Simple prepositions examples. General concept of preposition

A preposition is a service part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words. Example of a sentence with prepositions (prepositions are underlined): I will on work With morning before evenings By weekdays.

Morphological features

Prepositions can express various relationships:

1. Spatial: go along the road, go onto the road;
2. Temporary: get up in the morning, go for the summer;
3. Causal: a mistake due to inattention, complains of illness.

Suggestions are divided into:

• simple - consisting of one syllable (in, on, by, to);
  compound - consisting of two or more words (despite starting with);
• non-derivatives: without, in, before, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, at, through;
  derivatives - formed from independent parts of speech with the loss of their meaning and morphological features: about, as a result, due to, etc.

Derivative prepositions are often used with one case. Non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases. Prepositions thanks to, according to, contrary to are used with the dative case. The preposition thanks is not used when talking about causes that cause negative consequences. You can't say "Due to the snowdrifts, traffic is interrupted."

The use of prepositions in and on may depend on which noun they are combined with: ride a train - ride a tram, work in a team - work at a factory, go to the Crimea - go to the Caucasus, etc. The prepositions in and on have antonymous prepositions from and with: go from school - go to school, take from the shelf - put on the shelf.

Do not confuse prepositions with homonymous parts of speech:

• opposite the house (preposition) - I live opposite (adverb), ahead of the detachment (preposition) - go ahead (adverb);
• thanks to the rain (preposition) - thanks to the hostess (general participle), despite the illness (pretext) - not looking around (general participle);
• about work (preposition) - put on a bank account (noun), within a day (preposition) - during the river (noun), due to bad weather (pretext) - keep in mind (noun).

Prepositions do not change (there are no non-permanent morphological features).

Examples of prepositions

Simple prepositions

Thanks to my father, my sisters and I know French, German and English (A. Chekhov).
Against my wishes, they met (V. Garshin).
A mutual friend from the Baltics came to visit us for the weekend.

From other words in phrases and sentences. Prepositions, like all functional words, cannot be used independently, they always refer to some noun (or a word used in the function of a noun). Due to their syntactic non-independence, prepositions never act as members of a sentence. They serve control as a kind of subordination, being associated with the control component of the phrase.

This part of speech was formed due to other lexical and grammatical categories. This is largely due to the heterogeneity of prepositions. During the XIX-XX centuries, there is a continuous replenishment of the composition of derivative prepositions. Prepositions that express the most abstract meanings - objective, causal, target, etc. develop most interestingly. The growing role of journalistic and scientific speech in the Russian language of the 19th century is reflected in the development of new prepositions.

Some prepositions, mostly derivatives, combine a number of meanings. Yes, suggestions. for, under, from, from, into, on combine causal, spatial and temporal meanings. Pretext through, expressing spatial ( through the mountains) and temporary ( through the centuries) relationship, colloquially found when expressing causal relationships ( through you I lost my family). Other prepositions combine causal meanings with goal meanings, for example for, by.

Classification by origin and structure

• Non-derivative (the oldest prepositions) - in, without, before, from, to, on, by, o, from, before, with, through, with, at, for, over, about, under, about, for.

• Derivative prepositions were formed at a later time from the words of other parts of speech and subdivided into:
  • adverbial - near, deep into, along, near, about, around, in front of, after and etc.;
  • denominated - by, in the role of, depending on, by, about, about, in view of, on occasion, during and etc.;
  • verbal (they were mostly formed from gerunds rather than verbs proper) - thanks, despite, later and others.

Structure classification

• Simple (consisting of one word): in, from, to, at, over, on, before, at and etc.
• complex (consist of two simple, connected by a hyphen): from under, from behind, over and etc.
• compound (consisting of several words): in spite of, in spite of, due to and etc.

