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Lecture 3 Specifics of cognitive processes
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Lecture outline: General characteristics of sensory-perceptual processes Memory, attention, thinking, imagination, speech: essence, classification and features of cognitive processes.
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List of recommended literature: Kumkin A. N. Fundamentals of psychology and pedagogy. Sevastopol, 2000 - section 1. Kumkin A. N. Psychology: Educational method. Benefit. – Sevastopol: SNIYAEi P, 2005. Kumkin A. N., Erosh I. D. Psychology and pedagogy in posters and diagrams. Sevastopol: SNUYAEi P, 2000. Kumkin A. N., Kostsova M. V. Tests and test tasks in psychology: educational manual. – Sevastopol: SNUYAEi P, 2008. Kumkin A. N., Kostsova M. V. Psychology: Section I. General psychology: textbook. allowance. – Sevastopol: SNUYAEi P, 2011. – 124 p.: ill. Psychological characteristics of a student's personality - method. allowance. – Sevastopol: SNUYAEi P, 2013.- 72 p. Druzhinin V. Psychology. Textbook for humanitarian universities Maklakov A. G. General psychology. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2016. – P.163 -354.
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Structure of the psyche:
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II signal systems I – images, sensory images II – words, verbal-symbolic reality
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1. Cognitive mental processes Sensation; Thinking; Perception; Imagination; Speech Presentation; Memory; Attention.
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Sensation is a reflection of specific individual properties, qualities, aspects of objects and phenomena of material reality affecting the senses at a given moment. The analyzer is the material basis of sensations.
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“Sensory images” physics physiology psychology
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Classification of sensations: 1) according to the presence or absence of direct contact with the stimulus causing the sensation - distant and contact; 2) according to the location of the receptors: propreoceptive (give information about the muscular system); interoceptive (give information about the state of internal organs); specific types of sensations that carry information about time, acceleration, vibration, etc.
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Types of sensations: 3) Types of sensations are diverse: tactile, visual, vibration, olfactory, etc. The qualitative feature of certain sensations is called their modality
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Psychophysiological patterns: A change in the sensitivity of the analyzer as a result of its adaptation to the strength and duration of the current stimulus is called adaptation. Different analyzers have different speed and range of adaptation. Adaptation to some stimuli occurs quickly, to others - more slowly.
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Sensitization An increase in the sensitivity of analyzers under the influence of internal (mental) factors is called sensitization (from the Latin sensibilis - sensitive). 1) the interaction of sensations 2) physiological factors (the state of the body, the introduction of certain substances into the body; for example, vitamin A is essential to increase visual sensitivity; 3) the expectation of a particular effect, its significance, a special attitude towards distinguishing between stimuli; 4) exercise, experience (thus, tasters, by specially exercising their taste and olfactory sensitivity, distinguish between different types of wines and teas and could even determine when and where the product was made).
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Strong stimulation of some analyzers always reduces the sensitivity of others. This phenomenon is called desensitization
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Thresholds of sensations are qualitative indicators of the sensitivity of the analyzer. Along with this, all types of sensations are subject to general psychophysiological patterns. Thresholds of sensations are qualitative indicators of the sensitivity of the analyzer. A known minimum intensity of the stimulus is needed in order to cause the sensation -. lower absolute threshold. The upper absolute threshold, i.e. the maximum intensity possible for the sensation of a given quality.
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Perception is a complex process of receiving and transforming information, providing a reflection of objective reality and orientation in the surrounding world.
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Four levels of perceptual action: detection, discrimination, identification, recognition and objectification
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Classification of main types of perception By modality: Visual; Auditory; Tactile; Olfactory; Taste perception; According to the form of existence of matter: Perception of space; Time perception; Perception of movement.
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Visual illusions Figure-ground relationship
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"..ek..i.est.o"
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"ele...ich...vo"
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Properties of perception: MEANINGFULNESS - a person is aware and understands what is perceived. OBJECTIVENESS - a person recognizes mental images not as images, but as real objects, taking the images outward, objectifying them. INTEGRITY - in objects and phenomena of reality, their individual signs and properties are in constant, stable dependence. STRUCTURALITY - a person recognizes various objects due to the stable structure of their features. SELECTIVITY - from the countless number of objects and phenomena surrounding a person, he selects only a few of them at the moment. CONSTANTITY - the same objects are perceived by a person in changing conditions: under different illumination, from different points of view, from different distances, etc.
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Apperception - the dependence of perception on the personality of the perceiving subject
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Representation is the mental process of reflecting objects or phenomena that are not currently perceived, but are recreated on the basis of our previous experience.
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Characteristics of representation: Visibility (sensory-visual images of reality) Fragmentation; Instability and impermanence. Generalized images. I. P. Pavlov: “Imagination is the first signals on the basis of which a person carries out his activities”
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Memory is a form of mental reflection that consists in consolidating, preserving and subsequently reproducing past experience, making it possible to reuse it in activity or return to the sphere of consciousness. Remembering Storage Reproduction and recognition Forgetting Amnesia Basic memory processes:
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Types of memory: Short-term (operative) Long-term Voluntary (specially learned) Involuntary: information is learned by itself
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125,000,000 megabytes One neuron can store 105 bits on an 18 million CD-ROM drive
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How many words can you remember? Nine Exchange Luggage Ring Thirst Plug Lamp Apple Table Pendulum Army Bank Fire Holder Worm Clock Horse Color Child Sword Table Hold Look Rock Bird
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Aristotle: principle of association Aristotle, I. Sechenov, I. Pavlov – “association is a temporary connection that arises as a result of Action or stimuli” (I. Pavlov)
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Experimental forgetting curve obtained by German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909). The main “forgetting” occurs in the period immediately following memorization - during this period the largest amount of material is lost.
