Geographical characteristics of South America. South America: “The Continent Through the Hole in the Curtain Summary South America

South America is a region according to our classification and a continent in geographical terms. Located in the southern hemisphere. South America is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Atlantic in the east. In the north it borders with the Caribbean Sea, and in the south with the Strait of Magellan. The border between North and South America is the Isthmus of Panama.

The predominant part of the continent (5/6 of the area) is located in the Southern Hemisphere. The continent of South America is widest in equatorial and tropical latitudes. This continent represents the western part of the once existing supercontinent Gondwana.

South America is the fourth largest and fifth most populous continent on Earth. The area with islands is 18.3 million km. sq. South America also includes the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, the Chilean Islands and the Galapagos.

Nature and population

There are few lakes in South America. The exception is oxbow lakes and mountain lakes in the Andes. The largest alpine lake in the world, Titicaca, is located on the same continent; in the north there is a large lagoon lake, Maracaibo.

Large areas on the mainland are occupied by humid equatorial and tropical forests and various types of woodlands and savannas. But there are no deserts characteristic of and in South America.

In general, there are much more indigenous people - Indians - in South America than in North America. In Paraguay, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, they even make up about half of the total population.

The population arriving from Europe gradually mixed with the indigenous peoples of the continent. The Spanish and Portuguese conquerors came here without families; they took Indian women as wives. That's when the mestizos began to appear. Now there are almost no “pure” representatives of the European race left; they all have admixtures of Indian or Negro blood.

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South America. Climate and nature

The most significant mountain formation is the Andes Mountains. They stretch along the west of the continent. The nature of South America is as diverse as its length from north to south. There are high mountains, forests, plains and deserts. The highest point is Mount Aconcagua, the mountain is 6960 m high. The largest rivers in South America are:

• Amazon,
• Parana,
• Paraguay
• Orinoco.

The climate on this continent is subequatorial and tropical, in the south it is subtropical and temperate, and in the Amazon it is equatorial and constantly humid.

Countries of the continent

On the modern map of the continent of South America there are 12 independent states. In terms of area and economic power, Brazil remains the undisputed leader. The second largest country by area is Argentina, which is located in the south of the mainland.

When Christopher Columbus's ships reached Cuba and Haiti in 1492, the Portuguese were confident that they had sailed to the West Indies. However, in fact, they discovered previously unknown lands to the world, which later became known as South America and North America.

South America was once called “Spanish America” long ago, but the times when the Spaniards and Portuguese ruled this continent are long gone. Now in South America there are 12 completely independent states, each of which is of great interest to inquisitive travelers.

Geography of South America

Most of the continent of South America is located in the southern hemisphere of the Earth. In the west, South America is washed by the Pacific Ocean, and in the east of the continent by the Atlantic Ocean. In the north, the Isthmus of Panama and the Caribbean Sea separate South America from North America.

There are many islands in South America - Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, Chiloe, Galapagos Islands, Wellington, etc. The total area of ​​South America is exactly 17.757 million square meters. km. This is approximately 12% of the Earth's land area.

The climate in most of the South American continent is equatorial, subequatorial and tropical. In the south the climate is subtropical and temperate. Ocean currents and mountain systems have a huge influence on the climate of South America.

The longest river in South America is the Amazon (6,280 km), which flows through Peru and Brazil. The largest South American rivers also include: Paraná, São Francisco, Tocantins, Orinoco and Uruguay.

There are several very beautiful lakes in South America - Maracaibo (Venezuela), Titicaca (Peru and Bolivia), and Poopo (Bolivia).

On the territory of the equatorial belt of South America there are dense humid equatorial forests - selva, and in the depths of the continent there are tropical and subtropical steppes - campos.

The Andes mountain range (Southern Cordillera), the length of which is about 9 thousand kilometers, passes through almost the entire territory of South America.

The highest mountain on this continent is Aconcagua (6,959 meters).

Population of South America

At the moment, the population of South America reaches 390 million people. It has the fifth largest population among all continents (Asia is first, followed by Africa, Europe and North America).

