Checking and helping students prepare for the lesson.
Hello guys! Check how your workplace is organized, remove everything unnecessary from your desks.
Very often behind events
And behind the bustle of days
We don’t remember the old days,
We forget about her.
Although more common
We're flying to the moon,
Let's remember Russian customs,
Let's remember our old days.
It is no coincidence that works of folk art are exhibited in the classroom. In today's lesson we will consolidate our knowledge about folk toys and generalize our ideas about folk traditions of decorating our lives and giving joy to other people. Lesson topic: “Ancient images in modern folk toys”
Today in class we will observe, analyze, create and reason. I believe that success awaits every student. Smile and wish each other good luck.
Preparation for creative work.
- . Today in class we are holding a folk toy fair. What is a fair?
- Who would you like to be at the fair?
(Sellers, buyers, folk toy makers.)
- Sellers, buyers, and craftsmen - they all need to know well how artistic crafts differ from each other, how products are decorated and what special features the patterns decorating them have.
We will be divided into artel groups according to types of artistic crafts.
First we will be artel masters.
Craftsmen from each artel will depict products based on folk toys.
Then they will present their product at the fair and praise it so much that they will want to buy it.
And then master sellers will become buyers of products from other crafts, praising or criticizing their skill.
Teams working in the classroom:
Folk toy.
"Kargopolskaya" "Dymkovskaya" "Filimonovskaya"
Assignment to artel masters:
- make sketches and models of products based on crafts;
- prepare them for exhibition at our fair;
- advertise your product and answer customer questions.
There is one amazing profession to which people devote their entire lives - toy makers, or simply toy makers.
In ancient times, clay toys were not created for fun - they were participants in ancient rituals. They were credited with a special power to protect people from all evil. The bright color and piercing whistle played a magical role.
Look at toys from different crafts and try to find what distinguishes them from each other.
Please note that all clay toys have a generalized shape, are very plastic, and are painted with traditional patterns. Ancient ornamental signs that cover toys can be found in embroidery, painting, and other works of folk art.
Today we will look at three centers for the production and painting of clay toys.
And our toy makers will help us figure this out.
Material for students
Dymkovo toy- This toy is called “Dymkovo” because of its place of origin. From the bank of the Vyatka River, on which the city of Kirov stands, you can see the settlement beyond the river. In winter the stoves were heated, and in summer there was often fog. The settlement seemed to be in a haze. That’s how they called it – Dymkovo.
Hence the name of the toy. It is still affectionately called “haze.” In the beginning there were toys - whistles.
People gathered for a walk, to welcome spring and farewell to winter. They will whistle and sing in the street.
So they called for spring
You're a little birdie
You are green
Fly across the blue sea
Take the spring keys
Close the winter -
Unlock summer.
The toy, fashioned from clay, was fired in a kiln. Then they whitened it with chalk diluted in milk. And they painted with paints ground on egg yolk in the following pattern: circles, straight and wavy lines, cells, spots, dots. The colors are bright - bright: yellow, blue, green, red, crimson, black.
Let's take a look at it. (slide show).
What does this pattern mean?
The sun circles are a symbol of life. Dots, crosses - the beginning of life - a person.
Squares with dots - a sown field. Squares - home Lines - peace, water.
Folk craftsmen have a lot of invention and imagination. For example, the Dymkovo turkey is not a turkey, but a bird.
Filimonovskaya toy -Now look at this beauty. According to local legend, the founder of the village (back in the time of Ivan the Terrible) was the potter Filimon. Hence Filimonovo. So, what is the name of the toy?
How do these toys differ from Dymkovo toys? Of course, the painting is very bold. And what else? That's right, they have elongated proportions. All animals have highly elongated necks. Cows look like giraffes, bears look like Gorynych snakes. It's all about the clay. Filimonovites call it blueberry for its oily-black color and fat content. When sculpting, the clay dries out and the toys quickly become covered with cracks. You have to constantly smooth out the cracks with a damp hand, involuntarily narrowing and stretching your torso. After firing the toy becomeswhite and pink. This is where the painting begins. Not with a brush, but with a quill pen. Paint from a brush does not stick to clean clay.
What pattern are the Filimonov toys decorated with? Yes, mostly stripes. There is no strict geometric painting. This is a combination of colored stripes, dots, circles, ovals, stars, triangles. The details of the painting can be deciphered. The circle is the sun, the triangle is the earth, fir trees and sprouts are a symbol of vegetation and life. All patterns remind us of the connections between man and nature.
Please note that all toys are whistles. Where's the whistle? That's right, in the tail of animals and birds.
Such toys are painted with aniline paints ground in egg yolk. Three main colors are used: red, yellow, blue. Sometimes purple and green are used.
Kargopol toy.Her homeland is the Russian north. Kargopol district of the Arkhangelsk region.
The toys seem clumsy and heavy. Large-headed, with short arms and legs, a slightly flattened face, turning into a shovel for men. Horse - Polkan was one of the most favorite images of the famous toy player Ulyana Babkina.
Notice how beautiful and unusual in color the Kargopol toys are. Painted in bright or muted colors, they are distinguished by simple and clear patterns. On the surface of the figures are ancient symbols of the sun - large fiery red circles, crosses, rings, as well as motifs of grains of ears of grain and plant branches.
Guys, let's see what all the toys have in common?
Right! They are all made of clay.
What are the differences?
Patterns
Form
Working with the textbook (from 74.)
Carefully examine the painting of the toys. Pay attention to the main elements of painting, colors used by masters of various crafts
Paint a toy based on one of the crafts
Guys! Now close your eyes and imagine that we are not in a classroom, but in a workshop, and you are all not students, but master artists. Look at your tables, there are toys made of clay, but before you paint, look carefully at the elements of the patterns that are characteristic of this toy that you have chosen. Don't forget about the color scheme.
Think
How many colors will you use to paint the chosen toy?
Which?
What painting elements will you use?
Get to work (music plays while children work independently).
