The first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. Completed by: 11th grade student Olga Yukhacheva, teacher N.I. Balandina.
Causes of the revolution. In the early 900s, an economic crisis broke out in Russia. In 1904, war with Japan began. The need and misfortune of the broad masses of the people increased sharply. In 1905, a revolution broke out in Russia, caused by a socio-economic and political crisis (the neglected agrarian question, defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the growth of the strike movement). The impetus for its beginning was the shooting of a peaceful workers’ demonstration in St. Petersburg.
Stages of the revolution. January 9, 1905 – “Bloody Sunday” Workers’ strikes May 1905 – Council of Workers’ Deputies June 1905 – Uprising on the battleship “Potemkin” Autumn 1905 – All-Russian October strike December armed uprising
Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg At the end of December 1904, the management of the Putilov plant fired four workers. The Putilovites stood up to defend their comrades. But the workers’ demands were not met and on January 3 they went on strike. Now the workers not only insisted on accepting those laid off, they put forward broader demands: to establish an 8-hour working day; establish an elected commission from workers to resolve controversial issues with the administration; improve working conditions, increase wages.
Petition about the needs of the people 1) “Sovereign! We, the workers of the city of St. Petersburg, our wives and children and helpless elders and parents came to you, sir, to seek truth and protection. We are impoverished, we are oppressed, burdened with backbreaking labor, we are abused, we are not recognized as people, we are treated like slaves who must endure our bitter fate and remain silent.” 2) “Here we are looking for the last salvation. Do not refuse to help your people, bring them out of the grave of lawlessness, poverty, ignorance, give them the opportunity to decide their own destiny, throw off the unbearable oppression of officials. Destroy the wall between you and your people, and let them rule the country with you." 3) “If you don’t respond to our prayer, we will die here, in this square, in front of your palace. We have nowhere else to go and no reason to. We have only two paths: either to freedom and happiness, or to the grave...”
Worker strikes Workers erected barricades on Vasilievsky Island, seized a weapons workshop and took away weapons. Fighting also took place in other areas of the city. Barricades were built on Nevsky near Gostiny Dvor, on Maly and Sredny prospects. Protest strikes swept the entire country. Almost half a million workers went on strike in Russia
Council of Workers' Deputies. One of the first councils to arise was in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, a major center of the textile industry. On May 12, textile workers went on strike, covering up to 70 thousand people, led by the Ivanovo-Voznesensk Bolsheviks. The strikers demanded the introduction of an 8-hour working day, the establishment of a minimum wage, improved working conditions, and the convening of a Constituent Assembly. The meeting of authorized workers' deputies of Ivanovo-Voznesensk became one of the first Councils of workers' deputies and existed for more than 2 months. In the fall of 1905, Soviets of Workers' Deputies arose in more than 50 cities and workers' settlements.
Mutiny on the battleship Potemkin
All-Russian October political strike. The forces of the revolution were preparing for a decisive assault on the autocracy. It began with the October general political strike. The initiative of the strike belonged to proletarian Moscow, which since September 1905 became the main center of the revolutionary struggle. On September 19, Moscow printers went on strike. On September 23, striking workers took to the streets with red flags. Cossacks and police were thrown against the workers. From September 24 to 28, real battles took place on the streets of Moscow. The action of Muscovites was supported by workers in St. Petersburg, Saratov, Kharkov, Kyiv, Kaluga, Odessa and other cities. The country was on the eve of a general strike.
October 7 – railway strike. One after another, enterprises stopped working, trams stopped, the telephone did not work, electricity was turned off, pharmacies, banks, and educational institutions were closed. By October 17, the strike had spread throughout the city.
December armed uprising
Historical significance and results of the revolution. Shorter working hours and higher wages for the working class. Cancellation of redemption payments for peasants. Workers received the right to form trade unions. Abolition of criminal penalties for strikers. The revolution shook the foundations of the Tsar's autocracy to the core. The supreme power took up the agrarian question.
Revolution
Reasons: Crisis of autocracy Crisis of autocracy censorship censorship Lack of civil rights and freedoms Lack of civil rights and freedoms Marginalization of society Marginalization of society Labor question Labor question Peasant question Peasant question National question National question Social contradictions Social contradictions * small victorious war * * small victorious war *
Marginalization of society Peasants are the main source of labor, had no education, no qualifications, low wages, low standard of living, lumpenization of society. Peasants are the main source of labor, had no education, no qualifications, low wages, low standard of living, lumpenization of society.
Working question Because supply on the labor market was much greater than demand, labor was cheap, full exploitation of workers because supply in the labor market was much greater than demand, labor was cheap, complete exploitation of workers Low level of labor Low level of labor Lack of social services. security, the right to strike, etc. Lack of social services. security, the right to strike, etc. System of fines System of fines
Social contradictions Development of industry, emergence of new classes (bourgeoisie, proletariat) Development of industry, emergence of new classes (bourgeoisie, proletariat) But the old classes, such as landowners and nobility, were preserved; the pro-nobility policy of the government was not liked by the bourgeoisie because she also aspired to power. But the old classes remained, such as landowners and the nobility. The pro-noble policy of the government was not liked by the bourgeoisie because she also aspired to power
*Small victorious war* In order to distract society from pressing problems, Nicholas II came up with the idea of holding a *small victorious war* with Japan, with which there were contradictions at that time. In order to distract society from pressing problems, Nicholas II came up with the idea of holding a *small victorious war* with Japan, with which there were contradictions at that time - the Russo-Japanese War - was lost due to incompetent command, which became the drop that overflowed the cup of public patience - the Russo-Japanese War - was lost due to inept command, which became the drop that overflowed the cup of public patience
Among the working environment, the work of K. Marx *Capital* became popular; the workers willingly followed the emerging *RSDLP*, which promised to solve all their social problems. Among the working environment, the work of K. Marx *Capital* became popular; the workers willingly followed the emerging *RSDLP*, which promised solve all their social problems
Sergei Vasilyevich Zubatov (March 25 (April 7) 1864, Moscow March 2 (15), 1917, Moscow) Russian police officer, a famous Russian figure in police investigation and police administrator, colonel of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes. Sergei Vasilyevich Zubatov (March 25 (April 7) 1864, Moscow March 2 (15), 1917, Moscow) Russian police officer, a famous Russian figure in police investigation and police administrator, colonel of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes.
