In the examination paper, elements of two content lines “Society” and “Man” are combined into one block - a module. A significant degree of theoretical generalization of the material gives this material a special complexity.
The list of verification elements in this content section: natural and social in man; worldview, its types and forms; types of knowledge; the concept of truth, its criteria; thinking and activity; needs and interests; freedom and necessity in human activity; system structure of society: elements and subsystems; the main institutions of society; the concept of culture, forms and varieties of culture; the science; main features of scientific thinking, natural and social sciences; education, its significance for the individual and society; religion; art; morality; concept of social progress; multivariate social development (types of societies); threats of the 21st century (global problems).
According to the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements, almost a third of graduates in both 2009 and 2010 were unable to demonstrate knowledge of the material on the content line in question, even at a basic level. Graduates experienced great difficulties when completing assignments on the topics “System structure of society: elements and subsystems”, “Multivariance of social development (types of societies)”, etc. The data, as noted in the analytical report on the results of the 2010 Unified State Exam in social studies, indicate the absence depth, integrity, systematic knowledge about society among some graduates.
In this article we will consider some of the most difficult questions for graduates in the “Society” content line.
Traditionally, the question of the meaning of the concept “society” is a difficult one for graduates. The concept of “society” is used in a broad sense as a part of the material (real) world, isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes all ways of interaction between people and forms of their association. The key to this definition are two positions: society is part of the real world; society is unthinkable without the interaction of people and groups who have diverse relationships with each other. All methods of interaction and forms of unification of people ultimately form society. One should also remember such meanings of this concept as the historical stage of human development; country, state; bringing people together for a purpose; a circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests.
Examples of tasks
1. Society is
1) the material world as a whole
2) part of the material world, isolated from nature, but closely connected with it
3) part of nature
4) a part of the material world that has become isolated from nature and has lost connections with it
Answer: 2
2. All types of ways of human activity and forms of their life together are covered by the concept
1) culture
2) society
3) nature
4) civilization
Answer: 2
3. Are the following judgments about society true?
A. In the broadest sense, society is the material world surrounding a person.
B. The concept of “society” in a broad sense and the concept of “nature” are equivalent.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer: 4
4. Are the following judgments about society true?
A. Society is constantly developing, which allows it to be characterized as a dynamic system.
B. Society in the broad sense is the entire world around a person.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer: 1
5. The characteristics of society as a system include
1) unchanged over time
2) ways of interaction and forms of interaction between people
3) part of nature
4) the material world as a whole
Answers: 2
6. Find in the list below the characteristics that characterize society as a dynamic system and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) relationship of elements
2) immutability of elements
3) interaction of elements
4) development
5) isolation of elements and spheres
Answer: 134
7. Establish a correspondence between the meanings of the concept “society” and examples of their use: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
B) in a narrow sense
The next “problematic” element of content is “Spheres of Society.” It is necessary to know the spheres and clearly distinguish between them - the success of completing tasks largely depends on the ability to identify the sphere of public life by its manifestations. These are economic, political, social and spiritual. In turn, in each of the spheres certain types of activities, relationships and corresponding institutions are formed. Spheres of public life are inextricably and mutually connected with each other. It is the interaction of spheres and institutions of social life in the process of the activities of individuals and social groups that is the source of the development of society and gives it the qualities of a dynamic (developing) system.
Examples of tasks
1. The concepts of “production growth”, “inflation”, “the ratio of supply and demand” characterize the sphere of society
1) economic
2) social
3) political
4) spiritual
Answer: 1
2. The concepts of “classes”, “strata”, “ethnic communities” characterize the sphere of society:
1) economic
2) social
3) political
4) spiritual
Answer: 2
To complete these simple tasks, it is enough to know what types of activities, relationships and institutions form a particular sphere of social life. More difficult are the tasks related to the characteristics of the interaction of spheres.
3. Are the following judgments about the interaction of spheres of public life true?
A. In the conditions of the economic crisis, the president of the countries called early parliamentary elections. This is an example of the relationship between the economic and political spheres of social life.
B. The political party has developed and scientifically substantiated a program to overcome the decline in production. This is an example of the relationship between the economic, political and spiritual spheres of public life. This is an example of the relationship between the economic, political and spiritual spheres of public life.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are incorrect.
Answer: 3
4. Are the following judgments about the interaction of spheres of public life true?
A. The party that advocated reducing the tax burden won the parliamentary elections. This is an example of the relationship between the political and economic spheres of society.
B. Tax reforms have increased the rate. industrial development. This is an example of the relationship between economics and morality.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are incorrect.
Answer: 1
The next difficult element of content is the topic “Traditional, industrial, post-industrial (information) society.” To successfully complete tasks, it is necessary to clearly understand the characteristics of traditional, industrial and post-industrial society, learn to identify their manifestations, compare societies of different types, identifying similarities and differences.
