Settlement of East Slavic tribes map. “Eastern Slavs: settlement, neighbors, occupations, social system

TOPIC by codifier:

1.1.1* East Slavic tribes and their

neighbours.

QUESTION:

HOW TO DISTINGUISH A SLAVIC TRIBE FROM A NON-SLAVIC TRIBE in the list of names and on the map?

ANSWER:

East Slavic tribes This: Dulebs, White Croats, Tiverts...

AND

all tribes whose name ends with

-ICHI (Radimichi, Vyatichi, Krivichi, Dregovichi, Ulich)

-BUT NOT- (Buzhans, Polochans),

-I DON'T (glades, Drevlyans, Volynians, northerners) ,

-NE (Ilmen Slovenes).

QUESTION:

HOW TO FIND THIS OR THAT SLAVIC TRIBE ON THE MAP?

ANSWER:

1 way: You can, of course, remember the names of the rivers (SEE table above) ...

BUT THERE ARE WEAKNESSES HERE - NOT ALL rivers can be shown on the map!

Large ones - they may well be... Dnieper, Desna, Western Dvina, Dniester, Oka, Southern Bug... But some rivers may not exist.

Moreover, often many rivers (even large ones!) are not on the map precisely because in the same task they will also need to be marked on the map...

2. way: You can navigate by the main cities (tribal centers). Look at the map below and remember...

Map 1

Look at the map and read below...

Kyiv is the center of the land POLYAN. The main city of Rus' . Arose before the creation of the state. Capital since 882. Located on the Dnieper.

Kyiv itself will also very likely need to be found on the map and its name will not be...

That's why It’s appropriate to remember neighboring cities :

a little lower - (to the south) and also on the Dnieper Pereyaslavl,

higher - (north) - Lyubech(also on the Dnieper).

So What, if you need to mark the city between Lyubech and Pereyaslavl located with themon one river - this and there is Kyiv ("mother of Russian cities").

Slightly higher and to the right (to the northeast) is located Chernigov.

A little higher and to the left (northwest) - Iskorosten and Vruchy (Ovruch)

Iskorosten or Vruchy (can also be written as Ovruch ) - centers of the Earth DREVLYAN.

The same DREVLYANS who were defeated by Princess Olga. Then that's it x center and was moved from Iskrosten to Ovruch (Vruchy)...

BY THE WAY, Drevlyansky land in sources, excerpts from which appear in assignments can be called VILLAGE.

Why? Because... DREVLYANES - This not the ones who are the most ancient, A those who live among the trees, i.e. In the woods, That’s why the chronicler quite rightly calls their land Derevskaya. And on topic: " East Slavic tribes and their neighbors. " - practically the only source and there is the Tale of Bygone Years and Chronicles

Smolensk is the center of the land of KRIVICHY. Also arose before the creation of the state. Just like Kyiv located on the Dnieper, but much higher (to the north).

Pskov, Izborsk and Polotsk Same city ​​of KRIVICHY, they are located to the left and above (northwest) of Smolensk.

At the same time, Polotsk is closer everyone to Smolensk. Pskov and Izborsk closer to each other , but further from Smolensk.

Pskov is located on a lake, which is called quite simply - Pskov Lake. In the north it smoothly turns into Lake Peipus, on which in 1242 Alexander Nevsky defeated the German crusaders...

Cherven, Przemysl, and sometimes Volyn, later Vladimir-Volynsky - the cities of VOLYNIAN. Are located to the left (west) of Kyiv. In fact - the extreme West of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs.

Novgorod and Ladoga are the centers of the land of the ILMENI SLOVENS. They are located north of all other cities, and therefore highest on the map. Novgorod is located on a small lake,(this is usually visible on the map).

The river flowing into the lake is called Volkhov. The river is small. It may not always be written on the map.

We look at Novgorod on the map no less carefully than at Kyiv! This the second, or rather chronologically even the first capital of Ancient Rus'. Simply put, it is the second most important city.

Ladoga is the city where Rurik was called. Located on Lake Ladoga, on which St. Petersburg now stands, but a little to the right (east) than it!

LET'S REMEMBER IMPORTANT:

NOVGOROD, SMOLENSK AND Kyiv - IF YOU LOOK CAREFULLY AT THE MAP ARE APPROXIMATELY ON THE SAME STRAIGHT VERTICAL LINE (top down).

NOVGOROD AND Kyiv exactly on the same line, SMOLENSK deviates slightly to the right (to the east).

Of them Kyiv AND SMOLENSK are located on the same river - the Dnieper.

ATTENTION!

1) Nowadays they are quite Russian cities Rostov, Murom and Beloozero - were NOT in ancient times the centers of the SLAVIC TRIBES and their CITIES!

This centers of settlement of neighboring Finno-Ugric tribes:


Rostov is the center of the Merya tribe.
Murom - Murom tribe.
Beloozero is the whole tribe.

