A fairly large number of world languages are used to write letters. Usually a letter is a graphic representation of a sound, or a combination of letters expresses the sounds of speech. For different languages, the number of letters varies greatly from 11 in one of the peoples of Papua New Guinea to 72 in the Khmer alphabet, and there are 65 alphabets in the world.
It is believed that the first alphabet invented by the Phoenicians. After all, besides alphabetic, as a simpler writing, there were other systems - hieroglyphic, pictograms, etc., in which each symbol could denote a syllable, or a whole concept, or a combination of concepts. The first writing systems did not contain vowels, they were introduced into the alphabet based on the Phoenician Greeks. And in the 4th century AD, Roman scribes separated uppercase letters from lowercase ones. Later, the use of alphabetic writing allowed the development of a very.
1. Interesting fact- the letter "O" is found 3300 years ago in the Phoenician alphabet and has not changed much during this time.
2. The most common vowel sound is "A". All languages of the world have this sound, even in Abkhazian, in which, in addition to “a”, there is only one more vowel “e”. And in Ubykh, in general, the only vowel sound is “a” - for 84 consonants. But now this language is considered extinct.
3. The Russian language has its own characteristics. Not a single word, except for borrowed ones, ends with the sound "e", and not a single word begins with "ы". Unlike Turkish, for example, in which there are easily translated words "yshkaf" and "Yrak".
4. Interesting facts is the "dislike" of languages for certain letters. So in Russian there are practically no words that would begin with "a", except, again, for words of foreign origin. In French, native words do not start with x, y, z.
5. In the Slavic alphabets Glagolitic and Cyrillic, there was a vowel sound, which in writing was denoted by the letter "Ѣ", "ѣ" "Yat". It most likely was a cross between the sounds "e" and "i", but over time it was transformed into other vowels of the alphabets. Such a transformation caused difficulties in writing, because it became almost impossible to determine the difference by ear, and the letter was abolished from the alphabets. One of the last to get rid of "yat" was the Russian (in 1918) and Bulgarian (in 1945) alphabets.
6. Another one interesting fact concerns the letter "F" in the Slavic languages. It came to Cyrillic from the Greek language. This sound was alien to Slavic languages, and now almost all words with this letter are borrowed to one degree or another. In addition, some words have undergone a transformation in the pronunciation of the sound "v", which is reflected in the spelling through the letter "F". well, another source was imitation words, even the name letters in Cyrillic "frt" comes rather from the sounds made by horses, such a "frrr". By the way, Pushkin has 30 thousand letters in Poltava, and only 3 of them are F.
7. In Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic letters, the letter "Ъ", "ъ", which is called a "solid sign" or "er", existed as a separating sign between syllables and words. Over time, it disappeared from almost all Slavic alphabets. This symbol was most actively used in Russian and Bulgarian. So in Russian, he not only met inside the word, as a separator between parts, but also, according to the old tradition, at the end of the word. As a result, the texts were filled with completely superfluous characters; in War and Peace, the 1897 edition, only solid characters occupy 70 pages! And in total, more than 8.5 million pages of "ep" were printed in Russia per year.
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There are currently 65 different alphabets in use around the world. The richest of them is Khmer, it has 72 letters, and the most economical is the alphabet of one of the languages of Papua New Guinea, which needs 11 letters.
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The Phoenicians came up with the alphabet, and the Greeks came up with the idea of introducing vowels into it. The last major improvement to the alphabet was made by Roman scribes in the 4th century AD: they separated uppercase and lowercase letters.
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The oldest letter is "O". It was still in the Phoenician alphabet about 3300 years ago and has not changed at all since then.
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The most common vowel sound in the languages of the world is "A". There is no language that does not have such a sound. It exists even in Abkhazian, where there are only two vowels - “a” and “e”, and in Ubykh, where “a” is the only vowel.
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I am afraid that you will not find truly Russian words that would end with the sound "E": muffler and pince-nez are French words.
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In Russian, the letter "Y" is never at the beginning of a word. But the Turks just adore her. Our word for “cupboard” in Turkey is “yshkaf”. Iraq is called "Yrak" in Turkey.
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Also, oddly enough, the Russian language almost does not tolerate words that begin with a sound and the letter “a”. Take the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”: there are quite a few words that start with “a”, but almost every one indicates that this word came to us (often along with the subject it denotes) from another language.