*Zubatovism* Minister of *Internal Affairs* Zubatov proposed organizing workers' circles at factories under the control of the police, at which they would propose/discuss their innovations; by this he hoped to kill 2 birds with one stone: to create the appearance of *concern for the workers* to create the appearance of *concern for the workers* the most ardent revolutionaries could be easily identified and *neutralized* the most ardent revolutionaries could be easily identified and *neutralized*
Gapon Gapon, Georgy Alexandrovich - activist of the revolutionary period. Born about 1870; came from Little Russian Cossacks; After graduating from the Poltava Theological Seminary, he served for some time as a zemstvo statistician in the Poltava province, then was a priest there. He entered the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, from which he graduated in 1903. While still at the Theological Academy, his dual service began: on the one hand, to the revolutionary labor movement, on the other hand, to the security department and the police department. He became close to the head of the Moscow security department, Zubatov, with Rachkovsky and other officials of the police department, and thanks to these connections he could relatively freely take part in the life of the working class of St. Petersburg, as its organizer and agitator. In 1903, he received a position as a priest in the St. Petersburg transit prison and, with the permission of the administration, founded the “Society of Russian Factory and Factory Workers,” which consisted of 11 departments in St. Petersburg with thousands of members. These departments met to discuss their affairs and had a cash desk; their organization acted as an intermediary between workers and factory owners, as well as the authorities of the city of St. Petersburg, who considered Gapon their man. At the beginning, Gapon managed to gain enormous popularity among the workers. Gapon, Georgy Alexandrovich - activist of the revolutionary period. Born about 1870; came from Little Russian Cossacks; After graduating from the Poltava Theological Seminary, he served for some time as a zemstvo statistician in the Poltava province, then was a priest there. He entered the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, from which he graduated in 1903. While still at the Theological Academy, his dual service began: on the one hand, to the revolutionary labor movement, on the other hand, to the security department and the police department. He became close to the head of the Moscow security department, Zubatov, with Rachkovsky and other officials of the police department, and thanks to these connections he could relatively freely take part in the life of the working class of St. Petersburg, as its organizer and agitator. In 1903, he received a position as a priest in the St. Petersburg transit prison and, with the permission of the administration, founded the “Society of Russian Factory and Factory Workers,” which consisted of 11 departments in St. Petersburg with thousands of members. These departments met to discuss their affairs and had a cash desk; their organization acted as an intermediary between workers and factory owners, as well as the authorities of the city of St. Petersburg, who considered Gapon their man. At the beginning, Gapon managed to gain enormous popularity among the workers.
BEGINNING On January 3, a strike broke out at the Putilov plant in response to the dismissal of several workers. It was supported by all large enterprises in St. Petersburg. The strike was under the control of the Zubotov organization led by priest G.A. Gapon On January 3, a strike broke out at the Putilov plant in response to the dismissal of several workers. It was supported by all large enterprises in St. Petersburg. The strike was under the control of the Zubotov organization led by priest G.A. Gapon Among the workers there was still faith in the last and only intercessor for the people - in the *Tsar-Father* Among the workers there was still faith in the last and only intercessor for the people - in the *Tsar-Father*
Excerpts from the petition: (People's) representation is necessary, it is necessary that the people themselves help and govern themselves. After all, he only knows his true needs. Do not push away his help, accept it, commanded immediately, now to call on representatives of the Russian land from all classes, from all classes, representatives and from workers... This is our most important request, everything is based on it and on it; this is the main and only plaster for our wounds, without which these wounds will ooze heavily and quickly move us towards death. (People's) representation is necessary; it is necessary that the people themselves help and govern themselves. After all, he only knows his true needs. Do not push away his help, accept it, commanded immediately, now to call on representatives of the Russian land from all classes, from all classes, representatives and from workers... This is our most important request, everything is based on it and on it; this is the main and only plaster for our wounds, without which these wounds will ooze heavily and quickly move us towards death. But one measure still cannot heal all our wounds. Others are also needed, and we speak directly and openly, like a father, to you, sir, about them on behalf of the entire working class of Russia... Measures against the ignorance and lack of rights of the Russian people. But one measure still cannot heal all our wounds. Others are also needed, and we speak directly and openly, like a father, to you, sir, about them on behalf of the entire working class of Russia... Measures against the ignorance and lack of rights of the Russian people. 1) Immediate release and return of all victims for political and religious beliefs, strikes and peasant riots. 1) Immediate release and return of all victims for political and religious beliefs, strikes and peasant riots. 2) Immediate announcement of freedom and inviolability of the person, freedom of speech, press, freedom of assembly, freedom of conscience in matters of religion. 2) Immediate announcement of freedom and inviolability of the person, freedom of speech, press, freedom of assembly, freedom of conscience in matters of religion. 3) General and compulsory public education at the state expense. 3) General and compulsory public education at the state expense.
4) Responsibility of ministers to the people and guarantees of the legality of government. 4) Responsibility of ministers to the people and guarantees of the legality of government. 5) Equality before the law for everyone without exception. 5) Equality before the law for everyone without exception. 6) Separation of church and state. 6) Separation of church and state. II. Measures against people's poverty. II. Measures against people's poverty. 1) Abolition of indirect taxes and replacing them with a direct progressive income tax. 2) Cancellation of redemption payments, cheap credit and transfer of land to the people. 3) Orders from the military and naval departments must be executed in Russia, not abroad. 4) Ending the war by the will of the people. III. Measures against the oppression of capital over labor. III. Measures against the oppression of capital over labor. 1) Abolition of the institution of factory inspectors. 2) The establishment of permanent commissions of elected workers at factories and factories, which, together with the administration, would examine all the claims of individual workers. The dismissal of a worker cannot take place except with a decision of this commission. 2) The establishment of permanent commissions of elected workers at factories and factories, which, together with the administration, would examine all the claims of individual workers. The dismissal of a worker cannot take place except with a decision of this commission. 3) Freedom of consumer-production and trade unions - immediately. 4) 8-hour working day and normalization of overtime work. 4) 8-hour working day and normalization of overtime work. 5) Freedom of struggle between labor and capital - immediately. 6) Normal work pay - immediately. 7) The indispensable participation of representatives of the working classes in the development of a bill on state insurance for workers - immediately. Here, sir, are our main needs with which we came to you.
