Caspar Friedrich Wolf(German) Kaspar Friedrich Wolff, January 18, Berlin - February 22, St. Petersburg), German anatomist and physiologist.
With the introduction into science of the ideas of Wolf and Goethe about the metamorphosis of plants, plant morphology became truly scientific.
His manuscripts are kept in the Academy of Sciences.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what "Wolf K.F." in other dictionaries:
- (Wolff) Christian (1679 1754) German. rationalist philosopher. Ideologist of the early Enlightenment. Prof. in the universities of Halle and Marburg (where M.V. Lomonosov was among his students). Formed under the influence of the ideas of R. Descartes, E. Weigel, E.V. Tschirnhausa and especially G... Philosophical Encyclopedia
M. O. (1825 1883) publisher and bookseller; received training in the best bookstores abroad. In 1848, Wolf came to St. Petersburg, where he entered the bookstore of Y. A. Isakov as head of the French department and began publishing Polish books.… … Literary encyclopedia
Mavriky Osipovich (1825 83), Russian publisher, bookseller, typographer. Since 1853 in St. Petersburg he published scientific, children's and fiction literature (including translated ones), magazines Around the World, Sincere Word, etc. In 1882 he founded... ... Modern encyclopedia
Wolf M. O.- WOLF Mavriky Osipovich (182583), publisher. Since 1853 he published scientific papers in St. Petersburg. lit. ru (Ch. Arr. translated), op. rus. and zarub. writers, women Around the World (since 1861), etc. In 1882, organized T.V. M. O. Wolf (existed until 1918) ... Biographical Dictionary
- (Wolff) Caspar Friedrich (1734 94), one of the founders of embryology. German by origin, in Russia since 1766. Wolf’s classic work Theory of Generation (1789, Russian translation 1950) played a big role in the fight against ideas about immutability... Modern encyclopedia
- (Wolff) Christian (Christian) (1679 1754), German philosopher. Representative of rationalism, popularizer and systematizer of Leibniz's ideas. The philosophy of Wolff and his school dominated German universities until the advent of critical philosophy... Modern encyclopedia
- (Wolf) Max (1863 1932), German astronomer. Pioneer of the photographic method in astronomy. In 1891, he first discovered an asteroid using photographs (Brucia, number 323). In total, he discovered 232 asteroids. In addition, I discovered many nebulae... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia
- (Wolff) Christian (1679 1754) German thinker, philosopher and mathematician, with whose name the beginning of the Enlightenment in German philosophy is associated, founder of the first philosophical school in Germany, popularizer of Leibniz’s ideas, devotee of introducing broad... ... The latest philosophical dictionary
- (Kaspar Friedrich Wolff) famous anatomist and physiologist, son of a tailor, was born in 1733 in Berlin, studied medicine there and in Halle and in 1795 defended his dissertation Theoria generationis, which laid the foundation for modern embryology. In this dissertation... ...
- (Mavriky Osipovich) founder of the St. Petersburg book publishing and bookselling company, b. in 1826; from 1848 he was engaged in publishing, which over time he put on a grand scale, in 1853 he opened a bookstore, died... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Books
- Wolf. Plays, Friedrich Wolf. The book includes the plays: “Poor Conrad”, “Sailors from Cattaro”, “Professor Mamlok”, “Beaumarchais, or the Birth of...
- Wolf Ehrlich. Collected poems, Erlich Wolf Iosifovich. Wolf Ehrlich (1902-1937) - a famous poet in his time and unfairly forgotten today, a friend of Sergei Yesenin...
- World literature of the 20th century Muriel Spark Ballad of the suburbs Memento Mori Christa Wolf Cassandra Medea Robert Merle Weekend on the ocean Jorge Ibarguengoitia Kill the lion August lightning set of 4 books, Spark M., Wolf K., Merle R., Ibarguengoitia H.. Muriel Spark "The Ballad of the Suburbs. Memento mori" "The Ballad of the Suburbs" is a novel that critics compare to "...
In fact, static theory of preformationism fit perfectly within the framework of scholastic philosophy and, as a generally recognized science, lasted until the middle of the eighteenth century, despite the fact that some researchers deviated quite significantly from it (G. L. Buffo, V. Oken and others).
Moving to creationism, this theory corresponded to official church dogma and scholastic philosophy; this was one of the main factors contributing to its long existence, despite the fact that already at that time a number of facts and observations contradicted it.