Classification by use with cases of nouns (valency)

• with one case
• with two cases
• with three cases

Relationship Classification

As the researchers note, in the modern Russian language the range of meanings of prepositions, the sphere of relations expressed by them, is expanding and deepening. So, prepositions do not change and are not members of the sentence, but they express different relationships:

• spatial - around, among, on and etc.;
• temporary - during, in continuation and etc.;
• causal - in view of , due to , because of , due to and etc.;
• target - For and etc.;
• object - and etc.;
• comparative
• defining
• concessions
• accompanying

see also

Links

• English preposition: "who is he friends with?" (Comparison of Russian and English preposition)

Literature

• Baranov M.T. Russian language grade 7. - Enlightenment, 2011. - 224 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-09-024813-6

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

• Adverb
• Union (disambiguation)

See what "Preposition" is in other dictionaries:

pretext- Cause, cause, reason; justification, excuse; chicane. Under a plausible pretext.. Cf. . See excuse, nitpick, reason, trick, cunning to look for a pretext, under a pretext ... .. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under.… … Synonym dictionary

PRETEXT Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

PRETEXT- 1. PREPOSITION1, preposition, husband. A reason for something, a fictitious reason. An excuse for a fight. "Annibal, Biron's personal enemy, was sent to Siberia under a plausible pretext." Pushkin. "You only want, and there is an excuse." Dal. “I’m Dimitri, or not what ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

pretext- 1. PREPOSITION, a; m. Reason for what l., a fictitious reason. Find, find p. Blagovidny p. P. for a quarrel. P. to leave. Come up with a p. to leave. Reject under any pretext. ◁ Under the pretext of what. in sign pretext. As a result, because of Refuse to…… encyclopedic Dictionary

pretext- PROPOSITION, reason, obsolete. pretext, open lead ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

PRETEXT- PREPOSITION, a part of speech, a function word used to express various relationships between dependent and main members of a phrase. Precedes a dependent word (for example, enter a house). Not a member of the offer... Modern Encyclopedia

PRETEXT- part of speech is a function word used to express various relationships between dependent and main members of a phrase. Precedes a dependent word (eg, enter a house). Not a member of the offer... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PREPOSITION 1- PREPOSITION 1, a, m. External reason for what n. Find an item for refusal. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

PREPOSITION 2- PREPOSITION 2, a, m. In grammar: a functional word expressing the relationship between grammatically dependent words (word and word form), for example. on (put on the table), by (walk across the field), at (be at the house). Dictionary… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

pretext- PROPOSITION, husband. External reason for what n. Find an item for refusal. Under the pretext of what, in the meaning. preposition with genus. explaining, justifying. than n., referring to, relying on what n. Refuse under the pretext of employment. Under the pretext that (under that ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Pretext- (gram.) An invariable particle that serves to more accurately determine the meaning of a verb or case. The original real meaning of P. has been lost, but undoubted traces of their former declination have been preserved; e.g. Greek en, eni in, on (local fall), ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Books

• Preposition - we are familiar with it! Teaching the use of prepositions in writing, Ivanova Svetlana Vasilievna. The manual offers the author's didactic material for working with primary school students with general underdevelopment of speech, with children in classes of correctional and developmental education, ...

Where is Kolobok sitting? On a stump. Preposition NA.

Rice. 6. Gingerbread Man ()

Who is the dog friends with? With cat. Suggestion S.

Rice. 7. Dog with a cat ()

What is the ship sailing on? By sea. PO preposition.

Rice. 8. The ship sails on the sea ()

Where is the student sitting? At the desk. Suggestion FOR.

Rice. 9. The student at the desk ()

Let's remember the prepositions : in, without before, from, to, on, by, o, from, before, with, through, for, with, at, for, over, about, under, about.

Unlike nouns, adjectives, and verbs, prepositions do not answer questions. However, the connection of words in a sentence without prepositions is impossible.

Let's remember:

Prepositions with words are written separately.

We already know that there are similar prefixes in Russian. But prefixes - this is part of the word, so they are written together with the words. A prepositions - this is a part of speech, so they are written with words separately.