2) NORTHERN people don’t live in the North! . And it’s quite possible even in the south! What their name comes from is still unknown.

Because the some of the East Slavic tribes(Vyatichi, Radimichi, Polochans, Tivertsy, Ulichi, White Croats, Dregovichi) did not have their own cities, offered...

3 way: Remember the tribes by their place on the map and neighboring tribes (in pairs, triplets of nearby tribes). Let's remember who is next to whom!

Let's start from the bottom, from the south... see Map 2.

Map 2

1. Pair No. 1. To the south and lowest of all and with access to the Black Sea live STREETS AND TIVERTS, adjacent to each other.Apart from them, no one lives near the Black Seaother East Slavic tribes.

To the right i.e. to the east on the map (between the Dniester and the Southern Bug) - STREETS.

To their left are (to the west) TIVERTS (between the Dniester and the Prut).

2. Pair No. 2. To the left and above (northwest) STREETS AND TIVERTS live VOLYNAIAN AND WHITE CROATIANS, also adjacent to each other.

Wherein , VOLYNians can be called BUZHANS(because they also live along the Southern Bug River, but in the upper reaches). Or DULEBES(an older name).

WHITE CROATians are the most western of all tribes!

3. Troika No. 1 - POLANA, DREVLYANE, NORTHERN.

POLYANE and DREVLYANE are on the mapto the right (east) VOLYNYAN.

At the same time, the DREVLYANE live to the left and above (northwest) POLYAN, What It’s partly clear even from their name... DREVLYANE are those who live in forests (among the trees) and POLYANE - in the steppe (among the fields). Steppe how the landscape of hotter climates is always located further south.

Center of the land POLYAN - Kyiv (capital Ancient Rus').

DREVLYAN Centers - Iskorosten and Vruchy (Ovruch).

NORTHERN are to the right and higher (northeast) POLYAN. They have no relation to the geographical north in a broad sense. The origin of their name is not precisely known. The only ones they are north of are POLYANE.

4. Couple No. 3. DREGOVICHI AND POLOCHAN. They liveabove (north) DREVLYAN.

Wherein, the northernmost (higher on the map)- POLOCHAN (live along the Western Dvina and Polota rivers).

Closer toDRE VLYANAM, but still sufficiently above them (to the north) and on the other side of the riverPripyat liveDRE GOVICI. By the consonance of their names, it is easier to remember their not very close, but still neighborhood.

East Slavic union of tribes living in the basin of the upper and middle reaches of the Oka and along the Moscow River. The settlement of the Vyatichi occurred from the territory of the Dnieper left bank or from the upper reaches of the Dniester. The substrate of the Vyatichi was the local Baltic population. The Vyatichi preserved pagan beliefs longer than other Slavic tribes and resisted the influence of the Kyiv princes. Disobedience and belligerence are the calling card of the Vyatichi tribe.

Tribal union of the Eastern Slavs of the 6th-11th centuries. They lived in the territories of what are now Vitebsk, Mogilev, Pskov, Bryansk and Smolensk regions, as well as eastern Latvia. They were formed on the basis of the incoming Slavic and local Baltic population - Tushemlinskaya culture. The ethnogenesis of the Krivichi involved the remnants of local Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes - Estonians, Livs, Latgalians - who mixed with the numerous newcomer Slavic population. The Krivichi are divided into two large groups: Pskov and Polotsk-Smolensk. In the culture of the Polotsk-Smolensk Krivichi, along with Slavic elements of decoration, there are elements of the Baltic type.

Slovenian Ilmenskie- a tribal union of Eastern Slavs on the territory of the Novgorod land, mainly in the lands near Lake Ilmen, adjacent to the Krivichi. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, the Ilmen Slovenes, together with the Krivichi, Chud and Meri, participated in the calling of the Varangians, who were related to the Slovenes - immigrants from the Baltic Pomerania. A number of historians consider the ancestral home of the Slovenes to be the Dnieper region, others trace the ancestors of the Ilmen Slovenes from the Baltic Pomerania, since the legends, beliefs and customs, the type of dwellings of the Novgorodians and Polabian Slavs are very similar.

Duleby- tribal union of the Eastern Slavs. They inhabited the territories of the Bug River basin and the right tributaries of the Pripyat. In the 10th century The association of Dulebs disintegrated, and their lands became part of Kievan Rus.

Volynians- an East Slavic union of tribes that lived on the territory on both banks of the Western Bug and at the source of the river. Pripyat. In Russian chronicles, Volynians were first mentioned in 907. In the 10th century, the Vladimir-Volyn principality was formed on the lands of the Volynians.

Drevlyans- East Slavic tribal union, which occupied in the 6th-10th centuries. the territory of Polesie, the Right Bank of the Dnieper, west of the glades, along the rivers Teterev, Uzh, Ubort, Stviga. The area of ​​residence of the Drevlyans corresponds to the area of ​​the Luka-Raykovets culture. The name Drevlyans was given to them because they lived in forests.

