The Russian language is very rich. A significant role in this is played by such a part of speech as an adjective, which indicates a characteristic feature of an object. In this article, you will learn what an adjective means, what questions it answers, and how it is defined in a sentence.
What is an adjective as a part of speech?
Adjective in Russian– this is an independent part of speech, indicating a sign (quality, property) of an object expressed by a noun or pronoun. The initial form of an adjective is the masculine singular form in the nominative case (light, cold, green, kind).
In sentences, adjectives, as a rule, act as a determiner, but can also be used as a predicate (or as part of a nominal predicate).
The adjective as a part of speech is studied in grades 4-6.
What questions does the adjective answer?
Adjective answers questions Which (Which? Which?), Whose? (Whose? Whose?) And What?, as well as their derivative forms, depending on the form in which case, gender and number the word is used (for example: fell out snow (what?) white, find a hole (whose?) fox).
TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this
What do adjectives mean?
In the Russian language, the main role of adjectives in speech is to define objects (persons, phenomena, states). According to their meaning, adjectives are usually divided into three categories:
- Quality– indicate specific qualities of objects (weight, size, age, color, appearance, internal characteristics), have degrees of comparison.
Examples of specific adjectives: heavy, red, hardworking, sweet, younger, beautiful.
- Relative– denote signs that express the relationship of one object to another (material, location, purpose, time).
Examples of relative adjectives: English, Volga region, last year, weekly, playing.
- Possessives- indicate the attribute of an object according to its belonging to a certain person or animal (answer questions Whose? Whose? Whose?).
Examples of possessive adjectives: mother's, fisherman's, father's, hare's, sable.
What are the adjectives?
In Russian, adjectives are represented by two rows of forms:
- Full– adjectives that change by gender, number and case act as a definition in a sentence (strong, nutty, long).
- Brief– adjectives that vary in number and gender are used as a predicate in a sentence (old, reliable, carefree).
Morphological features of adjectives
Adjectives have constant (unchangeable) and unstable (changeable) morphological features.
The constant grammatical categories of adjectives include:
- Class by meaning (qualitative, possessive, relative);
- Degree of comparison (positive, comparative and superlative);
- Full or short form.
The morphologically inconsistent features of adjectives are:
- Number;
- Case.
How to define an adjective?
To determine an adjective in oral or written speech, put questions to the word of this part of speech ( Which? Whose?, What? and their derivatives), and also find out whether the word has the basic grammatical and syntactic features of adjectives (category in meaning, degree of comparison, inflection in gender, number and cases, etc.).
The meaning of the adjective, its morphological features and syntactic function
Adjective - is an independent part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers questions Which? whose?
The value of the characteristic expressed adjectives, can combine a variety of characteristics of an object, namely: 1) the shape and position of the object in space (straight, curved, steep); size 2 (big, tall, wide, narrow); 3) physical characteristics (warm, oily, bitter); 4) character traits, physiological and intellectual properties (kind, brave, young, smart); 5) spatial and temporal characteristics (rural, Siberian, morning, early); 6) the material from which the item is made (wool, linen, wood, metal); 7) actions and states of the subject (reading, sleeping, spinning, weaving); 8) belonging of the item (Colin, mother's, fox, hare).
Initial form adjective- nominative singular masculine.
Adjectives vary by gender, number and case (new table, new hat, new things, about new things and gender, number and case adjective depend on the gender, number and case of the noun to which the given adjective applies.
By meaning and grammatical features adjectives are divided into three categories: 1) quality adjectives (big, bad, blue), 2) relative adjectives (spring, rural, wooden), 3) possessive adjectives (mother's, father's, hare's).
In a sentence adjectives act as a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. For example:
The high sky glows through the window,
The evening sky is calm and clear.
My lonely heart cries with happiness,
Rado it's what the sky is beautiful.
(3. Gippius)
Qualitative adjectives
Quality adjectives denote a feature of an object that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent.
Most often they denote shape, size, color, property, taste, weight, smell, temperature, sound, internal qualities of living beings.