Let's learn how to distinguish a prefix from a preposition.

Let's determine where the prefix is, and where is the preposition.

(On) wrote (on) an envelope.

The first way: you can discard or change the prefix, but not the preposition. Let's try:

Wrote (on) an envelope. The words are connected in meaning. So the first NA is a prefix.

Wrote an envelope. Communication is broken. So the second ON is a preposition.

Posted by- ON the prefix - we write together. On the envelope- ON the preposition - we write separately.

Remember: prepositions with verbs are not used!

Consider the second way:

(Pro) read (pro) animals.

The second way: you can insert another word between the preposition and the word. Let's try:

Read - What did you do? - this is a verb, PRO is a prefix, you cannot insert another word.

Read about pets. PRO - an excuse, we will write separately.

Read about animals.

Word pretext translated from Greek means " before the word". In terms of frequency of use, prepositions rank fourth after nouns, verbs and adjectives.

Let's consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice.

Let's play with suggestions.

The name of which coniferous tree consists of four prepositions?

Pine - C, O, C, ON.

The name of which pet consists of two prepositions?

Cat - K, OT.

The name of which pet consists of three prepositions?

Goat - K, O, FOR.

Without what four excuses can you not inflate a wheel?

Pump - ON, C, O, C.

Let's compose and write down phrases with prepositions B, ON.

Sweets, vase;
Books, shelf;
Painting, wall;
Tablecloth, table;
Pencil, pencil case;
Cubes, box.

Let's check:

Sweets in a vase;
Books on the shelf;
Picture on the wall;
Tablecloth on the table;
Pencil in a pencil case;
Cubes in a box.

Insert suitable prepositions:

Birds ... in a cage.

Leaves ... branch.

Cat ... table.

Kindergarten ... corner.

Let's check:

Birds in a cage.

Leaves on a branch.

The cat is at the table.

Garden around the corner.

Prepositions with words are written separately.

Let's write, opening the brackets:

Misha (in) ran (in) class.

Vova (before) rode (to) school (on) a tram.

Nina (along) walked (along) the path (to) the garden.

The path (c) started (c) the mountains.

Flowers (under) the window (under) cut (under) the root.

Let's check:

Misha ran into the classroom. Misha What did you do? ran in. Ran in - this is a verb, so B is a prefix, we write together. I ran into a large class. You can insert a word, so B is a preposition, we write separately.

Vova went to school by tram. Vova What did you do? arrived. I arrived - this is a verb, which means DO is a prefix, we write together. I arrived at my school. You can insert a word, which means DO is a preposition, we write separately. I arrived on the red tram. You can insert a word, which means DO is a preposition, we write separately.

Nina walked along the path to the garden. Nina what did you do? went. Went - this is a verb, so software is a prefix, we write together. On a small path. You can insert a word, which means software is a pretext, we write separately. In the city garden. You can insert a word, so B is a preposition, we write separately.

The path descended from the mountain. Path what did you do? went down. Went down - this is a verb, so C is a prefix, we write together. Coming down from a high mountain. You can insert a word, which means C is a preposition, we write separately.

The flowers under the window were pruned to the root. Flowers under my window. You can insert a word, which means POD is a pretext, we write separately. what did they do? Cut off - this is a verb, so POD is a prefix, we write together. Cut to the very root. You can insert a word, which means POD is a pretext, we write separately.

In this lesson, we learned that a preposition is a part of speech that serves to connect words. It must be remembered that prepositions with words are written separately.

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

1. Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
2. Social network of educators Nsportal.ru ().

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. Part 2. Do ex. 158, p. 113; ex. 161, p. 115.
2. Make up 4 tests with three answers on the topic of the lesson.
3. * Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, make up a few riddles following the example from the section This is interesting.