Bloody Sunday January 9, 1905 On a clear morning - January 9 (BLOODY SUNDAY) - festively dressed workers, along with their wives and children, carrying icons and portraits of the Tsar, moved from the outskirts to the Winter Palace. In total, about 140 thousand people took part. On a clear morning - January 9 (BLOODY SUNDAY) - festively dressed workers, together with their wives and children, carrying icons and portraits of the Tsar, moved from the outskirts to the Winter Palace. In total, about 140 thousand people took part. BUT the tsarist authorities got scared, police and troops were sent to disperse the demonstrators, who, after the crowd approached the Winter Palace, used weapons and shot the demonstrators BUT the tsarist authorities got scared, police and troops were sent to disperse the demonstrators, who, after the crowd approached the Winter Palace, used weapons and shot the demonstrators The news of the execution of workers caused anger and indignation in all layers of society; already in the afternoon mass riots began. The news of the execution of workers aroused anger and indignation in all levels of society. already in the afternoon mass riots began. Workers disarmed the police, seized weapons depots, built barricades The workers disarmed the police, seized weapons depots, built barricades, the beginning of the first Russian revolution, the beginning of the first Russian revolution
Peasant movements during the years of the revolution. Kursk, Oryol and Chernigov provinces), it all began with the confiscation of grain reserves in the landowners' economies and distribution among the population of the surrounding villages, who once again met the spring with hand to mouth. The first groups of “arrested” robbers were asked by the authorities: “What did you want?” They answered: “We wanted and want to eat.” Kursk, Oryol and Chernigov provinces), it all began with the confiscation of grain reserves in the landowners' economies and distribution among the population of the surrounding villages, who once again met the spring with hand to mouth. The first groups of “arrested” robbers were asked by the authorities: “What did you want?” They answered: “We wanted and want to eat.” However, in March-April, as sowing time approached, the number of unauthorized seizures of landowners' lands (sometimes draft animals along with arable tools) and distribution among peasant farms for field work began to grow rapidly. However, in March-April, as sowing time approached, the number of unauthorized seizures of landowners' lands (sometimes draft animals along with arable tools) and distribution among peasant farms for field work began to grow rapidly.
Peasant movements during the years of the revolution. In the autumn of 1905, the peasant movement covered over half of European Russia, practically all regions of landownership. In total, 3,228 peasant uprisings were registered in 1905, in 1906, in 1907. In the autumn of 1905, the peasant movement covered over half of European Russia, almost all regions of landownership. In total, 3228 peasant uprisings were registered in 1905, in 1906, in 1907. Contemporaries talked about the peasant war that had begun in Russia against the landowners, for the transfer of all the land to those who cultivate it with their labor. “The slogan of the rebels... was the idea that all the land belonged to the peasants,” the Minister of Agriculture S. Ermolov wrote to Nicholas II, assessing the village events of the spring of 1905. The landowner, who understood what was going on and tried to cut down the forest that belonged to him, the peasants forbade this : “Don’t you dare! Everything is ours! And the land is ours, and the forest is ours!...” The appearance of punitive forces met with universal resistance: “Take everyone...”, “Beat us, shoot, we won’t leave...”,” “ The land is ours anyway!" Contemporaries talked about the peasant war that had begun in Russia against the landowners, for the transfer of all the land to those who cultivate it with their labor. "The slogan of the rebels... was the idea that all the land belonged to the peasants," the Minister of Agriculture wrote to Nicholas II S. Ermolov, assessed the village events of the spring of 1905. The landowner, who understood what was going on and tried to cut down the forest that belonged to him, the peasants forbade this: “Don’t you dare! Everything is ours! Both our land and our forest!..." The appearance of punitive forces met with universal resistance: "Take everyone...", "Beat us, shoot, we won't leave...", "The land is still ours!"
Strike in Ivanovo-Voznesensk May 12 - June 23, 1905. The strike of 1905 took place on May 12-July 23 under the leadership of the Bolshevik organization, headed by M. V. Frunze, F. A. Afanasyev, S. I. Balashov. It began as an economic one, but soon acquired a political character. About 70 thousand people took part in the strike, which spread to the entire textile region of Ivanovo-Voznesensk. The strike of 1905 took place on May 12-July 23 under the leadership of the Bolshevik organization, headed by M. V. Frunze, F. A. Afanasyev, S. I. Balashov. It began as an economic one, but soon acquired a political character. About 70 thousand people took part in the strike, which spread to the entire textile region of Ivanovo-Voznesensk. The strikers demanded an 8-hour working day, an increase in wages, the abolition of fines, the elimination of factory police, freedom of speech, unions, the press, strikes, the convening of a Constituent Assembly, etc. The strikers demanded an 8-hour working day, an increase in wages, the abolition of fines, the elimination of factory police , freedom of speech, unions, press, strikes, convocation of the Constituent Assembly, etc. On May 15, workers elected 151 deputies who created the Assembly of Authorized Deputies, in fact the first citywide Council of Workers' Deputies in Russia. There were 57 Bolsheviks in the Council (S. I. Balashov, E. A. Dunaev, N. A. Zhidelev, M. I. Golubeva, F. N. Samoilov, M. P. Sarmentova, etc.). On May 15, the workers elected 151 deputies, who created the Assembly of Authorized Deputies, in fact the first citywide Council of Workers' Deputies in Russia. There were 57 Bolsheviks in the Council (S. I. Balashov, E. A. Dunaev, N. A. Zhidelev, M. I. Golubeva, F. N. Samoilov, M. P. Sarmentova, etc.).
The council acted as a body of revolutionary power: it exercised freedom of assembly, speech, and the press, established revolutionary order in the city, and took measures to provide assistance to the strikers and their families. The workers' fighting squad was led by the Bolshevik I. N. Utkin (nicknamed "Stanko"). The council acted as a body of revolutionary power: it exercised freedom of assembly, speech, and the press, established revolutionary order in the city, and took measures to provide assistance to the strikers and their families. The workers' fighting squad was led by the Bolshevik I. N. Utkin (nicknamed "Stanko"). The tsarist authorities used troops. June 3 at the river Talki, at the site of workers' meetings, meeting participants were shot. The massacre did not break the will of the strikers. The general strike lasted 72 days. Only hunger forced the workers to be satisfied with partial concessions from the employers and resume work. The tsarist authorities used troops. June 3 at the river Talki, at the site of workers' meetings, meeting participants were shot. The massacre did not break the will of the strikers. The general strike lasted 72 days. Only hunger forced the workers to be satisfied with partial concessions from the employers and resume work. In connection with these events, Ivanovo-Voznesensk appeared in further Soviet propaganda as the “Homeland of the First Council” In connection with these events, Ivanovo-Voznesensk appeared in further Soviet propaganda as the “Homeland of the First Council” Strike in Ivanovo-Voznesensk May 12 - June 23, 1905 .
Battleship *Potemkin* In June, an uprising broke out on the battleship *Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky*. The reason was the order of a senior officer to shoot sailors who refused to eat borscht made from rotten meat. Outraged sailors killed 7 people on the spot and sentenced the commander and the ship's doctor to death. The battleship was blocked but managed to break through to the open sea. And then he surrendered to the Romanian authorities. there were no food supplies or coal on board. In June, an uprising broke out on the battleship *Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky*. The reason was the order of a senior officer to shoot sailors who refused to eat borscht made from rotten meat. Outraged sailors killed 7 people on the spot and sentenced the commander and the ship's doctor to death. The battleship was blocked but managed to break through to the open sea. And then he surrendered to the Romanian authorities. there were no food supplies or coal on board.