After completion, the teacher collects the work to organize an exhibition, while the children read rhymes about each toy).
Most respected gentlemen!
Look here!
All kinds of toys for all manners:
Here are the young ladies and gentlemen.
The ladies have scarlet cheeks and lips,
Elegant dresses and warm fur coats.
A beautiful maiden in a crown
She has a blush on her face
She's good looking
Standing there without breathing!
Look what a horse
Just touch it with your hand
He's with you
He will gallop away for two hundred miles.
And with a tail and a mane
That's how beautiful it is!
And here is a goat
On slender legs
All the beauty of a goat is in the horns
He shakes his head
Look what I'm like!
Yasha the friend
Blows the horn
Sits on the back
A beautiful pig!
Turkey-turkey-turkey!
You look like a chest
The chest is not simple,
Red, yellow, blue!
Tell yourself “I’m great, I thought, I tried, I made discoveries.”
Thanks for the lesson. Well done!
Fine arts lesson in 5th grade
Connection of times in folk art.
Artistic crafts of the peoples of Russia
Subject: Ancient images in modern folk toys.
Lesson type: Learning new knowledge
Lesson objectives:
create conditions for the formation of students’ ideas about products of folk arts and crafts;
Stimulate respect for the work of the craftsman - the bearer of traditions;
To promote the development of seeing the features of unique originality in works of folk art.
Planned results:
Subject
will have the opportunity to learn: to use the necessary information;
reasonedly analyze artistic crafts from the point of view of their belonging to a certain style or direction;
get acquainted with new crafts and works of folk artists
Metasubject (UDD)
Cognitive:
pose and formulate the problem of the lesson: put forward versions of what they saw, work according to the plan, check with the goal, draw conclusions;
independently create an algorithm of actions when working on the analysis of a folk work;
determine the goal (learn to distinguish between content and plot when perceiving a work)
Regulatory:
accept and maintain the learning task;
take into account the action guidelines identified by the teacher in the new educational material;
evaluate their achievements in class.
Communicative:
are active in solving communicative and cognitive tasks (express and control their emotions, adequately evaluate their work, construct verbal statements that are understandable to the communication partner"
put forward counterarguments in the discussion
draw conclusions
Personal
Understand the importance of knowledge for a person;
understand their interests and goals;
have motivation for learning activities.
Methods and forms of training
Methods: explanatory and illustrative, partially search, conversation
Shapes: group, frontal, individual, game, search
Educational Resources:
Nekrasova M.A. “Folk art of Russia. Folk art as a world of integrity." M., 1983. – P.34
Durasov G.I. “Kargopol clay toy” - A, 1986. – from 116 – 120
Equipment: PC, relaxation corner, music center, theater supplies.
Visually demo material: Multimedia series: presentations “Folk artistic crafts of Russia” “Little miracles”; exhibition of children's creativity; exhibition of master Glinko A.I. Simferopol (“Through the eyes of little masters”)
Basic concepts and terms : arts and crafts, lightness, color background, saturation, ancient solar signs.
Organizational structure (scenario)
Organizing time
The teacher welcomes the students.
offers the game “Ahead of the Planet”
(students need to unite in groups and remember and name as many proverbs as possible about work, crafts, masters. The winner will receive a reward.
Using Internet resources, select information about outstanding craftsmen making folk toys.
The second group works with additional literature, textbooks, reference books, selecting the necessary material for the lesson)
The main task of the game “Ahead of the Planet” is to direct the efforts of students’ knowledge and skills to perceive and create an artistic image of a toy in the traditions of one of the crafts.
As eras change, so does the language of art. I want to talk to you about these changes today.
Students listen to the teacher, set and define goals for themselves.
The teacher helps students “enter” the image of masters of folk crafts by tying a ribbon on their heads, accompanied by a conversation about the traditions of the masters before starting creative work.
Learning new material
(explanatory - illustrative)
Folk art in artistic form reflects the thoughts and feelings of the people, their aesthetic aspirations. From century to century, from generation to generation, the skills of folk craftsmen are passed on. We can talk a lot about artistic crafts, because there are many crafts themselves, and they all give an image of highly artistic skill. The history of the toy began in the Paleolithic era, when human culture was just emerging in ancient times. In ancient times, toy objects were far from fun; they carried a deep magical meaning and were an element of magical rituals.
Today we focused our attention on those means of artistic expression that folk craftsmen use to achieve greater picturesqueness and colorfulness of their products.
The teacher invites everyone to come to a pre-organized exhibition of works by high school students and, using the example of these works, performed in accordance with the technological requirements of the craft, conducts an excursion and introduces them to the history of folk crafts, traditions and characteristics of folk toy masters.
Students actively supplement teachers with information that they have selected independently, using ICT, additional information. Literature, dictionaries, textbook, media library.
The main feature of a clay toy is a generalized and expressive image, created using the simplest modeling techniques, in which fact and fiction are fused together.
Presentation “Working methods and design features of making folk toys”
(We consolidate this material with information from the textbook)
- Dymkovo toy
The teacher invites students theatrically, accompanied by fragments of the “Fun Fair,” to “enter the country” of the Dymkovo toy.
Students read lines from poems.
***
The sun is rising brightly,People are rushing to the fair.And the goods at the fair:
Samovars for sale
For sale pitchforks, sleds,
And sweets and bagels.
People buy drying
And for a wonderful toy
They look for a long time without breathing,
How good is it?
Just a miracle water-carrier,
Her hair is high
Scarlet lips, scarlet cheeks...
And the barkers shout to everyone.
***
Admire the toys:Water carriers and animals!Look how aliveThere is also a brave horse here!Whistles whistle - ducks,The rooster whistles - a prankster,No wonder it's a fun holiday.***
The snow is falling softly,Blue smoke billows
Smoke comes out of the chimneys in a column,
It’s like everything is in a haze,
Blue distances
And the village is big
They called it “Dymkovo”.
