Interesting facts from the biography of Ivan Papanin. Famous explorer of the North

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin – head of the North Pole research drifting station, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Rear Admiral.

Ivan was born on November 14 (old style) 1894 in the port city of Sevastopol in the family of sailor Dmitry Nikolaevich Papanin and housewife Sekletia Petrovna Kovalenko. Ivan's ancestors were Moldovans and Ukrainians. The family raised six children. When Ivan was still a teenager, his mother died of sepsis, and the hardships of everyday life fell on the teenager’s shoulders. Therefore, despite his good performance at school, Ivan had to go to work at a factory. In 1905, the young man witnessed an uprising on the ship Ochakov. Even then, revolutionary ideals began to emerge in Ivan’s heart.

Since 1908, the young man got a job as a ship mechanic, and then mastered the specialty of a mechanic. At the age of 16, Ivan Papanin was considered the best worker in the assembly of navigation instruments. In 1912, a young worker was sent to Tallinn to improve his skills. In the 1915 war he joined the ranks of the Russian Navy, but in 1917, with the beginning of the revolutionary movement, he took the side of the Bolsheviks and swore allegiance to the Red Army.

In 1918, Ivan leads a partisan detachment in the territory of Crimea, occupied by the Germans under the Brest Treaty. A sabotage war begins, led by the Bolsheviks Mokrousov and Kun. Being subordinate to experienced warriors, Papanin carried out several successful operations. One of the opponents of the partisans in those years was the army. Papanin was given instructions to pass undetected through White Guard territory and return back with reinforcements.

After the victory over Wrangel on the liberated territory of the Crimean Peninsula, Papanin was given the post of commandant of the Extraordinary Commission. Since 1921, Ivan Dmitrievich had to work as an investigator. The 20s remained in the history of Crimea as a time of bloody reprisals against the surviving officers and soldiers of the White Army. Merciless security officers shot, drowned and buried their compatriots alive. It is unknown what feelings Ivan Papanin, a simple-minded and honest person by nature, experienced at that time.

Expeditions

A year later, Ivan Dmitrievich was transferred to Moscow as Commissioner for Economic Support of the Fleet, and in 1923 he was appointed head of the Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs. In the same year, Papanin enrolled in the Higher Communications Courses, where he studied for two years. When recruitment for an expedition to build a radio station in Yakutia was announced in 1925, Papanin was the first to show a desire to go north.

As deputy head of construction in permafrost conditions, Ivan Dmitrievich achieved the construction of the facility in a short time. Seven years later, Papanin is sent as the head of the polar station to the islands of Franz Josef Land, and two years later, Ivan Dmitrievich heads the station on Taimyr.

When in 1937 the government decided to launch the world's first drifting Arctic station, no one had a question about who would lead it. The goal of the expedition was not to conquer the North Pole; others had done this before Papanin (Roald Amundsen, Richard Byrd, Umberto Nobile). The Soviet government has long set itself the task of creating shipping along the northern border of the state. But the Arctic route has not yet been sufficiently studied. A scientific expedition organized right on the ice floe had to answer about the presence of underwater currents, the periods of motionless ice and the paths of its drift.

The Soviet expedition, which was widely covered in the world press, consisted of the leader and cook Ivan Papanin, hydrologist and biologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov, geophysicist and astronomer Evgeniy Konstantinovich Fedorov and radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel. On the mainland, polar explorers were trained by Otto Schmidt. A few months before shipment, special food was developed, suitable for long-term storage in the conditions of the far north, a warm home was developed, and measuring equipment was prepared.

The expedition set off on 4 aerial bombers in March 1937 and reached its final destination on May 21. The flight was carried out blindly, but pilot Mikhail Vodopyanov landed the aircraft exactly on an ice floe. Within 2 weeks, a scientific station was fully equipped on the ice, after which the aircraft headed back, and the ice floe began moving from north to south.