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We notice the same thing, however, in other languages. So, for example, in French there are almost no own words that would begin with the letters "x, y, z".
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Linguists will tell you that in Russian there was a vowel sound, something between “e” and “i”, to designate it in writing there was the letter “Yat”. However, in the 19th century, not a single Russian could, with all his will, notice such a subtle difference by ear, and spelling turned into a nightmare for schoolchildren. In the end, "yat" was abolished.
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Open the volume of Pushkin: in most of his poems you will not find the letter “F”, In “The Tale of the Priest”, and among the 30,000 letters of “Poltava” there are only three “f”. Looking through any good dictionary of the Russian language, you will find literally a dozen or two words with “f” in it, which are found only in Russian speech. Moreover, these will be the words “snort”, “fuck”, “falya”, “fufan” and “figly-migli”.
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The letter "solid sign" or as it used to be called "er", now behaves quietly and meekly. But until recently, schoolchildren who were learning to read and write suffered terrible misfortunes from this letter. Until 1917, in the phrase "Then they wrote about a firm sign with anger and indignation .." 4 "era" would have to be put. In the 1897 edition of War and Peace, there are 54-55 solid characters per page. That's 70+ useless pages! If you count all the books, it turns out that in Tsarist Russia about eight and a half million pages were printed annually, covered from top to bottom only with hard characters.
Where, for example, did the letter "Y" come from? Who crossed out the young letter "Yo" from all the books that came to hand? Where do Belarusians get "Ў" from? And what will happen if you read the full names of Cyrillic letters in a row?
The answers to these questions can surprise even the most boring person. And most importantly: why do we need to know at least something about letters? Write to yourself - and history is a matter for specialists.
Photo: udf. b y
The discoverers of letters
But if you realize that the alphabet, this foundation of any culture (what are cultures, the foundation of everything that surrounds us, because without the alphabet there is no work, no study, no simple sincere communication, they just took it - and smart people came up with it), if to realize this - somehow you begin to look at the role of the individual in history and at your own role in a different way.
Why is it possible for Karamzin or Dubovka to invent whole letters for an entire nation, while we are afraid to offer a tiny innovation to the leadership?
Here, for example, Cyril and Methodius took from distant Soloniki - and they came to Russia, to a huge incomprehensible country without an alphabet.
Well, what a titanic work: to learn a language, to understand how sounds are combined, singled out and articulated in it, to come up with letters for these sounds, so that they are convenient to write and easy to read!
Their Glagolitic alphabet (did you know that Cyril invented the Glagolitic alphabet, not Cyrillic? Cyrillic is already his students) is a unique alphabet: it is completely artificially invented, made up of three Christian symbols: a cross, a circle and a triangle.
Very beautiful, but inconvenient to use alphabet.
Photo: newtheory.ru
The alphabet was beautiful, but inconvenient: when writing, the letters merged, got confused, and in general looked like a heap of circles and crosses.
And then the Cyrillic alphabet appeared - a light, fast letter based on the Greek alphabet. This one came out with both beauty and convenience!
Photo: samlib.ru
And then the creators of the alphabet made a little joke. Or maybe they didn’t play a joke, but encrypted the message for us. Try to read in its entirety, as a text, the ancient names of Cyrillic letters:
“Az beeches vede. The verb is good. Live green, earth, and, like some people, think of our peace. Rtsy word firmly - uk furt her. Tsy, worm, shta ra yus yati.
The translation of the text into modern language is impressive:
“I know letters. The letter is a treasure. Work hard, earthlings, as befits reasonable people - comprehend the universe! Carry the word with conviction: knowledge is a gift from God! Dare, delve into, in order to comprehend the light of existence!
The process did not stop with Kirill and his students: many wonderful people, among other things, invented letters. The historian Karamzin, for example, came up with the letter "Yo", our Vladimir Dubovka - special letters for the Belarusian affricates "J" and "DZ", and with our cult "Y" a detective story came out.
Forbid the language, but invent a letter
There was such a scientist - Pyotr Alekseevich Bessonov. If you look strictly - the evil genius of our history. A major official, a Slavophile, even a Pan-Slavist. A man who does not recognize any other Slavs, apart from Russians, he was not based on bare emotions - on facts.