Let's focus on the most difficult tasks.
Examples of tasks
1. Are the following judgments about the ways and forms of social development correct?
A. In a post-industrial society, the industrial revolution is completed, mass industrial production is being formed.
B. In a post-industrial society, along with mass production, small-scale production occupies an increasingly strong position.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer: 2
2. Are the following judgments about the ways and forms of social development correct?
A. The values of personal freedom, individual responsibility, and initiative are a characteristic feature of the spiritual life of a traditional society.
B. In a traditional society, there was no social mobility; transition from one social group to another was impossible.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer: 2
3. Find in the list below the features inherent in a post-industrial society and circle the numbers under which they are indicated
1) development of the service sector
2) growth in the working class
3) lack of social stratification
4) use of information technology
5) globalization of economics and finance
6) a sharp rise in the birth rate
Answer: 145
The topic “Global Problems of Our Time” presented certain difficulties for graduates. When working through this material, it is advisable to clearly define the essence of the concept of “global problems”: they are characterized by the fact that they manifest themselves on a global scale; threaten the survival of humanity as a biological species; can be solved through the efforts of all humanity. Next, you can identify the most important global problems (ecological crisis, the problem of preventing world war, the problem of “North” and “South”, etc.), identify their signs and concretize them using examples of public life. In addition, it is necessary to clearly understand the essence of the globalization process.
Examples of tasks
1. Are the following judgments about the global problems of our time true?
A. All global problems are closely interconnected.
B. Economic and political globalization are one of the characteristics of the global world.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answers: 3
2. Find in the list below the features that distinguish global problems from other problems of humanity:
1) require joint efforts of the states of the world for their resolution
2) arose in the second half of the last century
3) reflect the contradiction between people’s needs and capabilities
4) caused by a lack of natural resources
5) are large-scale in nature
6) give rise to social conflicts
Answer: 125
3. Establish a correspondence between examples of manifestation and characteristics of global problems: for each definition given in the first column, select the corresponding concept from the second column.
Answer:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | A | IN | IN | B |
1. Codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of training of graduates of general education institutions for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies in 2011.
2. Analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam 2010. Social studies.
(http://www.fipi.ru/view/sections/138/docs/522.html) Option #1
A1. What is a global environmental problem?
danger of nuclear proliferation
deterioration of people's health
overpopulation of some regions
extinction of many species of animals and plants
A2. Are the following judgments about the global problems of our time true?
A. Today there is a threat to the survival of humanity as a biological species.
B. In order to survive, humanity must limit the growth of consumption.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
(1) Downplaying the danger of a new world war in modern conditions is unjustified. (2) According to official data, there are about 70 thousand nuclear weapons on Earth. (3) Calculations show that this arsenal is capable of completely destroying life on the planet. (4) We believe that an appeal to the world community with a call for disarmament is extremely necessary.
A) factual nature
Option No. 2
A1. Currently, on Earth there is a systematic increase in the area of deserts, a decrease in forest area, an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide and a decrease in oxygen, climate change caused by global warming. These are concrete manifestations of global problems
raw materials and energy resources
demographic
establishing a fair international economic order
environmental
B. Economic and political globalization are one of the characteristics of the modern world.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
IN 1. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.
(1) It is known that for the period from 4500. BC, i.e. Since the emergence of ancient civilizations, 14,530 wars have occurred. (2) If in the 19th century. 16 million people died in wars, then in the twentieth century. - more than 70 million. (3) The total explosive power of weapons is now about 18 billion tons in TNT equivalent, i.e. for each inhabitant of the planet there are 3.6 tons, and if at least 1% of the reserves explode, then a “nuclear winter” will begin, threatening the destruction of the entire biosphere. (4) Nevertheless, Russia’s efforts in terms of disarmament do not find the proper response from politicians in the most developed countries that have nuclear weapons.
Determine which provisions of the text are
A) factual nature
B) the nature of value judgments
“The problem of establishing a fair economic order is related to __________(1) world development. There are groups of countries on the planet that differ sharply in _____________ (2) socio-economic development and, accordingly, in the level of __________ (3) population. On the one hand, this is a relatively small group of ___________ (4), on the other hand, there is a large number of states in which economic development is characterized by backwardness and the quality of life of the population is low. The economy of __________ (5) is based on the extraction and export of raw materials. Underdeveloped and moderately developed countries make up the vast majority of the planet's population - about five billion out of six. The general trend of modern development, unfortunately, is such that the __________ (6) between the “golden billion” and the rest of humanity is not decreasing, but increasing.”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the gaps.
A) developed countries
B) society
B) backward countries
D) unevenness
D) decision
E) level
G) welfare
H) gap
I) social institution
AT 2. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.