The polar explorers had to drift for 274 days, while it was planned to spend a year and a half in the waters of the Arctic Ocean. During this time, scientists collected information about the fauna of the polar region and the presence of plankton in the ocean waters. The Papaninites took a large number of photographs of animals living in the Arctic. Polar explorers were responsible for the discovery of the Great Underwater Ridge and the creation of a weather map of the Arctic.

Head of the drifting station Ivan Papanin and pilot Matvey Kozlov

The critical moment for Papanin's group came in early February 1938. The ice floe, already approaching the warm waters of the Atlantic since the fall, began to melt and break into pieces. On February 19, the rescue operation was carried out by two icebreakers “Taimyr” and “Murman”, from one of which a plane piloted by pilot Vlasov departed for the station. The next day, equipment and people were on the Taimyr.

The country greeted the “Papaninites” as national heroes. Papanin became the idol of millions; the biography of Ivan Dmitrievich was studied in schools. On March 6, a group of polar explorers reported at the General Meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences. After the report, Ivan Papanin and Ernst Krenkel became doctors of geographical sciences. The expedition members were awarded the Order of Lenin, and all were given the title of Hero of the USSR. Ivan Dmitrievich is appointed head of the Main Northern Sea Route.

In 1939, Papanin took part in the rescue operation of the icebreaker Georgiy Sedov, which had been drifting in Arctic waters since 1937 due to a steering failure. For saving the ship and crew, Ivan Papanin again received the Hero of the USSR.

Icebreaker "Ivan Papanin"

With the outbreak of the war, Ivan Papanin was entrusted with overseeing the construction of port shipyards in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, and on the Far Eastern coast. After the Victory over Nazi Germany, having worked for a year in his previous position, Papanin went into science. Papanin's ideas about creating a scientific fleet are being implemented. Since 1951, Papanin has led naval expeditions at the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1956, Ivan Dmitrievich headed the Scientific Institute of Biology of Inland Waters in the village of Borok (Yaroslavl region). Until the end of his life, the scientist worked for the good of his homeland.

Personal life

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was married twice. The first wife of the polar explorer was a native of Yalta, Galina Kirillovna Kastorzhivskaya. The woman shared with Ivan Dmitrievich all the hardships of life in Yakutia and Taimyr.

Galina was an indispensable assistant to her husband, collecting meteorological information and archiving the data obtained. Having contracted cancer in the mid-60s, Galina Kirillovna died in 1973. There were no children in the family.

Ivan Dmitrievich took the loss seriously, but in 1982 he married Raisa Vasilievna, who edited the publication of the polar explorer’s memoirs. The second wife was 35 years younger than Papanin.

Death

Ivan Dmitrievich enjoyed good health until the end of his life.

The polar explorer died at the age of 92 on January 30, 1986 from cardiac arrest. Papanin's grave is located at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Twice Hero of the Soviet Union, holder of 9 Orders of Lenin and as many other Soviet orders, the famous polar explorer Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin lived a long and interesting life. He was a favorite of the whole country, many wanted to be like him, they were proud and respected by the world famous Arctic explorer. Rear admiral, doctor of geographical sciences, and finally, a major scientist - all this is Papanin.

True, another small fragment of his biography was somehow lost in this list.

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, this kind and cheerful man, immediately after the liberation of Crimea from Wrangel’s army was the commandant of the Crimean Cheka. The commandants of the Cheka were also called “commissars of death”, because it was their duties that included carrying out death sentences and directing executions. And in those months when Papanin selflessly “worked,” more than one hundred thousand people were killed in Crimea. Sorry, I misspoke, according to Ivan Dmitrievich, many of the people destroyed by the Chekists were not people - they were “animals, by misunderstanding, called people.” And if so, then the destruction of these two-legged creatures (officers, officials, high school students, as well as members of their families - are the children of animals people?) is a necessary and extremely important matter.

