There are prepositions in Russian V/VO, S/SO, O/OB. Each of these pairs of prepositions has the same meaning with a slight difference, adding the vowel letter “O” for ease of pronouncing the words. Let's look at examples of when it is necessary to use a specific preposition.
Prepositions В or ВО
If a word after a preposition begins with two consonants, the first of which is V or F, then the preposition VO is used in speech and writing:In fr agmente, in fr aze, in France ances, in fr Ansuzian, in fl Akone
There is a very interesting quote in a fragment of this film. – – There is a very interesting quote in the fragment of this film.
At the French restaurant we tried the new summer menu. – – We tasted a new summer menu in the French restaurant.
On Tue orom, on Tue ornik, in HF let's make a fuss, in the air I see in ow adenia, on Sun yak
His car was in the second row on the road. – – His car was in the second row on the road.
I found my interview in yesterday's magazine. – – I found my interview in yesterday’s magazine.
The preposition VO is also used with the following words:
In many wow, in many wow, in in yes, in and me
They took a full-length photo with a smartphone. – – They took photos on the smartphone in all their height.
This book is very popular and is published in many countries around the world. – – This book is very popular and published in many countries of the world.
Prepositions C or CO
The principle of use is the same as in the previous pair of prepositions. The letter O is added to the preposition C if the preposition is used with a word that begins with two consonants.From the chair, with me, with tears, with everyone, with many
Take your toy from the chair! – – Take your toy from the chair.
Who will go to the river with me today? – – Who will come to the river with me?
Prepositions O or OB
In the case of the preposition O, the letter B is added if the preposition comes before a word that begins with the vowels A, I, O, U, E.About these about toys, about Arine, about lesson, about encyclopedias.
I've heard a lot about these people. – – I’ve heard a lot about these people.
Jason called his friends in the UK and told them about Russian language lessons. – – Jason called to his friends in Great Britain and told about his Russian language lessons.
In addition, with some words starting with a consonant, the preposition OBO is used:
About everyone, about to me
I can talk to you about everything in the world! – – It’s possible to talk about everything in the world with you!
Don't ask anything about me! – – Don’t ask anything about me!
Exceptions:
Your new story is about you? – – Is your story about you?
Pretext is a service part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences: I'll go To uncle, I'll go behind milk, walk By three.
Morphological features of prepositions
Prepositions connect words in phrases and sentences: go V shop, go out from shop, come in behind house.
Prepositions, like other auxiliary parts of speech, do not tend to change.
Prepositions in themselves are not members of a sentence, but are included in their composition (must be emphasized together with independent words): We got off With roads
Types of prepositions
Based on their composition, prepositions can be divided into three main groups:
1) Simple prepositions (they contain only one word with one root): at, near, above, thanks.
2) Compound prepositions (such prepositions include two or more words): despite, in contrast to, in continuation.
3) Complex prepositions (contain two roots, they must be written with a hyphen): from behind, from under, over.
Based on their origin, there are two groups of prepositions:
1) Non-derivatives (not related by formation to any part of speech): in, to, about, with, at, for, from and others. Non-derivative prepositions also include more complex ones: from behind, from under, over.
2) Derivative prepositions, by their origin, are related to other parts of speech: towards, like, about, despite.
Prepositions formed from other parts of speech are:
1) Adverbial (genetically related to adverbs): near, ahead, inside, behind etc. Such unchangeable words as in near, around, about and similar ones are also used independently (out of connection with the name), i.e. may refer to adverbs. When combined with nouns, these words become prepositions: He kept walking around Yes near (adverbs) – It was already quite late near midnight(pretext).
2) Denominative prepositions are the result of the transition of nouns into prepositions. Most often these include former nouns with prepositions: as a result of, during, in continuation of, like, in relation to, due to etc. Examples: Due to We had to wait for the next trolleybus for some delay. In continuation throughout the winter the Skvortsovs visited us two or three times a week.
3) Verbal prepositions are directly related to gerunds: in spite of, in spite of, thanks to, including, excluding, starting from, after etc. Example: On the sea, despite fog, one could admire the beautiful scenery.
Together with the article “What is a preposition in Russian?” read:
Why are you right when you are unhappy after hearing or reading someone’s “I’m back from the store”, “I can’t say anything about this film, I haven’t seen it”? We analyze difficult cases of using simple prepositions, taking into account the advice of the Gramota.ru portal.
To a doctor or to a doctor?
Despite the two consonants in a row in the word “doctor,” it is correct to write and say “to the doctor.” “to” is required only in a number of cases:
– before the words “lion”, “ice”, “flax”, “forehead”, “lie”, “moss”, “ditch”, “rye”, “mouth”, “whole”, “every”, “every” , “Tuesday”, “second”, “many” in the dative case: to the forehead, to the lion, to every holiday;
– before the word “me”: come to me;
– before the words “yesterday”, “seam” you can use both the preposition “to” and the preposition “to”: let’s turn to/to yesterday’s news.