They loved songs and dances there,
Miracle fairy tales were born in the village,
The evenings are long in winter,
And they sculpted there from clay
All toys are not simple,
And the magically painted ones:
Snow-white, like birch trees,
Circles, squares, stripes -
A seemingly simple pattern
But I can’t look away.
And the glory went about the “haze”,
Having earned the right to this,
They talk about her everywhere
Amazing miracle
We will bow more than once.
About the ancient Dymkovo toy
Let's tell the story now.
The most significant clay toys, of course, are those from Dymkovo. Everyone knows her and everyone loves her very much. They are made in the settlement of Dymkovo near Vyatka. The fishery originated in the distant past. The earliest description dates back to 1811, about the Vyatka folk holiday “Svistoplyaska” (later called “whistle”).
Traditional Dymkovo toys include: riders, turkeys, young ladies, and nannies. Female figures in fluffy dresses and aprons with frilly hats, with an umbrella and a handbag in their hands. The recipe for making it is not so simple. The process of making a toy can be divided into two stages: modeling the product and painting it.
Presentation “The life and creative path of Anna Afanasivna Merzina – a hereditary craftswoman
Tasks for students using "Step to success" method answer a number of questions:
What role did folk toys play in people's lives?
Explain what is the beauty and attractiveness of folk toys?
What meaning do ancient images express: horse, bird, woman?
- Filimonov toys
(students perform with musical accompaniment)
Here they sing their ditties
Famous toys –
Philemon with an accordion,
With grandson Filimoshka!
Painted turkey poults,
Horses, birds and ducklings,
Even the pigs are painted -
In the kingdom of Dymkovo toys!
Our toys are famous everywhere.
Come quickly, you will like it.
The village of Filimonovo near Tula is also famous for its clay toys.
The student approaches the map and shows the location of the city of Tula (there is an interdisciplinary connection)
The clay here is not brown, but white. It stretches easily, like plasticine. That’s why Filimonov’s toys are so elongated – these are cows, deer, goats with long striped necks and large colored horns. They look more like fairy tale animals than real pets. The village of Filimonovo was built under Peter I and soldiers lived in it. When they weren't busy, they made pottery.
During the sculpting process, local clays require repeated smoothing. These forced conventional proportions give the Filimonov toy a special charm and uniqueness. The craftsmen loved the crimson-red color most of all. They resorted to green and purple stripes on a yellow background. This is the most ancient ornament in the geometric style. Only in Filimonovo they were preserved. Paints were applied in the form of strokes and dashes. This is what distinguishes the toy from others.
Musical break (students perform a physical minute using DVD–records)
(If students wish, they choose musical instruments: tambourine, spoons, rattles... To the music “Merry Folk Motifs” we spend a physical minute, using elements of folk dance (picker, heel, rope, lady)
(The teacher shows motivation to play using a series of poems)
Students must quickly navigate and find answers to these poems at the exhibition of children's works.
The sides are steep,golden horns,frilled hooves,on Egorka's back.Look how good she isThis girl is a soul:Scarlet cheeks are burning,Amazing outfit. Behind the icy water The red maiden came out Like a swan floats He carries full buckets. Presentation “Khludnevskaya Toy Fair”
- Pottery craft in Khludnev originated a long time ago. It is difficult to say who was the first in the village to sculpt toys from clay: either it was a whistle, or a “nozzle” in the shape of a lamb, or a rooster with a large comb... The traditional craft of their ancestors is not forgotten by the Khludnev craftswomen today. Their drawings are multifaceted in design and composition, they consist of several figures, and they are not completely covered with paint. They harmonize well with the light background of baked clay. Eyes and lips are not painted, but sculpted. The toys rattle and sing. The outfit on the Khludnev toy has dried out - it is leaving the Kaluga land.
Kargopol toy
(Teacher motivates learning material through dramatization, attracts students at will. (to the music the guys sing:
And the turkey is smart, I'm looking all right! Such a turkey All sides are painted. Indy, Indy, Turkey, You look like a chest. Surprised us with the outfit Look, he has spread his wings! And his fluffy tail It's far from simple. The tail is like a sunny flower, A tall scallop It burns with scarlet paint! Oh yeah Indian, Turkeys, Scarlet head, Beaded beard! Presentation “Carousel of Desires”
In the north of Russia, not far from Arkhangelsk, in the city of Kargopol, they make completely different toys.
(students show the location of the city on the map).
Kargopol craftsmen love to sculpt peasant women in dresses and ladies in hats coming from the market with shopping, men - accordion players in bast shoes and caftans. They have wide faces and plump figures. The work of Kargopol craftsmen had its own division of labor: men, as a rule, sculpted the toy, and women painted it.
Presentation “The Life and Work of Ulyana Ivanovna Babkina”
Exercise. With helpmethod "Logical link", students perceive information and complete tasks.
Find a match:
Symbolism of color:
White is a symbol of moral purity, truth, goodness.
Yellow (gold) is a symbol of the sun, joy, light.
Red is a symbol of fire, beauty, health, strength, glory.
Green is a symbol of life, earth, arable land.
Blue is a symbol of the sky
Black is a symbol of earth.
Before completing the practical task, students carefully examine the signs of the ornament; master the principle of their mood (with the help of a textbook and slides); pay attention to how they build a painted pattern on the surface of the toy, which harmoniously complements the solid color of its individual parts, how harmoniously interconnected form and decor are.
(Students perceive already familiar information about artistic crafts, comparing them with a certain style in the fine arts and a certain historical era).
Creative practical activity.
And now I propose to divide into teams. In front of you is the “Fairground Carousel”, on which there are toys of different directions. Each team chooses its own toy according to its style, creating a “Folk Toy Festival”. (goes group work).
Students paint on a white surface pre-primed with water-based paint. The teacher prepares in advance figures of different silhouettes (turkey, young lady, horse...)
The work is carried out according to the principle: “from general to specific,” first distributing color spots, and then moving on to detailing.”