However, not everyone who was captured by the Cheka was shot. Some were drowned or buried alive. Papanin’s beloved boss, his guardian angel (as Papanin himself called her) Rosalia Samoilovna Zemlyachka (Zalkind) said: “It’s a pity to waste cartridges on them and drown them in the sea”. So they loaded men, women, old people, children onto barges and drowned them in the sea, and to guarantee they tied a stone to their feet or around their neck. For a long time after this, hundreds of standing dead could be seen off the Crimean coast through the clear sea water. Those who watched the film “We are from Kronstadt” probably remember the scene of such an execution of sailors and a cabin boy. Only in fact, everything was quite the opposite, it was not the whites who drowned the reds, but the security officers, under the command of their countrywomen and other Cheka commandants, who sophisticatedly killed people. Animals, according to them.

And Zemlyachka, they say, tired of paperwork, loved to carry out executions herself, sitting behind a machine gun. Papanin, according to him, was “like a godson” for her. He respected her, very, very much. He later wrote that Zemlyachka was “an unusually sensitive, responsive woman.” Yes, “Zemlyachka was an amazing person. She didn’t have time to take care of people.”

Who should you trust if not the legendary polar explorer? Not the same ones who were underhanded by the Crimean Cheka and Papanin personally as its commandant?

Is it really possible to believe all these enemies and ordinary people (in this case, the words of General I. Danilov, who served with the Reds at the headquarters of the 4th Army) are quoted, brazenly lying that “the outskirts of Simferopol were full of the stench from the decaying corpses of those executed, who were not even buried in the ground”? After all, they themselves further report the opposite: “The pits behind the Vorontsov garden and the greenhouses on the Krymtaev estate were full of corpses of those who had been executed, lightly covered with earth, and the cadets of the cavalry school (future Red commanders) traveled a mile and a half from their barracks to knock out the golden teeth with stones from the mouths of the executed, and this hunt always yielded a large loot ». They still covered it with earth!

Yuri Lodyzhensky, doctor, etc. Chairman of the Red Cross Committee in Kyiv wrote: “The ideology of the Cheka was based on the theory of class struggle, or rather class extermination. The duties of jailers, as well as the execution of sentences, were assigned to commandants. The Bolsheviks gave this special military name to the institution of executioners. The official duties of the commandants and their assistants consisted of supervising prisoners and organizing executions. They usually killed the prisoners with their own hands. Images of Avdokhin, Terekhov, Asmolov, Nikiforov, VUCHK commandants Ugarov, Abnaver and Gushcha from Gubchek arise, these are all completely abnormal people, sadists, cocaine addicts, who have almost lost their human appearance... The things of shot and killed people were divided up with particular cynicism. Before execution, they were forced to undress in order to preserve their dress and boots. They will kill you at night, and the next morning the commandant-executioner is already sporting new clothes. From these new clothes, other prisoners guessed the fate of their disappeared comrades. As soon as a person fell into the power of the Cheka, he lost all human rights and became a thing, a slave, an animal.

A huge common grave was dug in the garden of Brodsky’s house, on Sadovaya, 15. The house where important communists Glazer, Ugarov and others lived overlooked the garden, where groans were heard mixed with shots. Those arrested, completely naked, were taken out in groups of 10, placed on the edge of a pit and shot with rifles. It was an unusual way. Usually the convict was placed on the floor in the basement, face to the ground, and the commandant killed him with a revolver shot, to the back of the head, at point-blank range.”

I wonder what method Commandant Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin preferred to kill “animals”? And you can continue the list of Cheka commandants: Yurovsky in Yekaterinburg, Sayenko in Kharkov, who became famous for his special atrocities, who loved to torture those arrested during interrogation, plunging a saber into them a centimeter and slowly turning the blade inside the wound. Yakov Yurovsky was unlucky: he was shot in 1938 (but his son, like Papanin, became a rear admiral).

Rosalia Zalkind-Zemlyachka died a highly respected natural death and was buried on Red Square. Sayenko also died of natural causes (in 1973), retiring in 1948, having received the Order of Lenin for his services. In retirement (a personal pensioner of union significance!) this maniac and murderer loved to grow flowers and perform in front of growing youth. And he did not break with the party; he was repeatedly elected as a member of the Kharkov city committee of the Communist Party and the Kharkov City Council.
So everything turned out well for Commandant Papanin. True, as he writes, “serving as commandant of the Crimean Cheka left a mark on my soul for many years.” He had to part with the Cheka, where he came on the recommendation of Zemlyachka, in the summer of 1921: he ended up in a mental hospital. The reason for this is unknown to us. Perhaps this was facilitated by an incident that, as Papanin later recalled, shocked him.