Dregovichi- tribal union of the Eastern Slavs. The exact boundaries of the habitat of Dregovichi have not yet been established. According to a number of researchers, in the 6th-9th centuries the Dregovichi occupied territory in the middle part of the Pripyat River basin; in the 11th-12th centuries, the southern border of their settlement ran south of Pripyat, the northwestern - in the watershed of the Drut and Berezina rivers, the western - in the upper reaches of the Neman River . When settling Belarus, the Dregovichi moved from south to north to the Neman River, which indicates their southern origin.

Polotsk residents- a Slavic tribe, part of the tribal union of the Krivichi, who lived along the banks of the Dvina River and its tributary Polota, from which they got their name.
The center of Polotsk land was the city of Polotsk.

Glade- a tribal union of Eastern Slavs who lived on the Dnieper, in the area of ​​​​modern Kyiv. The very origin of the glades remains unclear, since the territory of their settlement was at the junction of several archaeological cultures.

Radimichi- an East Slavic union of tribes that lived in the eastern part of the Upper Dnieper region, along the Sozh River and its tributaries in the 8th-9th centuries. Convenient river routes passed through the lands of the Radimichi, connecting them with Kiev. The Radimichi and Vyatichi had a similar burial rite - the ashes were buried in a log house - and similar female temple jewelry (temporal rings) - seven-rayed (among the Vyatichi - seven-paste). Archaeologists and linguists suggest that the Balt tribes living in the upper reaches of the Dnieper also participated in the creation of the material culture of the Radimichi.

Northerners- an East Slavic union of tribes that lived in the 9th-10th centuries along the Desna, Seim and Sula rivers. The origin of the name northerners is of Scythian-Sarmatian origin and is traced back to the Iranian word “black”, which is confirmed by the name of the city of northerners - Chernigov. The main occupation of the northerners was agriculture.

Tivertsy- an East Slavic tribe that settled in the 9th century in the area between the Dniester and Prut rivers, as well as the Danube, including along the Budjak coast of the Black Sea in the territory of modern Moldova and Ukraine.

Ulichi- East Slavic tribal union that existed in the 9th - 10th centuries. The Ulichi lived in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Bug and on the shores of the Black Sea. The center of the tribal union was the city of Peresechen. The Ulichi for a long time resisted the attempts of the Kyiv princes to subjugate them to their power.

The Eastern Slavs are a large group of related peoples, which today numbers more than 300 million people. The history of the formation of these nationalities, their traditions, faith, relations with other states are important moments in history, since they answer the question of how our ancestors appeared in ancient times.

Origin

The question of the origin of the Eastern Slavs is interesting. This is our history and our ancestors, the first mentions of which date back to the beginning of our era. If we talk about archaeological excavations, scientists find artifacts indicating that the nation began to form before our era.

All Slavic languages ​​belong to a single Indo-European group. Its representatives emerged as a nationality around the 8th millennium BC. The ancestors of the Eastern Slavs (and many other peoples) lived along the shores of the Caspian Sea. Around the 2nd millennium BC, the Indo-European group split into three nationalities:

• Pro-Germans (Germans, Celts, Romans). Filled Western and Southern Europe.
• Baltoslavs. They settled between the Vistula and the Dnieper.
• Iranian and Indian peoples. They settled throughout Asia.

Around the 5th century BC, the Balotoslavs are divided into Balts and Slavs; already in the 5th century AD, the Slavs, in short, are divided into eastern (eastern Europe), western (central Europe) and southern (Balkan Peninsula).

Today, the Eastern Slavs include: Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians.

The invasion of the Hun tribes into the Black Sea region in the 4th century destroyed the Greek and Scythian states. Many historians call this fact the root cause of the future creation of the ancient state by the Eastern Slavs.

Historical reference

Settlement

An important question is how the Slavs developed new territories, and how their settlement occurred in general. There are 2 main theories of the appearance of the Eastern Slavs in Eastern Europe:

• Autochthonous. It suggests that the Slavic ethnic group was originally formed on the East European Plain. The theory was put forward by historian B. Rybakov. There are no significant arguments in its favor.
• Migration. Suggests that the Slavs migrated from other regions. Soloviev and Klyuchevsky argued that the migration was from the territory of the Danube. Lomonosov spoke about migration from the Baltic territory. There is also a theory of migration from the regions of Eastern Europe.

Around the 6th-7th centuries, the Eastern Slavs settled in Eastern Europe. They settled in the territory from Ladoga and Lake Ladoga in the North to the Black Sea coast in the south, from the Carpathian Mountains in the West to the Volga territories in the East.