All-Russian Peasant Union July 31-August 1, 1905 - The founding congress of the All-Russian Peasant Union took place in Moscow. July 31-August 1, 1905 - The founding congress of the All-Russian Peasant Union took place in Moscow. The union gathered a huge number of delegates from the peasants and demanded that the land become “public” property. The union gathered a huge number of delegates from the peasants and demanded that the land become “public” property.
“Bulyginskaya Duma” In the summer of 1905, a draft was drawn up for the establishment of the State. Duma, compiled by A. Bulygin, after whom the new legislative body received the secret name “Bulygin Duma.” In the summer of 1905, a draft was drawn up for the establishment of the State Duma. Duma, compiled by A. Bulygin, after whom the new legislative body received the secret name “Bulygin Duma” “Bulygin Duma” - the name of the representative legislative body of the State Duma, the creation of which was announced by the Manifesto of Emperor Nicholas II from the Chairman of the Special Commission that developed the project provisions on State Duma, became A.G. Bulygin. The Duma on the project was supposed to convene no later than mid-January 1906. “BULYGINSKAYA DUMA” is the name of the representative legislative body of the State Duma, the creation of which was announced by the Manifesto of Emperor Nicholas II from the Chairman of the Special Commission that developed the draft regulations on the State Duma. Duma, became A.G. Bulygin. The Duma on the project was supposed to convene no later than mid-January 1906. The “Bulygin Duma” received the right to discuss all bills, the budget, and the state report. control, give conclusions about them, which were transferred to the State. Advice; from there, bills with the conclusions of the Duma and the Council were presented to the “Highest Review” (with the exception of bills rejected by 2/3 of the members of the Duma and Council). The Bulygin Duma received the right to discuss all bills, the budget, and the state report. control, give conclusions about them, which were transferred to the State. Advice; from there, bills with the conclusions of the Duma and the Council were presented to the “Highest Review” (with the exception of bills rejected by 2/3 of the members of the Duma and Council). The “Bulygin Duma” was never convened. After the start of the general political strike of 1905, the Manifesto of the city proclaimed the creation of a legislative State. The Bulygin Duma was never convened. After the start of the general political strike of 1905, the Manifesto of the city proclaimed the creation of a legislative State. Duma
October All-Russian political strike October All-Russian political strike 1905, general strike in Russia; one of the most important stages of the Revolution, the beginning of its highest rise. O.v. p.s. completed the process of developing the revolutionary movement that took place in the country in January September 1905 into a mass all-Russian political strike. The most important role in the preparation of O. century. p.s. played by the Bolsheviks, who based their activities on the decisions of the 3rd Congress of the RSDLP. In the summer of 1905, the All-Russian Railway Union (VZhS) also spoke out in favor of preparing a strike. October All-Russian political strike of 1905, general strike in Russia; one of the most important stages of the Revolution, the beginning of its highest rise. O.v. p.s. completed the process of developing the revolutionary movement that took place in the country in January September 1905 into a mass all-Russian political strike. The most important role in the preparation of O. century. p.s. played by the Bolsheviks, who based their activities on the decisions of the 3rd Congress of the RSDLP. In the summer of 1905, the All-Russian Railway Union (VZhS) also spoke out in favor of preparing a strike. The economic strike of printers, which began on September 19 in Moscow, turned into a political strike of Moscow workers in other professions. At the beginning of October, printers, metal workers, carpenters, tobacco workers and railway workers in Moscow created Councils of Commissioners for Professions. Meetings and rallies in support of Moscow workers took place at the end of September and beginning of October in other industrial centers. The Bolsheviks sought to transform economic strikes into political strikes, isolated strikes into general strikes. The development of the September protests of the proletariat into O.V. p.s. accelerated by the general strike of railway workers. The economic strike of printers, which began on September 19 in Moscow, turned into a political strike of Moscow workers in other professions. At the beginning of October, printers, metal workers, carpenters, tobacco workers and railway workers in Moscow created Councils of Commissioners for Professions. Meetings and rallies in support of Moscow workers took place at the end of September and beginning of October in other industrial centers. The Bolsheviks sought to transform economic strikes into political strikes, isolated strikes into general strikes. The development of the September protests of the proletariat into O.V. p.s. accelerated by the general strike of railway workers.
Manifesto October 17, 1905 On the initiative of Count Witte, Nicholas II signed a manifesto on the improvement of state order on October 17 (30). In accordance with this manifesto, Nicholas II guaranteed the Russian people: the fundamental principles of civil liberties: personal inviolability, freedom of thought, speech, assembly and organization; fundamental principles of civil liberties: personal integrity, freedom of thought, speech, assembly and organization; Establishment of the legislative State Duma to hold democratic elections to it; Establishment of the legislative State Duma to hold democratic elections to it; henceforth, no law could come into force without its approval by the Duma; henceforth, no law could come into force without its approval by the Duma
Manifesto of October 17, 1905. Results of the manifesto of October 17. : creation of state Duma with the right to approve and discuss laws creation of state. Dumas with the right to approve and discuss laws the official appearance of parties the official appearance of parties granting basic civil liberties to the population granting basic civil liberties to the population
Rebellion of P.P. Schmidt 1905. One of the major political demonstrations took place in Simferopol on October 17, in which 500 people took part. Clashes with the police and Black Hundreds and rallies began. At one of them, Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt, who later led the later uprising of the revolutionary sailors on the cruiser Ochakov, gave a bright speech for the first time. In Sevastopol on October 18, a peaceful demonstration of workers and sailors was shot. All this caused a storm of indignation. The organizers of the uprising that broke out on the Ochakov in 1905 were sailors A. Gladkov and N. Antonenko. The rebel sailors were supported by some other warships of the Black Sea Fleet and army units of the Sevastopol garrison. The rebels presented an ultimatum to the fleet commander, Admiral Chukhnin, for the immediate release of all political prisoners. At the Council meeting on November 13, Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt was appointed commander of the revolutionary fleet, who organized the headquarters of the uprising on the cruiser Ochakov. 12 ships went over to the side of the rebels, the rest opposed the revolutionary workers. The numerical superiority of troops loyal to the government, drawn to Sevastopol, decided the fate of the uprising. During the punitive expedition, the troops of General Meller-Zakomelsky drowned the performance of sailors and soldiers in blood. The cruiser "Ochakov" was shot at by direct fire. The commander of the cruiser P.P. Schmidt was taken into custody. Reprisals began against the rebels, some of them were exiled to hard labor. Schmidt, Antonenko, Chastnik, Gladkov were shot.
