We present a selection of chemical records from the Guinness Book of Records.
Due to the fact that new substances are constantly being discovered, this selection is not permanent.

Chemical records for inorganic substances

The most common element in the earth's crust is oxygen O. Its weight content is 49% of the mass of the earth's crust.
The rarest element in the earth's crust is astatine At. Its content in the entire earth's crust is only 0.16 g. The second place in rarity is occupied by the French Fr.
The most common element in the universe is hydrogen H. Approximately 90% of all atoms in the universe are hydrogen. The second most abundant element in the universe is helium He.
The strongest stable oxidizing agent is a complex of krypton difluoride and antimony pentafluoride. Due to its strong oxidizing effect (oxidizes almost all elements to higher oxidation states, including oxidizes air oxygen), it is very difficult for it to measure the electrode potential. The only solvent that reacts with it slowly enough is anhydrous hydrogen fluoride.
The densest substance on planet Earth is osmium. The density of osmium is 22.587 g/cm3.
The lightest metal is lithium Li. The density of lithium is 0.543 g/cm 3 .
The densest compound is ditungsten carbide W 2 C. The density of ditungsten carbide is 17.3 g/cm 3 .
Currently, the lowest density solids are graphene aerogels. They are a system of graphene and nanotubes filled with air layers. The lightest of these aerogels has a density of 0.00016 g/cm 3 . The previous solid with the lowest density is silicon airgel (0.005 g/cm3). Silicon airgel is used in the collection of micrometeorites present in the tails of comets.
The lightest gas and, at the same time, the lightest non-metal is hydrogen. The mass of 1 liter of hydrogen is only 0.08988 g. In addition, hydrogen is also the most fusible non-metal at normal pressure (melting point is -259.19 0 C).
The lightest liquid is liquid hydrogen. The mass of 1 liter of liquid hydrogen is only 70 grams.
The heaviest inorganic gas at room temperature is tungsten hexafluoride WF 6 (boiling point +17 0 C). The density of tungsten hexafluoride in gas form is 12.9 g/l. Among gases with a boiling point below 0 °C, the record belongs to tellurium hexafluoride TeF 6 with a gas density at 25 0 C of 9.9 g/l.
The most expensive metal in the world is Californian Cf. The price of 1 gram of the 252 Cf isotope reaches 500 thousand US dollars.
Helium He is the substance with the lowest boiling point. Its boiling point is -269 0 C. Helium is the only substance that does not have a melting point at normal pressure. Even at absolute zero it remains liquid and can only be obtained in solid form under pressure (3 MPa).
The most refractory metal and the substance with the highest boiling point is tungsten W. The melting point of tungsten is +3420 0 C, and the boiling point is +5680 0 C.
The most refractory material is an alloy of hafnium and tantalum carbides (1:1) (melting point +4215 0 C)
The most fusible metal is mercury. The melting point of mercury is -38.87 0 C. Mercury is also the heaviest liquid, its density at 25°C is 13.536 g/cm 3 .
The most acid-resistant metal is iridium. Until now, not a single acid or mixture thereof is known in which iridium would dissolve. However, it can be dissolved in alkalis with oxidizing agents.
The strongest stable acid is a solution of antimony pentafluoride in hydrogen fluoride.
The hardest metal is chromium Cr.
The softest metal at 25 0 C is cesium.
The hardest material is still diamond, although there are already about a dozen substances approaching it in hardness (boron carbide and nitride, titanium nitride, etc.).
The most electrically conductive metal at room temperature is silver Ag.
The lowest speed of sound in liquid helium is at a temperature of 2.18 K, it is only 3.4 m/s.
The highest speed of sound in diamond is 18600 m/s.
The isotope with the shortest half-life is Li-5, which decays in 4.4·10-22 seconds (proton ejection). Due to such a short lifespan, not all scientists recognize the fact of its existence.
The isotope with the longest measured half-life is Te-128, with a half-life of 2.2 × 1024 years (double β decay).
Xenon and cesium have the largest number of stable isotopes (36 each).
The shortest chemical element names are boron and iodine (3 letters each).
The longest chemical element names (eleven letters each) are protactinium Pa, rutherfordium Rf, darmstadtium Ds.