When decorating their toy with decorative elements, students should strive to follow the traditions of a particular craft.
"Competition of Connoisseurs" (designed for the level of additional knowledge of students on the topic “decorative and applied arts”)
5
A type of folk decorative painting on wooden products: subtle floral patterns in gold, black and red on a gold or black background. This is the name of the village where this painting appeared.
Russian folk ceramic craft, painting - blue on white.
Type of fine art. The art of depicting objects with contour lines and strokes, without paint, sometimes using color spots.
Type of fine art. The art of creating three-dimensional works of art by carving, carving, sculpting, casting.
Genre of painting with close-up images of objects: flowers, dead game, fish, utensils.
An image of the interior of a building, also a genre of fine art.
Lesson summary. Reflection. (Discussion)
At the end of the work we hold a festive opening day “Master of Golden Hands”.
- We summarize usingMicrophone method ». Students analyze successes and successes, learn to correct mistakes.
It is important that they see the result of the work of their comrades and can appreciate the extent to which each was able to get closer to the folk tradition and at the same time preserve their individuality.
Creative homework.
Visit a museum or exhibition in your city “Folk Crafts of Russia”
Write a fairy tale, story, poem “carousel of my desires.
Send
Cool
Stammer
Goals: to form a concept and identify students’ knowledge about the folk clay toy and its main types, such as Filimonovskaya, Dymkovskaya, Kargopolskaya; cultivate a love for traditional Russian culture; teach children how to sculpt traditional Russian toys; develop fantasy, imagination, hand motor skills; to develop interest in the arts and crafts of folk craftsmen.
Materials: Filimonov, Dymkovo, Kargopol toys, images of Filimonov, Kargopol and Dymkovo toys; clay, bowls of water, salty stuff, simple pencil, brushes, gouache, watercolor.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
(Greeting, checking students’ readiness for the lesson.)
2. Teacher's conversation
Guys! Today we will talk about Russian folk toys.
– Why do you think toys were created in ancient times? Of course, for the amusement of children, but not only. Toys were also an integral part of certain rituals: they served as a talisman to protect people from evil spirits. Of course, they reflected the images that we talked about in previous lessons - a horse, a bird, a female figure. Russian folk toys corresponded to the era in which our ancestors lived. All of them were different from each other, but at the same time they were painted with traditional patterns.
2.1. Filimonovskaya toy
We will start our lesson with a story about the Filimonov toy. In the Tula region (located 250 km from Moscow) there was a famous center for the production of these toys. According to local legend, the founder of the village (back in the time of Ivan the Terrible) was the potter Filimon (hence Filimonovo). The craftsmen worked in families: men made dishes, and women made and painted toys. The bulk of the toys were classic whistles: there were riders, bears, roosters, ladies, and cows. People were depicted monolithically, there were few details - these toys looked more like ancient primitive figurines. The design of the toys was quite simple: the lady’s bell skirt smoothly transitioned into a narrow body, and the composition was completed by a cone-shaped head, which was integral with the neck. The boys looked like girls, only instead of a skirt they had thick cylindrical legs, over which they wore clumsy boots. The heads of the figures were decorated with interesting hats with narrow brims. Among Filimonov toys you can often find several figures molded together to form a pair, for example “Lyubota” - a favorite scene of a meeting between two lovers. Favorite colors of Filimonov toys are raspberry red, yellow, emerald green.
Filimonov craftswomen painted their toys with bright colors, which they mixed with eggs and applied to the products with a chicken feather. Thus, the figures turned out bright and cheerful. Animals were usually painted with multi-colored stripes along the body and neck. The head and chest were painted with monochromatic colors, usually green or crimson, over which a rather simple ornament was applied.
Filimonov's figurines of girls and boys were always dressed elegantly and very brightly, on the head there was traditionally a hat decorated with multi-colored stripes, and the collar of the jacket, skirt and pants were decorated with simple but very beautiful ornaments. The clothing of the Filimonov toys was influenced by urban costume, on the one hand, and peasant sundresses, on the other, which were usually complemented by embroidered shirts and amulets belts.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the production of Filimonov toys decreased greatly. Only a few craftsmen did not give up their craft: A.O. Derbeneva, E.I. Karpov and A.F. Maslennikova. In the 60s XX century art historians and collectors have made great efforts to revive the artistic traditions of ancient crafts. And today in the city of Odoev there is a workshop of Filimonov toys.
2.2. Making a Filimonov toy
Modeling
Today we will study techniques and methods of working with clay to sculpt Russian folk toys. In order to fashion a toy, you need to pick up well-crushed clay. First we will make a small blank for a toy in the shape of a ball, cone or flat cake. We stretch this workpiece in the right place, give it a bend, compress it and then pull out the protruding parts.
There are two ways of sculpting - from a whole piece or from individual parts stuck to each other. When making Russian folk toys, it is better to use the second method, i.e. carefully attach one part to another, moistening the joints before doing this, then smooth all the joints and give the object an even shape.
You should start working by making the main part of the toy - the body: a large lump of clay is given a spherical shape, and then stretched out a little for stability; if we are making a whistle, then the toy should be hollow, with a hole for air to pass through; When making a female figure, an empty bell skirt is taken as the basis. Details such as arms, legs and head (if it is a human figurine), front and hind legs (if it is an animal) are attached to the body. Often the head is molded together with the body as a single whole. When making a whistle, the main part is the tail-whistle, which should have a hole for the whistle. After attaching the main parts, smaller parts are added to the figurine (eyes, cheeks, nose, individual parts of clothing and jewelry). The finished toy must be adjusted using a damp cloth or a soft squirrel brush. After this, the product is dried.
Drying
Drying time depends on the size of the product. It must be dried at room temperature, as uneven drying can lead to deformation of the item. If the toy is large, it should be dried with care, covering it with newspaper or placing it in a box.