December armed uprising of 1905 in Moscow The bourgeoisie accepted the Tsar's Manifesto with jubilation. Liberals considered the revolution over and its goal achieved. The October 17 manifesto fully met their interests. The bourgeoisie did not want to go further than these concessions wrested from tsarism. The bourgeoisie accepted the Tsar's manifesto with jubilation. Liberals considered the revolution over and its goal achieved. The October 17 manifesto fully met their interests. The bourgeoisie did not want to go further than these concessions wrested from tsarism. The revolutionary parties regarded the manifesto of October 17. They began to prepare an armed uprising as an attempt by the autocracy to stop the revolution through cunning and concessions. A lot of money was spent on the purchase of weapons and the creation of workers' squads in large industrial centers. The revolutionary parties regarded the manifesto of October 17. They began to prepare an armed uprising as an attempt by the autocracy to stop the revolution through cunning and concessions. A lot of money was spent on the purchase of weapons and the creation of workers' squads in large industrial centers. In early December, the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies decided to start a general political strike. More than 100 thousand workers stopped working. Muscovites joined 110 thousand St. Petersburg residents. The government sent troops to disperse the strikers. Workers took up arms. In early December, the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies decided to start a general political strike of more than 100 thousand workers. stopped working, Muscovites joined 110 thousand St. Petersburg residents, the government sent troops to disperse the strikers, workers took up arms. On December 15, the Semyonov Guards regiment arrived in Moscow from St. Petersburg; artillery shelling of the barricades began. On December 15, the Semenov Guards Regiment arrived in Moscow from St. Petersburg and artillery shelling of the barricades began. The forces were unequal and on December 19, by the decision of the Moscow council, the uprising was stopped. The forces were unequal and on December 19, by the decision of the Moscow council, the uprising was stopped. The October and December events were the high point of the revolution in which the workers' and peasants' uprisings began to decline. The October and December events were the high point of the revolution; worker and peasant uprisings began to decline.
Electoral Law of 1905 On December 11, at the height of the armed uprising in Moscow, elections to the 1st State were announced. Duma. They passed through 4 curiae (i.e. category): On December 11, at the height of the armed uprising in Moscow, elections to the 1st State were announced. Duma. They passed through 4 curiae (i.e. category): - landowner (landowners) - landowner (landowners) - urban (citizens) - urban (citizens) - peasant (peasants) - peasant (peasants) - worker (workers) -worker(s)
Electoral Law of 1905 The elections were unequal. The curia had the following ratio of votes: The elections were unequal. The curia had the following ratio of votes: 1 (land) = 3 (horizontal) = 15 (cross) = 45 (slave) 1 (land) = 3 (horizontal) = 15 (cross) = 45 (slave) .) The elections were multi-stage. Those. the voter first chose electors, and they chose either new electors or deputies. The elections were multi-stage. Those. the voter first chose electors, and they chose either new electors or deputies. for the city and landowning curia the elections were 2-stage (voter-elector-deputy. for the city and land-owning curia the elections were 2-stage (voter-elector-deputy. for the workers' curia the elections were 3-stage (voter-elector-elector-deputy) for the workers' curia the elections were 3 -staged (voter elector elector deputy) for the peasant curia the elections were 4-stage (voter elector elector elector deputy) for the peasant curia the elections were 4-stage (voter elector elector elector deputy)
Electoral law of 1905. The Duma was elected for 5 years. The Duma was elected for 5 years. The elections were not general: The elections were not general: There were qualifications for property, land, residence, age (from 25 years), gender (women were not allowed to vote) Existed qualifications for property, land, residence, age (from 25 years), gender (women were not allowed to vote) Such social. groups such as students, military, and prisoners also did not take part in the elections. Such social. groups such as students, military, and prisoners also did not take part in the elections
I State Duma April 27 - July 9, 1906 April 27 - July 9, 1906 April 27 1906, in the presence of Nicholas II, the grand opening of the First State Duma took place in St. Petersburg on April 27. 1906, in the presence of Nicholas II in St. Petersburg, the grand opening of the First State Duma took place. Its chairman was elected cadet, professor of Moscow University S.A. Muromtsev. Cadet, professor of Moscow University S.A. Muromtsev was elected its chairman. The victory was won by the cadets, who then united with the Trudoviks ( a faction of peasants and populist intelligentsia, close in ideology to the Socialist Revolutionaries) The Cadets won, who then united with the Trudoviks (a faction of peasants and populist intelligentsia, close in ideology to the Socialist Revolutionaries)
1st State Duma 1st state The Duma, thanks to its composition, stood in opposition to the government. It demanded the 1st state. The Duma, thanks to its composition, stood in opposition to the government. It demanded the abolition of the death penalty, the abolition of the death penalty, to give the land of the landowners to the peasants (free of charge - Trudoviks, for a ransom - the Cadets) to give the land of the landowners to the peasants (free of charge - the Trudoviks, for a ransom - the Cadets) *responsible ministry *( i.e. the government was responsible to the State Duma, and not to the Tsar) *responsible ministry* (i.e., the government was responsible to the State Duma, and not to the Tsar)
Dissolution of the First State Duma The desire of the Duma members to confiscate landowners' lands and the demand for a *responsible ministry* especially strongly affected the interests of the tsar, and therefore on July 9, 1906, Nicholas II dissolved the State Duma. The desire of the Duma members to confiscate landowners' lands and the demand for a *responsible ministry* especially strongly affected the interests of the tsar, and therefore, on July 9, 1906, Nicholas II dissolved the State Duma
Vyborg Appeal of 1906, an appeal dated July 10, 1906, “To the people from the people’s representatives,” drawn up in the city of Vyborg and signed by a significant group of deputies of the State Duma of the first convocation 2 days after its dissolution by decree of Emperor Nicholas II. The appeal called for passive resistance to the authorities by not paying taxes, not going to military service, and so on. an appeal on July 10, 1906 “To the people from the people’s representatives” drawn up in the city of Vyborg and signed by a significant group of deputies of the State Duma of the first convocation 2 days after its dissolution by decree of Emperor Nicholas II. The appeal called for passive resistance to the authorities by not paying taxes, not going to military service, and so on. Excerpt from the appeal: Excerpt from the appeal: * Citizens! Stand strong for the trampled rights of popular representation, stand for the State Duma. Russia should not be left without popular representation for a single day. You have a way to achieve this: The government has no right, without the consent of the people's representatives, to collect taxes from the people or to conscript the people for military service. And therefore, now that the Government has dissolved the State Duma, you have the right not to give it either soldiers or money. * * Citizens! Stand strong for the trampled rights of popular representation, stand for the State Duma. Russia should not be left without popular representation for a single day. You have a way to achieve this: The government has no right, without the consent of the people's representatives, to collect taxes from the people or to conscript the people for military service. And therefore, now that the Government has dissolved the State Duma, you have the right not to give it either soldiers or money. * Under the appeal was the date July 9, 1906 (old style) and the signatures of 180 Duma deputies. As a result, the tsar agreed to convene the 2nd State. Duma. Under the appeal was the date July 9, 1906 (old style) and the signatures of 180 Duma deputies. As a result, the tsar agreed to convene the 2nd State. Duma.