Chemical records for organic substances

The heaviest organic gas at room temperature and the heaviest gas among all at room temperature is N-(octafluorobut-1-ylidene)-O-trifluoromethylhydroxylamine (bp +16 C). Its density as a gas is 12.9 g/l. Among gases with a boiling point below 0°C, the record belongs to perfluorobutane with a gas density at 0°C of 10.6 g/l.
The most bitter substance is denatonium saccharinate. The combination of denatonium benzoate with the sodium salt of saccharin produced a substance 5 times more bitter than the previous record holder (denatonium benzoate).
The most non-toxic organic substance is methane. When its concentration increases, intoxication occurs due to a lack of oxygen, and not as a result of poisoning.
The strongest adsorbent for water was obtained in 1974 from a starch derivative, acrylamide and acrylic acid. This substance is capable of holding water, the mass of which is 1300 times greater than its own.
The strongest adsorbent for petroleum products is carbon airgel. 3.5 kg of this substance can absorb 1 ton of oil.
The most smelly compounds are ethyl selenol and butyl mercaptan - their smell resembles a combination of the smells of rotting cabbage, garlic, onions and sewage at the same time.
The sweetest substance is N-((2,3-methylenedioxyphenylmethylamino)-(4-cyanophenylimino)methyl)aminoacetic acid (lugduname). This substance is 205,000 times sweeter than a 2% sucrose solution. There are several analogues with similar sweetness. Of the industrial substances, the sweetest is talin (a complex of thaumatin and aluminum salts), which is 3,500 - 6,000 times sweeter than sucrose. Recently, neotame has appeared in the food industry, with a sweetness 7000 times higher than sucrose.
The slowest enzyme is nitrogenase, which catalyzes the absorption of atmospheric nitrogen by nodule bacteria. The complete cycle of converting one nitrogen molecule into 2 ammonium ions takes one and a half seconds.
The organic substance with the highest nitrogen content is either bis(diazotetrazolyl)hydrazine C2H2N12, containing 86.6% nitrogen, or tetraazidomethane C(N3)4, containing 93.3% nitrogen (depending on whether the latter is considered organic or not) . These are explosives that are extremely sensitive to shock, friction and heat. Among inorganic substances, the record, of course, belongs to gaseous nitrogen, and among compounds, to hydronitrous acid HN 3.
The longest chemical name has 1578 characters in English spelling and is a modified nucleotide sequence. This substance is called: Adenosene. N--2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)adenylyl-(3'→5′)-4-deamino-4-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)-2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)cytidylyl-(3'→5 ′)-4-deamino-4-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)-2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)cytidylyl-(3'→5′)-N--2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)cytidylyl-(3 '→5′)-N--2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)cytidylyl-(3'→5′)-N--2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)guanylyl-(3'→5′)-N- -2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)guanylyl-(3'→5′)-N--2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)adenylyl-(3'→5′)-N--2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl )cytidylyl-(3'→5′)-4-deamino-4-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)-2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)cytidylyl-(3'→5′)-4-deamino-4-( 2,4-dimethylphenoxy)-2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)cytidylyl-(3'→5′)-N--2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)guanylyl-(3'→5′)-4-deamino- 4-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)-2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)cytidylyl-(3'→5′)-N--2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)cytidylyl-(3'→5′)-N --2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)cytidylyl-(3'→5′)-N--2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)adenylyl-(3'→5′)-N--2′-O-( tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)cytidylyl-(3'→5′)-N--2′-O-(tetrahydromethoxypyranyl)cytidylyl-(3'→5′)-N--2′,3′-O-(methoxymethylene)-octadecakis( 2-chlorophenyl)ester. 5'-.
The longest chemical name has DNA isolated from human mitochondria and consisting of 16,569 nucleotide pairs. The full name of this compound contains about 207,000 characters.
The system of the largest number of immiscible liquids, again separating into components after mixing, contains 5 liquids: mineral oil, silicone oil, water, benzyl alcohol and N-perfluoroethylperfluoropyridine.
The densest organic liquid at room temperature is diiodomethane. Its density is 3.3 g/cm3.
The most refractory individual organic substances are some aromatic compounds. Of the condensed ones, this is tetrabenzheptacene (melting point +570 C), of the non-condensed ones - p-septiphenyl (melting point +545 C). There are organic compounds for which the melting point is not precisely measured, for example, for hexabenzocoronene it is indicated that its melting point is above 700 C. The thermal crosslinking product of polyacrylonitrile decomposes at a temperature of about 1000 C.
The organic substance with the highest boiling point is hexatriaconylcyclohexane. It boils at +551°C.
The longest alkane is nonacontatrictan C390H782. It was specially synthesized to study the crystallization of polyethylene.
The longest protein is the muscle protein titin. Its length depends on the type of living organism and location. Mouse titin, for example, has 35,213 amino acid residues (mol. weight 3,906,488 Da), human titin has a length of up to 33,423 amino acid residues (mol. weight 3,713,712 Da).
The longest genome is that of the plant Paris japonica. It contains 150,000,000,000 nucleotide pairs - 50 times more than in humans (3,200,000,000 nucleotide pairs).
The largest molecule is the DNA of the first human chromosome. It contains about 10,000,000,000 atoms.
The individual explosive with the highest detonation speed is 4,4′-dinitroazofuroxan. Its measured detonation speed was 9700 m/s. According to unverified data, ethyl perchlorate has an even higher detonation rate.
The individual explosive with the highest heat of explosion is ethylene glycol dinitrate. Its heat of explosion is 6606 kJ/kg.
The strongest organic acid is pentacyanocyclopentadiene.
The strongest base is probably 2-methylcyclopropenyllithium. The strongest nonionic base is phosphazene, which has a rather complex structure.