Qualitative adjectives have a number of characteristics, which include: 1) the presence of a full and short form (A young man- young man, young woman- young woman, young generation- young generation, young people- people are young); 2) the presence of two forms of degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative (smart- cleverer- smartest - the smartest, smartest of all); 3) the ability to form adverbs in -o, -e (good- ok, best- better); 4) the ability to form nouns with an abstract meaning in a suffixed and non-suffixed way (blue- blue- blue, red- red, green- greenery); 5) the ability to form synonymous series and antonymous pairs (cold- fresh- icy, sad- sad- sad; good- bad, cheerful - sad); 6) ability to combine with adverbs of degree (very young, extremely important); 7) the ability to form forms of subjective assessment (young- young, smart- smart).
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that is not manifested to a greater or lesser extent.
A sign that is expressed relative adjectives, can manifest itself through various relationships: 1) to the material (glass product - glass product, chintz dress- cotton dress); 2) to action (a machine that drills- drilling machine; machine that washes- washing machine); 3) by time (sport in winter- winter sports, task for the day - daily task); 4) to the place (station square - station square, city resident- city dweller); 5) to your face (dormitory for students - student dormitory, playground for children- playground); 6) to the number (the price is three times higher,- triple price, mistake made twice,- double fault).
The basis relative adjectives always derivative. These adjectives do not have short forms or comparative forms.
Possessive adjectives
Possessives adjectives indicate whether an object belongs to a person or an animal and answer the question whose?
Possessive adjectives are formed in a suffix way. According to the method of formation, the following are distinguished: 1) adjectives with suffixes -in- (yn, -nin), -oe- (-ev): grandmother’s scarf, sister’s cloak, brother’s pencil, father’s hat, son-in-law’s coat; 2) adjectives with suffix - j- (graphic -y): bear's den, behind-the-cell[w] tail, fox[w] trail. They all have a zero ending in their initial form.
Adjectives with suffixes -in- (-yn-), -oe- (ev-) used in colloquial speech to a limited extent, found in stable phrases (crocodile tears, pansies, Achilles heel, sword of Damocles, Antonov fire). Instead, combinations are more often used noun+ +noun- type father's office (=fathers' office), mother's dress (=mother's dress), the rustle of a butterfly, the teacher's book, Dahl's dictionary. In addition, on the basis of these adjectives, a large number of proper nouns are formed - surnames of people and names of settlements (composer Borodin, writer Chekhov, Borodino village, Chekhov city).
Transition of adjectives from one category to another
Some adjectives can be used in a figurative meaning and acquire characteristics that are not characteristic of words of their category. As a result, there may be cases transition of adjectives from one category to another. Thus, possessive adjectives (mostly with the suffix - j) can go into the category of relative and qualitative, relative - into the category of qualitative, qualitative (rarely) - into the category of relative.
Qualitative value | Relative value | Possessive meaning |
Fox look | Fox collar | Fox's tail |
Hare nature | Bunny hat | hare trail |
Heartfelt attitude | Heart muscle | |
Wooden gait | Wood sculpture | |
Color pictures | Non-ferrous metals | |
Easy character | Light industry |
At transition from one category to another Not only the meanings change, but also the grammatical features of adjectives. So, for example, qualitative adjectives, when used in relative and possessive meanings, lose the ability to form simple forms and adverbs in -o, -e, and relative adjectives, becoming qualitative, on the contrary, acquire this ability. Wed: tripping(quality) - the gait is easy, breathing is easy, But: light industry(rel.); wooden cabinet(rel.), but: wooden gait(quality) - the gait is wooden, the look is dull, wooden.
Full and short forms of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have full And brief form. Full form of adjective denotes a sign that is conceivable outside of time (steep bank, cheerful girl, round face).Short form of adjective denotes a sign of an object at a given specific moment in time (steep bank- the coast is cool, cheerful girl- cheerful girl, round face- round face).
Adjectives in short form do not change by case, but change by gender and number, that is, they take the corresponding endings of masculine, feminine, neuter and plural, which are attached to the stems of full adjectives.