Before denying the right of Belarusians to self-determination, he studied the Belarusians in the most thorough way and even described them in some places.
He had plenty of material for observations: Bessonov changed dozens of various responsible posts in the Vilna education, was a member of the team of Count Muravyov, who was closely involved in Russian schools in the North-Western Territory, while collecting Belarusian folklore (under the label of Russian) and casually came up with the letter "Ў" to denote a specific sound characteristic of the Belarusian move.
Pyotr Alekseevich Bessonov. Photo: be.wikipedia.org
Bessonov was a strange person: he invented the letter, but denied the differences between Belarusians and Russians. However, he was generally an inconsistent person: his scientific works on Russian folklore, which, due to the highest positions of the author, filled the science of that time, are examples of the wild imagination of the researcher.
He invented non-existent songs and fairy tales, talked about seemingly completed expeditions, drew sudden conclusions from events that had never happened - in a word, no one even argued with him, because how to argue with something that does not exist?
Following the alphabet
It's never too late to come up with a letter. The grateful people, who need this letter, will gladly pick up the innovation.
The letter “E” appeared in the alphabet of the Belarusians in the 15th century, “Y” - at the end of the 16th century (we needed it more than the others, since our language strives for melody and a proportional alternation of vowels and consonants), and it got into the Russian alphabet in 1735 year. The letter "Yo" was invented by Russians at the end of the 18th century and picked up by Belarusians a hundred years later, and Russian users were not all happy with the letter at once.
Academician Shishkov, for example, personally blacked out dots from all the books that entered the home library, and so far in Russian spelling “E” instead of “Yo” is not considered a mistake, but obedient and orderly Belarusians decided to write YO - and not to resist, and now our schoolchildren, if they do not put dots, will receive a mark one point lower.
This heroic letter was even erected a monument in Ulyanovsk.
Photo: strana.ru
And some letters from the alphabets fall out at the sharp turns of history. So, Peter the Great was the first to “clean up” the Cyrillic alphabet and throw out the letters “psi”, “xi” and “omega” from there. I wanted to remove the Izhitsa and the Firth, but for some reason the clergy needed them, and under the threat of heavenly punishment, Peter retreated.
However, Izhitsa and Firth did not last long in the alphabet, they wrote it less and less, and in 1918 they stopped altogether due to the mass expulsion of religious texts from mass reading.
It is believed that the Bolsheviks canceled it along with yat and fita, but in the famous reform of 1918, the reformers already forgot about Izhitsa, so she died by herself.
Someone can’t streamline their only alphabet in any way, and Belarusians can’t decide which of the possible ones to finally choose: we are the happy owners of Cyrillic and “krapivinsk” spelling, Cyrillic in the version of Bronislav Tarashkevich - and Belarusian Latin, which, by the way, is seriously different from Latin Polish or Czech.
We see this half-forgotten, but, they say, the most understandable alphabet for our language every day before our eyes: it is in the Belarusian Latin alphabet that all the inscriptions in the renovated Minsk metro and signs in the historical center are made.
Belarusian Latin is perceived by Minsk residents as native.
Photo: vremya4e.com
So what, you ask? Why do we need to know the history of letters?
Yes, if only because the history of letters is always the history of people, and you can write your name in history in the most direct sense with the help of a letter.
It is still somehow more humane than inventing machine guns, dynamites or nuclear bombs.
VELVET: Anna Sevyarynets
A compliment is a magic wand in the hands of any person. Having said a couple of pleasant words, you can cheer up your interlocutor for the whole day! Compliments with the letter "A" give rise to a lot of emotions in the hearts of people. It just so happened that they accurately characterize the personality of each person, so they should be pronounced with caution.
- “Artistic” is a compliment that will please an attention-hungry person. Saying this word is not necessary for a real artist. A beautiful girl who is trying hard to impress someone will be pleasantly surprised by such praise, but a modest guy will be surprised at such a characterization of his own personality.
- "Neat" is a compliment that should be delivered purposefully. It is not worth praising such a sloppy person because in the end he will not change and will behave as before. This compliment is one of the most unromantic. You can say about accuracy to a student, subordinate, child, but not to your beloved girl.