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Among the wonders hidden in the depths of the universe, a small star near Sirius will probably forever retain one of its significant places. This star is made of matter 60,000 times heavier than water! When we pick up a glass of mercury, we are surprised by how heavy it is: it weighs about 3 kg. But what would we say about a glass of a substance that weighs 12 tons and requires a railway platform to transport? This seems absurd, and yet this is one of the discoveries of modern astronomy.

This discovery has a long and highly instructive history. It has long been noticed that the brilliant Sirius makes its own movement among the stars not in a straight line, like most other stars, but along a strange winding path. To explain these features of its movement, the famous astronomer Bessel suggested that Sirius is accompanied by a satellite, which “disturbs” its movement with its attraction. This was in 1844 - two years before Neptune was discovered "at the tip of a pen." And in 1862, after Bessel’s death, his guess was fully confirmed, since the suspected satellite of Sirius was seen through a telescope.

The satellite of Sirius - the so-called "Sirius B" - orbits the main star at 49 years at a distance 20 times greater than the Earth around the Sun (i.e., approximately at the distance of Uranus). This is a faint star of the eighth or ninth magnitude, but its mass is very impressive, almost 0.8 times the mass of our Sun. At the distance of Sirius, our Sun would be shining as a 1.8th magnitude star; therefore, if the satellite of Sirius had a surface reduced in comparison with the solar one in accordance with the ratio of the masses of these luminaries, then at the same temperature it would have to shine like a star of approximately the second magnitude, and not the eighth or ninth. Astronomers initially attributed such a weak brightness to the low temperature on the surface of this star; it was viewed as a cooling sun, becoming covered with a hard crust.

But this assumption turned out to be wrong. It was possible to establish that the modest satellite of Sirius is not a fading star at all, but, on the contrary, belongs to stars with a high surface temperature, much higher than that of our Sun. This changes things completely. The weak brightness must therefore be attributed only to the small size of the surface of this star. It is calculated that it sends out 360 times less light than the Sun; This means that its surface must be at least 360 times smaller than the solar one, and its radius must be j/360, i.e. 19 times smaller than the solar one. From this we conclude that the volume of the Sirius satellite should be less than 6800th of the volume of the Sun, while its mass is almost 0.8 of the mass of the daylight star. This alone indicates the high density of the matter of this star. A more accurate calculation gives for the diameter of the planet only 40,000 km, and therefore for the density - the monstrous number that we gave at the beginning of the section: 60,000 times the density of water.