During education short forms masculine the following features can be observed: 1) the appearance of fluent vowels o or e (strong- strong, smooth- smooth, harmful - harmful, sick - sick); 2) repression short forms masculine on -enen short forms on -en (insensitive- insensitive, senseless- meaningless, numerous- numerous).
In a sentence short form usually serves as the nominal part of a compound predicate, for example: Rest in vain. Road cool. Evening beautiful. I'm knocking on the gate (A. Blok). It can also act as a separate definition related to the subject. For example: Dika, sad, silent, timid as a forest deer, she seemed like a stranger in her own family (A. Pushkin).
Traces of oblique cases short forms preserved in some stable phrases, as well as in folklore: on bare feet, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, from young to old; good fellow, fair maiden, green wine.
Some adjectives (glad, much, must, love, necessary etc.) are used in modern Russian only in short form. In sentences, like most short forms, are part of the predicate. For example:
Glad to forget, may I not forget; Glad to fall asleep, but I won’t fall asleep. (D. Merezhkovsky)
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives
Majority qualitative adjectives It has degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. Comparative and superlative forms can be simple (synthetic) or compound (analytic).
comparative
comparative indicates that this characteristic is contained in one object to a greater extent than in another.
Simple form with to an equal degree formed from the base of the initial form using suffixes -ee (her), -e, -she, -same.
Productive suffix her(her) forms a shape comparative degree from stems to a consonant (except for non-derived stems to g, x, d, t, cm): light- lighter, weaker- weaker, charming - more charming, envious- more envious.
Non-productive suffix -e observed in forms comparative degree, formed: 1) from non-derivative bases on g, x, d, t, an(expensive - more expensive, dry ~ drier, young- younger, rich - richer, simple ~ simpler); 2) from adjectives with a suffix -To-, having the short masculine form of -ok: short-k-y (short) - in short, low-ky (low) - lower, loud-k-y (loud)- louder); 3) from some other adjectives (high - higher, wide- wider, cheap - cheaper). Forming comparative forms using a suffix -e usually accompanied by alternation of the final consonants of the stem: Expensive- expensive, loud- louder, dry- drier, cheap - cheaper.
Unproductive suffixes -she, -zhe form shapes comparative degree in isolated cases: far- next, thin- thinner, deeper- deeper
Some adjectives form degrees of comparison from different stems: good- worse, bad - better, small- less.
In colloquial speech forms comparative degree can be used with the prefix By-, mitigating the degree of manifestation of the symptom: cheaper - cheaper, more expensive- more expensive, lighter- lighter.
comparative degree is formed by combining the initial form of an adjective with the words more, less: fresh- more fresh - less fresh, difficult- more difficult- less difficult, perfect - more perfect- less perfect.
comparative degree do not change by gender, number, or case. In a sentence they usually serve as the nominal part of a compound predicate, for example: More bearable many was Evgeny... (A. Pushkin). They can also act as an inconsistent definition, in this case they appear after the word being defined, for example: A short* beard, slightly darker than the hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin (I. Turgenev). Compound (analytic) forms function in a sentence in the same way as regular full forms of qualitative adjectives.
Superlative
Superlative shows that one of many similar objects possesses this characteristic to the highest degree.
The simple superlative form is formed from the base of the initial form using suffixes -eysh, -aysh, -sh: kind- kindest, smartest- smartest, tallest- highest, strict- the strictest. In book speech, a prefix can be added to words nai-, increasing the degree of manifestation of a symptom: good- best, bad- worst, small- least.
Composite (analytic) form superlatives is formed in three ways: 1) by connecting the initial form with words the most beautiful- the most beautiful, tall- highest); 2) by connecting the initial form with words most, least (successful- the most successful, interesting- least interesting); 3) by combining the simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective with pronouns everything, everyone in the genitive case (funny- the most fun of all, wide- wider than all, warm- warmest).