BUT! In some cases (in fiction, in journalism), to add pathos and solemnity to the speech, it is possible to replace the preposition “to” with “to”: to the universal tragedy.
ABOUT the book or ABOUT the book?
Both options are possible, but the preposition “about” is a sign of a conversational style, casual speech, while the phrase with “about” is stylistically neutral and impeccably correct.
In Ukraine or IN Ukraine?
This is one of the most popular questions for specialists of the Gramota.ru portal. Their answer: the literary norm of the modern Russian language is “in Ukraine”, “from Ukraine”. And no politics, only the traditions of the great and mighty, which have developed over centuries.
Control FOR or control OVER?
Both prepositions can be used in pairs with nouns that are formed from verbs: control over / over the expenditure of profit. Subtleties: if a noun denotes an action, process or characteristic, it is better to choose the preposition “for” (monitoring the independent work of students, monitoring the execution of the director’s order). And if this is an abstract concept or an animate object, the scales tip in favor of “over” (control over interns, control over the business).
Worry FOR or worry ABOUT?
There is no need to worry about your own literacy or think badly about it: both options have a right to exist. Previously, however, the construction “to worry about something or someone” was considered colloquial.
About everyone, ABOUT everyone or ABOUT everyone?
Correct answer: about everyone. When are the prepositions “about”, “about” and about” needed?
– in the accusative case, before words that begin with consonants (except for the words “everything”, “all”, “all”, “everyone”, “what”), we write and pronounce the prepositions “o” / “about”: hit about / about water;
– in the accusative case, before words that begin with vowels, the preposition “about” is needed: about the university, about apricot jam;
– in the accusative case, before the words “all”, “all”, “everyone”, “all”, “what”, “anything”, “anything”, “something” we put the preposition “about”: stuttered about something in the dark;
– in the prepositional case, before words that begin with consonants (except for the words “me”, “everyone”, “everyone”, “everyone”), the preposition “o” is required: sang about love;
– in the prepositional case, before words that begin with vowels, the preposition “about” is used: reminded me about the vacation;
– in the prepositional case, before the words “me”, “everyone”, “all”, “all”, the preposition “about” is needed: I guessed about all her tricks.
BUT! For words with “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” at the beginning (the case is no longer important) only the preposition “o” is suitable, since they “start” with the consonant sound “th” not in writing, but in pronunciation ": Christmas tree = yolka, so about the Christmas tree, about apples, about the lawyer.
FOR the book or ABOUT the book?
Which phrase seems more euphonious to you: “I’ll say about the new book: interesting” or “I’ll say about the new book: interesting”? You are right: using the preposition “for” instead of the preposition “about” is incorrect.
Is he from the store or is he from the store?
Let’s remember pairs of prepositions that complement each other like yin and yang: the preposition “of” is a partner of “in”, and the preposition “with” is a friend of “on”. That is, if someone goes to the store, they will return from the store, and not from it. And if someone is from the Urals, then they will go to the Urals to visit their parents (compare: “I’m from Siberia,” but “I’m going to Siberia”).
Since yesterday or FROM yesterday?
In this example, both options are equal. In general, the preposition “with” instead of “with” is necessary:
- before words that begin with “s/z/sh/zh + consonant” or with the consonant “sch”: from a schooner, with generosity;
– before the words “lion”, “ice”, “flax”, “forehead”, “moss”, “ditch”, “mouth” in the genitive and instrumental cases: from the forehead, with ice;
– with the words “me”, “me”;
– before the case forms of the words “louse”, “whole”, “everyone”, “every one”, “Tuesday”, “second”, “many”: from Tuesday, with everyone;
- in stable combinations: with taste, with attention, with time, from the yard, from day to day, from the bottom.
BETWEEN the trees or BETWEEN the trees?
Philologists know: to say “between what?” and “between what?” not a mistake. But the second option (between trees, between tables, between books) is considered obsolete.
At our own place or At our own place?
There is no need to repeat the preposition in such expressions; this is a feature of common speech.
In the Universe or IN the Universe?
Before words that begin with “v/f + consonant” (in the All-Russian competition, the need for fluoridation of water), you need to write and pronounce the preposition “in”. Otherwise, especially in oral speech, it is easy to stumble over an unpronounceable cluster of consonant sounds.
BY May 20 or BEFORE May 20?
So, you need to designate a time period for yourself or someone else and indicate its end date. It is generally accepted that in a date with the preposition “before” the previous day serves as the boundary: for example, until May 20 is May 19 as the deadline. And if it says “until May 20,” then you can complete the task on the 20th. But linguists emphasize: constructions with both prepositions do not reliably determine whether the reference date is included in the period it ends. And they advise adding the adverb “inclusive”: from May 10 to May 20 inclusive, from May 10 to May 20 inclusive.
By Monday or On Monday?
And again the subtleties of meaning. “By Monday” means something needs to be done on Sunday, before the next day starts. “On Monday” means that the work can be done during this day.