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B.V. Zeigarnik
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Theories of memory: A. Binet and K. Bühler “Meaning theory of memory” L. S. Vygotsky, A. N. Leontiev:
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"Edge effect" - a phenomenon that consisted in the fact that elements located at the beginning and end of a stimulus series were remembered faster than elements located in the middle; Memorization as a whole is more effective than memorization in parts; If the subject knows that the learned material will be useful, he remembers it better. The difficulty of learning is proportional to the volume or length of the stimulus series (for example, a series of syllables); As repetitions increase, the speed of learning decreases. Meaningful material is remembered 9 times faster. FEATURES OF MNEMOTECHNIQUES (MEMORY):
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Attention is a state of direction and concentration of consciousness on any objects while simultaneously distracting from everything else. Direction refers to the selective, selective nature of the course of cognitive activity. Concentration means maintaining attention on one object and ignoring other objects. Types of attention: involuntary, voluntary and post-voluntary.
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INvoluntary ATTENTION - unintentional, passive, emotional. There is a connection between the object of attention and the emotions, interests, and needs of a person. VOLUNTARY ATTENTION depends not on the characteristics of the object, but on the goal or task set by the individual. POST-VOLUNTARY ATTENTION is attention that arises on the basis of voluntary attention, after it, when volitional efforts are no longer required to maintain it.
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Properties of attention: Focus (concentration) of attention on some objects and its distraction from others. Stability of attention is manifested in the ability to maintain a state of attention for a long time on any object, subject of activity, without being distracted or weakening attention. Switchability of attention - transfer from one object to another, from one type of activity to another. Distribution of attention - the ability to distribute attention over a significant space, simultaneously perform several types of activities or perform several different actions. Attention span is determined by the amount of information that is simultaneously (simultaneously) stored in the person’s area of increased attention.
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Schulte ER table (T1 T2 T3 T4 T5) / 5,
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The degree of workability (DP) is calculated by the formula: BP T1 / ER The result is less than 1.0 - an indicator of good workability; accordingly, the higher the 1.0 this indicator, the more preparation the subject needs for the main job. Mental stability (endurance) is calculated by the formula: PU T4 / ER A result indicator less than 1.0 indicates good mental stability, respectively, the higher this indicator, the worse the test person’s mental stability to perform tasks.
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Thinking is the most generalized and indirect form of mental reflection, establishing connections and relationships between cognizable objects. It is important to note two more features of thinking: Connection with action. Connection with speech. Human thinking is verbal thinking.
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The function of thinking is to expand the boundaries of knowledge by going beyond the limits of sensory perception. The task of thinking is to reveal relationships between objects, identify connections and separate them from random coincidences.
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TYPES OF THINKING By form BY DEGREE OF NOVELTY AND ORIGINALITY BY NATURE OF PROBLEMS SOLVED BY DEGREE OF DEVELOPMENT VISUAL-ACTIVE Visual-figurative Abstract-logical Reproductive (reproducing) Productive (creative) Theoretical Practical Discursive intuitive
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Types of thinking Visual-effective thinking: Visual-figurative thinking operating with “actions” Verbal-logical (abstract) thinking operating with images Operating with symbols -
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Comparison Basic mental operations mental correlation and highlighting what is common in two or more different phenomena or situations mental correlation of any objects and highlighting what is common or different in them Isolating essential properties of an object while abstracting from non-essential ones mental correlation, comparison, establishing connections between different elements mental dissection subject, phenomenon, situation and identification of constituent elements, parts, moments, sides Analysis Mental operations Generalization Abstraction Synthesis
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Speech and its functions: Through speech, the psychology and experience of one person becomes accessible to other people, enriches them, contributes to their development. In terms of its vital significance, speech is multifunctional in nature. It is not only a means of communication, but also a means of thinking, a carrier of consciousness, memory, information, a means of controlling the behavior of other people and regulating a person’s own behavior.
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It is important to distinguish language from speech. Language is a system of conventional symbols with the help of which combinations of sounds are transmitted that have a certain meaning and meaning for people. Speech is a set of spoken or perceived sounds that have the same meaning and the same meaning as the corresponding system of written signs. Speech without language acquisition is impossible, while language can exist and develop relatively independently of a person, according to laws not related to either his psychology or his behavior. The connecting link between language and speech is the meaning of a word. It is expressed both in units of language and in units of speech.