Stolypin agrarian reform. The first Russian revolution showed that the peasantry is not a reliable support for the monarchy. The government proclaimed a reform program based on the desire to strengthen the peasantry as the main support of the autocracy, without destroying landownership. In history, this program was called the Stolypin agrarian reform. The reform was preceded by a manifesto on November 3, 1905 about the abolition of redemption payments from January 1, 1906 in half, and from January 1, 1907 - completely (according to the provisions of the reform of 1861, from that moment the land became the property of the peasants). The first Russian revolution showed that the peasantry is not a reliable support for the monarchy. The government proclaimed a reform program based on the desire to strengthen the peasantry as the main support of the autocracy, without destroying landownership. In history, this program was called the Stolypin agrarian reform. The reform was preceded by a manifesto on November 3, 1905 about the abolition of redemption payments from January 1, 1906 in half, and from January 1, 1907 - completely (according to the provisions of the reform of 1861, from that moment the land became the property of the peasants).
Stolypin agrarian reform. On November 9, 1906, without waiting for the convening of the Second Duma, Stolypin, by royal decree, repealed the 1893 law on the inviolability of the community. According to the decree, peasants received the right to leave the community with the assignment of the part of the communal land due to them into personal ownership. On November 9, 1906, without waiting for the convening of the Second Duma, Stolypin, by royal decree, repealed the 1893 law on the inviolability of the community. According to the decree, peasants received the right to leave the community with the assignment of the part of the communal land due to them into personal ownership. To encourage leaving the community, the decree provided benefits: surpluses in excess of the per capita allotment could be obtained at redemption prices in 1861, but if redistributions had not been made in a given community for 24 years, then free of charge. The peasant had the right to demand the allocation of all land to “one place” in the form of a farm or farm. To encourage leaving the community, the decree provided benefits: surpluses in excess of the per capita allotment could be obtained at redemption prices in 1861, but if redistributions had not been made in a given community for 24 years, then free of charge. The peasant had the right to demand the allocation of all land to “one place” in the form of a farm or farm. Cut - a plot of land allocated from communal land into private ownership of individual peasants, where the estate is not transferred to the field plot. Cut - a plot of land allocated from communal land into private ownership of individual peasants, where the estate is not transferred to the field plot. Khutor - A separate estate with outbuildings and a plot of land for individual use. Khutor - A separate estate with outbuildings and a plot of land for individual use.
Stolypin agrarian reform To separate from the community, the consent of the village assembly was required; If the assembly did not give consent within 30 days, then the allocation was made by order of the zemstvo chief. To separate from the community, the consent of the village meeting was required; If the assembly did not give consent within 30 days, then the allocation was made by order of the zemstvo chief. The implementation of the decree was entrusted to special provincial and district land management commissions. The decree of November 9, 1906 pursued two objectives: The implementation of the decree was entrusted to special provincial and district land management commissions. The decree of November 9, 1906 pursued the solution of two tasks: to create strong peasant farms in the countryside on their own land, which could become the support of tsarism; create strong peasant farms in the countryside on their own land, which could become the support of tsarism; achieve a rise in agriculture. achieve a rise in agriculture.
Stolypin agrarian reform One of the components of the new agrarian policy was the massive resettlement of peasants to the eastern outskirts of the country. The law of July 6, 1904 provided peasants with the opportunity to resettle, but to do this they had to go through a complex procedure for obtaining permission to resettle. On March 9, 1906, Nicholas II approved the regulation of the Council of Ministers “On the procedure for applying the law of 1904,” which introduced freedom of resettlement. One of the components of the new agrarian policy was the massive resettlement of peasants to the eastern outskirts of the country. The law of July 6, 1904 provided peasants with the opportunity to resettle, but to do this they had to go through a complex procedure for obtaining permission to resettle. On March 9, 1906, Nicholas II approved the regulation of the Council of Ministers “On the procedure for applying the law of 1904,” which introduced freedom of resettlement. On May 29, 1911, a land development law was issued, which was supposed to speed up the destruction of the community. According to this law, land management could be carried out regardless of whether the allotment land was secured or not: the village in which land management was carried out was declared to have passed to hereditary plot ownership. On May 29, 1911, a land development law was issued, which was supposed to speed up the destruction of the community. According to this law, land management could be carried out regardless of whether the allotment land was secured or not: the village in which land management was carried out was declared to have passed to hereditary plot ownership.
II State Duma Tone in the 2nd State. The Duma was asked by the left parties, so its proposals were even more radical: The tone in the 2nd State. The Duma was asked by the left parties, so its proposals were even more radical: complete and gratuitous confiscation of landowners' lands and the transformation of all land into public property; complete and gratuitous confiscation of landowners' lands and transformation of all land into public property; social project. transformations in favor of workers and peasants, social project. reforms in favor of workers and peasants
II State Duma The dissolution of the 2nd State Duma became inevitable. The dissolution of the 2nd State Duma became inevitable. To do this, the government accused 55 Social Democrats of revolutionary conspiracy and demanded permission to arrest 16 of them. To do this, the government accused 55 Social Democrats of revolutionary conspiracy and demanded permission to arrest 16 of them. The Duma responded by creating a special commission to examine the case. The Duma responded creation of a special commission to examine the case
Third June coup d'etat (June 3, 1907) But the government did not even think of waiting for the results of the commission’s work, and on June 3, 1907, a manifesto on the dissolution of the Second State Duma was issued. But the government did not even think of waiting for the results of the commission’s work, and on June 3, 1907, a manifesto was issued on the dissolution of the Second State Duma This event was called the “Third June Coup d’Etat”. This event was called the "June Third Coup d'etat." The 1st Russian revolution is over. The 1st Russian revolution is over.
Third June coup d'état (June 3, 1907) June 3, 1907 simultaneously with the Manifesto on the dissolution of the Second State Duma, a new electoral law was published, which ensured the government the formation of the desired composition of the representative body of power. June 3 is considered the last day of the revolution. A new system of political organization of the state arose in Russia, called the “June Third Monarchy.” June 3, 1907 simultaneously with the Manifesto on the dissolution of the Second State Duma, a new electoral law was published, which ensured the government the formation of the desired composition of the representative body of power. June 3 is considered the last day of the revolution. A new system of political organization of the state arose in Russia, called the “June Third Monarchy.”