Statement by Petrova or statement FROM Petrova?
Both options when writing a document are equivalent: to use a preposition or not - the choice is yours.
A preposition is a functional part of speech. It plays an important role in establishing connections between words. But prepositions are not capable of constructing sentences on their own. To understand what a preposition is in Russian, you need to consider its functions and characteristics.
Why are prepositions needed?
A distinctive feature of prepositions is that they denote the dependent position of nouns, pronouns and numerals on the words next to them in a certain case. The preposition makes the meaning of the case form concrete:
- I'm stopping by V newspaper - the preposition “in” specifies the meaning of the place, in this case it is the direction inward
- Put it down on newspaper pencil - the preposition “in” concretizes the spatial meaning
- Hid it under newspaper and pen - the preposition “under” indicates the meaning of place
So, the main role of prepositions is to indicate the various relationships of certain words to a specific case form.
If you delve deeper into the essence and understand what a preposition means, you can conclude that prepositions express relationships between objects:
- Object and action
- Object and sign
- Relationship between two different objects
Simple and compound prepositions
Prepositions are classified according to structure and origin.
According to their structure, prepositions are divided into two types:
- Simple prepositions. They contain one word. For example, the prepositions “in”, “on”, “under”, “with”, “y”, “to” are considered simple.
Examples of using simple prepositions in a sentence:
- I watched V window and smiled
- The girl stood up on chair and started singing
- I looked in under stool
- Compound prepositions. They contain several words. For example, the prepositions “in connection”, “in contrast to”, “despite” are called compound prepositions.
Examples of using compound prepositions:
- Unlike me
- Despite good grades
- Due to bad weather
Derivative and non-derivative prepositions
Based on their origin, prepositions are usually divided into two types:
- Non-derivative prepositions. They are not formed from parts of speech, for example, “above”, “in”, “through”, “to”, “y”
- Derivative prepositions. They appeared in our speech due to the successful transition from the category of other parts of speech. Depending on what part of speech the preposition comes from, they are divided into types:
- Verbal. Formed from verbs by turning them into prepositions (despite, including, considering, thanks). By origin, verbal prepositions are forms of gerunds
- Named. These are prepositions that represent the prepositional case form of nouns. This category includes the prepositions “by”, “during”, “due to”, “as”, “about”. These prepositions have lost their semantic connection with the nouns from which they originated
- Adverbial. Formed from adverbs.
Students often make the grave mistake of mistaking such a preposition for an adverb. There is a simple rule according to which, if after the words “around”, “the day before”, “near” and the like there is a noun or pronoun, then we have a preposition. For example, consider the adverbial preposition “the day before”:
- The day before holiday he decided to take up his studies
In this case, “the day before” is a preposition, since there is a noun nearby. In addition, it is impossible to ask a question about this word.
- I was at the doctor's the day before
We see that in this sentence “the day before” is an adverb. From the verb “was” you can ask a question (when?) to this word. Therefore, we can conclude that “the day before” is an independent part of speech, and not a preposition.
Despite the fact that prepositions belong to the auxiliary parts of speech, they are very important for the Russian language, as they establish connections between words.
A preposition is an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words. Example sentence with prepositions (prepositions are underlined): I will on work With morning before evenings By weekdays.
Morphological characteristics
Prepositions can express various relationships:
- Spatial: walk along the road, drive onto the road;
- Temporary: get up in the morning, go for the summer;
- Causal: careless mistake, complains of illness.
Prepositions are divided into:
- simple - consisting of one syllable (in, on, po, to);
compound - consisting of two or more words (despite, starting with); - non-derivatives: without, in, to, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, y, through;
derivatives - formed from independent parts of speech with their loss of meaning and morphological characteristics: about, as a result, in view of, etc.
Derivative prepositions are often used with one case. Non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases. The prepositions thanks to, according to, in spite of are used with the dative case. The preposition thanks is not used when talking about causes that cause negative consequences. You can’t say, “Due to snow drifts, traffic has been interrupted.”
The use of the prepositions in and on may depend on what noun they are combined with: ride a train - ride a tram, work in a team - work in a factory, go to Crimea - go to the Caucasus, etc. The prepositions in and on have antonymous prepositions from and with: go from school - go to school, take from the shelf - put on the shelf.
Do not confuse prepositions with homonymous parts of speech:
- in front of the house (preposition) - I live opposite (adverb), in front of the squad (preposition) - to go ahead (adverb);
- thanks to the rain (preposition) - thanks to the hostess (gerund), despite the illness (preposition) - despite looking around (gerund);
- about work (preposition) - deposit into a bank account (noun), during the day (preposition) - during the river (noun), due to bad weather (preposition) - mean (noun).
Prepositions do not change (there are no unstable morphological features).
Examples of prepositions
Simple prepositions
Thanks to my father, my sisters and I know French, German and English (A. Chekhov).
Contrary to my wishes, they met (V. Garshin).
A mutual friend from the Baltics came to visit us for the weekend.
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