13 tribes lived in this territory. Some sources talk about 15 tribes, but this data does not find historical confirmation. The Eastern Slavs in ancient times consisted of 13 tribes: Vyatichi, Radimichi, Polyan, Polotsk, Volynians, Ilmen, Dregovichi, Drevlyans, Ulichs, Tivertsy, Northerners, Krivichi, Dulebs.

Specifics of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs on the East European Plain:

• Geographical. There are no natural barriers, which makes movement easier.
• Ethnic. A large number of people with different ethnic composition lived and migrated in the territory.
• Communication skills. The Slavs settled near captivity and alliances, which could influence the ancient state, but on the other hand they could share their culture.

Map of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs in ancient times

Tribes

The main tribes of the Eastern Slavs in ancient times are presented below.

Glade. The most numerous tribe, strong on the banks of the Dnieper, south of Kyiv. It was the glades that became the drain for the formation of the ancient Russian state. According to the chronicle, in 944 they stopped calling themselves Polyans, and began to use the name Rus.

Slovenian Ilmenskie. The northernmost tribe that settled around Novgorod, Ladoga and Lake Peipsi. According to Arab sources, it was the Ilmen, together with the Krivichi, who formed the first state - Slavia.

Krivichi. They settled north of the Western Dvina and in the upper reaches of the Volga. The main cities are Polotsk and Smolensk.

Polotsk residents. They settled south of the Western Dvina. A minor tribal union that did not play an important role in the Eastern Slavs forming a state.

Dregovichi. They lived between the upper reaches of the Neman and the Dnieper. They mostly settled along the Pripyat River. All that is known about this tribe is that they had their own principality, the main city of which was Turov.

Drevlyans. They settled south of the Pripyat River. The main city of this tribe was Iskorosten.

Volynians. They settled more densely than the Drevlyans at the sources of the Vistula.

White Croats. The westernmost tribe, which was located between the Dniester and Vistula rivers.

Duleby. They were located east of the white Croats. One of the weakest tribes that did not last long. They voluntarily became part of the Russian state, having previously split into Buzhans and Volynians.

Tivertsy. They occupied the territory between the Prut and the Dniester.

Uglichi. They settled between the Dniester and the Southern Bug.

Northerners. They mainly occupied the territory adjacent to the Desna River. The center of the tribe was the city of Chernigov. Subsequently, several cities were formed on this territory that are still known today, for example, Bryansk.

Radimichi. They settled between the Dnieper and Desna. In 885 they were annexed to the Old Russian state.

Vyatichi. They were located along the sources of the Oka and Don. According to the chronicle, the ancestor of this tribe was the legendary Vyatko. Moreover, already in the 14th century there are no mentions of the Vyatichi in the chronicles.

Tribal alliances

The Eastern Slavs had 3 strong tribal unions: Slavia, Kuyavia and Artania.

In relations with other tribes and countries, the Eastern Slavs attempted to capture raids (mutual) and trade. Mainly connections were with:

• Byzantine Empire (Slav raids and mutual trade)
• Varangians (Varangian raids and mutual trade).
• Avars, Bulgars and Khazars (raids on the Slavs and mutual trade). Often these tribes are called Turkic or Türks.
• Fino-Ugrians (the Slavs tried to seize their territory).

What did you do

The Eastern Slavs were mainly engaged in agriculture. The specifics of their settlement determined the methods of cultivating the land. In the southern regions, as well as in the Dnieper region, chernozem soil dominated. Here the land was used for up to 5 years, after which it was depleted. Then people moved to another site, and the depleted one took 25-30 years to recover. This farming method is called folded .

The northern and central region of the East European Plain was characterized by a large number of forests. Therefore, the ancient Slavs first cut down the forest, burned it, fertilized the soil with ashes, and only then began field work. Such a plot was fertile for 2-3 years, after which it was abandoned and moved on to the next one. This method of farming is called slash-and-burn .

If we try to briefly characterize the main activities of the Eastern Slavs, the list will be as follows: agriculture, hunting, fishing, beekeeping (honey collection).

The main agricultural crop of the Eastern Slavs in ancient times was millet. Marten skins were primarily used by the Eastern Slavs as money. Much attention was paid to the development of crafts.

Beliefs

The beliefs of the ancient Slavs are called paganism because they worshiped many gods. Mainly deities were associated with natural phenomena. Almost every phenomenon or important component of life that the Eastern Slavs professed had a corresponding god. For example:

• Perun - god of lightning
• Yarilo - sun god
• Stribog - god of the wind
• Volos (Veles) – patron saint of cattle breeders
• Mokosh (Makosh) – goddess of fertility
• And so on

The ancient Slavs did not build temples. They built rituals in groves, meadows, stone idols and other places. Noteworthy is the fact that almost all fairy-tale folklore in terms of mysticism belongs specifically to the era under study. In particular, the Eastern Slavs believed in the goblin, brownie, mermaids, merman and others.

How were the activities of the Slavs reflected in paganism? It was paganism, which was based on worship of the elements and elements influencing fertility, that shaped the Slavs’ attitude to agriculture as the main way of life.