“Two new employees came to us. I immediately took a liking to them: sailors, energetic, handsome, smart guys. While working, they knew neither sleep nor rest.". But bad luck: they were caught stealing: gold, diamonds, a beautiful life, drinking, girls... Well, girls, you can still understand, although why would they need more?

“After all, according to the testimony of contemporaries, who later emerged at the Lausanne trial, each of the executioners had 4-5 mistresses from among the wives of those executed, hostages and nurses - to disagree meant to go to execution yourself. Although forced consent did not guarantee salvation. The killers had a wide choice, and they easily updated their “harems”. They could, say, during a drinking session and a group sex, have fun and play according to the list of their girlfriends, placing crosses at random next to their names. And those who were targeted were led to execution along with the next batch right after the orgy.”

And it wasn’t just these two who organized drinking parties. If Iron Felix himself admitted that the Crimean Cheka is thriving "criminal crime, drunkenness and robbery", and among its employees, declassed sailors predominate... Papanin, by the way, is also a sailor... But theft of the party's gold is already serious. Yes, and not according to rank. So the young and capable security officers were sentenced to death. "My legs gave way,- Papanin later recalled, - when I heard the verdict: execution. Young guys - well, they made a mistake, they will correct themselves, they can still do so much! Give them time, they will come out wiser! My temperature jumped. I got nervous and fell into bed.”. And then he ended up in a mental hospital. But he received medical treatment and was given a new appointment.

Of course, if the guys were not ordinary security officers, they would not have been punished so seriously. For example, Joseph Kaminsky, the head of the Kerch Cheka, taking into account his “previous services to the revolution,” was simply released from his post. But perhaps it was not because of this incident that trouble happened to Papanin. Perhaps he just overdid it at work. As he later recalled: “I took up my work with renewed energy, but quickly ended up in the hospital.”

And it was scary at work. It is no coincidence, as Papanin wrote, “Almost all the security officers lived in safe houses, changing them periodically. And I had such apartments. When going home, I always watched to see if anyone was following me.” And in their safe houses the courageous security officers “both night and day... we lived as if on the front line, we slept without undressing.”

It is unknown how many “animals” Papanin personally killed; he did not tell us about it. He probably kept silent out of modesty. We can only guess about this, and refer to the letter of A. Zhurbenko, head of the NKVD for Moscow and the Moscow region, written by him to Stalin from prison in 1939. In it, Zhurbenko reported that in the Crimean Cheka he, under the leadership of the now world-famous former commandant of the Cheka I.D. Papanin's “Even as a youth, I directly destroyed my enemies.”

“We, naturally, could not use the royal laws,- Papanin himself continues this, - the young republic was just creating new ones. When determining the degree of guilt of one or another arrested person, the investigator had to rely on his revolutionary consciousness... As the commandant of the Crimean Cheka, I became familiar with the cases that one of the investigators was conducting. Almost every one had a resolution: “Shoot.” This investigator recognized only two colors - black and white, and did not distinguish halftones. There were at most ten enemies, real, inveterate, worthy of death punishment, the rest ended up in the Cheka through a misunderstanding.” But still everyone was shot. Or drowned.

For his active work as commandant of the Crimean Cheka (i.e., “commissar of death”), Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was awarded his first order - the Order of the Red Banner. You deserve it! After leaving the psychiatric hospital, Papanin changed many jobs, but at the same time “in fact, he did not break ties with the Cheka.”

Having changed several unimportant jobs, Ivan Papanin ended up in the Far North, apparently the land did not accept him. Ice and polar bears may have been the last milestones in his life, but he was finally lucky enough to pull out a lottery ticket. Who knew that the unimportant position of leader of a tiny expedition landed on an Arctic ice floe would bring him worldwide fame and provide him with a decent life?