Electoral law of 1907. The city curia was divided into 2 curia: The city curia was divided into 2 curia: 1 city curia (large owners) 1 city curia (large owners) 2 city curia (small owners) 2 city curia (small owners) Was the ratio of curia votes was further increased: The ratio of curia votes was further increased: 1 (landlord) = 4 (1 city) = 68 (2 city) = 260 (cross) = 543 (labour) 1 (landlord) ) = 4 (1 horizontal) = 68 (2 horizontal) = 260 (cross) = 543 (work)
Electoral Law of 1907 The number of persons with active voting rights was reduced to 15% of the total population of the Russian Empire. The number of deputy seats from the national outskirts was sharply reduced. The total number of Duma deputies was also reduced (442 instead of 524). The number of people with active voting rights decreased to 15% of the total population of the Russian Empire. The number of deputy seats from the national outskirts was sharply reduced. The total number of Duma deputies was also reduced (442 instead of 524). still provided for categories of the population that were deprived of voting rights - women, youth under 25, students, military personnel. Nomadic peoples could not participate in elections either. still provided for categories of the population that were deprived of voting rights - women, youth under 25, students, military personnel. Nomadic peoples could not participate in elections either. Significant restrictions on voting rights were provided for national minorities: the law stated that the State Duma should be “Russian in spirit” Significant restrictions on voting rights were provided for national minorities: the law stated that the State Duma should be “Russian in spirit”
Electoral Law of 1907 Elections held on the basis of the new electoral law gave a majority in the Duma to the Union of October 17, conservative political elements. The far right and left won only a small number of seats. This composition of the Duma allowed the government, in cooperation with it, to carry out a number of important reforms. Elections held on the basis of the new electoral law gave a majority in the Duma to the “Union of October 17,” conservative political elements. The far right and left won only a small number of seats. This composition of the Duma allowed the government, in cooperation with it, to carry out a number of important reforms
TOTAL: Creation of the first representative government body that had legislative powers. Creation of the first representative government body that had legislative powers. Workers received the right to create trade unions, cultural and educational organizations, insurance organizations, etc., etc. Workers received the right to create trade unions, cultural and educational organizations, insurance organizations, etc., etc. Subjects of the Russian Empire were granted some basic civil rights Subjects of the Russian Empire were granted some basic civil rights Legal political parties were formed Legal political parties were formed The working conditions of workers were improved (9-10 hour work day, wages were increased) The working conditions of workers were improved (9-10 hour work day, increased salary)
TOTAL: The redemption payments that the peasants paid in 1861 were canceled The redemption payments that the peasants paid in 1861 The rent for land was reduced The rent for land was reduced BUT the first Russian revolution could not solve all the reasons that gave rise to it, it forced the government to implement only some urgent ones transformation BUT the first Russian revolution could not solve all the reasons that gave rise to it; it forced the government to carry out only some urgent transformations
“Modernization of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century” - Program for the modernization of the country. Edmond Teri. Share of foreign capital. Alexis de Tocqueville. Russia continued to remain an autocratic monarchy. “Freezing” of cash accounts. Economic development program. Compare modernization in Russia and Western countries. Modernization of Russia. Industrialization. Agricultural products. The constitution originated in Japan. It's time to take the path of a capitalist. development. N.H. Bunge.
"Russian Revolution 1905-1907" - Revolution. Legislative representative body. The first Russian revolution. The nature of the revolution. December armed uprising in Moscow. Congress of the RSDLP. Causes of the revolution. Lines of revolution. Economic crisis. Dress rehearsal of 1917. Bloody Sunday. Main events. The first concessions of the autocracy. Peasant Union. Manifesto on the creation of the Legislative Duma. Mutiny on the battleship Potemkin.
“Russia enters the 20th century” - Date of the Battle of Borodino. Russia is entering the 20th century. Bolsheviks. Date of the Battle of Kulikovo. Revolution. When we finished typing. The fate of the royal family. World War I. The war went on with varying degrees of success. Civil War. In what year did Russia become an empire? The most terrible of wars is civil. Saint Petersburg. In what year was Lomonosov sent to study in St. Petersburg? Additional questions. Answer questions.
“The First Revolution in Russia” - The First Russian Revolution. Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia. Results of the revolution. Demands for political freedoms. Portraits of the king. Consequences of the Russo-Japanese War. To lead students to an understanding of the causes, nature, and consequences of the first Russian revolution. Manifesto October 17. Alternative ways of development of Russia. Bloody Sunday. Form of government. Columns of workers. Workers. The progress of the revolution.
“Events of the Russian-Japanese War” - Reassessment of capabilities. Fall of Port Arthur. The split of the world. Russia recognized Korea as a sphere of Japanese interests. The split of Europe. Main directions of foreign policy. The commandant of the fortress was killed. The main directions of Russian foreign policy at the beginning of the 20th century. Royal Palace in The Hague. Foreign policy. Main directions. Far Eastern policy. A.M. Bezobrazov. The death of "Varyag". The rapprochement of Russia and England.
“Development of Russia in 1894-1904” - Zubatov’s socialism. P.D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky. Creation of the RSDLP. Creation of the RPS. Ideas of Marxism. Marxism. Creation of the RSDLP. P.D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky and his projects. Bolsheviks. Publisher of the magazine "Liberation". Police socialism. Liberal movement. Fighting tactics. The tragedy of Nikolai's personality. Personal qualities. The struggle between liberals and conservatives. Yu.O.Martov. National policy. Zubatovism. Conservatives and liberals.
REVOLUTION 1905 - 1907: causes of the revolution Unresolved agrarian question:
preservation of landownership,
land shortage and poverty of peasants
The plight of industrial
workers: low wages, long hours
working day (on average - 12 hours),
lack of social insurance.
Inconsistency with political
autocratic monarchy systems
socio-economic relations
industrial society: absence
representative bodies of power, legal
political parties and democratic
freedoms
National oppression and Russification.
REVOLUTION 1905 – 1907: periodization and character
PERIOD 1: beginning of the revolution (January - February1905)
PERIOD 2: upward development of the revolution
lines (March–August 1905)
PERIOD 3: the highest rise of the revolution (October December 1905)
4. PERIOD: development of the revolution in descending order
lines (1906 – June 3, 1907)
CHARACTER OF THE REVOLUTION:
By task: bourgeois
By driving force: bourgeois-democratic
Bloody Sunday January 9
1905 in St. Petersburg.
The workers brought a petition to the Tsar with
economic, political and
social requirements.
The performance had a social
character, took part in it
140 thousand people. January 9th was
96 people were killed and 333 were injured.
