. Therefore, the essence of the domestic policy of Alexander III contained a gradual return to the old: the strengthening of the estate system and autocracy.

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1. The main activities of the new government were the “eradication of sedition” and the reassurance of the public. A special role in strengthening and protecting the regime was assigned to the Police Department, headed by G.P. Sudeikin, who created a well-thought-out system of political investigation based on provocative activities, espionage and blackmail. 1. The main activities of the new government were the “eradication of sedition” and the reassurance of the public. A special role in strengthening and protecting the regime was assigned to the Police Department, headed by G.P. Sudeikin, who created a well-thought-out system of political investigation based on provocative activities, espionage and blackmail. 2. According to the new “Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions” of 1880, the zemstvo was transformed. The nobility got the opportunity to elect most of the elected zemstvo figures - vowels (about 57%). Peasants generally lost the right to choose vowels, since now they were appointed by the governor. The meaning of the zemstvo counter-reform was to nullify the possibility of participation in the work of the zemstvo bodies of "random" (undesirable for the regime) people, to increase the representation of the nobility - the support of the throne, and ultimately to make the zemstvos loyal to the autocratic power.

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3. The city counter-reform pursued exactly the same goals as the zemstvo one. According to the new city regulation of 1892, the property qualification, which gave the right to participate in elections, increased. As a result, the number of voters in Moscow, for example, decreased three times. The provision that city dumas and councils act independently was withdrawn from the legislation. The intervention of the tsarist administration in their affairs was consolidated. 3. The city counter-reform pursued exactly the same goals as the zemstvo one. According to the new city regulation of 1892, the property qualification, which gave the right to participate in elections, increased. As a result, the number of voters in Moscow, for example, decreased three times. The provision that city dumas and councils act independently was withdrawn from the legislation. The intervention of the tsarist administration in their affairs was consolidated. 4. The judicial reform of Russia - the most successful brainchild of the reformers removed from power - did not undergo any significant changes at that time. The judicial statutes of 1864 continued to operate successfully. However, publicity was limited in legal proceedings in political cases: the publication of reports on political trials was prohibited. All cases of violent actions against officials were withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the jury. 5. Education. Since the students were considered the main source of free-thinking, a hotbed of republican ideas and all sorts of unrest, Russian universities became one of the first victims of the protective course. The new university charter of 1884 abolished their autonomy. The university court was liquidated, any student associations were prohibited. Teachers elected by academic councils were necessarily approved in their positions by the Minister of Education.

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The inspirer and main organizer of the counter-reforms in the field of education, Count I. D. Delyanov (1818-1897), Minister of Public Education since 1882, also belongs to the authorship of the infamous circular "about the cook's children." This document recommended limiting the admission to the gymnasium and pro-gymnasium of “children of coachmen, footmen, cooks, laundresses, small merchant shopkeepers and the like, whose children, with the exception of perhaps gifted with extraordinary abilities, should not be taken out of the environment to which they belong” . In secondary and higher educational institutions, the admission of persons of Jewish nationality was reduced. The inspirer and main organizer of the counter-reforms in the field of education, Count I. D. Delyanov (1818-1897), Minister of Public Education since 1882, also belongs to the authorship of the infamous circular "about the cook's children." This document recommended limiting the admission to the gymnasium and pro-gymnasium of “children of coachmen, footmen, cooks, laundresses, small merchant shopkeepers and the like, whose children, with the exception of perhaps gifted with extraordinary abilities, should not be taken out of the environment to which they belong” . In secondary and higher educational institutions, the admission of persons of Jewish nationality was reduced. 6. Press: The first experience of freedom of speech was interrupted after the approval in August 1882 of the new "Provisional Rules on the Press" (which became permanent). The administration received the right to close any newspapers and magazines, deprive publishers and editors of the right to continue their professional activities. The editors undertook to disclose the pseudonyms of their authors at the request of the authorities. Increased censorship. In accordance with the new legislation, in 1884, the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, hated by the government, ceased to exist, edited by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.