Representatives of all three major races live on the territory of the South American continent - Caucasians, Mongoloids and Negroids. Since the mixing of races in South America proceeded without any problems, now on this continent there are many representatives of mixed racial groups (mestizo, mulatto, sambo). South American aborigines (Indians) belong to the Mongoloid race. The largest Indian peoples are the Quechua, Araucan, Aymara and Chibcha.

In South American countries, the population speaks mainly Spanish and Portuguese. Indian peoples speak their own local languages ​​(for example, Araucanian).

Countries

At the moment, in South America there are 12 completely independent states (Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, Paraguay, Guyana, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Chile, Suriname and Uruguay), as well as 3 dependent so-called. "territories" - French Guiana, Falkland Islands and Galapagos Islands.

The largest southern African country is Brazil, with an area of ​​8,511,970 square kilometers, and the smallest is Suriname (area - 163,270 sq. km).

Regions

South America is generally divided into 3 main regions:

• Caribbean South America (Guyana, Colombia, Suriname, Venezuela, French Guiana).
• Andean states (Chile, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Bolivia).
• Southern Cone (Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and Paraguay).

However, sometimes South America is divided into other regions:

• Andean countries (Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Chile, Peru and Bolivia);
• Laplatan countries (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay);
• Brazil.

Cities in South America began to appear during the empires of the South American Indians - the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas. Perhaps the oldest South American city is the city of Caral in Peru, founded by Indians, archaeologists believe, about 5 thousand years ago.

Countries of South America: features of the continent

The countries of South America attract many tourists with their pristine nature and special flavor. From childhood, everyone knows about the wilds of the Amazon, colorful carnivals, fiery dances, and exotica. Of course, civilization has significantly changed the map of South America, and there are practically no unexplored places on it. But the legendary attitude towards the exoticism of this distant land remains, and people strive to visit there. Those wishing to visit these countries need to know at least a little about them. Wikipedia about South America provides the necessary minimum set of information.

Continent Information

The geographical position of South America can be imagined: the mainland is located mostly in the Southern Hemisphere of the globe, and only a small part of it is in the Northern Hemisphere. The location of the continent on the planet is fixed by the following extreme points of South America and their coordinates: north - Cape Gallinas (12°27'N, 71°39'W);

continental south - Cape Froward (53°54'S, 71°18'W); island south – Diego Ramirez (56°30′ S, 68°43’ W); west - Cape Parinhas (4°40' S, 81°20' W); east - Cape Cabo Branco (7°10' S, 34°47' W). South America has a territory of 17.9 million square meters. km, and the total population is about 387.5 million people.

The history of the development of the continent is divided into 3 characteristic periods:

• Autochthonous civilizations: the stage of formation, flourishing and complete collapse of local civilizations (Indian ethnic groups, including the Incas).
• Colonization (XVI-XVIII centuries): almost the entire continent had the status of Spanish and Portuguese colonies. The period of the birth of statehood.
• Independent stage. It is characterized by extremely unstable political and economic development, but the final formation of state borders.

Geological and climatic features

If you look at the extreme points of South America, you can see that the continent stretches for a long distance from north to south, which causes a variety of geological forms and climatic zones. In general terms, the geological structure can be assessed as the existence of a mountainous western part and a flat east. The average height of mainland South America is about 580 m above sea level, but mountain ranges with fairly high peaks predominate in the west. Almost along the entire western coast of the ocean stretches a mountain range - the Andes.

In the northern part there is the elevated Guiana Highlands, and in the eastern part there is the Brazilian Plateau. Between these two hills, a large area is occupied by the Amazon Lowland, formed by the river of the same name. The mountain system is a young geological formation and is characterized by volcanic activity, as well as fairly frequent earthquakes.

A significant area in the southwest of the continent was captured by the lifeless Atacama Desert. In addition to the Amazon, the lowland plains are formed by 2 more large rivers - the Orinoco (Orinoco Lowland) and the Parana (La Plata Lowland).

The natural zones of South America change with distance from the equator - from the very hot equatorial zone in the north of the continent to the cold polar zone in the extreme south (in areas approaching Antarctica). The main climatic zones are the equatorial zone, the subequatorial zone (on both sides of the equator), tropical, subtropical and temperate zones.