Social order

Buzhans (Volynians) - tribe Eastern Slavs, living in the basin of the upper reaches of the Western Bug (from which they got their name); Since the end of the 11th century, the Buzhans have been called Volynians (from the area of ​​Volyn).

Volynians -East Slavic tribe or a tribal union mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years and in the Bavarian chronicles. According to the latter, the Volynians owned seventy fortresses at the end of the 10th century. Some historians believe that the Volynians and Buzhans are descendants of the Dulebs. Their main cities were Volyn and Vladimir-Volynsky . Archaeological research indicates that the Volynians developed agriculture and numerous crafts, including forging, casting and pottery.
In 981, the Volynians were subjugated by the Kyiv prince Vladimir I and became part of Kievan Rus. Later, the Galician-Volyn principality was formed on the territory of the Volynians.

Drevlyans - one of the tribes of Russian Slavs, lived in Pripyat, Goryn, Sluch and Teterev. The name Drevlyans, according to the chronicler’s explanation, was given to them because they lived in the forests.

From archaeological excavations in the country of the Drevlians, we can conclude that they had a well-known culture. A well-established burial ritual testifies to the existence of certain religious ideas about the afterlife: the absence of weapons in the graves testifies to the peaceful nature of the tribe; finds of sickles, shards and vessels, iron products, remains of fabrics and leather indicate the existence of arable farming, pottery, blacksmithing, weaving and tanning among the Drevlyans; many bones of domestic animals and spurs indicate cattle and horse breeding; many items made of silver, bronze, glass and carnelian, of foreign origin, indicate the existence of trade, and the absence of coins gives reason to conclude that trade was barter.
The political center of the Drevlyans in the era of their independence was the city of Iskorosten; in later times the political center moved to the city Vruchy (Ovruch).

Dregovichi - East Slavic tribal union, lived between Pripyat and Western Dvina. Most likely the name comes from the Old Russian word dregva or dryagva, which means “swamp”.
Let's call the Drugovites (Greek δρονγονβίται) the Dregovichi were already known to Constantine the Porphyrogenitus as a tribe subordinate to Rus'. Being away from the “Road from the Varangians to the Greeks,” the Dregovichi did not play a prominent role in the history of Ancient Rus'. The chronicle only mentions that the Dregovichi once had their own reign. The capital of the principality was the city of Turov . The subordination of the Dregovichi to the Kyiv princes probably occurred very early. On the territory of the Dregovichi it was subsequently formed Principality of Turov, and the northwestern lands became part of the Principality of Polotsk.

Duleby (not fools) - union of East Slavic tribes on the territory of Western Volyn in the VI-early X centuries. In the 7th century they were subjected to an Avar invasion (obry). In 907 they took part in Prince Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople. The Duleb tribal union broke up into tribes Volynians and Buzhanians and in the middle of the 10th century finally lost their independence, becoming part of Ancient Rus' with its center in Kyiv.

Krivichi - numerous East Slavic tribe (tribal association), which occupied the upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper and Western Dvina in the 6th-10th centuries, the southern part of the Lake Peipsi basin and part of the Neman basin. Sometimes the Ilmen Slavs are also considered to be Krivichi.

The Krivichi were probably the first Slavic tribe to move from the Carpathian region to the northeast. Limited in their distribution to the northwest and west, where they met stable Lithuanian and Finnish tribes, the Krivichi spread to the northeast, assimilating with the living Tamfinns.
Having settled on the great waterway from Scandinavia to Byzantium - “The Path from the Varangians to the Greeks” - the Krivichi took part in trade with Greece; Konstantin Porphyrogenitus says that Krivichi make boats on which the Rus go to Constantinople. They took part in Oleg and Igor’s campaigns against the Greeks as a tribe subordinate to the Kyiv prince; the treaty of Prince Oleg mentions the Krivichi city of Polotsk.

In the era formation of the Old Russian state among the Krivichi political centers already existed: Izborsk, Polotsk and Smolensk.
It is believed that the last tribal prince of the Krivichs, Rogvolod, along with his sons, was killed in Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. In the Ipatiev list the Krivichi were mentioned for the last time in 1128, and Polotsk princes were called Krivichi (Russians) under 1140 and 1162. After this, the Krivichi are no longer mentioned in the East Slavic chronicles. However tribal name Krivichi It was used in foreign sources for quite a long time, until the end of the 17th century. In modern Latvian word krievs - means Russians, and the word Krievija - Russia.

Southwestern, Polotsk branch of the Krivichi also called Polotsk residents . Together with Dregovichi, Radimichi and some Baltic tribes the Krivichi branch (Russians) formed the basis of the Belarusian ethnic group.
Northeastern branch of the Krivichi , settled mainly in the territory of modern Tver, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, was in close contact with Finno-Ugric tribes. The border between the settlement territory Krivichi and Novgorod Slovenes is determined archaeologically by the types of burials: long mounds among the Krivichi and hills among the Slovenes.