Complex shapes superlatives have not only grammatical, but also stylistic differences:
Construction type | Use in speech | Examples |
|
The most complete adjective. | Has a neutral character. | He is the smartest student in our class. |
|
Most-half- new adjective. | Has a bookish character. | This is the most prominent representative of the poets of the “Silver Age”. |
|
Simple form of comparative degree - total/ everyone. | It is conversational in nature. | He ran the fastest. |
Simple (synthetic) forms superlatives vary by gender (famous singer, famous singer), numbers (famous singers), cases (I'm talking about the famous singer). In a form sentence superlatives perform the function of the nominal part of a compound predicate or agreed definition, for example: Noise was huge(E. Krenkel). Her huge eyes looked sad.
Declension of adjectives
The case forms of adjectives are dependent in nature, since they express the meaning of gender, number and case of the noun with which the adjective is agreed. Therefore, the case forms of adjectives seem to repeat the functions of the corresponding forms of nouns. For example: new hat, new hat, new hat, new hat, new hat, (o) new hat.
Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives
There are three different type of declension of qualitative and relative adjectives: 1) hard declination, 2) soft declination, 3) mixed declination.
The spelling of the endings of adjectives in some cases sharply diverges from their sound composition, for example: white- white[ъвъ], summer- letn [въ].
Hard is the declension of adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant (except for stems on ts type scanty, and also on w with stressed ending type big).
Singular | Plural |
|
White | ||
White, oh, oh | ||
Bel-oh, -oh, -oh | ||
White (with an inanimate noun), -oe, -y; White (with animate noun), -u | How I.p. when feeling unwell noun; as R.p. with breathlessness noun |
|
White, -y, -oh | ||
(Oh) white-oh, -oh, -oh |
Soft is the declension of adjectives with a base on a soft consonant (except g", k", x").
Singular | Plural |
|
Letn-ik, -ee, -yaya | ||
Letn-him, -him, -ey | ||
Letn-him, -him, -ey | ||
Summer (with an inanimate noun), -ee, -yu; Letn-his (with animate noun), -yu | ||
Letn-im, -im, -ey | ||
(0) summer-eat, -eat, -ey | (0) summer |
Mixed is the declension of adjectives with a stem on g, k, x (g", k", x"), and w with a stressed ending. These adjectives have both hard and soft endings.
Singular | Plural |
|
Kuts-y, -ee, -aya | ||
Kuts-him, -him, -ey | ||
Kuts-him, -him, -ey | ||
Kuts-y (with an inanimate noun), -ee, -yu; Kuts-ego (with animate noun), -yu | How I.p. with inanimate noun; as R.p. with breathlessness noun |
|
Kuts-ym, -ym, -ey | ||
(0) kuts-eat, -eat, -ey |
Declension of possessive adjectives with suffixes -in- And -oe- form a special type.
Singular | Plural |
|
SisterD, fatherP, -o, -a | Sisters, fathers |
|
Setrin-a, fathers-a, -a, -oh | Sisters, fathers |
|
Sostrin-y, fathers-y, -y, -oh | Sisters, fathers |
|
How I.p. with an inanimate noun, | as R.p. with an animate noun |
|
Setrin-y, father-y, -y, -oh | Sisters, fathers |
|
(Oh, about) sisters, fathers, oh, oh | (Oh, about) sisters, fathers |
The adjectives in question have noun endings in the nominative, genitive and accusative cases of the masculine and neuter gender, as well as in the nominative and accusative cases of the feminine gender and in the same plural cases. In other case forms they have the usual endings of qualitative and relative adjectives.
In the genitive and dative cases, masculine and neuter genders, instead of the endings of nouns, the endings of full adjectives can be used:
R. Sister's table, windows Sister's table, windows
D. To my sister’s table, window To my sister’s table, window
When declension of adjectives with the suffix -у- the latter does not receive a uniform letter designation in writing.