Burning
The product must be completely dried before firing in the kiln. That is why, before firing, the toy should be dried in an oven, oven or other well-heated place. The firing process usually lasts 3–4 hours. The product is placed in a cold oven and gradually heated. The longer the firing lasts, the more durable the products are. Products are often fired over a fire (at least 8 hours). After firing, the toys should cool for 6–7 hours while remaining in the oven.
Decoration
There are two types of decoration - embossed and smooth. Relief decoration includes carving, embossing, and applied patterns. Smooth decoration includes burnishing, blackening, glazing and painting.
Relief decoration
Embossing. This is the simplest and most accessible type of finishing, the techniques of which have survived to this day from ancient times. Pottery and toys are often decorated with embossed patterns. Embossing can only be done on raw clay products (toys).
Engraving. Various patterns obtained using sticks or combs are used to decorate clay products. The patterns are applied quite simply, immediately after the product has dried.
Smooth decoration
Glazing. After firing, the toys are covered with transparent or colored glaze, after which they are fired again at high temperature. When fired, the glaze melts and spreads over the toy, which is what gives it a decorative appearance.
Painting. The simplest and most accessible way to paint a toy is to paint with ordinary paints. For such painting, any paints are used: gouache, tempera, acrylic or oil paints.
Varnishing. Often, for a greater decorative effect and protective function, colorless furniture varnish is used, which is applied to the product in several layers.
2.3. Kargopol toy
Another type of toy is the Kargopol clay toy, whose homeland is the Russian North, Kargopol district of the Arkhangelsk region. The craftsmen sculpted these toys from the remains of clay, without attaching much importance to this craft. Beautiful horses, teams, figurines of people and animals came out of clay. And it all cost very little, since they were not in great demand, and they were sculpted more for their own pleasure, and not for the sake of earning money. At first, toys, like dishes, were scalded. Having finished firing, the craftsmen immersed the red-hot toy in a mash - a thick flour solution. Burnt flour left a beautiful black pattern on the light surface of the product. Next, the toy was decorated with scratched archaic ornaments. Such toys resembled stone age products.
In addition, expensive items such as dishes or toys were often made. They were called glazed because they were covered with glaze at the end. In the 30s XX century this folk craft gradually faded away, and the production of toys almost completely ceased. By that time, there were very few craftsmen left who continued to do what they loved. Mostly single figurines of men and ladies were made, which were painted with lime, soot and colored clays. Their sculpting was rough, their faces were flat, the details of their figures and clothes were reminiscent of ancient stone women. In the painting of figurines one could often find ovals, crosses, circles, spots - all this also resembled ancient ornamental motifs.
Today's craftsmen have preserved the traditional forms of making Kargopol toys, but at the same time they make them more elegant and do not spare oil and tempera for painting individual parts. Kargopol craftsmen sculpt not only human figures, but also horses, bears, deer, cows, and fairy-tale characters. The most popular character in the Kargopol toy remains the Polkan - half-horse, half-man with a thick beard, wearing orders and epaulettes.
2.4. Dymkovo toy
The most famous, perhaps, are the Dymkovo toys. They first appeared in Dymkovskaya Sloboda, which was located near the city of Kirov (formerly Vyatka).
It is believed that the origin of this toy is associated with the spring holiday of Whistling, for which the women of the Dymkovo settlement sculpted these wonderful clay whistles in the form of horses, goats, rams, and ducks. Later, this holiday lost its significance, but the fishery remained and developed for many years.
The Dymkovo toy is inimitable in its painting and beauty, it is unique. This trade was exclusively for women. In the fall, red clay was stored in the meadows for the whole winter, and clean river sand was stored in the shallows. Clay and sand were mixed, kneaded thoroughly and the finished material for toys was obtained. This product is completely handmade. Figures are usually sculpted in parts, using liquid clay as a binding material. Traces of molding must be smoothed out so that they are not visible, and the product acquires a smooth surface. After drying for 10–20 days and firing at a temperature of 700–800 degrees, the toys are coated with tempera white in 2–3 layers. Previously, toys were whitened with chalk diluted in milk. In the old days, Dymkovo toys were painted with aniline dyes mixed with eggs and kvass, and sticks and feathers were used instead of brushes. 6–10 tones were used for painting. The already painted toy was coated with beaten egg so that the faded aniline paints shone and acquired brightness. Today, tempera paints and soft core brushes are used for painting. Craftsmen use a variety of colors: red, yellow, blue, green, scarlet. All this gives the toy a special brightness and elegance. The ornament is built according to special, complex patterns: circles, dots, cells, stripes are applied in a variety of combinations. The most common subjects are nannies with children, rams with golden horns, buffoons, ladies, water bearers, turkeys, roosters, deer, peasants.
In Dymkovo toys you can rarely find halftones and imperceptible transitions. These toys are especially good in pairs, next to their brothers and sisters from the settlement on the Vyatka River. Nowadays, the masters of Dymkovo toys live in Kirov and work in bright, spacious workshops, provided with all materials and tools, right down to electric muffle furnaces in which toys are fired.
3. Creative task
Let's try to make a Dymkovo toy together from clay and available materials.
The procedure for sculpting a toy
If you want to mold an animal, then a tourniquet is best suited for this.
– Bend it, cut it, separating the front and back legs. Then sculpt the animal's head and other details. To make the figurine beautiful, you can attach a mane, horns and ears to the head.
When sculpting young ladies, a different scheme is used. First you need to knead the clay. Then mold it into a ball and, by pulling it out of a cone-shaped shape, get a head. Then attach the remaining parts.
Drying
Before painting and decorating our toys, we must dry them and carry out the firing procedure.
- This will be your homework.
(Detailed information on drying and firing toys is given above.)
Painting toys
– After your toy is molded, dried and has passed the firing stage, proceed to coloring.
The Dymkovo toy can never be confused with other clay toys, since it has a different Color from all others. It is distinguished by a snow-white background, on which a simple geometric pattern is written in the form of circles, dots, stripes, crosses, ovals, etc. Dymkovo masters applied the pattern in a free brush style.