“The concept of “____________” (1) has become widespread since the late 1960s. This is how we call problems that are _____________ (2) in nature. They affect the interests of every people and every person, their solution is possible only through the joint efforts of all people. The __________ (3) of humanity as a biological species depends on the direction in which their solution will be carried out. These problems also manifest ___________ (4) the social and natural foundations of the life of society and the individual.
One group of problems relates to relations between states. Eliminating __________ (5) economic development and preserving peace is both a solution to the problem of human health and the problem of the quality of natural resource development. Stopping __________ (6) also prevents environmental pollution on a planetary scale.”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
A) survival
B) public
B) global problems
D) arms race
D) unevenness
E) globalization
G) universal
H) dynamism
A. Personality is formed in interaction with other people.
B. Personality is formed throughout a person’s life.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A2. Man differs from animals in that he...
1) has natural instincts
2) has the most perfect hearing
3) does not depend on natural conditions
4) has articulate speech
A3. What characterizes a market economy?
1) private ownership of the means of production
2) equal distribution of manufactured products
3) state regulation of pricing
4) centralized production planning
A5. The reproductive function of the family is manifested in...
1) consumption organization
2) moral regulation of behavior
3) in raising children in family traditions
4) biological reproduction
A6. A German humanist of the past wrote: “A child learns what he sees in his home: his parents are his example.” What role of family in the life of a person and society do these poetic lines speak about?
1) organization of joint leisure
2) strengthening family ties
3) joint housekeeping
4) raising children
A7. Unlike animals, man is capable
1) react using the senses
2) develop conditioned reflexes
3) satisfy needs
4) foresee the results of your actions
A8. Are the following statements about social conflict true?
A. The desire of the parties to defend their views is one of the causes of social conflict.
B. Social conflicts can have both positive and negative consequences for society.
1. only A is correct
2. only B is correct
3. both judgments are correct
4. both judgments are wrong
A9. A government budget deficit is...
1) decrease in the number of tax revenues
2) excess of government expenditures over revenues
3) reduction in the money supply
4) reduction of external debt
A10. What area do production, competition, and market belong to?
1) economic
2) social
3) political
4) spiritual
A11. Sasha is a good student in general education and music school. He helps his mother raise his younger sister and brother. All this characterizes Sasha as
1) citizen
2) individual
3) personality
4) son
A12. Are the following judgments about the economic sphere of society correct?
A. The economic sphere, in addition to production, exchange, and distribution of material goods, also includes their consumption.
B. The economic sphere influences all other spheres of society.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A13. The distinctive feature of a nation as an ethnic community is
1) common language and spiritual culture
2) sovereignty in foreign policy
3) presence of public authority
4) variety of property relations
A14. In the country of Vietnam, high-tech industries are actively developing, and revolutionary changes have occurred in the field of mass communications. Computers and robotics are used in production and in everyday life. The level of education of the population is very high. What type of society is V.?
1) traditional
2) industrial
3) agricultural
4) informational
A15. Are the following statements about global problems correct?A. Global problems are those that affect people all over the world.B. Global problems have created a threat to the continued existence of humanity.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
theoretical substantiation of the laws of development of nature and society
1) true A 2) true B 3) both true 4) neither false
Which of the following is true? example of economics in the meaning of "science"
1) buying a car on credit 2) studying the demand for washing machines 3) issuing a loan to buy an apartment 4) producing chocolates
Factors of production include
1) land2) distribution3) production4) consumption
In country Z, the economy is based on a variety of forms of ownership and economic freedom of production. What type of economic system is this typical for?
1) market2) command3) traditional4) centralized
Are the following judgments about economic science correct? A) Economic science studies only the modern economic activities of people. B) Economic science studies ways to satisfy the growing needs of people in conditions of limited resources.
1) only A is correct2) only B is correct3) both are correct4) both are incorrect
1.Are the following judgments about local governments true? A. Local government bodies resolve issues of social development of theirterritories, organize places for trade.
B. The activities of local government bodies are regulated by the charters of cities (districts, villages)
2.Are the following judgments about social control true?
A. Social control is carried out both through the application of certain requirements developed by society to the individual, and through the individual’s demands on himself.
B. The ability of self-control is formed in an individual in the process of interaction with society
B. An example of social relations is a conflict between group members.
4. Are the following judgments about social norms true?
A. Compliance with all social norms is controlled by the state.
B. Only the state can apply sanctions to violators of social norms.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
5. Are the following judgments about revolutions true?
A. Revolutions in the assessments of historians are always positive.
B. The theory of evolution is incompatible with revolutionary development.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect
Social science
1 option
Instructions for assignmentsA1 - A24.
A1. Science studies the social stratification of modern society:
1) political science;
2) anthropology;
3) sociology;
A2. Society in the broad sense of the word is called...
1) the whole world around
2) groups in which communication takes place
3) interaction of people in everyday life;
4) a set of forms of association of people.