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The counter-reforms carried out in the “vital interests of the people” turned out to be powerless in the face of the very course of life: it took its toll. The zemstvo counter-reform did not stop the zemstvo movement, but set up a significant part of the zemstvo against the autocracy. The increased electoral qualification during the city reform has become another incentive for business people to think about raising their income levels. This, in turn, contributed to the development of the urban economy, the strengthening of the urban bourgeoisie, which demanded that the autocracy grant it more and more rights. Educational counter-reforms also produced the exact opposite of what was expected: the spirit of freethinking intensified in the universities. The government's measures in the field of printing were not successful either: the number of publications in Russia increased from year to year. Alexander III died in the fall of 1894 from kidney disease, which worsened due to bruises received during a railway accident near Kharkov, and constant immoderate drinking. He is buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. The counter-reforms carried out in the “vital interests of the people” turned out to be powerless in the face of the very course of life: it took its toll. The zemstvo counter-reform did not stop the zemstvo movement, but set up a significant part of the zemstvo against the autocracy. The increased electoral qualification during the city reform has become another incentive for business people to think about raising their income levels. This, in turn, contributed to the development of the urban economy, the strengthening of the urban bourgeoisie, which demanded that the autocracy grant it more and more rights. Educational counter-reforms also produced the exact opposite of what was expected: the spirit of freethinking intensified in the universities. The government's measures in the field of printing were not successful either: the number of publications in Russia increased from year to year. Alexander III died in the fall of 1894 from kidney disease, which worsened due to bruises received during a railway accident near Kharkov, and constant immoderate drinking. He is buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.

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Emperors of the Russian Empire

• 1855-1881
• 1881-1894
• 1894-1917

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Alexander ΙΙΙ

• Heir to the throne since 1865.
• Teachers: K. Pobedonostsev, S.M. Solovyov.
• Peacemaker (peacemaker).
• The king is a boa constrictor.

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Personal life

1866 - married Sophia Frederica Dagmar (Maria Feodorovna).

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Last family photo. From left to right: Tsarevich Nicholas, Grand Duke George, Empress Maria Feodorovna, Grand Duchess Olga, Grand Duke Mikhail, Grand Duchess Xenia and Emperor Alexander III.

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Appearance

The emperor was distinguished by high (193 cm) growth. In his youth, he possessed exceptional strength - he bent coins with his fingers and broke horseshoes, over the years he became obese and bulky, but even then, according to contemporaries, there was something graceful in his figure. He was completely devoid of the aristocracy inherent in his grandfather and partly his father. Even in the manner of dressing there was something deliberately unassuming. He, for example, could often be seen in soldier's boots with trousers tucked into them in a simple way.

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Imperial train disaster 17 October 1888

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Capabilities

"Below average intelligence, below average abilities and below average education; in appearance he looked like a big Russian peasant from the central provinces, and yet he was his appearance, which reflected his enormous character, beautiful heart, complacency, justice and at the same time firmness , undoubtedly impressed" (S.Yu. Witte).

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Character

As S.Yu. Witte, “Emperor Alexander III had an absolutely outstanding nobility and purity of heart, purity of morals and thoughts. As a family man, he was an exemplary family man; as a boss and owner - he was an exemplary boss and an exemplary owner ... he was a good owner not because of a sense of self-interest, but because of a sense of duty. Not only in the royal family, but also among dignitaries, I never met that feeling of respect for the state ruble, for the state penny, which the Emperor had ...

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Interests, hobbies

• 1866 - Historical Society.
• 1872 - decree on the opening of the Historical Museum (Alexander ΙΙ).
• 1883 - opening of the Historical Museum.

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Hobbies

• The emperor was a passionate collector (About Alexander III, an extensive collection of paintings, graphics, decorative and applied arts, sculptures, after his death, was transferred to the Russian Museum founded by the Russian Emperor Nicholas II in memory of his parent.
• Alexander was fond of hunting and fishing. (Europe can wait while the Russian Tsar fishes).

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Activities as heir to the throne

• 1868 - introduced to the highest state institutions.
• 1878 (Russian-Turkish war) - commanded the Ruschuk detachment (75 thousand people).

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Under what circumstances did he ascend the throne?

• March 2, 1881 - wedding to the kingdom (for the first time the peasants swore allegiance).
• March 10, 1881 - The Executive Committee of the "Narodnaya Volya" issued an ultimatum.
• “You have lost your father. We lost not only fathers, but also brothers, wives, children, best friends. But we are ready to stifle personal feelings if the good of Russia requires it.”

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• At the report of Pobedonostsev dated March 30, 1881, he urged the new emperor, in view of the “thought put into motion” about the possibility of “saving convicted criminals from the death penalty”, in no case succumb to the “voice of flattery and daydreaming”.
• Alexander wrote: “Be calm, no one will dare to come to me with such proposals, and that all six will be hanged, I vouch for this”

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Trial on March 1, 1881

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April 3, 1881 - the execution of the "First March"

• A. Zhelyabov.
• S. Perovskaya.
• N. Kibalchich.
• T. Mikhailov.
• N. Rysakov.
• Gesya Gelfman.

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The execution of Timofey Mikhailov

• “In a quarter of an hour he was hanged 3 times, since twice he was hanged and fell off the gallows.”
• The phrase of a German correspondent flew all over Europe: "I attended a dozen executions in the East, but I have never seen such a flayer."

