Lead is a metal with a silvery-white color and a bluish tint. In the periodic system of chemical elements, he was assigned the number 82. The metal has a fairly wide popularity. Not a deficiency. Easy to mine and process.
| Characteristic | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Atom properties | |
| Name, symbol, number | Lead / Plumbum (Pb), 82 |
| Atomic mass (molar mass) | 207.2(1) a. e.m. (g/mol) |
| Electronic configuration | 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
| Atom radius | 175 pm |
| Chemical properties | |
| covalent radius | 147 pm |
| Ion radius | (+4e) 84 (+2e) 120 pm |
| Electronegativity | 2.33 (Pauling scale) |
| Electrode potential | Pb←Pb2+ -0.126 VPb←Pb4+ 0.80 V |
| Oxidation states | 4, 2, 0 |
| Ionization energy (first electron) | 715.2 (7.41) kJ/mol (eV) |
| Thermodynamic properties of a simple substance | |
| Density (at n.a.) | 11.3415 g/cm³ |
| Melting temperature | 600.61K (327.46°C, 621.43°F) |
| Boiling temperature | 2022K (1749°C, 3180°F) |
| Oud. heat of fusion | 4.77 kJ/mol |
| Oud. heat of evaporation | 177.8 kJ/mol |
| Molar heat capacity | 26.65 J/(K mol) |
| Molar volume | 18.3 cm³/mol |
| The crystal lattice of a simple substance | |
| Lattice structure | cubic face-centered |
| Lattice parameters | 4.950 Å |
| Debye temperature | 88.00 K |
| Other characteristics | |
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 35.3 W/(m K) |
According to the content of various impurities, the following types of lead are distinguished:
- C1 - primary lead, having in its composition the amount of impurities equal to 0.015%. It is considered the highest quality product that is not affected by aggressive environments and corrosion.
- C2 - somewhat similar to the previous type, but has a slightly higher percentage of impurities - 0.05%. Its cost differs from the cost of C1 downwards.
- C3 - primary lead, having in its composition the maximum amount of impurities equal to 0.1%. It is this type of lead that is the main raw material for the production of ingots and ingots.
It is worth noting that mankind has been familiar with lead since ancient times. Evidence of this are archaeological finds, including lead beads from 6400 BC, a statuette of a standing young lady in a long skirt, which dates back to the time of the first dynasty of Egypt, and many other items. The figurine dates from 3100 - 2900. BC. It is currently on display at the British Museum. Thus, scientists came to the conclusion that lead smelting was one of the first metallurgical processes mastered by people. In those distant times, the palm for the production of lead belonged to Ancient Rome, which produced about 80 thousand tons of material per year.
Native lead is difficult to find in nature. However, the number of rocks in which lead has been found is vast, ranging from sedimentary to ultramafic intrusive. In such formations, as a rule, it forms intermetallic compounds and alloys with other elements. Lead is an integral element in the composition of 80 different minerals, the main ones being galena, cerussite anglesite, tillite, betechninite, jamsonite, boulangerite. Also, its content in uranium and thorium ores is constant.
Lead mining
As already mentioned, lead is a fairly common element. Its deposits are found on the territory of many countries, including: Russia, Australia, Kazakhstan and many others.
Lead is obtained mainly by smelting polymetallic ores: lead-zinc, copper-lead-zinc. As a rule, they also contain other components, for example, gold, silver, bismuth, arsenic.
Lead production is carried out according to a certain scheme, which consists of the extraction of raw materials, the preparation of a charge, agglomerating roasting, shaft smelting, fire refining of crude material.
In order to obtain a self-melting final product, when calculating the charge, if possible, calculations of its content are made. This avoids the introduction of fluxes during melting.
Of all the minerals in the course of metal production, galena - lead sulfide, cerussite - carboxylic salt, anglesite - sulfate have an advantage. The maximum metal content in the ore is 8-9%. This indicator indicates the economically unprofitable extraction of the product. In this regard, the ore, before extracting lead from it, is enriched in various ways, after which lead is obtained from it. However, it is much more rational to use a richer ore for the extraction of lead - sulfide.