In 1937, Papanin headed the staff of the North Pole drifting station. In addition to him, the expedition included two researchers (hydrologist-biologist and physicist-astronomer) and one radio operator. As a person far from science (and from education, by the way, too: he graduated from a zemstvo elementary school and several courses), Papanin, due to his “actual connection with the Cheka,” was involved in the ideological and political leadership of the team entrusted to him. This required daily political information, which is what he did. After this, the remaining three members of the expedition spoke in a debate, which was recorded in the protocol, voted and made a report about it to the mainland, which was transmitted by radio operator. At the end of such meetings they sang “The Internationale” while standing, and sometimes they went out to demonstrate around their small tent. There were, of course, some shortcomings. The circle for studying the history of the party started work late, and the circle for current politics never started working.
...
Successful wintering on an ice floe and subsequent work in government structures brought him, in addition to enormous popularity, two Gold Stars of Hero of the USSR (before the war, only 5 people were awarded this: four pilots and Papanin), a doctorate degree (with his education!), and years of war and admiral rank. In 1939-46. Papanin heads the Main Northern Sea Route, which played a crucial role in supplying the Gulag camps. Then the polar explorer moves on to scientific work. For many years, Papanin headed the Institute of Inland Water Biology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, located in the village of Borok, Yaroslavl region. This is on the Rybinsk Reservoir, a place that is still not very populated. But nature!

How did this happen? Ivan Dmitrievich headed the department of marine expeditionary works of the Academy of Sciences (though, unlike Lysenko, for some reason he did not become an academician). And somehow fate brought him to Borok, a remote place. There still remained a 19th-century estate with a manor house, a pond and an English garden, which was given to the Academy of Sciences by the forerunner of Fomenkov’s “New Chronology” N.A. Morozov.

Papanin arrived with an inspection, looked at the beauty of nature and decided to create a scientific institution here, of which he became the head. The nature there is truly wonderful, just an ideal place for hunting and fishing. Soon Papanin seeks from the Yaroslavl regional executive committee to declare the adjacent lands a nature reserve, the protection of which the Institute headed by Papanin has taken upon itself. Since then, the former commandant of the Cheka made it a rule to leave the capital every month and go to the Rybinsk Reservoir for a decade. He fell in love with hunting for a long time. Before that, he kept traveling to the Caucasus. His niece recalled: ““Oh, Ivan Dmitrich, let’s go to the Caucasus to hunt...” These were not the last people in the state, the hunt was widely organized. They'll shoot you, but where should you send them? “Oh, Ivan Dmitrich, let’s go to your dacha.” Carloads of game were on their way to Bolshevo. Frozen carcasses of mountain goats hung on my uncle’s veranda.”

By that time, Papanin “lived in a luxurious apartment on Arbat.” “Luxury and antiques all around.” A niece once “asked about an antique oak sideboard: “ Uncle Vanya, where did you get the furniture from the 19th century?” He smiled: "From bourgeois warehouses." I, then a Komsomol member, was shocked. People were shot, the furniture was taken to a warehouse, after which Stalin’s favorites (for some time Papanin was among them) furnished their apartments with it.”

No wonder “they called my uncle a prince behind his back.” “He no longer lived like ordinary people. At his state dacha in Bolshevo there were 14 rooms, a servant - a cook Grigorievna, who told me fairy tales, a driver, Uncle Kolya, a large farm with chickens, ducks, geese, which were fed with oil cake...”

As you can see, a wealthy owner and a real Bolshevik, by the way, is not at all greedy. He refused his salary at the Institute, helped with money, and pushed for improved supplies for the residents of Bork. That's why they loved him. After all “All over the country it was a breeze in the shops, but in Borka people lived as if under communism. I remember they brought in crimplen, unloaded it and called the laboratories: come and buy it. The same goes for products. Not a single Volga city had either sausage or meat. And they came to us from all over the region.”