The tropical and subequatorial zones cover most of South America, causing a characteristic alternation of very wet and extremely dry periods. The Amazonian lowland is dominated by an equatorial climate with constant humid heat, and closer to the south of the continent, first a subtropical and then a temperate climate appears. In flat areas, i.e. over a large area of ​​the northern part of the continent, the air warms up to 21-27°C all year round, but in the south, temperatures of 11-12°C can be observed even in summer.

Taking into account the geographical location, the winter season in South America is June-August, and the summer season is December-February. Seasonality clearly manifests itself only with distance from the tropics. In winter in the south of the continent, temperatures often drop to frost. The high humidity of South America should be highlighted - it is considered the wettest continent. At the same time, the Atacama Desert is one of the places where any precipitation is very rare.

Natural features of the continent

The diversity of climatic zones also leads to a diversity of natural manifestations. The Amazonian jungle, which occupies a vast territory, is a kind of calling card. In many places of impenetrable forests no human has yet set foot. Given the area they occupy, these jungles are called “the lungs of the planet.”

The Amazon forest and other plains of the equatorial and tropical zones amaze with the abundance of flora species. The vegetation is so dense that it is almost impossible to pass. Everything grows upward, towards the sun - as a result, the height of vegetation exceeds 100 m, and tiered life occurs at different heights. Vegetation can be distributed on 11-12 levels. The most characteristic jungle plant is the ceiba. There are a large number of different types of palm trees, melon tree and many other varieties of flora.

The most famous animals of South America live in the Amazon region. Here you can see the rarest representative of the fauna - the sloth. Selva becomes a haven for the smallest bird in the world - the hummingbird, and a large number of amphibians (including the poisonous frog). Huge anacondas are amazing, the record holder among rodents is calibara, tapirs, freshwater dolphins, jaguars. Only here there is a wild cat - the ocelot. Crocodiles live in large numbers in the Amazon itself and its tributaries. The predator, the piranha fish, has become legendary.

After the Amazonian jungle, it’s the savannahs’ turn. Only here can you find the quebracho tree with very hard wood. Small savannah forests give way to steppe. The fauna of savannahs is also capable of striking with its inhabitants. South Americans are especially proud of their armadillos. In the savannas there are anteaters, rheas (ostriches), pumas, kinkajou, and spectacled bears. Llamas and deer graze in the steppe areas. In mountainous areas you can find mountain llamas and alpacas.

Natural attractions

The natural attractions of South America can safely include entire areas that amaze with their originality and pristine nature. Unique in all respects is the southern tip of the continent - the island of Tierra del Fuego, blown by Antarctic winds and storms. The entire mountain range (Andes) with its frozen and active volcanoes and pointed peaks can also be called unique. The highest peak is very beautiful - Aconcagua Peak (6960 m).

The continent's river system is represented by large rivers. It is in South America that there is the highest waterfall - Angel, as well as the most powerful waterfall - Iguazu. The South American lakes are very beautiful - Titicaca, Maracaibo, Patus.

Statehood on the continent

As they liberated themselves from the colonialists, states formed on the continent. By the 21st century, the list of South American countries with independence includes 12 states. This list also includes 3 territories administered by other countries.

The list of countries is as follows:

• Brazil. The largest state - with an area of ​​more than 8.5 million square meters. km and with a population of 192 million people. The capital is Brasilia, and the largest city is Rio de Janeiro. The official language is Portuguese. The most spectacular and tourist-attracting event is the carnival. This is where the main beauties of the Amazon, Iguazu Falls, and beautiful Atlantic beaches are located.
• Argentina. The second largest country in terms of size and population (area - more than 2.7 million sq. km, population - about 40.7 million people). The official language is Spanish. The capital is Buenos Aires. The main tourist attractions are the Museum of the End of the World in Ushuaia (in the very south of the continent), silver mines, Patagonia with Indian exoticism, and a nature reserve with waterfalls.
• Bolivia. A state in the central part of the continent without access to the ocean. The area is almost 1.1 million square meters. km, and the population is 8.9 million people. The official capital is Sucre, but in fact its role is played by La Paz. Main attractions: Lake Titicaca, eastern slopes of the Andes, Indian national events.
• Venezuela. The northern part of the continent with access to the Caribbean Sea. Area – slightly more than 0.9 million square meters. km, population – 26.4 million people. The capital is Caracas. Here is Angel Falls, Avila National Park, and the longest cable car.
• Guyana. Located in the northeast and washed by the ocean. Area – 0.2 million square meters. km, population - 770 thousand people. The capital is Georgetown. Almost everything is covered with jungle, which attracts eco-tourists. Attractions: waterfalls, national parks, savannah.
• Colombia. Country in the northwest, with an area of ​​1.1 million square meters. km and a population of 45 million people. The capital is Bogota. It has a visa-free regime with Russia. Famous for its historical museums, beaches, national parks.
• Paraguay. It occupies almost the center of South America, but has no access to the ocean. Territory – 0.4 million square meters. km, population – 6.4 million people. The capital is Asuncion. Monuments from the Jesuit period are well preserved.
• Peru. Located in the west of the mainland, on the Pacific coast. Area – slightly less than 1.3 million square meters. km, and the population is 28 million people. The capital is Lima. The main monuments of the Inca state are located here - Machu Picchu, the mystical Nazca Lines, and more than 150 museums.
• Suriname. The northeastern part of the continent, with a territory of about 160 thousand square meters. km and a population of 440 thousand people. The capital is Paramaribo. Routes to the Atabru, Kau, Uanotobo waterfalls, the Galibi Nature Reserve, and Indian settlements are open for tourists.
• Uruguay. A country in the southeastern part of the mainland with its capital in Montevideo. Area – 176 thousand square meters. km, population – 3.5 million people. Famous for its colorful carnival. Tourists are attracted by the beautiful beaches and architectural attractions.
• Chile. The state stretches along the Pacific coast and is limited by the high ridge of the Andes. Area – 757 thousand square meters. km, population – 16.5 million people. The capital is Santiago. The country has developed balneological health and ski centers. There are beautiful beaches and national parks.
• Ecuador. A country in the northeastern part with a territory of slightly more than 280 thousand square meters. km and a population of almost 14 million people, with the capital Quito. The most attractive places are the Galapagos Islands, national park, lakes, Ingapirku monuments, museums.

In addition to independent states, South America contains territories governed by other states: Guiana (an overseas territory of France); The South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia (administered by Great Britain), as well as the Falkland or Malvinas Islands, which have been long disputed between Great Britain and Argentina.

The countries of South America are considered quite attractive for tourists from around the world. Here you can enjoy pristine nature, historical monuments, and relax on beautiful beaches.

South America: geographical location. Two continents - South and North America - form a single part of the world under the common name America. These continents are connected to each other by the Isthmus of Panama, through which the navigable Panama Canal was dug in 1920, connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. South America is located in the Western Hemisphere and is washed by the Pacific (in the west) and Atlantic (in the north and east) oceans. The area of ​​the continent is approximately 18 million sq. km. South America is shaped like a triangle, tapering towards the south. Extent of South America from north to south along 70 degrees west longitude. — 7350 km, and from west to east along the 10th degree north latitude. — 4655 km.

Extreme points of South America:

• Northern - Cape Galinas 12°25′ N, 71°39′ W
• Western - Cape Parinhas 4°40′ S, 81°20′ W
• Eastern - Cape Cabo Branco 7°10′ S, 34°47′ W
• South - Cape Froward 53°54′ S, 71°18′ W

In the east the continent is washed by waters Pacific Ocean, in the north and west - Atlantic. The coastline is very slightly indented. Only in the southeast there are several not very large bays: La Plata, San Matias, San Jorge and Bahia Grande. To the north is the only Caribbean Sea.

Relief and geological structure.

The relief of South America is represented by plains and plateaus in the east and mountain ranges in the west of the continent. The relief of the eastern part is based on the ancient South American platform. Large low-lying plains formed on it - Amazonian, Orinoco, La Plata, composed of strata of marine and continental sediments. The shields (elevated sections of the platform) are associated with the Brazilian and Guiana highlands with a height of 500 to 2500 m. Faults in the earth's crust divided the highlands into separate massifs, cut by gorges.