– Let's start our painting by applying black paint to two strands of hair. Using a thin brush, apply the two points of the eyes and the thin arches of the eyebrows. Next, draw the mouth and two red circles on the cheeks to make the toy “come to life.”
– Next, paint the headdress with yellow or red paint, and the clothes with another bright paint.
– And finally, decorate the toy’s clothes with patterns (on the dress, skirt, apron) - circles, stripes, wavy or straight lines, dots and strokes, which will form a geometric pattern.
The appearance of the Dymkovo toy reflects the nature of the places where it was created.
The decoration of the toy is completed by gluing diamonds made of gold leaf or gold leaf over the pattern.
– Listen to a poem about the Dymkovo toy.
Artist
In Dymkovo, beyond the Vyatka River,
Precious continuing work,
Not looking for peace in old age,
Glorious craftswomen live.
Old lady at her work
He sits on a low bench.
Clay Vyatka toy
He sculpts... no, he doesn’t sculpt, he creates!
Nice painted toy!
Everything sings, is artless, bright.
And young joy is visible in her
Has become the art of craft!
4. Summing up the lessons
(Students demonstrate their works, talk about their ideas and their implementation, what folk craft they belong to, what are the distinctive features of the toy. After this, an exhibition of works is organized.)
Let's review what we learned in this lesson.
– What material did you work with?
– What new things have you discovered for yourself?
– How difficult is it to work with clay?
Notice how bright the Filimonov toy is! The patterns are applied directly to the surface of the baked clay. And the pattern is complemented by rainbow stripes. The Dymkovo toy is distinguished by elements of geometric patterns - circles, ovals, cells, stripes, dots. But still, perhaps the most expressive is the Kargopol toy, which has retained its connection with ancient motifs.
Along with this also read:
Target: acquaintance with ancient Russian toys, developing skills in working with plastic materials, developing children’s interest and love for folk toys.
Tasks: teach how to sculpt from a whole piece of plasticine, instill the skills of working on a three-dimensional form, learn to see and convey the characteristic proportions of toys.
Equipment and materials for the lesson: clay toys. educational tables “Dymkovskaya, Filimonovskaya. Abashevskaya and other toys”, presentation, art materials.1. Organizing time.
Organization of the workplace, students are seated in groups.
2. Updating basic knowledge.
- We got acquainted with ancient images that fill the life of Russian people with joy. Name the objects decorated with ancient images.
- What symbols and images were used to decorate the home, costume and household items?
3. Formation of new knowledge.
There is an amazing profession that has come to us since ancient times and still exists today: a toy maker.
In ancient times clay toys were created not only for fun, but also as part of ancient rituals. They were given to each other for holidays and filled their home. Toys had magical powers and, in the minds of our ancestors, protected people from all evil.
In a clay toy live images that are already familiar to you: a horse, a bird, a woman, living in the memory of the people and continuing their ancient traditions.
(slide No. 1)
Shape of toys very plastic and generalized, but still, in different places of vast Russia, artists took an original approach to creating her image.
The guys from the search groups and I prepared for this lesson and made a presentation that you will see on the screen. Search groups will make presentations (Appendix No. 1, Slide No. 3).
The student's answers are supplemented by the teacher.
Dymkovskaya toy(speech by the first search group) .
(slides No. 4-14)
This toy was sculpted in the Dymkovo settlement, which was located in the vicinity of the city of Vyatka, then renamed Kirov, where the factory for the production of Dymkovo toys is now located. And people call it differently - sometimes Dymkovo, sometimes Vyatka, sometimes Kirov.
According to legend, the craft arose in connection with the ancient holiday of Whistling - a celebration on the banks of the Vyatka River, for which clay whistles were made on long winter evenings.
They also sculpted figures of dandy ladies, water bearers, nurses, nannies with children, milkmaids, and poultry maids. The ladies were depicted with an umbrella, a dog, and a muff. Characteristic images include folk festivals, holidays, ladies with gentlemen, horsemen, a large family, a carousel. Also created were animal whistles, dogs accompanying ladies, a buffoon on a pig, a milkmaid with a cow, a poultry house with ducklings and unique images of horses, goats, rams, and deer. If they depicted a goat or a ram, then they had large horns and frilled pants on their legs. Favorite images were fabulous, unusual, unforgettable turkeys with painted tails, roosters. A characteristic image of Russian folk art is a bear: a bear with a leader, a bear-hunter.
These figures are sculpted from red clay; they have a generalized static form, traditional for Dymkovo toys, but each craftswoman has her own vision, her own style.
After firing, all the figures are covered in white. When there are a lot of toys, they begin to paint them.
The geometric pattern consists of wide and thin stripes, wavy lines, rings, circles, polka dots, and ovals. Characteristic of painting is a combination of large elements and small ones. Small elements decorate large rings, circles, stripes - or are scattered between them - dots, dashes, thin lines.
All the figures seem to be dressed in bright fabric. The ornament is rhythmic, the alternation of stripes, circles, and rings is clearly visible. A checkered base is often used, which is filled with identical elements - circles, ovals or rings. The most typical decoration is with rings arranged in rows, in a checkerboard pattern or freely.
Particularly characteristic is the image of a turkey with a large, loose tail, like a peacock’s. The edges and middle of the tail are decorated with rings and circles, the chest and wings are highlighted with a pattern.
The Dymkovo toy is the brightest, most elegant, ceremonial of all Russian clay toys. Its white color emphasizes the beauty and brightness of the pattern. Dymkovo craftswomen achieved such a festive pattern thanks to a contrasting combination of colors (red - green, blue - orange or yellow). There is a lot of unfilled white space left, so the pattern seems lighter, lighter, more elegant. The painting is cheerful and cheerful.
Almost every toy also contains black color (horns, hooves of animals, decorations made of dots, dashes, emphasizing the brightness of large elements of the pattern - rings, circles, stripes, peas scattered between them).