About 40% of the metal is obtained in the process of processing secondary raw materials. It should be noted that lead has a very high toxicity, and therefore absolutely every finished product containing lead in its composition is subject to special disposal. In this regard, today there are technologies that allow not to dispose of heavy metal, but to process a hazardous product. Recycled materials are usually used for the manufacture of various alloys.
Getting lead
Due to the fact that the ore from which lead is extracted has a rather complex structure, it is carefully processed for a long period and only then sent for smelting. So, the whole process of lead production from ore consists of the following steps:
- ore grinding;
- ore flotation. It is worth saying that it has various options for implementation, depending on the nature of the ore. There are two main flotation methods: collective and direct selective. The latter method is used many times more often. It is associated with the sequential release of lead, copper and zinc concentrates through the use of various chemical reagents.
Among the main industrial methods for obtaining lead are:
- Pyrometallurgical. In this case, absolutely all components of the material are melted. This method is the most common in metallurgy.
- Hydrometallurgical. When using this method, the concentrates are decomposed, for which solvents are used, after which the lead is reduced by chemical methods.
- reduction smelting, which is a universal method applicable to ore containing any amount of substance and any additives;
- shaft melting, in which the melting of the product occurs in a reducing atmosphere;
- reflective melt. Not currently in use;
- mountain smelting. As well as reflective, it is not used;
- precipitation melt. Thanks to its use, it is possible to obtain a substance from the ore, bypassing the preliminary roasting;
- alkali melt. It is used for smelting lead concentrate, which is heated to 850 0 C with alkaline soda. The output is a fairly pure metal and an alkaline alloy.
Lead Application
The scope of use of metal is quite wide. Its connections are used:
- for the manufacture of mixed explosives (lead nitrate);
- as a detonator (lead azide);
- for the production of flotation fluid (lead perchlorate);
- as a cathode material in chemical current sources (lead fluoride alone or along with bismuth, copper, silver fluoride);
- as a cathode material in lithium batteries (lead bismuthate, lead sulfide);
- as a thermoelectric material (lead telluride);
- putty, cement, and also lead-carbonate paper are made with lead white;
- in agriculture to control insects and various other pests (lead arsenate and arsenate);
- in art. With the help of lead borate, which is an insoluble white powder, paintings and varnishes are dried;
- for coating glass and porcelain;
- in the production of ointments that are intended for the treatment of tumors (lead chloride);
- in the paint and varnish industry as a pigment in the production of paints (lead chromate, giving a yellow color);
- in the production of matches (lead nitrate);
- as well as in nuclear reactors, as an additive for gasoline;
- as a solder, for figured casting of bearings;
- in medicine and geology.
It should be noted that this is not a complete list of possible applications of lead, its alloys and compounds.
Lead is purchased by Metall-Snab at the best price in Moscow. We provide appropriate documentary support, technical equipment for the dismantling of structures of any type of complexity, competent personnel, as well as specialized transport. As a result, you get rid of unnecessary metal dumps, and in return you receive a financial reward.
Price per kg for lead scrap
Acceptance of lead at a price favorable to the client takes place in Moscow. Thanks to a wide range of services, there is no need to spend a lot of time looking for transport or movers, we will do everything for you. On your part, you only need to contact the manager and leave him a request for the export of scrap metal. Lead scrap prices in Moscow are the most favorable. To verify this, it is enough to study the price on the website or consult with a company specialist.
How to get lead?
Lead refers to scrap iron ore or its alloys with carbon, steel, cast iron or other ferroalloys. The quality and cost of lead scrap metal directly depends on the amount of impurities.
Today, on the shelves of stores there is a huge assortment of all kinds of weights and shots. But at the same time, most people, for example, fishermen, prefer products that they made with their own hands. In this case, we mean lead weights. Since the products are small, they can get lost. Therefore, consumers are concerned about where to get the material for making the casting.
Lead belongs to the category of non-ferrous metals. It is characterized by good anti-corrosion properties. No wonder lead is used in shipbuilding. The material is absolutely not susceptible to the effects of X-rays, as well as radioactive radiation. Due to these characteristics, special protective sheets are made from lead, which provide a person with protection from intense radiation. There is a known case when, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, helicopters were equipped with containers filled with lead.
Now lead is used in fishing and hunting, in repair and construction work. It is inexpensive and is always available. Lead is soft, so it will not be difficult to attach it to the fishing line without the use of any special devices.