REVOLUTION 1905 – 1907: the beginning of the revolution
Workers' strikes in solidarity with St. Petersburgproletariat marched throughout the country: in Moscow, Riga, Lodz,
Warsaw, Tiflis. In total, more than
800 thousand people. At the end of January, the all-Russian
student, political strike.
In February 1905, Ivan Kalyaev killed the former Moscow
Governor of the Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich.
GOVERNMENT RESPONSE:
January 18, 1905 - resignation of the Minister of Internal Affairs P.D.
Svyatopolk-Mirsky and the appointment of A.G. Bulygin.
in February 1905, the emperor’s rescript about his intention to attract
elected representatives to the legislative process.
Increasing the political activity of the masses, involvement in
movement of layers previously distant from politics, unification
wide circles of the intelligentsia and the liberal bourgeoisie. IN
April 1905, the Third Congress of the RSDLP and the Geneva
Menshevik conference.
Strike movement: May 1, 1905 throughout the country
There were demonstrations and strikes by workers. The strikes resulted in
armed clashes.
Creation of Soviets: On May 12, a citywide strike of 70,000 textile workers began in Ivanovo-Voznesensk and its
surroundings, leading to the creation of the first in Russia
citywide Council of Workers' Deputies.
Movement in the army and navy: June 14 - 25, 1905 uprising
on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky". June 15-18 uprising of the Baltic naval crews in Libau. All the riots
depressed.
REVOLUTION 1905 – 1907: ascending development
REVOLUTION 1905 – 1907: ascending development
Peasant movement: pogroms of landowners' estates;formation of “peasant republics” (Markov Republic
October 31, 1905 - July 18, 1906: the villagers elected at a meeting
"President of the Republic" peasant P. A. Burshin and took
seized control over the inner life).
National movement: protests against the authorities in
Poland, Latvia, Georgia: refusal to pay taxes, speeches
against the landowners.
Political terrorism of the Socialist Revolutionary Military Organization
GOVERNMENT RESPONSE:
Project of the “Bulygin Duma”: August 6, 1905 - acts on
“Establishment of the State Duma” and “Regulations on elections
to the Duma." The State Duma was planned as
advisory representative body elected for 5 years
based on qualifications and class suffrage.
All-Russian October political strike:
Railway strike in Moscow on October 7. October 10 –
citywide strike. Since October 12, the strike movement has spread
and St. Petersburg. By mid-October the political strike had spread throughout
country. It ceased with the adoption of the Manifesto on October 17.
About 2 million people took part.
The revolt of the sailors under the command of Lieutenant P.P.
Schmidt November 11–15, 1905. It started on the cruiser Ochakov.
It was joined by 12 Black Sea Fleet vessels, incl. "Saint Panteleimon"
(former Potemkin-Tavrichesky). Schmidt and other leaders
the rebels were tried and executed.
December armed uprising in Moscow: general
a workers' strike that turned into an uprising. Construction and defense
barricades In total, up to 8 thousand people took part in the uprising.
Lasted from December 8 to December 19. Using regular parts
resistance was crushed. The last stronghold of the rebels -
REVOLUTION 1905 – 1907: the highest rise of the revolution
REVOLUTION 1905 – 1907: the highest rise of the revolution
GOVERNMENT RESPONSE:Manifesto October 17, 1905 “About
improvement of public
order": the granting of common
civil liberties
(personal integrity,
freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and
unions), there was talk about expanding
voting rights in elections
State Duma, which received
the right to approve laws.
On October 19, 1905, a manifesto was published on
creation of government
body headed by the chairman
Council of Ministers. He was
appointed Count S. Yu. Witte
REVOLUTION 1905 – 1907: formation of political parties
Monarchists: Union of the Russian People, Russian People's Unionnamed after Michael the Archangel. PROGRAM: recovery
autocracy, nationalism, anti-Semitism.
Cadets: (KDP) - On October 12-18, 1905, the First Congress was held in Moscow.
PROGRAM: The Fight for Civil Liberties, Introduction
constitution and parliament, restoration of state
autonomy of Finland and Poland, alienation of up to 60% of landowners
lands, introduction of an 8-hour day, social insurance.
Octobrists: (Union of October 17). PROGRAM:
constitutional monarchy with a strong government
autocrat, cultural autonomy.
The split among the Socialist Revolutionaries into the Labor People's Socialist Party
party (People's Socialists, or Popular Socialists, rejected terror) and
“Union of Socialist-Revolutionary Maximalists” (betting on terror).
April 10-25, 1906 - IV (unification) Congress of the RSDLP (in
conditions of the revolution - the unification of the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.
REVOLUTION 1905 – 1907: development along a descending line
23April
1906
were
approved
Basic
laws
V
Russian
empires.
Form
board
–
dualistic monarchy with
strong
imperial
power and presence of organs
legislative
authorities:
State Duma and
State Council.
Laws without the approval of the Duma
could
publish
V
emergency
ok
between sessions.
REVOLUTION 1905 – 1907: I State Duma
The first meeting of the State Duma took place on April 271906 in the Tauride Palace. Chairman cadet professor S.A. Muromtsev. The composition of the Duma was dominated by
Cadets, Trudoviks and non-party people. Socialist-Revolutionaries and Social Democrats announced
boycott. Worked for 72 days. The main issue: agricultural.
from the cadets “project 42”: the creation of a state
land fund for allocating land to the peasantry with
inclusion of state, monastery and part of landowners' lands.
They advocated the preservation of exemplary landowner farms.
from the Trudoviks “Project 104”: allotment of land according to labor
norm at the expense of state, monastic and privately owned
lands exceeding the labor standard, the introduction of equalization of labor land use.
from the Socialist Revolutionaries “project of 33”: destruction of private property
to the land and declaring it the property of the population of Russia.
July 8, 1906 I The Duma was dissolved.
REVOLUTION 1905 – 1907: II State Duma
In terms of party composition, it turned out to be “to the left” of the previous one.The majority were Cadets, Trudoviks, Social Democrats and
Social Revolutionaries.
The Second State Duma lasted only 102 days.
From the very beginning of its work, the Duma took an opposition position
position: insisted on the government's responsibility to
deputies, demanded to change internal policy, including
including those relating to the death penalty. Not recognizing tough
Stolypin's policy towards radicals, the Duma rejected
a number of Stolypin’s reforms, including agrarian, including -
CANCELLATION OF PURCHASE PAYMENTS.
P. A. Stolypin set a course for its dissolution. June 3, 1907 II
The State Duma was dissolved.
REVOLUTION 1905 – 1907: results and significance
Replacement of autocracydualistic monarchy with
representative body
legislative branch
Democratic rights granted:
personal integrity,
freedom of conscience, speech, assembly
political parties
Liberalization of politics in
Finland
Redemption payments canceled
Not resolved:
agrarian question
question of responsibility
government before the people
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