This idea - at least in the initial form- in the thinking of researchers was overcome only in the middle of the eighteenth century, thanks to the gradually penetrating teachings of the St. Petersburg embryologist Caspar Friedrich Wolf (1733-1794), and subsequently, in the first half of the nineteenth century, finally thanks to the works of Hans Christian Pander (1794-1865) and Karl Ernest von Baer (1792-1876).
K. F. Wolf, thanks to his major works, became the founder of modern embryology and a new theory of development, the so-called post-formational, or epigenetic, theory. Based on his numerous experimental observations, he expressed the opinion that the development of a new organism begins from simply organized living matter and that organs and all organisms are not preformed in the embryo in a miniature form, but consistently develop from simpler forms to more complexly organized ones.
However, he himself Wolf explained this development in an idealistic way, suggesting that it is the result of the influence of a certain “vis essentialis”, which is inherent in all living beings.
Evidence given Wolf, became very widespread in the nineteenth century, and the theory of epigenesis became more or less generally accepted. Its main theses about the development of the complex from the simple were fully confirmed by a large amount of material accumulated already in the first half of the nineteenth century and obtained as a result of research carried out with the help of significantly improved microscopes and on the basis of a wider use of experiments.
With the discovery of an egg mammals(K.E. von Baer, 1827) the true starting point of development processes was discovered and the course of fertilization in lower animals was observed for the first time (in the sea urchin - Oscar Hertwig, 1849-1922).
In the nineteenth century, in the era of philosophical mechanism in the natural sciences, the explanation of development processes was approached from the point of view of mechanistic materialism, at one time a very advanced and fruitful doctrine. The remnants of idealistic ideas accumulated over the past centuries and held in the field of biology began to be subjected to sharp criticism, and a tendency arose to explain all biological phenomena by physical and chemical laws alone.
During this period, the experimental section also arose embryology, called the mechanics of development. Through experimental interventions in the developmental process, this direction sought to explain the biological processes occurring during development, giving them a physical and chemical interpretation.
Founder of development mechanics was Wilhelm Roux(1850-1924). Despite the fact that many of the conclusions of this period later turned out to be incorrect, as a result of all these efforts, embryology and biology received a generally materialistic basis. Among the numerous outstanding embryologists of the nineteenth century, it is enough to mention only a few in order to be convinced of the enormous contribution this period made to specific embryological knowledge and to the development of embryology.
G. H. Pander and K. E. Baer, both already mentioned outstanding embryologists working in Russia, studied the development of many animals - birds, amphibians, fish and mammals - and greatly contributed to the development of comparative embryology. Of similar importance are the works of a number of other contemporaries, whose names are inextricably linked with the intensive development of embryology in the last century and with the accumulation of a large number of basic and detailed facts (I. F. Meckel, M. G. Rathke, E. Remak, J. Müller, K. Reichert, J. L. Prevost, J. B. Dumas, J. Coste, T. Warton, F. M. Balfour, M. Rusconi, V. Roux, G. Drish, V. Gies and many others).
(1733-01-18 ) Lua error in Module:CategoryForProfession on line 52: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value).Caspar Friedrich Wolf(German) Kaspar Friedrich Wolff, January 18 ( 17330118 ) , Berlin - February 22, St. Petersburg), German and Russian anatomist and physiologist.
The son of a tailor, a migrant from Brandenburg. From the age of nineteen he studied at the Medical-Surgical Academy in Berlin; in 1756 he continued his studies at the University of Halle and in 1759 defended his thesis “Theoria generationis”, which marked the beginning of modern embryology. Science at that time was dominated by the doctrine of preformation, or evolution, according to which, from the very beginning of development, all the organs of the embryo are ready-made in the egg. Wolf was actually supported in his work by Leopoldina member Andreas Büchner. In his dissertation, Wolf, relying on accurate observations, scientifically substantiated the doctrine of epigenesis, the gradual development of an embryo from a solid rudiment. Wolf was not the first scientist to reject the theory of preformation, but he was the first to formulate a serious theory based on direct observation. Refuting the prevailing views, Wolf incurred fierce attacks from scientists, especially Bonnet and Haller.
With the introduction into science of the ideas of Wolf and Goethe about the metamorphosis of plants, plant morphology became truly scientific.