“Prick up your ears, physicists: an invasion of your field is being planned,” comes to mind the words of Kepler, spoken by him, however, on a different occasion. Indeed, no physicist could have imagined anything like this until now. Under ordinary conditions, such a significant compaction is completely unthinkable, since the spaces between normal atoms in solids are too small to allow any noticeable compression of their substance. The situation is different in the case of “mutilated” atoms, which have lost those electrons that were circling around the nuclei. The loss of electrons reduces the diameter of the atom by several thousand times, almost without reducing its weight; the exposed nucleus is smaller than a normal atom by about the same amount as a fly is smaller than a large building. Shifted by the monstrous pressure prevailing in the depths of the stellar globe, these reduced atom-nuclei can come together thousands of times closer than normal atoms, and create a substance of the unheard-of density that is found on the satellite of Sirius.

After what has been said, it will not seem incredible to discover a star whose average density of matter is still 500 times greater than that of the previously mentioned star Sirius B. We are talking about a small star of the 13th magnitude in the constellation Cassiopeia, discovered at the end of 1935. Being in volume no larger than Mars and eight times smaller than the Earth, this star has a mass almost three times the mass of our Sun (more precisely, 2.8 times). In ordinary units, the average density of its substance is expressed as 36,000,000 g/cm3. This means that 1 cm3 of such a substance would weigh 36 tons on Earth. This substance, therefore, is almost 2 million times denser than gold.

A few years ago, scientists, of course, would have considered the existence of a substance millions of times denser than platinum unthinkable. The abysses of the universe probably hide many more similar wonders of nature.

Each of you knows that diamond remains the standard of hardness today. When determining the mechanical hardness of materials existing on earth, the hardness of diamond is taken as a standard: when measured by the Mohs method - in the form of a surface sample, by the Vickers or Rockwell methods - as an indenter (as a harder body when studying a body with less hardness). Today, there are several materials whose hardness approaches the characteristics of diamond.

In this case, original materials are compared based on their microhardness according to the Vickers method, when the material is considered superhard at values of more than 40 GPa. The hardness of materials can vary depending on the characteristics of the sample synthesis or the direction of the load applied to it.

Fluctuations in hardness values from 70 to 150 GPa are a generally established concept for solid materials, although 115 GPa is considered to be the reference value. Let's look at the 10 hardest materials, other than diamond, that exist in nature.

10. Boron suboxide (B 6 O) - hardness up to 45 GPa

Boron suboxide has the ability to create grains shaped like icosahedrons. The formed grains are not isolated crystals or varieties of quasicrystals, but are peculiar twin crystals, consisting of two dozen paired tetrahedral crystals.

10. Rhenium diboride (ReB 2) - hardness 48 GPa

Many researchers question whether this material can be classified as a superhard type of material. This is caused by the very unusual mechanical properties of the joint.

The layer-by-layer alternation of different atoms makes this material anisotropic. Therefore, hardness measurements are different in the presence of different types of crystallographic planes. Thus, tests of rhenium diboride at low loads provide a hardness of 48 GPa, and with increasing load the hardness becomes much lower and is approximately 22 GPa.

8. Magnesium aluminum boride (AlMgB 14) - hardness up to 51 GPa

The composition is a mixture of aluminum, magnesium, boron with low sliding friction, as well as high hardness. These qualities could be a boon for the production of modern machines and mechanisms that operate without lubrication. But using the material in this variation is still considered prohibitively expensive.

AlMgB14 - special thin films created using pulsed laser deposition, have the ability to have a microhardness of up to 51 GPa.

7. Boron-carbon-silicon - hardness up to 70 GPa

The basis of such a compound provides the alloy with qualities that imply optimal resistance to negative chemical influences and high temperatures. This material is provided with a microhardness of up to 70 GPa.

6. Boron carbide B 4 C (B 12 C 3) - hardness up to 72 GPa

Another material is boron carbide. The substance began to be used quite actively in various fields of industry almost immediately after its invention in the 18th century.

The microhardness of the material reaches 49 GPa, but it has been proven that this figure can be increased by adding argon ions to the structure of the crystal lattice - up to 72 GPa.

5. Carbon-boron nitride - hardness up to 76 GPa

Researchers and scientists from all over the world have long been trying to synthesize complex superhard materials, with tangible results already achieved. The components of the compound are boron, carbon and nitrogen atoms - similar in size. The qualitative hardness of the material reaches 76 GPa.

4. Nanostructured cubonite - hardness up to 108 GPa

The material is also called kingsongite, borazon or elbor, and also has unique qualities that are successfully used in modern industry. With cubonite hardness values of 80-90 GPa, close to the diamond standard, the force of the Hall-Petch law can cause their significant increase.