Getting lead is not difficult if you know where and how to get it:
- From the battery. You can take it at landfills or scrap metal collection points. Often, old batteries are in their own garages. If you know car owners, then ask them for an old battery, they will be happy to get rid of unnecessary trash, and you will get the necessary lead. In batteries, lead is presented in the form of special plates. Since any non-ferrous metal is easy to melt, you can use this feature when working with lead. First you need to disassemble the battery and get the lead plates. Since these elements are in acid, it is recommended to dry them before heating and melting. On the advice of experts, drying of parts should not be less than six hours. Melting lead plates takes about one hour. As a result, you can get about one kilogram of raw materials. Whether it is worth spending time on this type of work, everyone decides for himself;
- From sinkers intended for fishing. If there are no fishing enthusiasts among your acquaintances, and there was no battery at the nearest scrap metal collection point, then experienced specialists recommend using non-ferrous metal, which can be purchased in the fishing products department. In this case, the purchased lead sinkers will have to be melted for quite some time. If we evaluate this method in terms of price, then for one kilogram of lead you will have to pay about 200-250 rubles;
- From car wheels. Yes, that's right, lead can be obtained from car tires. The products are equipped with special balancing weights, which, if necessary, can be dismantled and used for other than their intended purpose. One weight has a weight of about 50-60g, so one kilogram of lead will cost about 50 rubles. This option is widely used by beginners who still have no idea where to get lead and how to work with it. Lead with various additives is also widely used. As a rule, babbitt impurities are added to lead; it is a low-melting antifriction alloy. It consists of components such as tin and antimony;
- From the counter. If you have friends who are employees of a water utility or power grid, then there will be no problems finding a meter. Products are made from lead. In an already dismantled counter, it is of no value, so you can safely take it from there.
In fact, there are quite a few options for extracting lead, you just need to choose for yourself one that turns out to be less laborious and has little financial cost.
Lead is used in industry (machine building, instrument making, electrical engineering, metallurgy). But it is not uncommon for raw materials to be formed as a result of non-production activities, for example, deformed products, worn-out metal constructors, broken equipment, old batteries, accumulators, or others. Such household scrap is a frequent subject of delivery to the company's collection points.
Many enterprises in our country have devoted their activities to the processing of lead and scrap metal. The demand for the processing of raw materials is explained by the following reasons:
- waste metals have a number of chemical elements that have a negative impact on the environment. By handing over scrap to specialized points, you make the world cleaner, really helping nature;
- for the remelting of scrap metal, it is necessary to use electricity, coal, as well as human labor. By processing scrap metal, enterprises receive finished rolled products, pipes of various diameters, metal profiles of various types, fittings, cast iron and much more. Many civilized countries have already switched to the reusable use of natural resources;
- the social side of the issue is the elimination of metal waste.
Metall-Snab has been working in this industry for many years. In Moscow, there are numerous points for receiving metal waste of any scale. We interact with all clients.
On the shelves of specialized stores there is a wide range of different weights and shots. Nevertheless, judging by the numerous reviews, most avid fishermen and hunters prefer to use products not of factory, but of their own manufacture. Due to the fact that the shot is a consumable material, and sinkers are often lost, the hunter and fisherman have a constant need for this raw material.
It is this category of consumers who is interested in where to get lead for casting? According to experts, there are several effective ways to extract lead. Information on where to get lead for sinkers and shots can be found in this article.
Introduction to the material
Lead is and has excellent anti-corrosion properties, thanks to which this chemical element is used in the manufacture of protective coatings in shipbuilding.
Lead is immune to X-ray and radioactive radiation. For this reason, special protective sheets are made from this metal, the task of which is to protect a person from intense radiation.
After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, reactive substances were transported by helicopters in containers surrounded by lead ingots.
The most common areas of application of this metal are fishing and hunting. Due to the fact that lead is inexpensive and easily melted, it is easy to make a projectile for firearms or a sinker for fishing tackle from it.
Due to the softness of lead, such a weight is easily crimped and it will be easy to attach it to the fishing line without additional devices. If there are usually no difficulties with melting, then the question of where you can get lead is very relevant. The following are some popular lead mining methods.