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HUMAN COGNITIVE PROCESSES Lidiya Ivanovna Teplova, Associate Professor of the Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, room 430-b, e-mail: [email protected] General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.Slide 2
General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Basic questions 1. Sensation. Types of sensations. 2. Perception, properties of perception. 3. Attention. Types of attention and its main properties. 4. Memory, types of memory. Patterns of memory. 5. Thinking, types of thinking. Development of thinking. 6. Imagination, types of imagination. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Key concepts Sensations perception objectivity constancy integrity attention stability distribution switching memory reminiscence interference imagination thinking thought processes and actions General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Feeling. Types of sensations Sensations are a reflection of individual properties of an object. Types (modalities) of sensations: smell, taste, touch, hearing, vision. Systematic classification of sensations: introceptive ones come from signals from the internal environment of the body: intestines, stomach, circulatory system. Provide regulation of elementary drives. proprioceptive come from deep muscles and articular surfaces. They provide information about the position of the body in space and the position of the musculoskeletal system, and provide regulation of movement. extraceptive Touch, taste, smell, hearing, vision. They provide signals from the outside world and create the basis for conscious behavior. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Perception. Types and properties of perception Perception is a holistic reflection of objects in the human mind with their direct impact at the moment on the senses. There is a certain generalization in the act of perception. The leading properties of human perception Integrity - images of perception are holistic, complete, objectively formed structures. Objectivity - not only a complex of properties is perceived, but this complex is evaluated as a specific object: “table”, “house”, etc. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Meaningfulness – understanding a thing simultaneously with its perception; perception occurs in the context of meaning. This reflects the connection between perception and thinking. Constancy is the relative constancy of the shape, size and color of an object, regardless of changes in the conditions of perception. Selectivity is the preferential selection of some objects over others, due to the characteristics of the subject of perception (experience, interests, needs). Structurality is a property that allows you to perceive objects in the totality of their stable connections and relationships. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Holistic perception of the face despite the loss of a number of elements of its contour. Unformed integrity. This could be a child's drawing. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Attention, types and basic properties of attention Attention is the direction and concentration of a person on certain objects while simultaneously distracting from others. Classification of types of attention (basis: personality activity) (N. F. Dobrynin). INVONITORY POST-VOLUNTARY A person's attention is directly attracted by either a strong, novel, or interesting stimulus. is characteristic only of humans and belongs to the highest mental functions. The process of forming voluntary attention was described by L. S. Vygotsky: pointing gesture + word = selection of an object from the rest, fixation. characteristic only of man; arises on the basis of stable voluntary attention and interest in the object, after which attention becomes similar to involuntary. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Qualities of attention Volume of attention is the number of incoming signals or ongoing associations that can remain in the center of clear consciousness, acquiring a dominant character. The attention span is 7–9 units. Stability is the duration with which selected elements can maintain their dominant character. Concentration of attention is the subject’s concentration on an object, the strength of his absorption in this object. Distribution of attention – the ability to simultaneously perform several types of actions. Switchability is the ability to intentionally shift attention from one object to another. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Memory, types of memory. Patterns of memory Memory is the imprinting (recording), preservation and reproduction of traces of past experience. Types of memory according to the nature of mental activity, predominant in activity: motor, emotional, figurative, verbal and logical General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * By the nature of the goal involuntary voluntary By the degree of participation of thinking Semantic Mechanical By the time of preservation short-term long-term General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Patterns of memory 1. The average volume of mechanical short-term memory is 5–7 elements after the first reading. 2. The volume of memory varies depending on the method of presentation: people with dominant auditory memory better remember verbalized material, etc. 3. The quality of memorization depends on what goal or setting was set. 4. With repeated presentation of the same material, the number of retained elements gradually increases. 5. The longer the row, the smaller the number of elements retained in memory. Thus, a row of 4–5 units is remembered by 100%, and a row of 9–10 units by 40%. 6. When memorizing a long series, its beginning and end are best reproduced from memory (“edge effect”). General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * 7. When storing memorized material, the phenomenon of retroactive interference may be revealed. It is the result of the interaction of variables such as the similarity between two tasks and the amount of material being learned. If the subject’s activity between memorization and recall is low, then the mnemonic material is better preserved. 8. With high activity of the subject, involuntary memorization can be more productive than voluntary memorization, if the latter is carried out on the basis of less active intellectual activity of the subject. 9. The phenomenon of reminiscence. It is understood as delayed reproduction of mnemonic responses that the subject could not reproduce before, provided that from the moment of memorization the subject did not engage in additional exercise in performing this task. 10. The Zeigarnik effect” is a feature of involuntary memorization, which lies in the fact that interrupted activity is remembered better than completed or monotonous activity, since the interrupted intention maintains a state of tension in the nervous system. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Drawing by E. Boring. The same element, included in different integral structures, is perceived differently. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Thinking, types of thinking. Development of thinking Thinking is an indirect and generalized reflection of reality in its essential connections and relationships. Types of thinking According to development in ontogenesis Visual-effective Visual-figurative Verbal-logical General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * By means of action verbal non-verbal By the degree of reflection reflexive intuitive By the degree of novelty of the resulting product in relation to the subject’s knowledge productive reproductive General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * By type of problem to be solved practical theoretical Qualities of thinking independence criticality speed depth flexibility General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Basic thought processes and actions Analysis is the mental process of dividing a complex object into its constituent parts or characteristics. Synthesis is a mental operation that allows you to connect parts into a whole. Comparison - establishing similarities and differences between objects. Classification is the distribution of objects (concepts) into classes according to the most essential features inherent in some objects (concepts) and distinguishing them from other objects (concepts). General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Basic thought processes and actions Inference is a form of thinking in which a definite conclusion is given based on several judgments. There are inductive, deductive and analogical reasoning. Pyotr Petrovich always drinks tea with Fyodor Fedorovich. Fyodor Fedorovich is drinking tea now. Does Pyotr Petrovich drink tea now? All metals allow electric current to pass through. Iron is a metal. Does it pass current? Composer: song = architect:7 Generalization is the mental unification of objects and phenomena according to their common and essential characteristics General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Verbal-logical thinking Three characteristics of a concept as a logical category: the content of the concept; volume; connections and relationships of this concept with others. Content is understood as a set of essential properties of a class of objects. Concepts can be simple or complex in content. The scope of a concept is the number of objects covered by the concept. There are: single concepts (equal to one), general (more than 1), categories (concepts of a broad degree of generality, for example: energy, matter). Connections and relationships of a concept with others: a distinction is made between generic (concepts that reflect the essential general characteristics of a class of objects and includes other concepts of a lesser degree of generality) and specific (concepts subordinate to generic ones). General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Qualities of thinking independence criticality speed depth flexibility General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * There are 4 levels of concept acquisition (N. A. Menchinskaya) 1st level – diffuse-scattered. At this level, the subject has an idea of what the concept means, but he cannot name the features that distinguish this concept from others. Level 2 – signs are named, without differentiating them into essential and secondary. Level 3 – essential features are acquired, secondary ones are called, but all this is connected with a single image, which served as a support in the formation of the concept, for example: a picture, an illustration. Thus, the concept seems to be learned, but the signs are not generalized. Level 4 – the concept has been mastered fully and accurately. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Basic functions of imagination 1. Representation of reality in images and the ability to use them when solving problems. 2. Regulation of emotional relationships. 3. Formation of a person’s internal plan. 4. Planning and programming activities. 5. Voluntary regulation of cognitive processes and human states. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. Slide 26
General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Forms of synthesis of ideas in the processes of imagination Agglutination is a combination of qualities, properties, parts of an object that are not combined in reality. Hyperbolization is an increase or decrease in an object, a change in the quality of its parts. Sharpening – emphasizing any features. Schematization is smoothing out the differences between objects and identifying similarities between them. Typification is the selection of the essential, repeating in homogeneous phenomena and its embodiment in a specific image. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Questions for independent work 1. Explain the following fact: if a person walks through an unfamiliar area for the first time, looking for a road on his own, then he easily finds it again; if he walks with a companion, to whom the road is well known, it will be difficult for the person to travel this path independently next time. Why? 2. Is the expression true: “Perception is the sum of sensations?” 3. The student was asked to find a generalizing word for the following two concepts: kilometer - meter. To complete the task correctly, what mental action must the student perform? 4. Think about how the memory of an animal differs from the memory of a person? 5. A child in the preparatory group was asked to solve the problem: “Mom ate 3 candies, and the son 2. How many candies did they eat?” The boy refused to solve the problem, arguing that this does not happen. Explain the child's behavior. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Literature 1. Vygotsky L. S. Psychology of imagination / L. S. Vygotsky. – M., 1992. 2. Vygotsky L. S. Development of higher mental functions / L. S. Vygotsky. – M., 1960. 3. Granovskaya R. M. Elements of practical psychology / R. M. Granovskaya. – St. Petersburg, 1997. 4. Gregory R. L. Eye and brain. Psychology of visual perception / R. L. Gregory. – M., 1979. 5. Demidov V. E. How we see what we see / V. E. Demidov. – M., 1987. 6. Luria A.R. A little book about great memory / A.R. Luria. – M., 1968. 7. Luria A.R. Sensation and perception: materials for a course in general psychology / A.R. Luria. – M., 1975. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I. * Literature 8. Luria A. R. Attention. Memory. Materials for the course on general psychology / A. R. Luria. – M., 1975. 9. Petukhov V.V. Psychology of thinking: educational manual / V.V. Petukhov. – M., 1987. 10. Platonov K.K. Entertaining psychology / K.K. Platonov. – M., 1964. 11. Cognitive processes and abilities in learning / ed. V. D. Shadrikova. – M., 1990. 12. Psychology of sensation and perception: a reader: a textbook for universities / ed. Yu. B. Gippenreiter, V. V. Lyubimova, M. B. Mikhalevskaya. – M., 2002. 13. Psychology of memory: a reader / ed. Yu. B. Gippenreiter, V. Ya. Romanova. – M., 2002. General psychology. Copiriht Teplova L.I.