Polotsk residents - East Slavic tribe, inhabited the lands in the middle reaches in the 9th century Western Dvina in today's Belarus.
Polotsk residents are mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, which explains their name as living near the Polota River, one of the tributaries of the Western Dvina. In addition, the chronicle claims that the Krivichi were descendants of the Polotsk people. The lands of Polotsk extended from the Svisloch along the Berezina to the lands of the Dregovichi. The Polotsk people were one of the tribes from which the Principality of Polotsk was later formed. Polotsk residents - one of the founders of the modern Belarusian people.

Glade (poly) - the name of the Eastern Slavs who settled along the middle reaches Dnieper, on its right bank.
Judging by the chronicles and the latest archaeological research, the territory of the land of the glades before the Christian era was limited by the current Dnieper, Ros and Irpen; in the northeast it was adjacent to the village land, in the west - to the southern settlements of the Dregovichi, in the southwest - to the Tivertsy, in the south - to the streets.

The chronicler defines the East Slavic tribe Polyan as "Sadyahu is lying in the field." The Polyans differed sharply from the neighboring Slavic tribes and in moral properties, and according to forms of social life:“For his father’s customs are quiet and meek, and he is ashamed of his daughters-in-law and sisters and mothers... I have marriage customs."
History finds the glades already at a rather late stage of political development: the social system is composed of two elements - communal and princely squad , and the former is strongly suppressed by the latter. With the usual and most ancient activities of the Slavs - hunting, fishing and beekeeping - the Polans, more than other Slavs, had cattle breeding, agriculture, “timber farming” and trade. Extensive tradenot only with Slavic neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: It is clear from the coin hoards that trade with the East began in the 8th century - stopped during the strife of the appanage princes.
At first, about half 8th century, paying tribute to the Khazars in the glade , thanks to cultural and economic superiority, from a defensive position in relation to their neighbors, they soon went on the offensivee; By the end of the 9th century, the Drevlyans, Dregovichs, northerners and others were already subject to the glades.

Gladeearlier than other Slavic tribes adopted Christianity. The center of the Polyanskaya (“Polish”) land was Kyiv; its other settlements - Vyshgorod, Belgorod on the Irpen River (now the village of Belogorodka), Zvenigorod, Trepol (now the village of Tripolye), Vasilyev (now Vasilkov) and others.
The chronicler also calls the Slavic tribe Polyana on the Vistula , mentioned for the last time in the Ipatiev Chronicle in 1208.

The land of glades with the city of Kiev became the center of the Rurikovich possessions from 882. The last time in the chronicle the name of the glades is mentioned under 944, on the occasion of Igor’s campaign against the Greeks, and is replaced, probably already in the end of the 10th century, named Rus (Ros) and Kiyane. Explanation from all points of view as a derivative of the Old Russian personal name Kyi, Kiy , also known among the rest of the Slavs, especially in earlier times, and how name, nickname of a person, and as a common noun “stick”, “bludgeon”, “what one beats with” (Fasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language, 2nd ed. M., 1986. T. II. P. 230; Nikonov V.A. Brief toponymic dictionary. M., 1966. P. 189 – 190;). The adjective Kyyiv means “belonging to Kiy.” Since ancient times, it has been perceived as a flattering comparison of a strong male figure with a club, with an oak trunk.

Radimichi - the name of the population that was part of the union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the interfluves of the upper reaches Dnieper and Desna.
Around 885 the Radimichi became part of the Old Russian state, and in the 12th century they mastered most of the Chernigov and southern part of the Smolensk lands. The name comes from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Radim.

Northerners (more correctly - North) - tribal union of the Eastern Slavs, inhabited the territories east of the middle reaches of the Dnieper, along the Desna and Seimi Sula rivers.

The origin of the name of the north is not completely clear. The name goes back to obsolete an ancient Slavic word meaning “relative”. The explanation from the Slavic word siver - north, despite the similarity of sound, is considered extremely controversial, since the north has never been the most northern of the Slavic tribes.

Slovenes (Ilmen Slavs) - East Slavic tribe , who lived in the second half of the first millennium in the basin of Lake Ilmen and the upper reaches and made up the bulk of the population Novgorod land.

Tivertsy - an East Slavic tribe that lived between the Dniester and Danube near the Black Sea coast. They were first mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years along with other East Slavic tribes of the 9th century. The main occupation of the Tiverts was agriculture. Tivertsy took part in campaigns of Prince Oleg to Constantinople in 907, and Prince Igor in 944 . In the middle of the 10th century, the lands of the Tiverts became part of Ancient Rus' with its center in Kyiv. The descendants of the Tivers in the western territories became part of the Ukrainian people, and the southwestern part of the Tivers tribes underwent Romanization.