A3. Which of the following features is characteristic of a post-industrial society:
1) completion of the industrial revolution;
2) appropriating type of economy;
3) development of electronic media communications;
3) evolution;
4) reform.
A5. Are the following judgments about global problems true?
Global are modern problems that
1. pose a threat to all humanity.
2. can only be overcome through the joint efforts of all states and peoples.
1) only 1 is true;
2) only 2 is true;
3) 1 and 2 are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
A6. The widespread use of wooden construction in ancient Rus' serves as an example of the relationship:
1) civilization and religion;
2) society and nature;
3) culture and politics;
4) religion and politics.
A7. A single representative of the human race, a bearer of its traits, is defined by the concept:
1) individual;
2) individuality;
3) personality;
4) citizen.
A8. A person as a person is characterized by...
1) the presence of conditioned reflexes;
2) bright appearance;
3) a feature of temperament;
4) creative activity
A9. Ideal needs are the needs of the individual:
1) in respect from others;
2) in the constancy of living conditions;
3) in understanding the meaning of one’s existence;
4) in professional self-improvement.
A10. Are the following judgments about human activity true?
1. Interaction with the outside world is a characteristic of human activity.
2. Human activity has goals and motives.
1) only 1 is true;
2) only 2 is true;
3) 1 and 2 are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
A11. Read the text carefully, consider the situation and answer the question:
Sveta insisted that we go to a cafe, and I persuaded her to go to the park. We almost had a fight. But I didn’t want to spoil my relationship with her, and after discussing it, we decided that today we would go to a cafe, and tomorrow to the park.
What is the name of the method of resolving this conflict?
1) confrontation;
3) compromise;
4) concession.
A12. Pre-scientific knowledge includes:
1) theory of relativity;
2) the myth of the creation of man from clay;
3) the law of universal gravitation;
4) Ptolemy’s hypothesis about the sphericity of the Earth
A13. Are the following statements about self-knowledge correct?
1. To know yourself, you need to monitor how others treat you and their assessments of their actions.
2. To know yourself, you need to observe yourself and analyze your actions.
1) only 1 is true;
2) only 2 is true;
3) 1 and 2 are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
A14. The creation of cultural patterns that have no analogues in the past is called...
1) creativity;
2) communication;
3) communication;
4) education.
A15. An example of NEGATIVE DEVIANT behavior is:
1) indifference to others;
2) the desire for success and popularity;
3) passion for computer games;
4) use of any funds to enter the institute.
A16. Political norms are reflected:
1) in value judgments of government officials;
2) in the application of international sanctions;
3) in the traditional nature of social behavior;
4) in the ethical preferences of the head of state.
A17. An ethnic group can be considered:
1) a group existing in the system of division of labor;
2) population living in the same territory;
3) people having the same social status;
4) people who have a common origin and culture
A18. The family is:
2) an element of social production;
3) an element of social structure;
4) the basis of social mobility.
A19. Are the following judgments about popular culture true?
1. All phenomena of mass culture are characterized by an appeal to folk traditions.
2. Popular culture is characterized by the anonymity of most works.
1) only 1 is true;
2) only 2 is true;
3) 1 and 2 are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
A20. An example of horizontal social mobility is:
1) transfer of a student from one school to another;
2) demotion of an officer to the rank and file;
3) starting a family;
4) admission to university.
A21. The state budget is called...
1) a list of all income and expenses planned by the state;
2) the amount of all treasury revenues from foreign trade activities;
3) the amount of expenses for the past year;
4) a report on the financial activities of a large state corporation.
A 23. What political regime has developed in the state of N., if elections are regularly held on an alternative basis, and the opposition has equal rights to promote its views along with the ruling elite:
2) totalitarian;
3) democratic;
4) dictatorial.
A24. A citizen of the Russian Federation no younger than...
Part B
Instructions for completing the tasks of the partB.
B1. Write down the ending of the sentence on the answer form:
The head of state in the Russian Federation (according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation) is...
B2. Determine the missing term (word) and write it in the answer form.
Instructions for completing task B3:
B3. Social qualities of a person are
1) the ability to procreate;
2) the ability to communicate using articulate speech;
3) the ability to transform the natural environment;
4) the ability to defend against enemies;
5) the ability to create new objects that have no natural analogues.
Instructions for completing tasks B4 - B5:
B4. In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Citizenship” (adopted on November 28, 1991), is a citizen of the Russian Federation (Kazakh by nationality) who previously lived in the Saratov region, who left for permanent residence in Kazakhstan in December 1996 and declared leaving Russian citizenship?
B5. In the Russian Federation, freedom of conscience is guaranteed by law.
Instructions for completing task B6:
B6. For each public institution, indicate the sphere of public life:
Answers:
|
Job No. |
answer |
Job No. |
answer |
Job No. |
answer |
|
Job No. |
answer |
|
the president |
|
|
perception |
|
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