Singular | Plural |
|
Fox\ \, fox[ j ]-e, -i | Fox[j]-i |
|
Fox[ j ]-him, -him, -ey | Fox[j]-their |
|
Fox[ j ] -him, -him, -ey | Fox[ j ]-im |
|
Fox\ \ (with inanimate noun), -e, -yu; Fox[ j ]-his (with animate noun), -yu | How I.p. with inanimate noun; as R.p. with breathlessness noun |
|
Fox[ j ]-im, -im, -ey | Fox[ j ]-imi |
|
(O) fox[ j ]-eat, -eat, -ey | (O) fox[ j ]-their |
Adjectives of this variety in the forms of the nominative and accusative (when combined with inanimate nouns) cases have the endings of nouns, and in the remaining cases - the usual endings of qualitative and relative adjectives of the soft variety.
Morphological analysis of the adjective includes the identification of two constant features (category by meaning, degree of comparison for qualitative adjectives) and three non-constant ones (gender, number, case).
Scheme of morphological analysis of an adjective I. Part of speech. II. Morphological characteristics:
1) rank by value; 2) Degree of comparison (for qualitative adjectives).
III. Syntactic function. A long blue welt on his cheek and forehead stretched across his almost bronze face. (N. Gogol) | Sample morphological analysis of an adjective I. Long is an adjective, as it denotes a characteristic of an object. II.Morphological characteristics. 1.The initial shape is long. 2. Permanent signs: 1) quality; 2) forms forms of degrees of comparison; comparative degree - longer, more (less) long; superlative - longest, longest, longest. 3.Fickle signs: 1) masculine; 2) Singular; 3) nominative case. III. The adjective “long” agrees with the noun “scar”, therefore, in the sentence it functions as an agreed definition. |
Adjective- This is an independent part of speech that answers questions about what. which. which. which. whose. whose. whose. whose. and denotes the attribute of an object.
Permanent:
category by meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive adjectives;
degree of comparison: comparative and superlative (for qualitative adjectives);
full or short form (for qualitative adjectives).
Non-permanent:
genus;
number;
case
Initial form- the full form of the adjective in the nominative case of the singular masculine gender.
Adjectives in meaning can be qualitative, relative, possessive.
widely part of speechQualitative adjectives call the signs indicating the qualities of an object:
in size (small);
by age (young);
by color (bright);
by weight (light);
in appearance (cute);
parse the word howls according to its composition by internal qualities (lazy), etc.
Qualitative adjectives can have:
degree of comparison (angry - angrier - the most evil);
short form (angry - evil - evil);
synonyms, antonyms (angry, kind);
can form adverbs starting with -o. -e. evil (looked); complex adjectives by repetition: angry-despicable; abstract nouns: anger.
Relative adjectives They call signs that express the relationship of one object to another:
part of speech deliberately by place (Ukrainian language - the language of Ukrainians);
by material (crystal glass - glass made of crystal);
by time (last year's meeting - last year's meeting);
according to the intended purpose (washing powder - washing powder), etc.
They do not have degrees of comparison, short form, synonyms, antonyms, etc.
joyful to parse the word according to its compositionPossessive adjectives they call the attribute of an object by its belonging to a person or animal: fathers (tool), grandfathers (order), bear (den), husband (briefcase); answer whose questions. whose. whose. whose.
They have the suffixes -ov - (-ev -), -in - (-yn -), -iy -:
Full adjectives
have endings:
;
change by case, gender and number:
beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful;
in a sentence they serve as a definition:
part of speech two The tourists made a difficult and long climb to the top.
Short adjectives
have endings: 
;
vary by gender and number: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful;
acts as a predicate in a sentence:
Climbing to the top.
Highlight comparative And superlative degree of comparison. The comparative degree of comparison is divided into simple and compound. Adjectives of simple degree of comparison consist of one word and have the suffixes -ee (-ey), -e, -she (). other basics (good is better, bad is worse, small is less). Compound degree adjectives consist of two words: more, less and an adjective in full form (more convenient, less interesting).