Why are you right when you are dissatisfied when you hear or read someone's "I'm back from the store", "I can't say anything about this film, I haven't seen it"? We analyze difficult cases of using simple prepositions, taking into account the advice of the Gramota.ru portal.

To the doctor or KO to the doctor?

Despite two consecutive consonants in the word "doctor", it is correct to write and say "to the doctor." "ko" is required only in a number of cases:

- before the words “lion”, “ice”, “flax”, “forehead”, “lie”, “moss”, “ditch”, “rye”, “mouth”, “all”, “every”, “every”, “Tuesday”, “second”, “many” in the dative case: to the forehead, to the lion, to every holiday;

- before the word "me": come to me;

- before the words "yesterday", "seam" you can use both the preposition "k" and the preposition "ko": let's turn to / to yesterday's news.

BUT! In some cases (in fiction, in journalism), in order to give speech pathos and solemnity, it is possible to replace the preposition "k" with "ko": to a universal tragedy.

About the book or About the book?

Both options are possible, but the preposition “pro” is a sign of conversational style, relaxed speech, while the phrase with “o” is stylistically neutral and impeccably competent.

In Ukraine or IN Ukraine?

This is one of the most popular questions for specialists of the Gramota.ru portal. Their answer: the literary norm of the modern Russian language is “in Ukraine”, “from Ukraine”. And no politics, only the traditions of the great and mighty, which have evolved over the centuries.

Control over or control over?

Both prepositions can be used in conjunction with nouns that are formed from verbs: control over / over spending profits. Subtleties: if the noun denotes an action, process or sign, it is better to choose the preposition “for” (control over the independent work of students, control over the execution of the director’s order). And if it is an abstract concept or an animated object, the scales tilt in favor of "above" (control of the trainees, control of the business).

Worry FOR or Worry About?

No need to worry about your own literacy or think badly about it: both options have a right to exist. Before, however, the construction "worry about something, someone" was considered colloquial.

About all, ABOUT all or ABOUT all?

Correct answer: all. When are the prepositions "about", "about" and about "needed"?

- in the accusative case before words that begin with consonants (except for the words "everything", "all", "all", "all", "what"), we write and pronounce the prepositions "about" / "about": hit about / about the water;

- in the accusative case, before words that begin with vowels, the preposition “about” is needed: about the university, about apricot jam;

- in the accusative case, before the words “everything”, “everything”, “all”, “all”, “what”, “something”, “something”, “something”, we put the preposition “about”: he stumbled about something in the dark;

- in the prepositional case, before words that begin with consonants (except for the words “me”, “everything”, “all”, “all”), the preposition “o” is required: sang about love;

- in the prepositional case, before words that begin with vowels, the preposition “about” is used: reminded of the vacation;

- in the prepositional case, before the words “me”, “everything”, “all”, “all”, the preposition “obo” is needed: I guessed about all her tricks.

BUT! Words with “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” at the beginning (the case is no longer important) only use the preposition “o”, since they are not in writing, but in pronunciation they “start” with the consonant sound “y”: tree = yolka, therefore about the tree, about apples, about the lawyer.

FOR the book or about the book?

Which phrase seems more euphonious to you: “I will say about the new book: interesting” or “I will say about the new book: interesting”? You are right: using the preposition "for" instead of the preposition "about" is wrong.

Is he from the store or is he from the store?

Let's remember pairs of prepositions that complement each other like yin and yang: the preposition "from" is a partner "in", and the preposition "from" is a friend "on". That is, if someone went to the store, then he will return from the store, and not from it. And if someone comes from the Urals, then they will go to the Urals to visit their parents (compare: “I am from Siberia”, but “I am going to Siberia”).

From yesterday or from yesterday?