He got married before arriving in St. Petersburg. He had three children: Louise, Maria, Karl. Lived on Vasilyevsky Island.
Caspar Friedrich Wolf died on February 22 of this year from a stroke in St. Petersburg.
His manuscripts are kept in the Academy of Sciences. Wolf's published works were used when writing “Ideas for the Philosophy of Human History” by J. G. Herder.
Essays
- Wolf K.F. Subjects of reflection in connection with the theory of freaks. Translation from Latin by Yu. Kh. Kopelevich and G. A. Lukina. L., 1973.
- Wolf K.F. Theory of origins. M., 1950.
Write a review of the article "Wolf, Caspar Friedrich"
Literature
- Blyakher L.Ya. History of embryology in Russia (from the mid-18th to the mid-19th century). M., 1955.
- Gaisinovich A. E. K. F. Wolf and the doctrine of the development of organisms (in connection with the general evolution of the scientific worldview). M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1961.
- Wolf, Kaspar-Friedrich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Gangnus A. A. A risky adventure of the mind. - M.: “Knowledge”, 1982. - 208 p.
- Uschmann G. Caspar Friedrich Wolff. Ein Pionier der modernen Embryologie. Jena, 1955.
Lua error in Module:External_links on line 245: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value).
Excerpt characterizing Wolf, Caspar Friedrich
I just nodded in response, deciding to leave the conversation to her, since I didn’t know what else could upset her and didn’t want to try that at all.“Look, it was yesterday,” Stella said more cheerfully.
And the world turned upside down... The Crystal City disappeared, and in its place some “southern” landscape blazed with bright colors... My throat caught in surprise.
“And this is you too?” I asked carefully.
She nodded her curly red head proudly. It was very funny to watch her, as the girl was truly and seriously proud of what she managed to create. And who wouldn’t be proud?!. She was a perfect baby who, laughing, casually, created new incredible worlds for herself, and immediately replaced the boring ones with others, like gloves... To be honest, there was something to be shocked by. I tried to understand what was going on here?.. Stella was clearly dead, and her essence was communicating with me all this time. But where we were and how she created these “worlds” of hers was still a complete mystery to me.
– Is there something you don’t understand? – the girl was surprised.
– To be honest, yes! – I exclaimed frankly.
– But you can do much more? – the little girl was even more surprised.
“More?..” I asked, dumbfounded.
She nodded, tilting her red head comically to the side.
-Who showed you all this? – I asked carefully, afraid of accidentally offending her.
- Well, of course, grandma. – As if she said something for granted. – At the beginning I was very sad and lonely, and my grandmother felt very sorry for me. So she showed me how it's done.
And then I finally realized that this was truly her world, created only by the power of her thoughts. This girl didn't even realize what a treasure she was! But my grandmother, I think, understood this very well...
As it turned out, Stella died in a car accident several months ago, in which her entire family also died. All that was left was grandma, for whom there was simply no room in the car that time... And who almost went crazy when she learned about her terrible, irreparable misfortune. But, what was most strange, Stella did not end up, as everyone usually did, on the same levels in which her family was. Her body possessed a high essence, which after death went to the highest levels of the Earth. And thus the girl was left completely alone, since her mother, father and older brother were apparently the most ordinary, ordinary people who were not distinguished by any special talents.
– Why don’t you find someone here, where you live now? – I asked again carefully.
– I found... But they are all kind of old and serious... not like you and me. – The girl whispered thoughtfully.
Suddenly she suddenly smiled cheerfully and her sweet little face immediately began to shine like a bright sun.
- Do you want me to show you how to do it?
I just nodded in agreement, very afraid that she would change her mind. But the girl was clearly not going to “change her mind”, on the contrary - she was very happy to have found someone who was almost her same age, and now, if I understood something, she was not going to let me go so easily... This “ perspective" completely suited me, and I prepared to listen carefully about its incredible wonders...
“Everything here is much easier than on Earth,” Stella chirped, very pleased with the attention she received, “you just have to forget about the “level” on which you still live (!) and focus on what you want to see . Try to imagine it very accurately and it will come.
I tried to disconnect from all extraneous thoughts, but it didn’t work. For some reason this has always been difficult for me.