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Text content of presentation slides: PRESENTATION ON PSYCHOLOGY on the topic: TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT Performed by: Murtazaev Niyazi Skladanyuk Mikhail A little about the project In this project you will get acquainted with the characteristics of each type of temperament, learn about how this or that type of temperament manifests itself in human behavior. You will find something new and interesting for yourself! CONTENTS Concept of temperamentTypes of temperamentTestCharacteristics of temperamentTemperament and properties of the nervous systemEysenck's circleType of temperament depending on personality traits TestManifestation of personality traits depending on temperament “Let's rest!!!” Temperament (from the Latin temperamentum - the proper ratio of parts), mental characteristics that explain a person’s course of action in a given situation. Reflects the dynamic rather than the content side of mental activity. There are two leading characteristics: Activity in which a person interacts with the outside world. It manifests itself in the pace, speed, intensity of actions; Emotionality, which is expressed in sensitivity, impulsiveness and impressionability. The concept of temperament content Types of temperaments content temperament phlegmatic melancholic choleric sanguine Let's do a little test! Do you want to know about your temperament type? For the test you will need a piece of paper and a pen! Columns will be given to you: from the columns, select the characteristics that most suit you; after calculating the results, determine your temperament. (test is given on the next slide) SANGUINECAREFREE-FrivolousAliveActiveSociableResponsiveTalkativeFastWorkaholicChatterboxEloquentSuperficialSensitiveChattyFriendlyEasy to adaptBrightImpatientIrresponsibleUnreliableFickleFlexibleGenerousEasy Happy CHOLERICA Impulsive Restless Hot-tempered Active Excitable Healthy Aggressive Leader Strong Energetic Extrovert Impatient Initiator Noisy Practical Efficient Forgetful Athletic Competitive Hardy Dominant Intolerant Stubborn Angry Active MELANCHOLIC Pessimistic sadSadSeriousNervousSelf-absorbedQuietRestrainedClosedBoringDownheartedThoughtfulDemandingVulnerableReaderSlowGloomyThinkerIntelligentGoodmemoryContemplativeUngratefulUnsatisfiedSelflessInconsolablePhlegmaticAttentiveMethodicalBalancePassivePeaceful Willow Thoughtful Calm Restrained Relaxed Unhurried Slow Unyielding Measured Quiet Absorbed Self-Control Dreamy Loving routine work Slow learner Persistent Stubborn Shy Wise Dull Characteristics of temperaments Sanguine This is a person of a very cheerful disposition. He seems to be an optimist, full of hope, a humorist, a joker, a jokester. A sanguine person quickly ignites, but cools down just as quickly, losing interest in what just recently excited him and attracted him to himself. He promises a lot, but does not always keep his promises, easily and happily comes into contact with strangers, and is a good conversationalist. He is distinguished by kindness and willingness to help. Intense mental and physical work quickly tires. A sanguine person is very active, energetic, he has lively movements and rich facial expressions. Under unfavorable conditions and lack of education, a sanguine person may develop haste, frivolity in actions, and inattention. An example of a sanguine temperament is the famous d’Artagnan, the impetuous, addicted hero of Dumas. Characteristics of melancholic temperaments A person with a melancholic temperament usually lives a complex and intense inner life, attaches great importance to everything that concerns him, has increased anxiety and a vulnerable soul. A melancholic person is almost always a reserved person and does not waste words. When he cannot fulfill his promise, he sincerely suffers, even if he knows that nothing depended on him. Apparently, Prince Hamlet and Eugene Onegin were typical melancholic people. Characteristics of choleric temperament Such a person is usually very quick-tempered, hot-tempered and unrestrained. At the same time, the choleric person quickly cools down and calms down if they yield to him and meet him. His emotional movements are impetuous, but short-lived, his mood often changes. Let us remember the knight Don Quixote, who quickly replaced anger with mercy, and noble rage with despondency. Characteristics of phlegmatic temperaments The owner of this temperament is cold-blooded. He is more prone to inactivity than to hard, active work. Such a person slowly becomes agitated, but also gradually calms down. The facial expressions and movements of a phlegmatic person are inexpressive and slow. Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, who spent all his time on the sofa, in a lazy half-asleep, is a bright phlegmatic. In life, you rarely encounter “one hundred percent” phlegmatic or sanguine people, since most people combine traits of different temperaments. Contents Temperament and properties of the nervous system Certain stable combinations of properties of the nervous system form types of higher nervous activity, or in short – types of VNI. Temperament, according to I.P. Pavlov, is a mental manifestation of the general type of the nervous system, and the types of GNI can be correlated with the classification of temperaments: “living” type of GNI – strong, balanced, easily adaptable (sanguine) “unrestrained” type of GNI – strong, unbalanced, mobile, great vital energy, lack of self-control, quick-tempered, unrestrained (choleric) “inert” type of GNI – strong, calm, slow (phlegmatic) “weak” type of GNI – poor resistance to environmental stimuli, passivity, high sensitivity (melancholic) content Type of temperament depending on personality traits The famous English psychologist Eysenck proposed defining the type of temperament depending on personality traits: 1) extraversion - introversion 2) neuroticism - emotional stability Extroverts are characterized by sociability, the desire to be among people, impulsiveness, flexibility of behavior, great initiative and high social adaptability. Introverts are characterized by: unsociability, withdrawal, a rich inner world, social passivity, and a tendency to introspection. The indicator “extroversion - introversion” characterizes an individual’s psychological orientation either to the world of external objects (extraversion) or to the internal subjective world (introversion). The indicator of “neuroticism” characterizes a person in terms of emotional stability. The type indicator is biopolar and forms a scale, at one pole of which there are people characterized by high emotional stability, and at the other - nervous, unstable and poorly adapted individuals. content open stability hot-tempered neuroticism Eysenck Circle S F X M introversion extraversion INSTABILITY touchy anxious impressionable pessimistic unsociable uncommunicative