Dymkovo craftswomen are very fond of decorating toys with gold, gluing pieces onto the lady’s hat, muff, and onto figurines of animals and birds.
Each Dymkovo craftswoman has her own favorite images, her own color combinations, but all strictly preserve the traditions of the ancient craft.
Viewing an exhibition of visual material on the board.
Filimonovskie toys(performance of the second group).
(slides No. 14-17 on screen)
This is a bright, cheerful whistle toy, which was made as fun by women and children in the village of Filimonovo, Tula region. Toy characters are diverse; figurines of elegant ladies and soldiers, horsemen, animals - deer, rams, cows, horses, birds. Unlike other clay toys, Filimonovskaya has elongated proportions of figures with a small head.
The toys are mostly large, but there are also very miniature ones. Mysterious ladies in long skirts, graceful, slender, walking with an umbrella, a child or a whistle bird, dancing with a gentleman. The images are generalized: a wide skirt, a thin waist, narrow shoulders, rounded arms, a small cone-shaped head that merges with a campy little hat. The earrings are carefully molded. Narrative compositions are often created; “A Soldier Feeds a Chicken”, “Milkmaid with a Cow”, “Bride and Groom”, “The Bear Looks in the Mirror”, etc.
Whistling animals have prominent ears, a ram has round curls curled up in horns, a cow has large horns curved upward like a large moon, and a deer has horns like a tree. This distinguishes one animal from another. Otherwise, the figures of horses, goats, and dogs are the same: a body intercepted at the waist, turning into a long neck with a small head - either these are animals, or people in disguise.
The clay is plastic, oily, dries quickly and becomes covered with cracks, which are smoothed out with a damp hand, gradually stretching the body of the figure.
Painting is similar to cursive writing: quick, uneven lines, strokes of varying thickness and color intensity, preserving the movement of the hand. The faces of the ladies and gentlemen are depicted with dots and strokes.
Geometric elements are used to decorate the figures: strokes, crosses, dots, spots, circles, triangles, as well as twigs and star-shaped rosettes.
The painting is bright and sonorous. The pattern is painted as if as a joke. The white color of the clay after firing is used as a background. The solid coloring of the lady's, soldier's, and bird's jackets alternates with colored stripes. Animal horns are highlighted with bright strokes. White is combined with crimson, green, yellow, less often with blue and purple. For strength and shine, painted areas are coated with protein. The toys are kind and funny.
Kargopol toy(performance of the third group) .
(slides No. 18-20 on screen)
Previously, this toy was sculpted in the village of Grinevo, and now in the city of Kargopol, Arkhangelsk region, there is an enterprise of folk art crafts “White Sea Patterns”.
Each potter made a toy for his children. The toy is expressive, interesting, peasant, and conveys the folk life of the Russian North. Something of ancient idols has been preserved in it.
These are peasant-style stocky figurines of people, as well as figurines depicting animals and birds. Female figurines with a child in their arms, a basket, a bird, busy with household chores. They wear wide skirts sweatshirts with large buttons, various kokoshnik headdresses or hats, and beads around the neck. This is a lady, a peasant woman, a nurse in an old dress.
Men with thick beards are depicted in long caftans, decorated with large buttons, and a cap or cap on their heads. Everyone is depicted in action: busy with work (weaving bast shoes), walking with a basket, playing the harmonica, sitting in a chair.
The image of animals is typical for folk toys - a horse, a cow, a deer, a ram, a goat, a dog with a bone in its teeth, a hare with a carrot, a bear - the owner of the forest.
The most mysterious image is Polkan, a mighty hero with the body of a horse (centaur).
The plot compositions depict scenes from village life: gatherings, boat rides, dancing couples, square dance, rural holiday, etc.
They sculpt toys from red clay: first they make the upper part of the body and a large head on a thick neck, then the torso is connected to the legs in a male figure or with a skirt in a female figure, then they stick on hands, headdresses and various objects. The joints are smoothed out, and the figures acquire solidity.
After firing in the kiln and whitewashing, the figures are painted.
The color scheme is muted, northern, the painting is characterized by soft colors - gray, pink, green, lilac-blue, turquoise, brown, yellow, orange, red, the color scheme is restrained.
The geometric pattern consists of straight and oblique crosses, transverse stripes, strokes, concentrated ovals, spots, teeth, which are rhythmically applied to the surface of the toy. This is not just a pattern, but symbolic signs, ancient traces of the cult of the sun and earth. The cargo regiment figures seem to be posing in silent importance.
Viewing an exhibition using visual material.
Work from the textbook (pp. 66-75).Students look at photographs on the topic of the lesson and decide on the choice of the toy they will sculpt
IY. Physical exercise.
V. Reinforcing the material covered.
A table appears on the screen for students to fill in with their answers.
(slide number 21 on screen)
Teacher's speech.
Guys, on the screen and on the table you see several more varieties of toys. Prepare your abstracts. This will be your homework.
(slide number 22 on screen)
Currently, such toys are not played with. They are produced as souvenirs.
Shemordanskaya clay toy is produced in the village. Shemordany, Kukmorsky district, in accordance with the traditions of Tatar folk crafts. The products are made exclusively by hand in the form of small plastic pieces.
(slides No. 23-24 on screen)
Aktobe toys. In the Aznakaevsky district in the village. In Aktobe, the production of clay products has been established: national toys and souvenirs. To date, the collection of Aktobe toys contains more than 500 plot compositions.
(slides No. 25-26 on screen)
Do you think there is a production of toys and souvenirs in the Sergievo Posad region?
Yes, of course, in our area there is also a production of souvenir toys. These are: Bogorodsk wooden toy, Sergiev Posad matryoshka doll.
VI. Exercise:
Create your own image of a toy from plasticine, guided by a number of proposed objects, preserving the traditions of the craft,
The teacher introduces students to modeling techniques. For ease of work, he distributes tables with various modeling methods on each desk.