Then, finally, everything disappeared somewhere, and I was left hanging in complete emptiness... A feeling of Complete Peace appeared, so rich in its completeness that it was impossible to experience on Earth... Then the emptiness began to be filled with a fog sparkling with all the colors of the rainbow, which became more and more and became more dense, becoming like a brilliant and very dense ball of stars... Smoothly and slowly this “ball” began to unravel and grow until it looked like a gigantic sparkling spiral, stunning in its beauty, the end of which was “sprayed” by thousands of stars and went wherever - into an invisible distance... I looked dumbfounded at this fabulous unearthly beauty, trying to understand how and where it came from?.. It couldn’t even occur to me that it was really me who created this in my imagination... And also, I I couldn’t get rid of the very strange feeling that THIS was my real home...
During the period under review he was engaged in microscopic studies Caspar Friedrich Wolf(Caspar Friedrich Wolff, 1733-1794), one of the most prominent representatives of biology of the 18th century.
The son of a Berlin tailor, he studied medicine first in Berlin and then in Halle. In Berlin, among his teachers was the famous anatomist Yogi. Fr. Meckel the elder (Johann Friedrich Meckel, 1717-1774). In Halle, the most famous was Christian Wolff (1679-1754), philosopher, mathematician and botanist. Christian Wolf was an admirer and popularizer of Leibniz's teachings. Although by the time Wolf moved to Halle (4-755) Chr. Wolf has already died, his influence was still strong and K. F. Wolf is diligently studying the works of his famous namesake.
In 1759, Wolf defended his dissertation entitled “Theory of Generations” (Theoria generations).
The Theory of Generation was originally published in Latin. Later, in 1764, Wolf published a German edition, which, however, did not constitute a translation; it was more popular and polemical. In 1774, a German publisher published a second Latin edition, which took the text of the first edition as a basis, but introduced additions from the German text. In 1950, the Russian translation of “The Theory of Origin” with comments by A.E. Gaisinovich was published in the academic series “Classics of Science”.
This work brought Wolff fame, but the audacity shown by the 26-year-old novice scientist, who dared to speak out against recognized authorities, outraged certified representatives of science. Having received his doctorate in medicine, Wolf participated for a long time as a doctor in the Seven Years' War. Practical work, however, does not satisfy him. Wolf begins to teach anatomy in a hospital for training doctors and, after the end of the war, looks for an opportunity to continue lecturing in Berlin. But the college of professors does not want to admit into their midst a daring young scientist who dared to present unusual theories in his dissertation. Seeing the attitude of the German professorial board towards him, Wolf accepts the offer made to him from Russia, moves to St. Petersburg and becomes a Russian academician. Wolf spends the rest of his life in Russia, continuing his scientific research. Of the works he did in Russia, one should especially note the study of the development of the intestinal canal (1769), in which Wolf developed and deepened the ideas expressed in the dissertation.
We have already talked about the prevailing in the 17th century. the theory of preformation, which was supported by such authorities as Haller, Bonna and Spallanzani. It took a lot of self-confidence to go against the grain and oppose the generally accepted theory. Wolf was not afraid of authorities and boldly came out in his dissertation with a refutation of the theory of preformation. To replace preformation, Wolf puts forward his theory of epigenesis. In the form in which Wolf defended it, the theory of epigenesis suffers from the same metaphysical limitations as the theory of preformation, but in the middle of the 18th century. it was undoubtedly a progressive theory that determined the further development and success of embryology.
We will not examine here the general ideas put forward by Wolf in his “Theory of Generation.” In recent years, a number of major works by Soviet authors have been dedicated to Wolf (B. E. Raikov, 1952; A. E. Gaisinovich, 1950, 1961; L. Ya. Blyakher, 1955). We will be primarily interested in his microscopic studies and their significance for the development of cell theory.