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Define the tasks of the board

1. Economic development of the country.
2. Support for the privileges of nobles.
3. Restriction of zemstvo and city self-government.
4. Suppression of the liberal opposition.
5. Defeat of the revolutionary movement.
6. Preservation of peaceful relations with other countries.

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1883 - coronation in Moscow. "Like a stranger in a occupied land"

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Assassination attempt on Alexander ΙΙΙ

• March 1, 1887 - assassination attempt on Alexander ΙΙΙ.
• One of the participants A.I. Ulyanov.
• From the petition of the widow of a real state councilor, Maria Ulyanova, to pardon her son: “If I could imagine my son as a villain, I would have had the courage to renounce him. My son has always been a hater of terrorism.”
• Review of Alexander III: “Well, she knows her son!”

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Main activities

Domestic politics

• Adhered to conservative-protective views
• pursued a policy of counter-reforms
• Russification of the national outskirts.

Foreign policy

• Franco-Russian alliance.
• A peacemaker, because during his reign, for the first time in a long time, Russia did not wage major wars.

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Ideologists

• K. Pobedonostsev (Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, "Russian Pope")
• M. Katkov (thought extinguisher, literary bandit).
• D. Tolstoy (he is fed with the saliva of a rabid dog).

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K. Pobedonostsev, caricature 1907

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"Not all conservatives are fools, but all fools are conservatives"

Epigram on Pobedonostsev:

• Victorious for the Synod
• Dinner-bearers at the court
• He is the Poor-bearer for the people
• Donostsev at the court.

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V. Martynov - the manager of the royal stables was appointed to the Senate

Feoktistov: “Well, it could have been worse. Caligula sent his horse to the Senate, and now only a groom is sent to the Senate. It's still progress."

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Remember the project M. Loris - Melikov

• "Constitution? So that the Russian tsar swears allegiance to some cattle?"
• Alexander III spoke definitely about his policy: "Our ministers ... would not have been wondering about unrealizable fantasies and lousy liberalism."

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Remember the theory of official nationality

Autocracy, Orthodoxy and the Spirit of Humility.

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• On April 29, 1881, the emperor signed a manifesto on the inviolability of autocratic power, drawn up by Pobedonostsev.
• He announced a departure from the former liberal course, saying, in particular: “But in the midst of our great sorrow, the Voice of God commands US to stand up cheerfully for the work of the Government, in the hope of Divine Providence, with faith in the strength and truth of Autocratic power, which WE are called to affirm and protect for the good of the people from all encroachments on it. The Manifesto called on “all faithful subjects to serve faithfully and truthfully to eradicate the vile sedition that dishonors the Russian land, to the establishment of faith and morality, to the good upbringing of children, to the extermination of untruth and theft, to the establishment of order and truth in the operation of all institutions” .

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(1845-1894) (1881-1894) Heir to the throne since 1865. Teachers: K. Pobedonostsev, S. M. Solovyov Peacemaker. (Peacemaker). The king is a boa constrictor.

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Last family photo. From left to right: Tsarevich Nicholas, Grand Duke George, Empress Maria Feodorovna, Grand Duchess Olga, Grand Duke Mikhail, Grand Duchess Xenia and Emperor Alexander III.

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Appearance. The emperor was distinguished by high (193 cm) growth. In his youth, he possessed exceptional strength - he bent coins with his fingers and broke horseshoes, over the years he became obese and bulky, but even then, according to contemporaries, there was something graceful in his figure. He was completely devoid of the aristocracy inherent in his grandfather and partly his father. Even in the manner of dressing there was something deliberately unassuming. He, for example, could often be seen in soldier's boots with trousers tucked into them in a simple way.

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Abilities "below average intelligence, below average abilities and below average education; in appearance he looked like a big Russian peasant from the central provinces, and yet he was his appearance, which reflected his enormous character, beautiful heart, complacency, justice, and at the same time hardness, undoubtedly impressed" (S.Yu. Witte).

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Character As S. Yu. Witte wrote, “Emperor Alexander III had an absolutely outstanding nobility and purity of heart, purity of morals and thoughts. As a family man, he was an exemplary family man; as a boss and owner - he was an exemplary boss and an exemplary owner ... he was a good owner not because of a sense of self-interest, but because of a sense of duty. Not only in the royal family, but also among dignitaries, I never met that feeling of respect for the state ruble, for the state penny, which the Emperor had ...

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Interests, hobbies. 1866 - Historical Society. 1872 - decree on the opening of the Historical Museum (Alexander ΙΙ). 1883 - opening of the Historical Museum.