Ulichi - East Slavic tribe, inhabiting the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Southern Bug and the Black Sea coast during the 8th-10th centuries.
The capital of the streets was the city of Peresechen. In the first half of the 10th century, the Ulichi fought for independence from Kievan Rus, but were nevertheless forced to recognize its supremacy and become part of it. Later, the Ulichi and neighboring Tivertsy were pushed north by the arriving Pecheneg nomads, where they merged with the Volynians. The last mention of the streets dates back to the chronicle of the 970s.

Croats - East Slavic tribe I, who lived in the vicinity of the city of Przemysl on the San River. Called themselves white Croatians, in contrast to the tribe of the same name who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word - “shepherd, guardian of livestock”, which may indicate its main occupation - cattle breeding.

Bodrichi (encouraged, rarogi ) - Polabian Slavs (lower Elbe) in the 8th-12th centuries. - union of Vagrs, Polabs, Glinyaks, Smolyans. Rarog (from the Danes Rerik) is the main city of the Bodrichis. Mecklenburg State in East Germany. Deep ancient differences are evident at all levels.
According to one version, Rurik - Slav from the Bodrichi tribe , grandson of Gostomysl, son of his daughter Umila and Bodic prince Godoslav (Godlava).

Vistula -a Western Slavic tribe that lived at least from the 7th century in Lesser Poland. In the 9th century, the Vistula people formed a tribal state with centers in Krakow, Sandomierz and Stradow. At the end of the century they were conquered by the king of Great Moravia Svyatopolk I and were forced to accept baptism. In the 10th century, the lands of the Vistula were conquered by the Polans and included in Poland.

Zlićane (Czech Zličane, Polish Zliczanie) - one of the ancient Bohemian tribes. Inhabited the territory adjacent to the modern city of Kourzhim (Czech Republic). It served as the center of formation of the Zlichan principality, which covered the beginning of the 10th century. Eastern and Southern Bohemia and the region of the Duleb tribe. The main city of the principality was Libice. The Libice princes Slavniki competed with Prague in the struggle for the unification of the Czech Republic. In 995, Zlicany was subordinated to the Přemyslids.

Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs, Sorbs (German: Sorben), Vendians are an indigenous Slavic population living in the territory of Lower and Upper Lusatia - regions that are part of modern Germany. The first settlements of Lusatian Serbs in these places are recorded in VI century AD e.
The Lusatian language is divided into Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian.
The Brockhaus and Euphron Dictionary gives the definition: “Sorbs - the name of the Vends and generally speaking ". Slavic people inhabiting a number of regions in Germany, in the federal states Brandenburg and Saxony.
Lusatian Serbs - one of the four officially recognized national minorities in Germany (along with the Gypsies, Frisians and Danes). It is believed that Serbian Sorbian roots now have about 60 thousand German citizens, of which 20,000 live in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg) and 40 thousand in Upper Lusatia Lusatia(Saxony).

Lyutici (Viltsy, Velety) -a union of Western Slavic tribes who lived in the early Middle Ages in the territory of what is now eastern Germany. The center of the Lutich union was the “Radogost” sanctuary, in which the god Svarozhich was revered. All decisions were made at a large tribal meeting, and there was no central authority.
The Lutici led the Slavic uprising of 983 against German colonization of the lands east of the Elbe, as a result of which colonization was suspended for almost two hundred years. Already before this The Luticians were ardent opponents of the German king Otto I. It is known about his heir, Henry II, that he did not try to enslave them, but rather lured them with money and gifts to his side in the fight against Boleslaw the Brave Poland.
Military and political successes strengthened in Lutich adherence to paganism and pagan customs, which also applied to the related Bodriches. However, in the 1050s, an internecine war broke out among the Lutichs and changed their position. The union quickly lost power and influence, and after the central sanctuary was destroyed by the Saxon Duke Lothair in 1125, the union finally disintegrated. Over the next decades, the Saxon dukes gradually expanded their possessions to the east and conquered the lands of the Luticians.

Pomeranians, Pomeranians - Western Slavic tribes who lived from the 6th century in the lower reaches of the Odryna coast of the Baltic Sea. It remains unclear whether there was a residual Germanic population before their arrival, which they assimilated. In 900 the border of the Pomeranian range passed along Audre in the West, Vistula in the east and Notechu on South. Gave the name of the historical area I.
Mieszko I included the lands of the Pomeranians into the Polish state. IN 11th century Pomeranians revolted and again gained independence from Poland. During this period their territory expanded to the west from Odra to the lands of the Lutichs. On the initiative of Prince Wartislaw I, the Pomeranians adopted Christianity.
From the 1180s, German influence began to increase and German settlers began to arrive on the Pomeranian lands. Due to the devastating wars with the Danes, the Pomeranian feudal lords welcomed the settlement of the devastated lands by the Germans. Over time the process began Germanization of the Slavic population of Pomerania.