The superlative degree of comparison is also divided into simple and compound. Adjectives of simple degree of comparison consist of one word and have the suffixes -aysh-, -eysh - (,
), other basics (good is the best, bad is the worst, small is the smaller). Compound degree adjectives consist of two words: most, most, least and the adjective in full form (most noticeable, most correct, least noticeable).
moment morphemic parsing
In the case of a hard declension, the stem ends in a hard consonant: 
In the case of soft declension, the stem ends in a soft consonant: 
analysis of the word hockey In the case of mixed declension, the stem ends in r, k, x:
1. Part of speech. General meaning (attribute of an object).
Initial form (full form I. p. unit h. male r.).
2. Constant morphological characteristics:
quality;
relative;
possessive.
Variable morphological characteristics:
degree of comparison (for a qualitative adjective);
hundredth adjective or numeral number;
artificial morpheme parsing full or short form (for a qualitative adjective);
case (in full form);
gender (singular).
3. Syntactic role.
The morning air is calm, transparent and fresh.
Morning (air) - adj.
1. Air (what?) morning (denotation of an object). N. f. - morning.
2. Post. - relative; non-post - I. p. unit. h. husband R.
3. .
Quiet (air) - adj.
1. The air is (what?) quiet (denoting a sign of an object). N. f. - quiet.
2. Post. - quality; non-post - in times. f. units h. husband R.
3. . ?
Syntactic function: in a sentence it is the definition and nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Morphological features of an adjective
Permanent: category by meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive adjectives;
degree of comparison: comparative and superlative (for qualitative adjectives);
full or short form (for qualitative adjectives).
Non-permanent:
genus;
number;
case
Initial form- the full form of the adjective in the nominative case of the singular masculine gender.
Classes of adjectives by meaning
Adjectives in meaning can be qualitative, relative, possessive. Qualitative adjectives call the signs indicating the qualities of an object:
in size ( small);
according to the age ( young);
by color ( bright);
by weight ( easy);
in appearance ( Cute);
by internal qualities ( lazy) and etc.
Qualitative adjectives can have:
degrees of comparison ( evil - angrier - the most evil);
short form ( angry - evil - angry);
synonyms, antonyms ( angry, kind);
can form adverbs in - O, -e: evil(looked); compound adjectives by repetition: evil-despicable; abstract nouns: anger.
Relative adjectives They call signs that express the relationship of one object to another:
local ( Ukrainian language - the language of Ukrainians);
according to material ( crystal glass - glass made of crystal);
by time ( last year's meeting - last year's meeting);
by appointment ( washing powder - washing powder) and etc.
They do not have degrees of comparison, short form, synonyms, antonyms, etc.
Possessive adjectives call the attribute of an object by its belonging to a person or animal: fathers(tool), grandfathers(order), bearish(den), husband(briefcase); answer questions whose? whose? whose? whose?
They have suffixes - ov- (-ev-), -in- (-yn-), -th-:
Full and short adjectives
Full adjectiveshave endings:
;
change by case, gender and number:
beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful;
in a sentence they serve as a definition:
Tourists made difficult And long climb to the top.
Short adjectives
have endings:
;change by gender and number: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful;
acts as a predicate in a sentence:
Climbing to the top.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives (only for qualitative adjectives)
Highlight comparative And superlative degree of comparison. The comparative degree of comparison is divided into simple and compound. Adjectives of simple degree of comparison consist of one word and have suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she ()
, other bases ( good - better,bad - worse,small - less more,less and an adjective in full form ( more comfortable,less interesting).The superlative degree of comparison is also divided into simple and compound. Adjectives of simple degree of comparison consist of one word and have suffixes -aysh-,-eysh- (,
), other bases ( good - best,bad - worst,small - smaller). Compound adjectives consist of two words: most,most,least and an adjective in full form ( most noticeable,most correct,least noticeable).
Declension of adjectives (hard, soft, mixed)
In the case of a hard declension, the stem ends in a hard consonant: 
In the case of soft declension, the stem ends in a soft consonant:
In the case of mixed declension, the stem ends in g, k, x:
Morphological analysis of the adjective
1. Part of speech. General meaning (attribute of an object). Initial form (full form I. p., unit of h., male r.).
2. Constant morphological characteristics:
quality;
relative;
possessive.