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Hobbies The emperor was a passionate collector (About Alexander III, an extensive collection of paintings, drawings, decorative and applied arts, sculptures, after his death, was transferred to the Russian Museum founded by the Russian Emperor Nicholas II in memory of his parent. Alexander was fond of hunting and fishing. (Europe can wait while the Russian tsar fishes).

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Activities as heir to the throne. 1868 - introduced to the highest state institutions. 1878 (Russian-Turkish war) - commanded the Ruschuk detachment (75,000 people).

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Under what circumstances did he ascend the throne? March 2, 1881 - wedding to the kingdom (for the first time the peasants swore allegiance). March 10, 1881 - The Executive Committee of the "Narodnaya Volya" issued an ultimatum. “You have lost your father. We lost not only fathers, but also brothers, wives, children, best friends. But we are ready to stifle personal feelings if the good of Russia requires it.”

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On the report of Pobedonostsev dated March 30, 1881, he urged the new emperor, in view of the “thought put into motion” about the possibility of “saving convicted criminals from the death penalty”, in no case succumb to the “voice of flattery and dreaminess”. Alexander wrote: “Be calm, no one will dare to come to me with such proposals, and that all six will be hanged, I vouch for this”

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April 3, 1881 - the execution of the "First March" A. Zhelyabov. S. Perovskaya. N. Kibalchich. T.Mikhailov. N. Rysakov. Gesya Gelfman.

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The execution of Timofey Mikhailov. “In a quarter of an hour he was hanged 3 times, since twice he was hanged and fell off the gallows.” The phrase of a German correspondent flew all over Europe: "I attended a dozen executions in the East, but I have never seen such a flayer."

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Define the tasks of the board. 1) Economic development of the country. 2) Support for the privileges of nobles. 3) Restriction of zemstvo and city self-government. 4) Suppression of the liberal opposition. 5) The defeat of the revolutionary movement. 6) Preservation of peaceful relations with other countries.

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March 1, 1887 - assassination attempt on Alexander ΙΙΙ. One of the participants A.I. Ulyanov. From the petition of the widow of the current State Councilor Maria Ulyanova to pardon her son: “If I could imagine my son as a villain, I would have had the courage to renounce him ... My son has always been a hater of terrorism.” Review of Alexander III: “Well, she knows her son!”

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Main directions of activity. Domestic policy 1) Adhered to conservative-protective views 2) pursued a policy of counter-reforms 3) Russification of the national outskirts. Foreign policy 1) Franco-Russian alliance. 2) A peacemaker, since during his reign, for the first time in a long time, Russia did not wage major wars.

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Ideologists K. Pobedonostsev. (Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, "Russian Pope") M. Katkov. (quencher of thought, literary bandit). D. Tolstoy. (he is fed with the saliva of a rabid dog).

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"Not all conservatives are fools, but all fools are conservatives." Epigram on Pobedonostsev: Pobedonostsev for the Synod of Lumber-bearers at the court He is Bedon-bearers for the people of Donos-bearers at court.

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V. Martynov - the manager of the royal stables was appointed to the Senate. Feoktistov: “Well, it could have been worse. Caligula sent his horse to the Senate, and now only a groom is sent to the Senate. It's still progress."

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Remember the project of M. Loris - Melikov. "Constitution? So that the Russian tsar swears allegiance to some cattle?" Alexander III spoke definitely about his policy: "Our ministers ... would not have been wondering about unrealizable fantasies and lousy liberalism."

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Remember the theory of official nationality. Autocracy, Orthodoxy and the Spirit of Humility.

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On April 29, 1881, the emperor signed a manifesto on the inviolability of autocratic power, drawn up by Pobedonostsev. announced a departure from the former liberal course, saying, in particular: “But in the midst of OUR great sorrow, the Voice of God commands US to stand up cheerfully for the work of the Government, in the hope of Divine Providence, with faith in the strength and truth of Autocratic power, which WE are called to affirm and protect for the good of the people from all encroachments on it. The Manifesto called on “all faithful subjects to serve faithfully and truthfully to eradicate the vile sedition that dishonors the Russian land, to the establishment of faith and morality, to the good upbringing of children, to the extermination of untruth and theft, to the establishment of order and truth in the operation of all institutions” .

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Counter-reforms - measures aimed at revising the results of the reforms of the 60s Reform of Alexander ΙΙ Counter-reforms of Alexander ΙΙΙ The purpose of the counter-reform

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Zemstvo City reforms of 1881 - "Manifesto on inviolability .." 1889 - decree on Zemsky district chiefs. (39-against, 13-for) 1890- Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions. 1890-city counter-reform. Restriction of zemstvo and city self-government Landlords restored their rights Strengthening the position of the nobility. Small proprietors are deprived of voting rights.