reserved optimistic leading impulsive aggressive susceptible to violence irritable passive diligent thoughtful peace-loving reliable measured calm loving comfort carefree lively accessible talkative sociable STABILITY inflexible content PROV LET'S GO ANOTHER TEST! Do you want Find out who you are: an extrovert or an introvert? You will need a piece of paper and a pen! The questions asked should be answered “yes” or “no” without hesitation. (THE TEST AND KEY TO THE TEST ARE PROVIDED ON THE FOLLOWING SLIDES) Is it true that: You like to sit quietly alone with your thoughts. You get irritated by traffic jams. You like to deeply explore one thing rather than constantly looking for new ones. You feel like you are constantly on the move. You you prefer to talk with a client on the phone than to meet with him. You are annoyed by drivers who drive slowly. You feel uncomfortable if the interlocutor comes too close to you during a conversation. You prefer to take part in theatrical productions rather than watch them. You prefer quiet, passive relaxation to active ones. You like it when a lot of interesting things are happening at the same time. You try to avoid meeting people. You prefer when the characters in a novel act rather than talk. Sometimes you want to relax. You agree with the statement: “The more the merrier.” You like to reflect on your life. There are times when you feel explosive energy and you need to act immediately. You prefer to work alone. You are more attracted to work, requiring immediate action rather than long deliberation. You rarely talk about yourself to your friends. You like to make a little noise with close friends or even people you know. Key. If you answered “yes” to eight or more even-numbered questions and “no” to eight or more odd-numbered questions, then you have an extroverted personality. The inverse distribution of positive and negative responses indicates an introspective attitude towards life. contents Manifestation of personality traits depending on temperament Role in communication Self-esteem Self-confidence Friendship and love Movements and gait Appetite Sleep contents Role in communication SANGUINE CHOLERICK PHLEGMATIC MELANCHOLIC entertainer, tries to cheer everyone up, subordinates, adamant, powerful calm, contemplative, ward, defenseless Back to top Self-esteem in depending on temperament unstable, elevated, talks about successes, in everyone's mind the highest, desire for primacy, rival understated, modest, not visible low, shy, keeps a low profile in a group sanguine choleric phlegmatic melancholic Back to top Confidence depending on temperament SANGUINE CHOLERICK PHLEGMATIC MELANCHOLIC hopes for luck self-confident, hides weaknesses no self-confidence, worries about himself, does not lose heart Unsure of everything, exaggerates shortcomings, does not believe in luck Back to top Friendship and love depending on temperament PHLEGMATIC CHOLERIC MELANCHOLIC SANGUINE is friends with few, commands a friend, strongly attached, inclined to anger, jealousy, to a breakup from a tendency to experience sympathy easily, brightly and cheerfully not inclined to express strong feelings, calm attitude towards a partner, amorous, calm affection devotion, submits to a couple, is ashamed to reveal his feelings, monogamous Back to the beginning Movements and gait sanguine choleric phlegmatic melancholic impetuous ,sharp, tense, mobile, fast, “fidgety” slow, smooth, relaxed slow, indecisive Back to top Appetite sanguine choleric phlegmatic melancholic good, “gourmet” eats quickly, greatly reduced appreciates processes, takes his time while eating Back to top Sleep sanguine choleric phlegmatic a melancholic person with colorful dreams sleeps little, wakes up late, works at night, sleeps little, feels tired in the evening, tends to sleep, falls asleep quickly, is difficult to wake up Back to top Let's rest! 1 2 3 4 Imagine: you are sitting on a bench, your hat is lying next to you, a person comes up to you and sits on it! How will you react??? Test results You chose picture number 1, this means that you will behave like a sanguine person in this situation!!! exit Return to test Test results You chose picture number 2, this means that you will behave like a melancholic in this situation!!! exit Return to test Test results You chose picture number 3, this means that you will behave like a choleric person in this situation! !! exit Return to test Test results You chose picture number 4, this means that you will behave like a phlegmatic person in this situation!!! Exit Return to test
mental processes, with the help
which a person gains knowledge
about the world around you and yourself.
Feeling
Feeling -
elementarymental process,
consisting in the reflection of individual
properties, qualities, aspects of objects and
phenomena of the surrounding world and internal
states of the body during
direct impact
irritants to the senses.
Monomodal process
Physiological basis of sensations
Nervousprocess arising
when exposed to an irritant
analyzer.
Analyzer is an anatomical and physiological apparatus for
receiving stimuli
from the external and internal environment and
processing them into sensations.
The emergence of sensations
ExcitationConductive
ways
Center at KGM
irritants
irritation
Organ
sensations
(receptor)
Each analyzer consists of three parts:
Peripheraldepartment (receptor) where it occurs
conversion of external influence energy into
nerve signals.
Afferent (centripetal)
pathways along which excitation
transmitted to the central department of the analyzer, and
efferent (centrifugal) pathways along which
a response is transmitted (back to the receptors).
Central
analyzer department (cortical
projection zones) - a region of the cerebral cortex,
where the transformation of nerve impulses occurs,
coming from peripheral parts.
The role of the sense organs in the occurrence of sensations
1. Information overload2.Sensory deprivation - partial or
complete loss of one or more organs
feelings of external influence. The simplest
deprivation devices such as blindfolds
or earplugs, reduce or remove
effects on vision and hearing, while more
complex devices can “turn off” the sense of smell,
touch, taste, temperature receptors
and vestibular apparatus.
Properties of sensations:
Modality(quality) – the ability to reflect
certain states and forms of matter (light,
sound,
heat),
To
influences
which
This analyzer is physiologically adapted.
Intensity–quantitative
characteristics of sensation; depends on strength
stimulus, functional state
analyzer, duration time
irritant.
Properties of sensations:
Spatiallocalization – spatial
characteristic
Feel,
allowing
exactly
define,
Where
localized
stimulus
V
space;
Duration
– time characteristic of sensation,
defining the time interval during which
the sensation arises, develops and disappears. Depends on
duration of action, strength of stimulus,
functional state of the analyzer.