Wolf's work consists of two parts: the first part is devoted to the development of plants, the second part to the development of animals and general reasoning. Wolf talks about “bubbles”, “pores”, “cells”. To what extent do they correspond to the later concept of the cell? Some historians of biology found in Wolf's discussions about these structures an indication that Wolf understood cellular structure as a common feature of all living beings (B. E. Raikov, 1952). This is not true. Considering Wolf's ideas about the structure of plants, it is not difficult to see that for him the cell is not the primary structure, and the cellular structure arises from an initially homogeneous substance only as a result of the movement of juices. It is this, the movement of juices, that creates voids in the plant matter - pores, which either have the shape of a cell (if the juice thickens and its movement has stopped), or vessels appear (if the movement of the juice continues, which is why a channel is formed). In § 20, Wolf summarizes his ideas about the “structure of the vesicular and vascular substance” as follows: “From the above, it is still fully clear: 1) in younger specimens, the so-called vesicles are nothing more than variously interconnected openings in the dense plant matter, for which a more appropriate name would be pores or cells, and what are called vessels are also simply passages in the plant substance, for which as such the name elongated pores would be more suitable (since they are connected to each other primarily by length) or channels…” (p. 29). Further in § 23, speaking about “the causes of the formation of vessels and bubbles as such,” Wolf writes: “But since bubbles and vessels are created from liquids (§ 21, 22) and since, in addition, a drop moving forward in a dense substance and paving its way here can leave behind only a channel, and by no means a spherical trace, but deposited and at rest, on the contrary, only a clearly spherical cavity, and by no means a channel, then it follows with the same necessity that bubbles are formed by deposited liquids, and leaking vessels.”
Ya. A. Borzenkov (1884), in his historical essay, gives the following, not without wit, characterization of Wolf’s ideas about cell formation: “Wolf imagines the process of cell formation as essentially the same as the formation of sponginess in the dough from which bread is baked. The only difference is that in the dough, the cavities form particles of gas developing in it, and the cavities of the cells, according to Wolf, form particles of nutritious juice that permeates the entire mass of the main gelatinous substance” (p. 153).
If these were Wolf's ideas about the structure of plants, then, naturally, one should expect even less clarity in his opinions about the microscopic structure of animals, since the study of their cellular structure presented immeasurably greater difficulties than the structure of plants. In § 257, Wolf characterizes his ideas about the structure of animal tissues as follows: “As for the formation of cellular tissue, this was omitted in the second part of the dissertation as not presenting any difficulty. Cellular tissue is actually produced in exactly the same way as cellular and vesicular structure in plants, namely through fluids entering the already deposited and still soft parts and stretching them into cells” (p. 204). It must be borne in mind that when Wolff talks about the “cellular tissue” of animals, he is not talking about cells in the later understanding. We are talking about fiber - loose connective tissue, where “cells” were described as cellular macroscopic structures formed by plates of the main substance of connective tissue during preparation or blowing of air.
The erroneous formal interpretation of the concept of “cellular tissue”, used by the authors of the 18th and early 19th centuries, more than once led to false interpretations and distortion of historical facts, examples of which continue to be found.
In fact, Wolf did not even remotely imagine the cellular structure of animal tissues. Not only did Wolf not see real cells in animals, but he saw them poorly even in plants, at least worse than his predecessors - Grew, Malpighi and Leeuwenhoek.
This is undoubtedly confirmed by Wolf's drawings. Comparing these drawings with the depiction of cellular structure by Gru, Malpighi and Leeuwenhoek, one cannot help but come to the conclusion that Wolff saw less than the microscopists of the previous century. A correct assessment of Wolf’s work regarding the idea of the cellular structure of organisms was given back in the last century by the Moscow zoologist Ya. A. Borzenkov (1884), who wrote: “It is obvious that there are few direct observations here and that, due to the imperfection of the microscope that Wolf could use, These observations are very imperfect. Obviously, in the resulting organs he saw a soft mass in which he could not see anything, and therefore recognized it as amorphous. In parts that were somewhat older, he already examined the utriculi and decided that they should have been formed in this mass and from this mass. And how they appeared (due to the accumulation of drops of nutritious juice) is, obviously, only a guess, only Wolf’s opinion” (p. 154). This assessment is supported by A. E. Gaisinovich in his comments to Wolf’s translation (1950) and in a new monograph on K. F. Wolf (1961).
Nevertheless, it would be wrong to ignore Wolff's significance for the history of cellular science. In Wolf we find for the first time an indication of the presence of some common morphological structure in various organs of an animal organism. Wolf makes an attempt to compare the microscopic structure of animal and plant organisms and to identify the commonality of development processes. He speaks for the first time about the importance of “vesicles”, “grains” and “cells” for the development process. All this, however, is completely a priori in nature and is in no way confirmed by the material, which is extremely scarce for such broad generalizations. However, these views could not help but influence the minds of scientists and should have stimulated subsequent research, which, using new facts, could better illuminate the general course of development of the microstructure of plant and animal organisms than Wolf’s data. The idea of the common microscopic structure of plants and animals, the common laws of their development, first appears in the works of Wolf. Of course, Wolf could not create a cell theory; he did not have factual material for this. But Wolf's theory can be considered as a harbinger of the future cellular theory, as the first attempt at a morphological solution to the idea of the unity of two links in living nature. Since the time of Wolf, the idea of the unity of the fine structure of plants and animals has not been forgotten; it has been put forward in different forms and with varying degrees of evidence by a number of scientists, until, finally, in the thirties of the last century, in Schwann’s theory it takes a fairly convincing form and becomes the basis for a general biological understanding of phenomena wildlife.