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M. Gorky "Klim Samgin" Zemsky chief Bronsky fined the peasants for fifty dollars, because they did not take off their hats in front of his horse.

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Judicial 1881 - Regulations on measures for the protection of public order 1887 - raising property and educational qualifications for jurors. 1889 - withdrawal from the knowledge of jury cases on resistance to the authorities. Liquidation of the world court. -Declaration of a state of emergency. -Suspicious could be arrested and sent into exile for 5 years. Strengthening the police regime.

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Alexander III Alexandrovich - Emperor of the Russian Empire in the period from 1881 to 1894

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The reign of Alexander III (1881-1894), domestic policy

Ideologists:

• K.P. Pobedonostsev,
• YES. Tolstoy
• V.P. Meshchersky

Dismissal of liberal ministers:

• D. Milyutina, A. Abaza,
• T. Loris-Melikov, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich.

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Domestic politics

Tasks:

• Centralization of power
• Support for the privileges of the nobility,
• Limitation of zemstvo and city self-government,
• The suppression of the liberal opposition and the defeat of the revolutionary movement.

Protection of the foundations of autocracy.

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An updated version of the theory of "official nationality" by S. Uvarov

"Autocracy, Orthodoxy and the Spirit of Humility":

• Strengthen autocracy by supporting the nobility as its backbone.
• The term "people" is omitted as dangerous.

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• The Rise of the Zemstvo and Liberal Movement in Russia (Requirement of the Constitution).
• Terrorist activities of revolutionary populists.
• Conservative views of Alexander III (“father overreformed”).

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The main directions of counter-reforms

Counter-reforms - the name of the measures taken by the government of Alexander III to revise the results of the reforms of the 60s, adopted in historical literature.

• Restriction of zemstvo and city self-government.
• Strengthening the police regime and the elimination of certain provisions of the judicial reform of 1864
• The introduction of additional restrictions in the field of printing and education.

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Counter-reforms in Russia in the 80s - early 90s of the XIX century.

Printing and education:

• 1882. Tightening of censorship. Closing of liberal and radical journals.
• 1884. The reactionary university charter, which essentially eliminated the autonomy of universities.
• 1887. Decree on "cook's children".

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Local management:

• 1890 - Restriction of the functions of zemstvos and increased control over the activities of these institutions. The reduction of peasant representation in the zemstvos.
• 1892 - Restriction of voting rights of the urban population (high property qualification).

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Local government:

• Creation of zemstvo sections headed by zemstvo chiefs in order to strengthen administrative and police supervision in counties and provinces.
• Abolition of the new court.

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labor legislation

• 1882 - a law that prohibited the work of children under 12 years of age and limited the working day of minors (from 12 to 15 years old) to 8 hours.
• 1885 Prohibition of night work for women and adolescents.
• 1886 - limiting the amount of fines
• 1886 - restriction of the arbitrariness of employers in relation to employees

The implementation of labor legislation was monitored by a specially established factory inspectorate in 1882.

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On the peasant question

• 1881 Termination of temporarily obligated relations (since 1883).
• 1882 Establishment of the Peasants' Bank (loan at 6.5%).
• Reducing the amount of redemption payments
• 1882-1887 The abolition of the poll tax.

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Counter-reforms Alexander III

1 slide- Counter-reforms of 1880-1900 / Alexander III.

It should be noted that we usually associate the policy of reaction, counter-reforms with the policy of Emperor Alexander III, but their suspension began already at the end of the reign of his father, the reformer Alexander II.

Alexander III the Peacemaker 1881-1894

Alexander III (1845-1894)

2 slide- Alexander Alexandrovich began his reign after the murder of his father, which left an imprint on the entire reign of the emperor. His reign is called the period of counter-reforms, a turn towards a "police state"

K.P. Pobedonostsev

• legal scholar
• writer
• church historian
• valid

Privy Councilor

• In 1880-1905 -

chief prosecutor

Holy Synod

3 slide- “living mummy”, Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev. He taught jurisprudence and law to the future Emperor Alexander III and had a great influence on him. He inspired the emperor that the desire for the Constitution is "the most terrible danger ... for the fatherland and for Your Majesty personally." He pointed to the danger of the reforms of the 1960s and 1970s. Under these conditions, a number of measures were taken to emasculate the reforms.