In the west of the mainland, the Andes, or Andean Cordillera, stretch for 9,000 km from north to south, separating the rest of the continent from the Pacific Ocean. This is a folded region of Alpine age; is a continuation of the North American Cordillera and consists of parallel ridges. Between the ranges are the Central Andean highlands and plateaus. Mountain-building processes in the Andes have not been completed, so earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are frequent here.

Largest peaks : Aconcagua – 6960m(Argentina), Ojos Del Salado— 6880m (Chile), Tupungato- 6800m (Argentina-Chile), Huascaran - 6768m (Peru), Ankouma - 6550m (Bolivia), Illimani - 6402m (Bolivia).
Largest volcanoes : Llullaillaco – 6723m(Argentina-Chile), Sahama— 6520m (Bolivia), Coropuna- 6425m (Peru), San Pedro - 5974m (Chile).

Climate.

The geographical location and configuration of the continent determines how much heat it receives throughout the year. South America - wettest continent on the ground. A lot of moisture comes from the Atlantic Ocean trade winds. The road to air masses from the Pacific Ocean is blocked by the Andes.

South America is located in equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical And moderate climatic zones.

Most of the Amazonian lowland and the northeastern coast of the mainland are located in equatorial belt. Air temperature throughout the year is +25-28 °C. The amount of precipitation is from 1500 to 3500 mm, in the foothills of the Andes - up to 7000 mm.

Subequatorial belt The Northern and Southern hemispheres connect on the east coast, bordering the equatorial climate zone. There is seasonality in the distribution of precipitation here. A large amount of them – 2000 mm – falls in the summer. The rainy season in the Northern Hemisphere is from May to December, in the Southern Hemisphere - from December to May. Air temperature +25 °C. Winter comes with the arrival of tropical continental air. There is practically no precipitation; air temperature +20 °C.

Tropical climate zone.

Located only in the Southern Hemisphere. Air temperature +20 °C. It is divided into two types of climate. Humid tropical climate is formed in the east and southeast of the Brazilian Highlands under the influence of trade winds bringing moisture. There is less precipitation than in the subequatorial belt. Towards the west, the amount of precipitation decreases and forms dry tropical climate. The cold Peruvian Current has a great influence here. A temperature inversion occurs: the air is saturated with moisture, but very cool, resulting in no precipitation. This is the coastal desert Atacama.

Subtropical zone located south of 30°S. sh., within its borders three types of climate are formed. On the West Coast subtropical Mediterranean climate with dry, cool summers (+20 °C) and humid, warm winters (+10 °C, cloudy and rainy weather prevails). As you move deeper into the continent, the climate becomes continental subtropical. There is only 500 mm of precipitation. Forming on the east coast subtropical humid climate: summer temperature in January is +25 °C, and winter temperature in July is +10 °C, precipitation falls up to 2000 mm per year.

Temperate climate zone located south of 40º S. Forming on the West Coast marine temperate type climate: warm, humid winter (+5 °C), humid, cool summer (+15 °C); precipitation – up to 2000 mm or more. In the eastern part of the belt - temperate continental type climate: colder winters (0 °C), warm summers (+20 °C). Precipitation – 300 mm.

Formed in the Andes alpine type climate. Here, climatic zones replace each other according to the law of vertical zonation. At the foot of the mountains the climate is no different from the surrounding areas. As you rise, the temperature and precipitation patterns change.

Sushi waters.

South America is rich in inland waters. Most rivers are fed by rain; some receive water from melting snow and ice in the mountains. The largest river flows through the continent river Earth Amazon(6400 km). The area of ​​its river basin is 7 million km2– this is almost 40% of the continent’s territory. Being in a zone of high humidity, the river is full of water all year round. The river floods twice a year: in May during rains in the Southern Hemisphere and in October-November in the Northern Hemisphere.

Unlike the Amazon River Orinoco(2730 km) and Parana(4380 km) have a pronounced seasonality of flow. The period of river flooding occurs during the summer wet season. Flowing from the Andes, the rivers in the upper reaches form waterfalls. On one of the tributaries of the Orinoco there is the highest waterfall in the world - Angel (1054 m); Iguazu Falls is located on one of the tributaries of the Paraná.

Of the large lakes in South America, the most famous are: Lake Maracaibo, which is a desalinated lagoon, near the Caribbean Sea. Lake Titicaca located in the Andes at an altitude of 3800 m - the largest alpine lake in the world.