This means that as the size of the crystalline grains decreases, the hardness of the material increases - there are certain possibilities for increasing it up to 108 GPa.

3. Wurtzite boron nitride - hardness up to 114 GPa

The wurtzite crystal structure provides high hardness to this material. With local structural modifications, during the application of a particular type of load, the bonds between atoms in the lattice of the substance are redistributed. At this moment, the quality hardness of the material increases by 78%.

Lonsdaleite is an allotropic modification of carbon and has a clear similarity to diamond. A solid natural material was discovered in a meteorite crater, formed from graphite, one of the components of the meteorite, but it did not have a record degree of strength.

Scientists proved back in 2009 that the absence of impurities can provide hardness exceeding the hardness of diamond. High hardness values can be achieved in this case, as in the case of wurtzite boron nitride.

Polymerized fullerite is considered in our time to be the hardest material known to science. This is a structured molecular crystal, the nodes of which consist of whole molecules rather than individual atoms.

Fullerite has a hardness of up to 310 GPa, and it can scratch a diamond surface like regular plastic. As you can see, diamond is no longer the hardest natural material in the world; harder compounds are available to science.

So far, these are the hardest materials on Earth known to science. It is quite possible that new discoveries and breakthroughs in the field of chemistry/physics will soon await us, which will allow us to achieve higher hardness.

The most expensive metal in the world and the densest substance on the planet

Posted 02/01/2012 (valid until 02/01/2013)

There are a lot of different metals and precious stones in nature, the cost of which is very high for most of the planet's inhabitants. People more or less have an idea about precious stones, which are the most expensive, which are most valued. But, this is how things are with metals; most people, besides gold and platinum, no longer know expensive metals. What is the most expensive metal in the world? People's curiosity knows no bounds; they are looking for answers to the most interesting questions. Finding out the cost of the most expensive metal on the planet is not a problem, since this is not secret information.

Most likely, this is the first time you have heard this name - Osmium isotope 1870s. This chemical element is the most expensive metal in the world. You may have seen the name of such a chemical element in the periodic table under number 76. The Osmium isotope is the densest substance on the planet. Its density is 22.61 g/cm3. Under normal standard conditions, osmium is silvery in color and has a pungent odor. This metal belongs to the group of platinum metals. This metal is used in the production of nuclear weapons, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, and sometimes in jewelry.

But now the main question is: how much does the most expensive metal in the world cost? Now its cost on the black market is $200,000 per gram. Since obtaining the 1870s isotope is a very difficult task, few people will undertake this task. Previously, in 2004, Kazakhstan officially offered one gram of pure Osmium isotope for $10,000. Kazakhstan at one time became the first expert in expensive metal; no other country offered this metal for sale.

Osmium was discovered by the English chemist Smithson Tennant in 1804. Osmium is obtained from enriched raw materials of platinum metals by calcining this concentrate in air at temperatures of 800-900 degrees Celsius. And scientists are still adding to the periodic table, obtaining elements with incredible properties.

Many will say that there is an even more expensive metal - California 252. The price of California 252 is $6,500,000 per 1 gram. But it is worth considering the fact that the world supply of this metal is only a few grams. Since it is produced only in two reactors in Russia and the USA, 20-40 micrograms per year. But its properties are very impressive: 1 µg of californium produces more than 2 million neutrons per second. In recent years, this metal has been used in medicine as a point source of neutrons for local treatment of malignant tumors.

Osmium is currently defined as the heaviest substance on the planet. Just one cubic centimeter of this substance weighs 22.6 grams. It was discovered in 1804 by the English chemist Smithson Tennant; when gold was dissolved in a test tube, a precipitate remained. This happened due to the peculiarity of osmium; it is insoluble in alkalis and acids.

The heaviest element on the planet

It is a bluish-white metallic powder. It occurs in nature in seven isotopes, six of which are stable and one is unstable. It is slightly denser than iridium, which has a density of 22.4 grams per cubic centimeter. Of the materials discovered to date, the heaviest substance in the world is osmium.

It belongs to the group of lanthanum, yttrium, scandium and other lanthanides.