Variable morphological characteristics:
degree of comparison (for a qualitative adjective);
number;
full or short form (for a qualitative adjective);
case (in full form);
gender (singular).
3. Syntactic role.
The morning air is quiet,transparent and fresh.
Morning(air) - adj.
1. Air (what?) morning (denotation of an object). N. f. - morning.
2. Post. - relative; non-post - I. p., units. h., husband R.
3. .
Quiet(air) - adj.
1. The air is (what?) quiet (denoting a sign of an object). N. f. - quiet.
2. Post. - quality; non-post - in times. f., units h., husband R.
3. .
Each part of speech in the Russian language performs its own specific functions. A verb makes our speech move, a noun, on the contrary, makes it static. But our language has a unique beauty thanks to the adjective. With its help, any boring text comes to life, images begin to play with new colors. Let's look at the signs of an adjective and its other characteristics in more detail.
Entertaining adjective
When you create a text, for example an essay, you want to diversify it and make it colorful. Describing vivid pictures of nature cannot do without the use of adjectives. The main function of this part of speech is to add a characteristic feature to any object, be it external data or character traits. On its basis, epithets (bright adjectives) are built, which add imagery to our speech.
With its help, we can characterize any thing by size (large), weight (light), physical properties (sweet, hot), qualities (kind, rosy, mature) and other characteristics, so there is no need to talk about the indispensability of this part of the speech.
Constant signs
When studying morphology, students often perform one of the most difficult tasks - morphological analysis. To do this, you need to know the signs of an adjective, participle, verb and other parts of speech. Each part of speech has its own set. Let us examine in more detail the constant features of an adjective.
True, we will talk about only one thing - about the category. Only it is constant for this part of speech. Let's figure out what a discharge is.
According to their meaning, adjectives are usually divided into three groups. Each of them has special grammatical characteristics. Groups of such adjectives are called categorization.
This type, based on its name, separates adjectives denoting any quality. For example, beautiful (appearance), kind (character trait), green (color), round (shape). This group is the largest and is easily distinguished from others. Only qualitative adjectives can change according to degrees of comparison (small - less - smallest). Another distinctive feature is that they can have a short form, which other categories cannot (good - good).
This group of adjectives denotes a characteristic that expresses different relationships to an object: to a place (swimming), to a time of year (winter), to materials (stone, cotton), to a number (double).
This category, unlike qualitative ones, does not have a short form and is not compared by degrees.
They have an important difference: such adjectives are the only ones that answer the question “whose?” This applies to both people (mother’s, sister’s) and animals (bear, wolf).
Inconstant signs of an adjective
But there are many more of them. The following will be common to all categories:
For qualitative adjectives, such attributes of the adjective as degree of comparison, as well as a short form, are added.
Participle and adjective: how not to confuse?
Many people still have difficulty distinguishing these parts of speech. And all because they have one common question: “which one?” and other similar features. Let us find out in detail what are the signs of an adjective in a participle.
Apart from the question that unites them, they have a common type of declension. Since outwardly they are practically indistinguishable and have a common appearance (smart - adjective, thinking - participle), then they will change equally in cases, numbers and all three genders. That is, we conclude that the participle has adopted all the inconstant features of the adjective.
In addition, both parts of speech are distinguished by the presence of a short form: dark - dark (adjective), made - made (participle). Short forms, like full ones, vary not only by gender, but also by number.
If we consider not only the features of an adjective and participle, but also their syntactic function, then we can say with confidence that their roles in sentences are very similar. In full form, both parts of speech will be definitions, and their short forms will act as a predicate or be part of it.
Conclusion
Knowing what features an adjective has, everyone can easily perform a morphological analysis of this part of speech. It will be very easy if you know a few simple rules described in our article.
We should also not forget that the adjective is similar in appearance to the participle. In order not to confuse them, remember that the latter is formed from a verb. And the adjective most often takes its origins from nouns.
- In contact with 0
- Google+ 0
- OK 0
- Facebook 0