Changes in the system of legal proceedings and the judiciary under Alexander II

• 1871 - the rights of gendarmes in the field of inquiry and investigation were expanded
• 1878 - "On the temporary subordination of cases of state crimes and certain crimes against officials to the jurisdiction of a military court established for wartime"

4 slide- It should be noted that the slowdown of reforms began under Alexander II. The development of the populist movement, the “Hunt for the Tsar” of the Narodnaya Volya populists, gave its results:

1871 - the rights of gendarmes in the field of inquiry and investigation were expanded, that is, the rights of judicial investigators in political cases were limited.

1878 - after the assassination of the chief of the gendarmes, General Mezentsev, by the populists, the law "On the temporary subordination of cases of state crimes and certain crimes against officials to the jurisdiction of a military court established for wartime" was adopted.

"Police State"

• March 8, 1881 d. - The meeting of the Committee of Ministers rejected the project of M.T. Loris-Melikov on the convocation of legislative commissions.

• April 29, 1881.-Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy

"...with faith in the strength and truth of the Autocratic Power, which We are called upon to affirm and protect for the good of the people from any encroachments on it."

5 slide - meeting : The new Emperor Alexander III on March 8, 1881 held a meeting of the Committee of Ministers to discuss the Loris-Melikov project on convening legislative commissions; At the meeting, Loris-Melikov's assumptions were sharply criticized by the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod of Pobedonostsev and the head of the State Council, Count Sergei Stroganov; Pobedonostsev, in particular, said:

Manifesto - After a period of hesitation, on April 29, 1881, the emperor signed a document drawn up by Pobedonostsev, known as Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy who heralded the departure from the former liberal course. Alexander III himself believed that the murder of his father was the result of liberal reforms carried out under him.

August 14, 1881 "Decree on measures to preserve state order and public peace ..."

Commanders-in-Chief/Governor-General:

• Right to transfer military court cases of persons who have committed "known" crimes;
• The right to subject to imprisonment in a fortress, prison or arrest for a term of up to 3 months or a fine of up to 3,000 rubles in an administrative manner;
• to require the trial in camera of all those court cases, the public hearing of which can serve as an occasion to excite the minds and disturb the order
• Link to remote places of the empire up to 5 years ( special meeting at the Ministry of Internal Affairs)

6 slide- August 14, 1881" Disposition (regulation) on measures to preserve state order and public peace and to place certain areas in a state of enhanced protection ».

The position was temporary, for 3 years as an emergency measure to combat the terror of the Narodnaya Volya and the revolutionary movement, but it was extended until 1917.

In 1892, it was supplemented by the law "On Martial Law", which made it possible, if necessary, to introduce a regime of martial law in areas that were dangerous in a revolutionary sense.

The position of enhanced protection was introduced by the Minister of the Interior or the governors-general, after which they had to submit this measure to the Highest discretion through the Committee of Ministers. For a year or more by decision of the Committee of Ministers.

With the introduction of the position of enhanced security, governors general, governors and town governors received the following additional powers (In areas where there were no governors general, special persons called chief commanders could be appointed.):

impose penalties(arrest for up to 3 months and a fine of up to 300 rubles) in an administrative (out of court) order.

The right to prohibit all popular, public and private assembly.

The right to make orders on the closure of commercial and industrial establishments.

Right bar certain individuals from staying in areas declared under the statute of enhanced security (administrative expulsion). Expulsion could also be carried out to a certain area, until the moment of expulsion, the punished person could be kept under arrest. The expulsion period ranged from 1 to 5 years. The expulsion must be coordinated with the Minister of the Interior, at which a Special Meeting was held to discuss these issues (it was created under the Ministry of Internal Affairs to consider cases of anti-state activities).

A special meeting was created from a friend of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and 4 officials, 2 each from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Justice. It had the right to apply administrative expulsion to any person.

Right martial cases of persons who committed "known" crimes (the law deliberately used an indefinite expression);

The right to impose a sequestration on immovable and arrest on movable property if the proceeds from them were used for criminal purposes;

Right to expose conclusion in a fortress, prison or arrest for a term of up to 3 months or a fine of up to 3,000 rubles in an administrative order; both for violation of binding regulations, and for misdemeanors removed from the jurisdiction of the courts;

The right to suspend and close meetings of class, zemstvo and city institutions;

The right to suspend periodicals for the duration of the provision;

The right to close educational institutions for a period not exceeding one month.

The staff of gendarmes increased.

Assessment of the "Regulations"

"... made the entire population of Russia dependent on the personal discretion of the ranks of the political police"

7 slide-assessment "Regulations of emergency protection"

A.A. Lopukhin, director of the police department at the beginning of the 20th century:

"... made the entire population of Russia dependent on the personal discretion of political police officials."