More expensive than gold and diamonds

Very little of it is mined, about ten thousand kilograms per year. Even the largest source of osmium, the Dzhezkazgan deposit, contains about three ten-millionth parts. The market value of the rare metal in the world reaches about 200 thousand dollars per gram. Moreover, the maximum purity of the element during the purification process is about seventy percent.

Although Russian laboratories managed to obtain a purity of 90.4 percent, the amount of metal did not exceed several milligrams.

Density of matter beyond planet Earth

Osmium is undoubtedly the leader of the heaviest elements on our planet. But if we turn our gaze into space, then our attention will reveal many substances heavier than our “king” of heavy elements.

The fact is that in the Universe there are conditions somewhat different than on Earth. The gravity of the series is so great that the substance becomes incredibly dense.

If we consider the structure of the atom, we will find that the distances in the interatomic world are somewhat reminiscent of the space we see. Where planets, stars and others are at a fairly large distance. The rest is occupied by emptiness. This is exactly the structure that atoms have, and with strong gravity this distance decreases quite significantly. Up to the “pressing” of some elementary particles into others.

Neutron stars are super-dense space objects

By searching beyond our Earth, we may find the heaviest matter in space in neutron stars.

These are quite unique space inhabitants, one of the possible types of stellar evolution. The diameter of such objects ranges from 10 to 200 kilometers, with a mass equal to our Sun or 2-3 times more.

This cosmic body mainly consists of a neutron core, which consists of flowing neutrons. Although, according to some scientists’ assumptions, it should be in a solid state, reliable information does not exist today. However, it is known that it is neutron stars that, having reached their compression limit, subsequently transform into a colossal release of energy, on the order of 10 43 -10 45 joules.

The density of such a star is comparable, for example, to the weight of Mount Everest placed in a matchbox. This is hundreds of billions of tons in one cubic millimeter. For example, to make it more clear how high the density of matter is, let’s take our planet with its mass of 5.9 × 1024 kg and “turn” it into a neutron star.

As a result, in order to equal the density of a neutron star, it must be reduced to the size of an ordinary apple, with a diameter of 7-10 centimeters. The density of unique stellar objects increases as you move toward the center.

Layers and density of matter

The outer layer of the star is represented in the form of a magnetosphere. Directly below it, the density of the substance already reaches about one ton per cubic centimeter. Given our knowledge of the Earth, at the moment, this is the heaviest substance of the discovered elements. But don't rush to conclusions.

Let's continue our research into unique stars. They are also called pulsars because of the high speed of rotation around their axis. This indicator for various objects ranges from several tens to hundreds of revolutions per second.

Let us proceed further in the study of superdense cosmic bodies. This is followed by a layer that has the characteristics of a metal, but is likely similar in behavior and structure. Crystals are much smaller than we see in the crystal lattice of Earthly substances. To build a line of 1 centimeter crystals, you will need to lay out more than 10 billion elements. The density in this layer is one million times higher than in the outer layer. This is not the heaviest material in the star. Next comes a layer rich in neutrons, the density of which is a thousand times higher than the previous one.

Neutron star core and its density

Below is the core, this is where the density reaches its maximum - twice as high as the overlying layer. The substance of the core of a celestial body consists of all elementary particles known to physics. With this, we have reached the end of the journey to the core of a star in search of the heaviest substance in space.

The mission in search of substances unique in density in the Universe seems to be completed. But space is full of mysteries and undiscovered phenomena, stars, facts and patterns.

Black holes in the Universe

You should pay attention to what is already open today. These are black holes. Perhaps these mysterious objects may be candidates for the fact that the heaviest matter in the Universe is their component. Note that the gravity of black holes is so strong that light cannot escape.

According to scientists, matter drawn into the space-time region becomes so dense that there is no space left between elementary particles.

Unfortunately, beyond the event horizon (the so-called boundary where light and any object, under the influence of gravity, cannot leave a black hole), our guesses and indirect assumptions based on the emission of particle streams follow.

A number of scientists suggest that space and time mix beyond the event horizon. There is an opinion that they may be a “passage” to another Universe. Perhaps this is true, although it is quite possible that beyond these limits another space opens up with completely new laws. An area where time exchanges “place” with space. The location of the future and the past is determined simply by the choice of following. Like our choice to go right or left.

It is potentially possible that there are civilizations in the Universe that have mastered time travel through black holes. Perhaps in the future people from planet Earth will discover the secret of traveling through time.