Minerals of South America

On the plateaus East There are deposits of iron, manganese ores, nickel, and deposits of bauxite containing aluminum. Oil, natural gas, and coal were found in the depressions and troughs of the platform.

Andes especially rich in non-ferrous and rare metals. The introduction of magma into sedimentary rocks led to the formation of the world's largest deposits of copper ores, as well as molybdenum, tin, silver, etc. The name of the mountains comes from the word “anta”, in the Inca language - “copper”.

Lesson summary "". Next topic:

South America is the southern continent in America, located mainly in the Western and Southern Hemispheres of the Earth, partly in the Northern Hemisphere. It is washed by the waters of two oceans: the Pacific and the Atlantic, as well as the Caribbean Sea, which is the natural border between the two Americas.

Characteristics of South America

The length of the continent of South America is 7350 km. from north to south and 5180 km. from west to east.

Extreme points:

• northern— Cape Gallinas;
• southern (mainland)— Cape Fronard;
• southern (island)— Diego-Ramirez;
• western- Cape Parinhas;
• eastern- Cape Cabo Branco.

The word “America” in the name of this continent was first used by Martin Waldseemüller, putting on his map the Latin version of the name Amerigo Vespucci, who, in turn, was the first to suggest that the lands discovered by Christopher Columbus are not related to India, but are the New World, first to Europeans unknown.

Rice. 1.Types of South America

Brief description of South America

Relief

Based on the nature of the relief, South America can be divided into the Mountain West and the Plain East.

The average height of the continent is 580 meters above sea level. The Andes mountain system stretches along the entire western edge. In the north of the continent rises the Guiana Plateau, in the east - the Brazilian Plateau, between which is the Amazonian Lowland. To the east of the Andes, lowlands lie in the foothill troughs.

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Geologically, quite recently the Andes were the scene of active volcanic activity, which continues in the modern era in several areas.

Rice. 2. Guiana Plateau

Climate

There are 6 climate zones in South America:

• Subequatorial belt (occurs 2 times);
• Equatorial belt;
• Tropical zone;
• Subtropical zone;
• Temperate zone.

In most of South America, the climate is subequatorial and tropical, with well-defined dry and wet seasons; in the Amazonian lowland - equatorial, constantly humid, in the southern regions - subtropical and temperate. On the plains of the northern part of South America, right up to the South Tropic, the temperature is 20-28 °C all year round; further south in January (summer) it drops to 10 °C. In July, that is, in winter, average monthly temperatures drop on the Brazilian plateau to 10-16 ° C, on the Patagonian plateau - to 0 ° C and below. In the Andes, temperatures decrease markedly with altitude; in the highlands it does not exceed 10 °C, and in winter there are frequent frosts.

The windward slopes of the Andes in Colombia and the southern regions of Chile are the most humidified - 5-10 thousand mm of precipitation per year.

In the southern part of the Andes and on individual volcanic peaks to the north, glaciers are found.

South America is the wettest continent on Earth.

Rice. 3 South America. View from space

Continental countries South America

There are 15 countries and territories on the continent:

• Argentina;
• Bolivia;
• Brazil
• Venezuela;
• Guyana;
• Colombia;
• Paraguay;
• Peru;
• Suriname;
• Uruguay;
• Falkland Islands (British, disputed by Argentina);
• Guiana (belongs to France);
• Chile;
• Ecuador;
• South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (belong to Great Britain).

The most widely spoken languages ​​in South America are Portuguese and Spanish. Portuguese is spoken in Brazil, which accounts for about 50% of the continent's population. Spanish is the official language of most countries on this continent. Also in South America they speak other languages: in Suriname they speak Dutch, in Guyana they speak English, and in French Guiana they speak French.

What have we learned?

The topic “South America” is studied in geography lessons in 7th grade. From this article we learned in which hemisphere South America is located, what it is washed by, what continent Brazil is located on, and also learned other useful information: about the topography, climate and countries of this continent. We learned that South America is the wettest continent on the planet and that it has 6 climate zones. Thanks to this article, you can easily write a short message describing the continent or prepare a report for class.

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