More important than Wolf's specific data was his theory of epigenesis for cellular science. Preformationists rebelled against the idea of building the body of organisms from elementary structures, considering it impossible to imagine development as a coordinated differentiation of many parts of the organism. “Isn’t it obvious,” Bonnet declared, “that such an amazingly and harmoniously constructed whole cannot be composed like the parts of a watch or by the accumulation of an innumerable number of different molecules; Why rape our minds by looking for mechanical solutions, when indisputable facts themselves lead us to the theory of the pre-existence of rudiments.” In order for the ideas about elementary structure that took shape at the beginning of the 19th century to emerge, it was necessary to overthrow the theory of preformation. Only on the basis of epigenetic ideas could theories of cell formation arise, similar to the theories of Schleiden and Schwann, which, despite all their fallacies, played an important role in the history of cellular science. Wolf's struggle against preformationism was at the same time a struggle for the soil on which alone the idea of cellular doctrine could develop and strengthen.
If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.
K.F. Wolf: a blow to preformationism
You can't argue with the obvious. Even in ancient times, people noticed that children are similar in some ways to their mother, and in some ways like their father. This is especially clearly manifested in hybrids of farm animals when crossing two breeds or species of animals that are sharply different from each other. For example, a mule - a cross between a mare and a donkey - looks like both parents. Such phenomena could be explained by the fact that they originated from an embryo constructed from two models received from the father and from the mother.
Regeneration was even more puzzling. Not only does the tail cut off from a salamander larva quickly grow back, that is, it is formed from nothing, it retains all the features inherent in the tails of salamanders. Scientists have been unable to explain where the spare tail models come from.
The first serious blow to preformationism was dealt by Caspar Friedrich Wolf. He was born in Germany, at the age of 26 he defended his dissertation, for which the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences invited him to occupy the department of anatomy and physiology. He received the title of academician and remained to live in Russia. While still a novice scientist, working on his dissertation, called “The Theory of Generation,” he observed and described how an embryo appears in a chicken egg in the form of two leaves spread out on the surface of the yolk, lying one on top of the other. They could only form from structureless liquid substances, since initially there was nothing else in the egg.
Later, already in St. Petersburg, he completed the second of his most important works and published it under the title “On the formation of the intestines in the chicken.” It describes how a groove appears on the lower germ layer of a developing chicken egg. It gradually deepens and finally closes into a tube. Subsequently, it is transformed into the digestive canal, a whole system of cavities including the esophagus, stomach and intestines. Thus, Wolf proved that the embryo has no pre-existing organs. They arise alternately at various stages of embryo development from a homogeneous substrate, which is the liquid juices of the egg and the yolk grains dissolved in them. From these solutions, under the influence of ordinary forces of attraction and repulsion, the cells of the embryo's body are formed.