In this example, both options are equal. In general, the preposition "with" instead of "with" is necessary:

- before words that begin with “s / s / w / w + consonant” or with the consonant “u”: from a schooner, with generosity;

- before the words "lion", "ice", "flax", "forehead", "moss", "ditch", "mouth" in the genitive and instrumental cases: from the forehead, with ice;

- with the words "me", "me";

- before the case forms of the words "louse", "all", "any", "all kinds", "Tuesday", "second", "many": from Tuesday, with everyone;

- in stable combinations: with taste, with attention, over time, from the yard, from day to day, from the bottom.

BETWEEN trees or BETWEEN trees?

Philologists know: to say "between what?" and "between what?" not a mistake. But the second option (between trees, between tables, between books) is considered obsolete.

Ourselves or Ourselves?

It is not necessary to repeat the preposition in such expressions, this is a feature of vernacular.

In the Universe or IN the Universe?

Before words that begin with “v / f + consonant” (in the All-Russian competition, the need for water fluoridation), you need to write and pronounce the preposition “in”. Otherwise, especially in oral speech, it is easy to stumble on an unpronounceable cluster of consonant sounds.

By May 20th or BEFORE May 20th?

So, you need to designate yourself or someone else a time period and indicate the date of its end. It is generally accepted that in a date with the preposition “to”, the previous day serves as the border: for example, until May 20, this is May 19 as the deadline. And if “until May 20” is indicated, then you can complete the task on the 20th. But linguists emphasize: constructions with both prepositions do not reliably determine whether the control date is included in the period it ends. And they advise adding the adverb “inclusive”: from May 10 to May 20 inclusive, from May 10 to May 20 inclusive.

By Monday or On Monday?

And again the subtleties of meaning. “By Monday” means that something needs to be done on Sunday, before the next day starts. “On Monday” means that the work can be done during this day.

Statement by Petrova or statement from Petrova?

Both options when writing a document are equivalent: to use a preposition or not - the choice is yours.

There are prepositions in Russian V/VO, S/SO, O/OB. Each of these pairs of prepositions has the same meaning with a slight difference, the addition of the vowel "O", for the convenience of pronouncing words. Let's look at examples of when it is necessary to use a specific preposition.

Prepositions В or Во

If the word after the preposition begins with two consonants, the first of which is V or F, then the preposition VO is used in speech and writing:

in fr agmente, in fr aze, in FR antion, in fr english, in fl Akone

There is a very interesting quote in a fragment of this film. – – There is a very interesting quote in the fragment of this film.

At the French restaurant we tried the new summer menu. – – We tasted a new summer menu in the French restaurant.

Tue orom, on Tue ornik, in HF rubbish, in vz looking in ow adenia, Sun yak

His car was in the second lane on the road. – – His car was in the second row on the road.

I found my interview in yesterday's magazine. - - I found my interview in yesterday's magazine.

Also, the preposition VO is used with the following words:

in mn omg, in mn oh, in in es, in and me

They took a photo on a smartphone in their entire height. – – They took photos on the smartphone in all their height.

This book is very popular and published in many countries around the world. – – This book is very popular and published in many countries of the world.

Prepositions C or CO

The principle of use is the same as in the previous pair of prepositions. The letter O is added to the preposition C if the preposition is used with a word that begins with two consonants.

From a chair, with me, with tears, with everyone, with many

Take your toy from the chair! – – Take your toy from the chair.

Who will go to the river with me today? – – Who will to the river with me?

Prepositions about or about

In the case of the preposition O, the letter B is added if the preposition comes before a word that begins with the vowels A, I, O, U, E.

About these about toys, about Arina, about lesson, about encyclopedias.

I have heard a lot about these people. – – I’ve heard a lot about these people.

Jason called his friends in the UK and talked about Russian lessons. – – Jason called to his friends in Great Britain and told about his Russian language lessons.

In addition, with some words that begin with a consonant, the preposition OBO is used:

Obo everything both to me

You can talk about everything in the world! – – It’s possible to talk about everything in the world with you!

Don't ask anything about me! – – Don’t ask anything about me!

Exceptions:

Your new story about you? – – Is your story about you?