Types of sensations
Aristotle:Flavoring;
Visual;
Auditory;
Olfactory;
Tactile.
By
the nature of the reflection
receptors are distinguished:
And
place
location
Interoceptive sensations.
Interoreceptors are located in internal organs
and body tissues; combine signals coming from
internal environment of the body (well-being);
2. Exteroceptive sensations. Exteroceptors
located on the surface of the body, reflect
information coming from external stimuli.
Two types: contact (tactile, gustatory,
skin, pain) and distant (visual, auditory,
olfactory).
1.
Classification of sensations (C. Sherrington)
3. Proprioceptive.Proprioceptors are located in
muscles, tendons, joint capsules;
capture position information
bodies in space provide
regulation of our movements.
Classification of sensations by B.G. Ananyev (by modality)
1.Visual2.Auditory
3. Olfactory
4. Flavoring
5. Temperature
6.Tactile (cutaneous-tactile)
7. Musculo-articular (movements)
8. Painful
9.Vestibular (body position in space)
10.Static-dynamic (equilibrium and acceleration)
11.Organic
Classification of sensations by H. Head (by genetic characteristics)
Protopathic (more ancient andprimitive, less
differentiated)
Epicritic (more subtly
differentiated, represent
represents a higher level)
Basic characteristics of sensations
SensitivityThresholds
sensitivity
Range
sensitivity Sensitivity
– ability of the living
organisms respond to changes
environmental and internal environment
manifestation
sensations
(sensory
sensitivity).
Sensitivity thresholds
Lowerabsolute sensitivity threshold
– determined by the minimum value of the stimulus,
in which a barely noticeable sensation occurs;
Upper
absolute sensitivity threshold –
determined by the maximum magnitude of the stimulus,
further increase of which leads to a change
modality of sensation (pain sensation occurs);
Sensitivity range – the interval between the upper
and lower sensitivity thresholds Organs
feelings
The value of the absolute lower threshold of sensitivity
Vision
The ability to perceive flames on a clear, dark night
candles at a distance of up to 48 m from the eye
Hearing
Distinguishing the ticking of a wristwatch in complete silence on
distance up to 6 m
Sensation of the presence of one teaspoon of sugar in
solution containing 8 liters of water
Taste
Smell
The feeling of having perfume with just one drop of it in
premises consisting of 6 rooms
Touch
Feeling the movement of air produced by falling
fly wing onto the skin surface from a height of about 1 cm
1.Sensory adaptation
Promotion or Demotion
sensitivity of analyzers in
as a result of continuous or
long-term exposure to irritants.
Forms of adaptation to the external environment
2. Sensitization - increasesensitivity under the influence
various factors.
3. Desensitization - increase
sensitivity of some analyzers
when others are desensitized
Sensory disorders
Anesthesia - loss of the ability to distinguishvarious types of irritations (for example, with
hysteria)
Hypostesthesia - decreased ability to differentiate
various types of irritations (with
schizophrenia, psychopathy)
Hypersthesia – increased ability
distinguish between different types of irritations (with
asthenic syndrome: visual auditory)
PERCEPTION
Perceptual process Perception is the result of the system's activityanalyzers. It arises based on sensations.
In the course of perception, ordering occurs and
combining sensations into holistic images of things and
events
Perceptual properties:
Objectivity– the ability to reflect objects and
real world phenomena not in the form of unrelated
sensations with each other, but in the form of separate
objects,
possessing
certain
properties;
Integrity – perception is always holistic
image of an object in which individual parts
combined into a single whole;
Selectivity
–
preferential
highlighting some objects over others in
process of perception; Constancy – perception of others
objects as relatively constant in
shape, color and size, regardless of
changing external conditions.
Meaningfulness
- indicates a connection
perception with thinking, with understanding
the essence of objects, their characteristics and
functions.
Structurality - ability to reproduce
a certain structure of space
Apperception - dependence of perception on
content of a person’s mental life, from
characteristics of his personality, his experience, knowledge,
interests and attitudes.
Perception of space
1.Perception of volume and distanceitems.
2. Perception of size and shape.
Possible thanks to:
A. the combined effect of various
analyzers
b. reflex activity of the brain
V. binocular vision
Motion perception
An important role in motion perceptionplays the selection of a figure from the background.
The movement of the object is perceived
which is a figure for a person,
and what is perceived as the background,
remains motionless.
Perception of time
On the subjective assessment of temporaryintervals affect:
1.Environment
2. The task facing the subject
3.Age
4.Motivation
Illusions of perception
Illusions of perception
Thisfalse
or
distorted
perception
surrounding
reality, which makes
perceiver
test
sensual
impression,
Not
true to reality, and
inclines him to erroneous judgments
about the object of perception.
Causes of illusions
falseperson's judgments about the environment
the world;
optical imperfection of our eye;
emotional condition
difficult conditions of perception (not the right word
I heard it)
the object of perception itself provides the prerequisites for
the appearance of illusions.
A classic example of the relationship between figure and ground. You can see both the vase and two faces.
Illusions of size perception
The phenomenon of irradiation.Which of the inner squares is larger? Black or white?
The phenomenon of irradiation is that light objects on dark
the background appears enlarged and seems to capture part of the dark
background. When we look at a light surface against a dark background,
as if the boundaries of this surface are expanding, which seems
larger than its true geometric dimensions.
The Ebbinghaus Illusion (1902)
Baldwin illusion Which line is greater A or B?