I believe these lines, I know first-hand how life was outside the outskirts of Bork. But why did such abundance (two types of sausage were abundant; outside of Bork in the Yaroslavl region it was not seen at all) disappeared immediately as soon as we left Bork? Why wasn't this everywhere? Somewhere it’s dense, somewhere it’s empty. Sausage on coupons. That's if you're lucky. But what about the vaunted equality? What about modern lobbyists? And they are still proud of it. Who will extract more money from the center? Everyone pulls the blanket over themselves. It’s as if we live in different Russias.

And those who throw handouts from the master’s table are also loved. They love you sincerely! “You can’t imagine how much he was loved in Bork! He died 15 years ago, and the old people still remember: “Oh, how it was under Papanin!”. Monuments are erected, streets are named after him, he even became an honorary citizen of the Yaroslavl region.

He is the “commissar of death”! Where do we get this from? Are we living poorly? So, they deserve such a life!

Perhaps they didn’t know who he was in his youth? What was he doing? But now we know! And we calmly walk the streets named after him. Street named after Batu. Street named after Bokassa. Street named after Himmler. And what? We'll endure it!

And if it gets really bad, we’ll find reasons to shield out such “commissars of death.” Let us write that I was terribly worried and suffered all my life. You never know what you can come up with. So Papanin found intercessors.

Reading Sergei Chennyk’s article “Ivan Papanin. Going from security officers to polar explorers” only convinces you of this.

“Unfortunately, it is difficult to trace the transformation of Papanin’s worldview during the terrible years of the revolution. But, undoubtedly, these bloody events left many scars on his heart. As the commandant of the Cheka, he saw and knew everything, but he did not write or say anything about it anywhere and never. He didn’t write, and he couldn’t write, because otherwise he would have been turned into “camp dust,” like many thousands of his comrades. Of course, Ivan Dmitrievich, being a cheerful and friendly person by nature, conscientious and humane, could not help but think about what was happening. It is curious that it was Papanin who became the prototype of the sailor Shvandi in the play by playwright K. Trenev “Yarovaya Love”. He, of course, compared the ideals that the Bolsheviks called for and what happened in real life before his eyes and with his participation. He drew conclusions and decided to take an unexpected action, which can only be explained by changes in views on what was happening. He seriously decided to move away from politics and revolution and engage in science.”

Firstly, this “conscientious and humane man” not only saw and knew what was happening in the dungeons of the Cheka, but he himself headed the machine of death, the machine of mass genocide. Secondly, he could write about the events of his bloody participation in the massacres of innocent people, because times were already changing. The famous Papanin would not have been turned into any kind of “camp dust” in Brezhnev’s times. And thirdly, he was not silent: in 1977 he wrote a book of memoirs, “Ice and Fire,” where he spoke with great pathos about his work as commandant of the Cheka. And he praised Zemlyachka-Zalkind in various ways, in comparison with whom the notorious SS punitive men look like just angels.

Where on earth did this little man come from? Who gave birth to this... (I won’t say anything). “Papanin lost his mother early. The father kicked out his six and married a woman with five children... Their family never lived poorly. Grandmother and grandfather ran a sausage shop, baked and sold pies, there was a lot of gold - crosses, rings... Other children were raised by relatives and strangers. Nevertheless, Papanin helped his father with money and food all his life. Dmitry Nikolaevich took advantage of the fact that his son became famous and stayed with him for six months. By order of Stalin, in gratitude for Uncle Vanya, a house was built in Sevastopol. And shortly before his death, he, an almost 90-year-old man who lived with another family, suddenly remembered that he had his own children, and sued his son Alexander for alimony. Despite the fact that they did not communicate, Uncle Sanya also helped him. But apparently it wasn’t enough for grandfather.”

A familiar phenomenon. Get the kids out on the street. Without a twinge of conscience, receive financial assistance from them, and then also apply for alimony!

A rotten apple tree produced rotten apples. At least one is probably rotten.

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin

PAPANIN Ivan Dmitrievich (14/26.11.1894-30.01.1986), Arctic researcher, geographer, rear admiral. Born into a sailor's family. He headed the first Soviet drifting station “North Pole-1” (1937 - 38). Head of the “Glavsevmorput” (1939 - 46), during Great Patriotic War GKO authorized representative for transportation in the North. Since 1951, head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1952 - 72). Author of the books “Life on an Ice Floe” (1938) and “Ice and Fire” (1977).