The remnant of the ancient Pomeranians who escaped assimilation today are Kashubians, n numbering 300 thousand people.

the gloomy idea of ​​posthumous retribution was alien. The terms of the Pre-Christian pagan cult - saint, faith, God, heaven, spirit, soul, sin, law - were taken over by Christianity. For example, the word God was known back in the Scythian era, that is, more than a thousand years before the baptism of Rus'. The new Christian faith wisely used the fruits of the culture of the Slavic spirit and the Slavic word. From now on, what had served the old faith for centuries and even millennia began to serve the new faith in Christ. 2018-01-22

EASTERN SLAVS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS.

During the 8th century. the further development of the Eastern Slavs led to the formation of large tribal unions from individual related tribes. The first Russian chronicle, The Tale of Bygone Years, lists the East Slavic tribal unions and tells on what lands they lived. There were more than ten such unions.

In the Middle Dnieper region lived a powerful union of tribes under the common name Polyane. Kyiv has long been the center of the glades. Slovenes were located around Novgorod, Ladoga, and Lake Ilmen. To the northwest of the glades, a tribal union of the Drevlyans, i.e., forest dwellers, was formed, with the center of Iskorosten. Further, in the forest zone between the Dnieper and the upper reaches of the Neman, the Dregovichi lived. In the northeast, in the interfluve of the Oka, Klyazma and Dnieper, lived the Radimichi, and to the north of them, in the upper reaches of the Western Dvina and Dnieper, the Krivichi, whose tribal center was Smolensk. Polotsk residents settled in the Western Dvina basin; Polotsk later became their main city. The tribes that settled along the Desna, Seim, and Sule rivers and lived to the northeast of the glades were called northerners; Chernigov eventually became their main city. To the west of the glades, in the upper reaches of the Bug River, the Volynians settled. Between the Southern Bug and the Danube lived the Ulichi and Tivertsy, bordering the lands of the Bulgarian kingdom. South of the Volynians, in the upper reaches of the Dniester, lived tribes of Croats.

In the north and northeast, tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs subjugated the surrounding tribes of the Balts and Finno-Ugrians to their influence and forced them to pay tribute. There were clashes between the Slavs and these tribes, but in general relations were peaceful, since the Slavs did not force their customs on their neighbors, and they often acted together against external enemies. The Slavs borrowed the names of many rivers, lakes, and villages from the Finno-Ugric tribes. They adopted from the forest dwellers the belief in magicians and magicians. The Slavs of the Northern Black Sea region were influenced by the descendants of the Iranian-speaking Scythian-Sarmatian population. Many Iranian words have firmly entered the ancient Slavic language and have been preserved in modern Russian.

In the west, the neighbors of the Eastern Slavs were the Western Slavic tribes: Mazovshans, Vislans, Moravians, Slovaks. At the beginning of the 9th century. The Western Slavs had a state - the Great Moravian Empire (collapsed at the beginning of the 10th century).

But the Eastern Slavs did not have friendly relations with all their neighbors. So, in the 7th century. Turkic-speaking Avars, who created the Avar Kaganate on the Danube and Tisa, defeated the Slavic tribal union of the Dulebs. Over time, the devastated Du-Leb lands were occupied by other Slavic tribes. The local region was called Volyn, and the new inhabitants began to be called Volynians. Earlier, at the end of the 6th century, as a result of the invasion of the Avars from the depths of Asia into Europe, the Antes tribal union, related to the Slavs, which was located in the territory from the lower Danube to the Sea of ​​Azov, disintegrated.

In the south, the Eastern Slavs had an uneasy relationship with the Khazars. Part of the Eastern Slavs and Finno-Ugrians found themselves dependent on the Khazar Kaganate. Slavic trade with rich eastern countries passed through its territory along the Volga and Don. Peaceful relations with the Khazars were interspersed with frequent wars. The Slavs sought to free themselves from the tribute they paid to the Khazars and wanted to take control of the exits to the main trade routes to the Black and Caspian Seas. Until the second half of the 10th century. The Khazar Khaganate remained the main enemy of the Eastern Slavs.

From the beginning of the 9th century. The Eastern Slavs began to encounter nomadic Turks breaking through the Khazar lands: Bulgars, Torks, Pechenegs. Pechenegs at the end of the 9th century. settled in the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Don, displacing the Magyars (Hungarians) from here. From this time until the beginning of the 11th century. the Slavs will have to repel the predatory raids of the Pechenegs.

In the north, meanwhile, the ferocious Normans (“northern people”) appeared, devastating them from the end of the 8th century. Western Europe. Detachments of Normans (the Slavs called them Varangians) began to attack the lands of the Krivichi, Polotsk and Ilmen Slovenes. In 859, as a result of the Varangians' campaign on the lands of the Eastern Slavs, the Krivichi and Ilmen Slovenes began to pay tribute to the newcomers from the north.