1889 - "Regulations on zemstvo district chiefs"

• Officials from hereditary nobles, who were denounced by the virtually uncontrolled administrative-police and judicial power over the peasants;
• Zemstvo Chiefs perform the duties of Justices of the Peace;
• The department of Zemsky Chiefs, in the order of civil proceedings, is subject to:

• Cases on disputes and claims in the amount of not more than five hundred rubles Cases on the restoration of violated possession Cases on injuries and other damage to fields, meadows and other lands ... when the amount of damage being sought does not exceed five hundred rubles. All other claims not exceeding three hundred rubles
• Cases on disputes and claims in the amount not exceeding five hundred rubles
• Cases for the restoration of violated possession
• Cases of damage and other damage to fields, meadows and other lands ... when the amount of damage sought does not exceed five hundred rubles.
• All other claims not exceeding three hundred rubles

8 slide- In 1889. comes into effect "Regulations on zemstvo district "chiefs", destroying the separation of judicial and administrative powers.

In 40 provinces, 220 "zemstvo sections" were created, headed by zemstvo chiefs. The goal is to restore the power of the landowners over the peasants, lost in 1861.

Main function zemstvo chief– oversight of all the institutions of serf public administration, the new position combined administrative and judicial-police rights. He could cancel any decision of the rural and volost gathering, volost court. Volost courts were appointed by him from the candidates submitted by the village assembly. The duties of magistrates were transferred to zemstvo chiefs (until 1912). They themselves found themselves in a position of complete uncontrollability.

As qualification for the position of zemstvo chief, a higher education or occupation by a candidate for several years of the position of a mediator, a justice of the peace, a high property qualification and the title of a hereditary nobleman were established. The class principle of selection of cadres manifested itself here with all frankness.

In parallel with the zemstvo chiefs, uyezd members of the district court began to operate in the county, considering cases seized from justices of the peace, but not transferred to the zemstvo chiefs. In cities, instead of justices of the peace, city judges appeared, appointed by the Minister of Justice.

The second instance for all these courts was county congress, consisting of a county member of the district court, one or two city judges and several zemstvo chiefs. The congress was headed by the district marshal of the nobility. Thus, most of the seats in these bodies were held by government officials.

The cassation instance for the newly emerged system of courts was provincial presences, which were under governor's leadership and mostly government officials.

Justices of the Peace

• First of all, this act dealt a serious blow to the system of magistrates' courts, their number was significantly reduced, and then, until 1912, they disappear altogether.

9 slide- First of all, this act dealt a serious blow to the system of magistrates' courts, their number was significantly reduced, and then, until 1912, they disappear altogether.

In 1912, a law was passed on the transformation of the local court, which destroyed the judicial power of zemstvo chiefs, replacing them, as well as city judges, with magistrates elected by zemstvo assemblies, even with some expansion of the limits of their powers. World justice revived, but not for long.

System changes legal proceedings

• In 1887, the court was granted the power to close the doors of meetings, declaring the case being heard "delicate", "confidential" or "secret".

10 slide- Changes in the judicial system.

In 1887, the court was granted the power to close the doors of meetings, declaring the case being heard "delicate", "confidential" or "secret". doors Special Presence of the Governing Senate(since 1872 from senior officials to conduct major political trials) could be closed to the public at the discretion of the court. Another method was more commonly used. The process was open, but because of the small premises, the admission of the public was actually limited. Empty seats were filled with disguised gendarmes, who portrayed the public.

The Senate is gradually becoming an institution to which senior and middle officials who have lost their ability to work in other areas of government (due to old age and illness) were appointed.

Trial by jury 1878-1889

After the case, V. Zasulich

political cases are removed from the jurisdiction of the jury.

There are some qualitative changes in the formation of the jury

11 slide- The unpredictability of jury decisions in politically sensitive cases did not meet the government's aspirations to ensure order in the country. The ruling circles tried to remove from the jurisdiction of the jury such crimes, as resistance to the authorities, murder and attempted murder of officials and so on. Moreover, the crisis began with the adoption of a law on May 9, 1878, which temporarily removed crimes of this kind from the competence of jurors.

Moreover, the named law is quite reasonably considered in history to be a consequence of the acquittal of Vera Zasulich by the St. Petersburg District Court with the participation of jurors in April 1878.

The development of the crisis of 1878-1889 went in three directions:

1.Change in the jurisdiction of the jury - After 1889, jurors were left with jurisdiction only in purely criminal cases without any political connotation. Jury jurisdiction has been reduced by 10-15 per cent (mainly due to the referral of petty burglary cases to magistrates).

However, neither the narrowing of competence nor the reduction in the scope of jurisdiction had practically any effect on the repressiveness of the "court of public conscience". Statistics show that the repressive nature of jury trials changed little in the 1890s. compared to the 1870s. - in Russia as a whole, it grew by only 0.1 percent.