- “Active” is the target compliment. You can call them friends, work colleagues and just people who are pleasant to you. It is worth doing this only if the person really takes an active life position.
- “Ambitious” is a very original compliment. Suitable for people who accurately understand the meaning of this word. You can call it a successful person in the field of business. This word with a pronounced emotional coloring characterizes a person who has inflated demands on the quality of his own life.
- "Appetizing" is a dubious compliment. You can only say it to a person with whom you are in a close relationship. The word "appetizing" perfectly characterizes a sexy woman, but it will seem strange to a man. Such compliments are appropriate only in the circle of well-known people.
- "Angelic" is an adjective that can characterize both a person's behavior and his inner world. It is best to give such a compliment to girls, since the representative of the stronger sex may consider it degrading.
- "August" is a word denoting in ancient times the royal personality, sacred nature. Today it is used as a sophisticated compliment. Usually, proud young ladies with a pronounced sense of dignity are called the "August Special".
- "Fragrant" - a compliment intended for women. You can say it to a lady with whom you are in a fairly close relationship. There are few compliments starting with the letter “A”, but they perfectly characterize the personal qualities of people and are very original.
Compliments to a woman (girl) with the letter A
- absolute, absolutely (feminine, beautiful, bewitching, etc.)
- avant-garde
- adventurer
- august
- adamantic (from the English "adamant" - diamond)
- adaptive
- adequate
- adrenaline
- hellish (in a good way - hellish beauty, charming, hellishly long-legged, smart, etc.)
- gambling
- tidy woman
- neat
- active
- topical
- shark (in profession, in sports, in dancing, etc.)
- allegorical
- diamond
- diamond
- diamond
- altruistic
- alpha female
- The Scarlet Flower
- Amazon
- ambitious
- angel
- little angel
- angelic
- Guardian angel
- angelic good
- abnormally (abnormally beautiful, abnormally smart, abnormally adequate, etc.)
- antidepressant
- apotheosis
- appetizing
- appetizing
- appetizing-delicious
- aristocrat
- aristocratic
- fragrant
- fragrant
- Artemis
- Artemis-like
- artistic
- paramount
- Atlantis
- satin
- authentic
- Athena
- Aphrodite
- aphrodisiac (my)
- hellish burning, groovy, peppery, etc.
Compliments for a man with the letter A
- apricot
- absolute (male, absolutely brutal, adequate, smart, etc.)
- vanguard
- adventurous
- autoclass
- autonomous
- autonomous
- authority
- authoritative
- adamant (from the English word "adamant" - diamond)
- adaptive
- adequate
- adequate
- adrenalin
- adrenaline
- hellish (cool, handsome, smart, charming, etc.)
- gambling
- ah-hurts (ah-bolitik is mine)
- neat
- accurate
- aksakal
- active
- diamond
- diamond
- diamond-like
- altruistic
- Alpha male
- ambitious
- amethyst
- amorous
- analyst (analytical, analytical mind)
- Guardian angel
- anomalous (anomalously insightful, abnormally smart, etc.)
- antivibrator
- antidepressant
- antidote
- apocalyptic
- Apollo
- apotheotic
- appetizing
- aristocrat
- aristocratic
- armageddonist
- armageddon
- fragrant
- aromatic
- artistic
- paramount
- ascetic
- aspirin
- chieftain
- athletic
- athletic
- atomic
- atomic charge
- atom-charged
- atmospheric
- authentic
- attractor
- attractive
- aphrodisiac (my)
Other compliments on "A"
Each letter of the alphabet has its own compliments, this list contains only the letter "A". Let's compliment your loved ones, it's so nice!
- absolutely unpredictable
- avant-garde
- gambling
- neat
- altruistic
- amazon captivating
- angelic
- angelic good
- angelic beauty
- appetizing-tasty
- aristocratic
- fragrant
- neat
- artistic
- fragrant
- ambitious
- atypical
- what a woman
- Compliments are just as important for a man as they are for a woman. A smart woman is well aware that a compliment is a great way to win over a gentleman. He needs to be unobtrusively convinced that ......
- Try at least one day to say pleasant words to others, and you will notice how much the world will become kinder, and the atmosphere around you will be more pleasant. Try not to leave anyone behind...