They are identicalMuller-Lyer illusion (Franz Muller-Lyer, 1889) (transferring the properties of a whole figure to its individual parts)
Illusion of color perception
The illusion of perspective Which parallelepiped is larger?
Perspective illusion
Perspective illusion
ATTENTION
end-to-end processAttention is the direction and concentration of consciousness on certain objects or certain activities.
Functions of attention
Organizationeducational
activities;
Orientation in the surrounding world
(adaptation);
Component of volitional activity.
Properties of attention
SustainabilityConcentration
Distribution
Switchability
Volume
Properties of attention
1. Stability - duration of concentrationon an object or phenomenon or maintaining the required
intensity of attention for a long time
time
Sustainability of attention is determined by:
characteristics of the body;
2) mental state;
3) motivation;
carrying out activities
Ways to increase attention stability
1. Active interaction with the subject2. Disclosure of new sides in the subject and
connections
3.Creating Emotional Significance
events or situations
Properties of attention
2.Concentrationattention - degree
focusing attention on one object, when
ignoring others when there is interference.
Concentration is determined by:
1) individual physiological
characteristics of the body;
2) mental state;
3) motivation;
4) external circumstances when
carrying out activities
Properties of attention
3. Distribution of attention - opportunitysimultaneous performance by a person of two or
more types of activities.
Depends:
from
psychological and physiological state
person (in case of fatigue, distribution area
attention is sharply narrowed);
on how connected the objects are
depending on how automated and habitual
actions
on the degree of complexity of the actions
Properties of attention
4. Switching attention - abilityquickly switch off from certain types
activities and get involved in new ones,
corresponding to the changed conditions.
May be:
Full and incomplete
Between different activities and
inside one
Depends
from
interest
To
subsequent
activity and temperamental characteristics
Properties of attention
5. Attention span - quantityobjects or elements that can
be simultaneously perceived with
the same degree of clarity and
clarity in one moment.
Attention span formula: 7 ± 2
Types of attention
1. Depending on the degreepersonality activity:
Involuntary
(unintentional)
Voluntary (intentional)
Post-voluntary
(post-voluntary)
Signs of a stimulus that causes involuntary attention
IntensityNovelty
Unusuality
Dynamism
objects
Voluntary attention
active, focused concentrationconsciousness, maintaining the level of which is associated
With
certain
strong-willed
efforts,
necessary to combat external
influences
Focus
Organization
Increased stability
Postvoluntary attention
The kind of attention that persists aftertermination of the stimulus.
Types of attention
2.Depending on quantityparticipants:
Individual
Collective
Group
Types of attention
Depending on the objects to whichit is directed:
External
Internal
Having studied this topic, the student should be able to: define thinking, imagination, speech; basic mental processes; characteristics of attention; classification of memory and attention; forms and processes. The student must have an understanding of: mnemonics (memorization techniques) factors that contribute to attracting and reducing attention
Thinking is the highest form of mental reflection, establishing connections and relationships between cognizable objects and phenomena. (Quoted from Bondarchuk E.I.) Thinking is a socially conditioned cognitive mental process inextricably linked with speech, characterized by a generalized and mediated reflection of connections and relationships between objects in the surrounding reality. (Quoted by Rean)
CONTENTS OF THINKING Mental operations Forms Types Methods Analysis Synthesis Comparison Abstraction Generalization Concretization Concept Judgment Inference Visual-effective Figurative Abstract Induction Deduction Theoretical Practical
Analysis (decomposition, dismemberment) is the mental division of an object or phenomenon into parts, highlighting certain of its elements, properties, connections. Synthesis (connection, composition) is the mental reunification of a whole from parts, the connection of various sides, elements of objects or phenomena into a single whole.
Forms of thinking A concept is a thought that reflects the most general, essential and distinctive features of objects and phenomena of reality. For example: textbook, student, teacher. Judgment is a form of thinking that contains an affirmation or denial of the connection between objects and phenomena. For example: Today is a sunny day. Inference is a form of thinking in which, based on several judgments, a new judgment is derived, called a conclusion or consequence.
Types of thinking Visual-effective – thinking directly involved in activity. Figurative - thinking carried out on the basis of images, ideas of what a person perceived before. Abstract – carried out on the basis of abstract concepts that are not represented figuratively.
Theoretical thinking: aimed at knowing the most general laws and rules; operates with the most general categories and abstract concepts (scientific concepts, theories, methodological foundations of science) and forms the basis of scientific creativity. Types of thinking
Intelligence is an internal structure that selects, organizes and transforms information. Intelligence is a device for adaptation, since its presence allows you to act intelligently, quickly adapt to changes and learn. (J. Piaget and D. Wexler)
Methods for solving creative problems and searching for creative ideas, brainstorming method, focal object method, test question method
Stages of creativity (according to G. Wallace) Preparation (the birth of an idea). Maturation (concentration, “contraction” of knowledge directly and indirectly related to a given problem, obtaining missing information). Insight (intuitive grasp of the desired result). Examination.
1. What is the importance of cognitive processes in human life? 2. What is attention? 3. What types and properties of attention can you name? 4. Characterize memory as a mental cognitive process. 5. What memory classifications do you know? 6. Name and characterize memory processes. 7. Name the reasons that affect memory productivity. 8. List the main stages of logical memorization. 9. What is mnemonics? 10. What techniques for productive memorization of information do you know? Control questions
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