If the government, adopting a number of laws in the 1870s and 1880s, had one of its goals to increase the repressiveness of the jury, then it did not achieve this goal.

2. change in the social and educational composition of jurors;

During the years of the crisis, the composition of the assessors was significantly improved. Firstly, due to the introduction of the requirement to be able to read Russian, all jurors began to be elected only from among literate people. Secondly, the number of peasants, who were the poorest and most uneducated among jurors, decreased by 8-10 percent. At the same time, peasants, as before, especially in non-gubernia districts, made up more than half of the assessors. Thirdly, measures were taken to involve rather wealthy people in the legal proceedings and to exclude from the composition of jurors those who were poor and insufficiently independent in their judgments.

Other counter-reforms

• Tightening censorship - 1882
• Depriving universities of autonomy 1884
• Circular about "cook's children" 1887

12 slide- editors d.b. reveal the pseudonyms of the authors -1882 "Temporary rules on the press"

1884 - the new university charter eliminated the autonomy of universities. Strengthened control over students and increased tuition fees.

1887 - a circular about the cook's children. (children of laundresses, lackeys, shopkeepers) Tuition fees rose to 100 rubles a year in universities (worker's salary 200 rubles a year)

1894-1904 - Project of the commission of N.V. Muravyov (not accepted)

• changing the current rules on the irremovability of judges
• expansion of the competence of individual courts
• raising the question of the advisability of retaining a jury trial
• on strengthening government oversight of the legal profession.

13 slide- In the spring of 1894, a program was outlined to revise the provisions of the judicial reform of 1864.

At the same time, a commission was established to revise judicial charters, which, along with representatives of the ministries of justice, internal affairs, finance, and the Senate, included prominent lawyers (N.S. Tagantsev, A.F. Koni, I.Ya. Foinitsky, etc.). The work on the revision of the judicial charters of 1864 was carried out by a commission chaired by the Minister of Justice N.V. Muraviev. For 30 years, the main institutions and principles of judicial reform have undergone significant changes. The commission insisted on a complete and systematic review of the existing rules on the judicial part. In the April (1894) report of the commission, the following areas of reforms were outlined: changing the existing rules on the irremovability of judges, expanding the competence of individual courts, raising the question of the advisability of retaining a jury trial, replacing the cassation and appeal procedure for reviewing cases with an audit procedure, and strengthening government supervision for advocacy. The projects envisaged the creation of councils of sworn attorneys at the judicial chambers. According to the drafters, a unity should have been established between the lawyer corporation and the court lawyers were to act under the direct control of the court . It was even suggested create a corporate organization among private attorneys, unite them into councils.

The commission's draft proposed further restriction of the principle of irremovability of judges. Some members of the committee were in favor of destruction of the jury , citing the "professional inability of the jury to reach a reasonable and legally motivated verdict." The projects have developed an abbreviated procedure for litigation - by writ and by urgency. Under such an arrangement, all individual rights could not be sufficiently guaranteed. By the end of 1899, work on the projects was completed, the Ministries of the Interior and Finance gave negative feedback.

In the summer of 1904, a Special Meeting was created as part of the State Council to discuss bills on the transformation of the judiciary. The projects were not implemented, the five-year work of the commission N.V. Muravyova did not give results.

Assessment of counter-reforms

• S.Yu. Witte:

“If Alexander III had been destined to continue reigning as long as he reigned, then the emperor, in his own opinion, would have set Russia on the path of calm liberalism”

14-15-16 slides - assessment of the counter-reforms, personality and rule of Alexander Sh.

Conclusions: Economic and political realities did not allow Al.3 to return to pre-reform times.

Although Pobedonostsev criticized the jury trial, publicity and competitiveness of the court, they remained inviolable.

The counter-reforms, on the one hand, did not stop the process of capitalization of the country, but the desire to prevent the undermining of the principle of autocracy, on the other hand, created the main contradiction in the political life of Russia. This turned into stagnation and internal paralysis of power, the impotence of a powerful police apparatus, every year bringing the country closer to revolution.

• “This grief was also our grief; for us it has acquired a national character; but other nations experienced almost the same feelings ... Europe felt that it was losing an arbitrator, who was always guided by the idea of ​​​​justice ”(on the death of Alexander III)

• “The king kept everything under the yoke, which is good that he died early and on time. He did not tolerate contradictions, he himself understood a little, there were no smart people near him. So little time has passed, and already colder talk about Alexander III. He left a deep mark on himself. Only those who are afraid of losing their ministerial portfolios to the young tsar regret it.”