From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (B) author Brockhaus F.A.Wolf Wolf (Kaspar Friedrich Wolff) - a famous anatomist and physiologist, the son of a tailor, was born in 1733 in Berlin, studied medicine there and in Halle and in 1795 defended his dissertation “Theoria generationis”, which laid the foundation for modern embryology. In this dissertation, based on accurate observations, he
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (VO) by the author TSBWolf (Mavriky Osipovich) Wolf (Mavriky Osipovich) is the founder of a St. Petersburg book publishing and bookselling company, b. in 1826; from 1848 he was engaged in publishing, which over time he put on a grand scale, in 1853 he opened a bookstore, died on 19
From the book Big Dictionary of Quotes and Catchphrases author From the book World History in sayings and quotes author Dushenko Konstantin VasilievichWolf Wilhelm Wolf (Wolff) Wilhelm (pseudonym - Lupus) (21.6.1809, Tarnau in Silesia, - 9.5.1864, Manchester), German proletarian revolutionary, close friend of K. Marx and F. Engels. Born into a peasant family. In 1829-34 he studied philosophy at the University of Breslau (Wroclaw). In 1834-38 -
From the book The Office of Doctor Libido. Volume II (B – D) author Sosnovsky Alexander VasilievichWolf Caspar Friedrich Wolf (Wolff) Caspar Friedrich (18.1.1734, Berlin, - 22.2.1794, St. Petersburg), naturalist, one of the founders of the doctrine of the individual development of organisms. He received his education in Berlin (1753-55) and Halle (1755-59). In 1759 he published his dissertation “Theory
From the author's bookWolf Conrad Wolf (Wolf) Conrad (10/20/1925, Hechingen), German film director (GDR). Son of playwright F. Wolf. After the Nazis came to power, he emigrated with his parents from Germany and from 1934 lived in the USSR. During World War II, V. fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army and returned
From the author's bookWolf Christa Wolf (Wolf) Christa (b. 18.3.1929, Landsberg), German writer (GDR). She studied Germanic philology in Jena and Leipzig. In 1961, the story “Moscow Short Story” was published. In the novel “Broken Sky” (1963, Russian translation, 1964) V. talks about the complex process of becoming
From the author's bookWolf Max Wolf Max (21.6.1863, Heidelberg - 3.10.1932, ibid.), German astrophysicist. Professor at the University of Heidelberg (1893) and director of the Heidelberg Observatory (1909). In 1891 he used photography to find small planets; discovered over 200 minor planets, as well as
From the author's bookWolf Rudolf Wolf (Wolf) Rudolf (7/7/1816, Vällanden, near Zurich, - 12/6/1896, Zurich), Swiss astronomer, specialist in the study of sunspots and in the history of astronomy. Since 1847 director of the Berne Observatory, professor at the University of Zurich (since 1855) and director of the Zurich
From the author's bookWolf Friedrich Wolf (Wolf) Friedrich (December 23, 1888. Neuwied, - October 5, 1953, Lenitz), German playwright. Communist (since 1928). A doctor by training. After 1918, he participated in the revolutionary battles of the German proletariat. V.'s early plays “It's You” (1919) and others were written in the spirit of expressionism. In the following
From the author's bookWolf Christian Wolf (Wolff) Christian (Christian) (24.1.1679, Breslau, - 9.4.1754, Halle), German philosopher, representative of rationalism. Professor of mathematics and philosophy in Halle (1706-23 and from 1740) and Marburg (1723-40), where M. V. Lomonosov was among his students. V. spoke mainly
From the author's bookWolf Hugo Wolf (Wolf) Hugo, Austrian composer and music critic. Studied at the Vienna Conservatory (1875-77). He collaborated in the weekly Wiener Salonblatt, on the pages of which he sharply criticized
From the author's bookWolf Egbert Ludvigovich Wolf Egbert Ludvigovich (24.8.1860, Berlin, - 1931, Leningrad), dendrologist and gardener. He came to Russia (St. Petersburg) in 1882, worked at the Botanical Garden (1882-84, 1925-31) and at the Forestry Institute (1886-1925, now the Forestry Academy). Introduced into culture near Leningrad
From the author's bookBODISSIN, Wolf von (Baudissin, Wolf von, 1907–1993), count, statesman of the Federal Republic of Germany 1229 Citizens in military uniform. // Staatsb?rger in Uniform. This is how the military personnel were named in the report that Bodisen presented to the “Blank Department,” the predecessor of the German Ministry of Defense (1951). ? John
From the author's bookBODISSIN, Wolf von (Baudissin, Wolf von, 1907–1993), count, statesman of the Federal Republic of Germany98Citizens in military uniform. // Staatsb?rger in Uniform. This is how the military personnel were named in the report that Bodisen presented to the “Blank Department,” the predecessor of the German Ministry of Defense (1951). ? John, S.
From the author's bookWolf Elena (1895 or 1896-1977), wife of King Carol II of Romania. Born September 15, 1895 in Iasi, Romania. Daughter of pharmacist Nicolae Grunberg and his wife, baptized Jew Elisa Falk. There were persistent rumors that in fact V. was the illegitimate daughter of the Romanian king
- In contact with 0
- Google+ 0
- OK 0
- Facebook 0