- Any relationship requires a lot of work. This is especially true for a newly created couple, which is still looking for its common ground, in some way inferior or not to its partner. A very important point of any...
- It just so happened that sincere compliments can only be heard from a man in his address. Many are accustomed to this and take it for granted. But few people know that...
- In a couple's relationship, both girls and boys equally require affection, tenderness and care. What can be done for this? So, it's good to learn how to talk to your soulmate ......
- Many have heard that women love with their ears and they like compliments, but have you ever thought that gentle words are also nice to hear for the stronger sex? And how sweet...
- Is it necessary to say affectionate words to men? Each of us knows that the word that comes out of a person's mouth definitely has magical power. It is not in vain that our ancestors noticed that by saying ......
- People meet, then get married and come up with funny nicknames for each other, which often replace the name. Some people don't like being called "cats" and "bunnies", and when you call such a person......
- Surely every girl wondered how to affectionately call a guy. The answer to this question is not very complicated. How men want to be called First, a man loves when...
- What person does not love affection and a kind attitude towards himself? Even an inveterate brutal with bristles and a frown secretly dreams of a pleasant word. Especially if it sounds...
- Men love nice words and praise just as much as women. But in our society it is customary to bestow such compliments for some reason exclusively on women. It's time to change the situation and start talking......
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By complimenting someone, we thus show our admiration, praise and approval - by his manners, appearance or correctly expressed thought. Compliments almost always bring positive emotions - after all, every person has a little pride and vanity.
Compliments are necessary, they create the necessary atmosphere of good mood. A compliment must be truthful and natural, unobtrusive and not have a hidden negative connotation. If you try not to scatter words left and right, but express a positive attitude towards the interlocutor, then this can give the conversation the necessary ease. But if in a compliment mockery, claim or understatement is felt, then it becomes vulgar and offensive.
Compliments are successful if they are uttered at the right time and place. Said at the right moment, in a polite, elegant form, praise will please the person for whom it is intended. Compliments uttered can instill confidence in a shy person, help to relax a closed person, and cheer up someone who is sad. But when giving a compliment, you should avoid immoderate enthusiasm and exaggeration.
You should not say compliments without thinking at all about the form in which they are uttered and how timely. Praise should not contain open flattery. Often a girl is told: "You look great today!" Now imagine that instead of being grateful for the praise she received, the woman asks, "Did I really look much worse yesterday?" or to “How beautiful you are today!”, And in response, the question involuntarily arises: “But on other days you can’t say this about me?” When giving a compliment, it is always important to remember: it should not have a hidden meaning, subtext. Compliments said in passing, in passing, sound indecent, and one should not be surprised that the response to such words is also not serious.
It is undesirable to give moral advice as a compliment, for example: "This color suits you very much, you should dress in this color scheme." Compliments must be said in a confident voice, with a smile, kindly and wholeheartedly. It is worth avoiding cheap theatrical effects, ostentatious facial expressions, feigned enthusiasm, and gestures must correspond to the spoken words. It is not necessary to allow even hints of irony in compliments.
If you are going to give a compliment, it is important to calculate the possible reaction to it. If you expect a negative reaction to the compliment you said, then it would be better to refrain from pronunciation. When giving a compliment to one girl, it is important to be careful, because another girl can hear these words and an awkward situation will result. Often this can worsen the mood of a woman who accidentally overheard, in which case, a dual situation may result. Guys do not say compliments to each other, it is considered stupid and looks funny from the lips of the one who pronounces them, indecent, at least if they do not look like an innocent joke. It is inappropriate for a man to compliment unfamiliar women, and especially girls.
A woman, having received pleasant words from a man, should not succumb to flattery. Usually, it is important to take any compliment very carefully, since imaginary love and a false disposition are hidden in the pleasant words expressed.
What then should be the reaction of a person to a compliment? What should you do when receiving compliments?
It is necessary, from the bottom of my heart, to thank, it is quite enough to say briefly, "thank you." If it is noticeable that a person is fawning without hiding, just limit yourself to words of courteous gratitude. Questions and comments (in response to inappropriate or ambiguous compliments) should be kept to yourself. When accepting praise, do not argue with the person. Don't underestimate your worth. If a person admires your appearance, you don’t need to talk about your poor health in response, even if you really feel bad.
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