From battery
For those who are interested in where to get lead, experienced anglers and hunters recommend paying attention to the battery. It won't be too hard to find him. Enough to go to the scrap metal collection point. In this case, you will have to spend a little. Those who want to save money can be advised to look for it in a landfill. Old batteries often gather dust in motorists' garages. If you know motorists you know, you're in luck. The owner will be only too happy to get rid of such rubbish. Judging by the numerous reviews, it is the batteries that are considered the most common source for the extraction of lead, which is presented in the form of special plates. Non-ferrous metal is easy to melt.
How to extract?
Having obtained a battery, beginners often ask the question of what to do next. Experts recommend doing a complete disassembly. Only in this case will it be possible to remove the lead plates. Since they are in acid, they must be dried before melting. Judging by the reviews, it will take at least six hours to disassemble. The plates dry within a day. Remelting will take one hour. In general, one battery will have to be transported for at least a day and a half. As a result, after remelting the plates, up to two kilograms of lead can be mined. Whether it is worth spending time on this, everyone decides for himself.
From fishing weights
If there are no familiar motorists, and not a single battery was found at the scrap metal point and the person does not know where to get lead, experienced craftsmen recommend purchasing this non-ferrous metal in the fishing products department. However, this method is less effective, since you will first have to buy lead sinkers, and only then melt them. 1 kg of lead costs about 200 - 250 rubles. Nevertheless, already with the necessary raw materials in a handicraft way, you can make good shot for ammunition.
From car wheels
Another option where to get lead is a car service. Since the car wheel is equipped with special balancing weights, if necessary, they can be dismantled and used for other than their intended purpose.
According to experts, one such weight weighs 50-60 g. Judging by the numerous reviews, 1 kg will cost no more than 50 rubles. For beginners and those who have no idea where to get lead, experts recommend using car weights.
But today, lead is not used in its pure form as a material for their manufacture. Often this is zinc with impurities of babbitt - fusible. The composition may include antimony and tin. In addition to weights for wheels, lead is also mined from plain bearings, less often from sealing gaskets.
From counter
This method is suitable for those who have friends who work in the water utility and the power grid. Employees of these services quite often have to deal with meters, put or break seals. They are made of lead and are no longer of value when dismantled, so regular deliveries of this non-ferrous metal can be arranged.
Where to get a lot of lead?
According to experts, you can use a communication cable with a lead sheath. Lead is used to make the coating, which, judging by the reviews, is very soft and can be easily removed with a regular knife. Depending on the cable brand, the thickness of its protective layer can vary from 1 to 2 mm. Due to the fact that bitumen is applied on top of the lead coating, and the product itself is wrapped with steel tape, those who want to get low-melting non-ferrous metal will have to tinker pretty much.
Experienced masters recommend that beginners perform this procedure at sub-zero temperatures. In this case, the bitumen is much easier to separate. Bituminous substances melt well. It is enough just to hold the cable over the fire for a while. The bitumen will flare up and it will be much easier to remove it. According to experts, it is lead sheaths that provide the largest amount of the required metal. Compared to lead extracted from a battery, cable is much cleaner.
In addition, during the melting of battery plates, a lot of debris remains, which is often more than the non-ferrous metal itself. For this reason, before starting to melt, the plates are carefully tapped. The main purpose of these actions is to get rid of the filler. Otherwise, there will be a lot of unnecessary slag in the container with molten lead.
Can be ordered from supplier
Those who have already tried all the methods and no longer know where to get lead can be recommended to order non-ferrous metal from the manufacturer. Judging by the numerous reviews, in this case, about 170 rubles will have to be paid for 1 kg of a fusible substance. Much cheaper, about three times, you can buy lead at a non-ferrous metal collection point.
Finally
No matter how lead is mined, when working with it, it is necessary to adhere to safety precautions. Lead is a very toxic substance and should be smelted in a well ventilated or exhausted area. Many home craftsmen prefer to work with him outdoors. If this recommendation is neglected, then the released electrolyte vapors can cause irreparable harm to human health. In addition, in order not to get burned, you should be as careful as possible with molten lead.
The article discusses where to get lead for shots, making sinkers and other things. There are several options, everyone can choose something for themselves.
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