(slides No. 28-31 on screen)
Materials:
plasticine, primer (water-based paint) or white gouache, polymer bottle for the base.
VII. Repetition.
To consolidate and repeat the acquired knowledge, we will compose a syncwine.
1. State the topic of the lesson in one word (noun)
toy.
2. Describe the toy in two words (2 adjectives)
folk, Russian, beautiful, ancient.
3. Describe the action within this topic (3 verbs)
teaches, symbolizes, pleases.
4. Determine your attitude to the topic in a 4-word phrase
a toy is a human creation.
5. Repetition (in one word)
souvenir toy
VIII. Analysis of works.
IX. Homework.
List of used literature
1.N. A. Goryaeva Fine arts: decorative and applied arts in human life: textbook. for 5th grade. general education institutions/ N. A. Goryaeva, O. V. Ostrovskaya; edited by B. M. Nemensky - M.: Education, 20082.N. M. Sokolnikova “Fine art and methods of teaching it in elementary school”: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions. - 2nd edition., - M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 20033. Catalog of folk arts and crafts and decorative arts of the Republic of Tatarstan, 20024. Dymkovo toy, Mosaic - Synthesis Publishing House.5. Folk art and children's creativity: Educational method. Manual / Ed. T. Ya. Shpikalova, G. A. Porovskaya.-M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS 20006
Art teacher,
MBOU-OOSHs. Lyubimovo, Sovetsky district, Saratov region
.
Fine arts lesson in 5th grade
II quarter
CONNECTION OF TIMES IN FOLK ART
Lesson No. 1 Topic:
Ancient images in modern folk toys
Target:
acquaintance with ancient Russian toys, formation of work with plastic material.
Tasks:
Educational
continue acquaintance with folk art, introduce new ways of performing some details.
continue the development of imaginative thinking, artistic taste, the ability to observe and analyze; improve work culture skills; continue to develop independence in obtaining the necessary information.
learn an artistic vision of the world around us, develop the ability to see beauty in the world around us, broaden our horizons and feel beauty, the desire to create aesthetic products.
Preliminary preparation. Several students are given in advance topics for messages about the place of origin: Filimonovsky, Dymkovo and Kargopol toys. The guys prepare a message, poems, illustrations.
Musical series: cheerful folk music.
Literary series: poems about folk crafts.
Interdisciplinary connections: music, literature, history, technology.
Lesson type: individual and collective work in groups.
DURING THE CLASSES
Organizational part.
Introducing students to the situation of folk art.
Updating basic knowledge (1 slide)
- In the first quarter we became acquainted with ancient images that fill the lives of Russian people. Name the objects decorated with ancient images (Children's response)
What symbols and images were used to decorate homes, costumes and household items? (Children's response)
Formation of new knowledge (2 slide)
There is an amazing profession that came to us from ancient times and still exists - a toy maker.
In ancient times, clay toys were created not only for fun, but also as part of ancient rituals. They were given to each other for holidays and filled their home. Toys had magical powers and, in the minds of our ancestors, protected people from all evil.
In a clay toy live images that are already familiar to us: a horse, a bird, a woman, living in the memory of the people and continuing their ancient traditions.
and you can’t hold on to your tail,
If you missed the mane.
(15 slide) You can also see dressed-up dandies and nannies - “nursers” with children in their arms.
Look how pretty this soul girl is.
Scarlet cheeks glow, amazing outfit.
(16 slide) Filimonov toys were made from red clay. When drying, Filimonov clay quickly becomes covered with cracks; it has to be constantly smoothed with a damp hand, involuntarily narrowing and stretching the body of the figure. Therefore, Filimonov toys are elongated figures with a small head on an obligatory elongated thick neck.
Elongated graceful silhouettes of figures are harmoniously combined with cheerful, bright, laconic painting.
(17 slide) Kargopol toys seem ridiculous and heavy: large-headed, with short arms and legs, with a slightly flattened face, turning into a spade-shaped beard in men. The toys are painted in bright or muted colors with a simple and clear pattern.
(18 slide) Dymkovo toys are monolithic, the silhouette of the figures is characterized by soft smoothness and roundness.
(19 slide) Let us imagine ourselves as masters and sculpt them from plasticine
Group 2 – figurines of Kargopol toys
Group 3 – Dymkovo toys figures
How are toys made? (Children's response)
Practical work in groups
Mastering the technique of work (according to the instruction card).
Lesson summary
– We will design and paint the toy in the next lesson. Now sign your toy and we will arrange an exhibition of your work.
Look how different and unique the toys turned out in different groups! (Children’s reviews of the resulting toys)
This concludes our lesson, thanks guys!
Literature:
Blinov G.M. M.: Miracle horses, miracle birds. “Children's Literature”, 1977.
Baradulin V.A. To the rural teacher about folk crafts. “Enlightenment”, 1968.
Goricheva V.S., Nagibina M.I.. Let's make a fairy tale from clay, dough, snow, plasticine.
Rogov A. A. Pantry of joy. M. Enlightenment. 1982
Rafaenko N. A.. Yaroslavl. “Academy of Development.” “Folk Crafts.” M. 1988
Workbook Dymkovo toy.” M. Mosaic - Synthesis. 2004
Workbook “Filimonov whistles”. M. Mosaic-Synthesis. 2003.
http://www.nebovokrug.ru/nostalgiya-po-derevne/
http://www.rukukla.ru/article/gigr/vid/kargopolckaa_igru6ka.htm
http://www.kargopol-toys.ru/
http://www.virtual-russia.ru/vrt/vr.html
http://www.megabook.ru/Article.asp?AID=637865
http://www.peterseldon.ru/travel/sever2007/part2/
http://www.dshinin.ru/BES/12/1.HTM
http:// www. promiseelkargopolya. ru/ about. htm
http://www.euro-rest.ru/59/556/6820.htm
http://filimonofskay-igrushka.ru/
http://www.enlight.ru/camera/nb/index.html
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