PAPANIN Ivan Dmitrievich (1894-1986) - Soviet cultural figure, scientist, polar explorer, Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1938), rear admiral (1943), Hero of the Soviet Union (1937, 1940).

Active participant in the Russian Civil War in 1918-1922. In 1923-1932 worked in the People's Commissariat of Communications. In 1932-1933 headed the polar station in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land; in 1934-1935 - polar station at Cape Chelyuskin; in 1937-1938 - the first drifting station “North Pole” (“SP-1”), Head of the Main Northern Sea Route (1939-1946); simultaneously in 1941-1945. - GKO authorized representative for transportation in the North. In 1948-1951 - deputy Director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences; from 1951 - head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the USSR Academy of Sciences and at the same time in 1952-1972. - Director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1945 - prev. Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR.

Orlov A.S., Georgieva N.G., Georgiev V.A. Historical Dictionary. 2nd ed. M., 2012, p. 380.

Ivan Papanin. Photo for memory. 1930s.
The original is kept in the Moscow House of Photography museum.

From the encyclopedia

Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich [b. 14(26).I. 1894, Sevastopol], Soviet explorer of the Arctic, twice Hero of the Owls. Union (27.6. 1937 and 3.2.1940), rear admiral (1943), doctor of geogr. Sciences (1938). Member CPSU since 1919. In 1914 he was called up for military service. service in the navy. In Civil. during the war he took part in battles against the White Guards in Ukraine and Crimea. As part of a special detachment he was sent to the rear of Wrangel’s army to organize partisans. movements in Crimea. In 1923-32 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Communications. In 1931, as a representative of this People's Commissariat, he participated in the Arctic Tich. expedition of the icebreaker "Malygin" to Franz Josef Land. In 1932-33 he headed the polar expedition in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land, in 1934-35 - the polar station at Cape Chelyuskin, in 1937-38 - the first drifting station "North Pole" ("SP-1"), work at -roy marked the beginning of a systematic study of the high-latitude regions of the polar basin in the interests of navigation, meteorology, and hydrology. In 1939-46, P. was the head of the Main Northern Sea Route, and at the same time, during the Great Patriotic War, the State Defense Committee was authorized for transportation in the North. In 1948-51 deputy. director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions, and since 1951 head of the Marine Department. expedition works of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1952-72 at the same time director of the Institute of Biology, internal. waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1945 prev. Moscow branch Geogr. society of the USSR. At the 18th All-Union Conference of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1941) he was elected a member of the Center Audit Commission. Dep. Top. Soviet of the USSR 1st and 2nd convocations. Awarded 8 Orders of Lenin, Order of the October Revolution, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of Nakhimov 1st degree, Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Red Star, as well as medals. A cape on the Taimyr Peninsula, mountains in Antarctica and an underwater mountain in the Pacific Ocean are named after P.

Used materials from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia in 8 volumes, vol. 6

To supply the Gulag

Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich (11/14/1894, Sevastopol - 1/30/1986), polar explorer, statesman, rear admiral (1943), Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1938), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (6/27/1937, 3/2/1940). Participant in the Civil War. In 1919 he joined the RCP(b). Since 1931 he led polar expeditions. In 1937-38 he headed the first Soviet drifting station "SP-1". The tragic fate of the station was the center of a major propaganda campaign launched to prove the superiority of the USSR over the West. In 1937-50, deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1939-46 beginning. Main Northern Sea Route, which played a crucial role in supplying the camps Gulag . In 1941-52, member of the Central Audit Commission of the BCP(O). During the Great Patriotic War, he was simultaneously authorized by the State Defense Committee for transportation in the north. Since 1948 deputy Director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1951 Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1951-72, director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of the memoirs "Life on an Ice Floe" (1938) and "Ice and Fire" (1977).

Materials used from the book: Zalessky K.A. Stalin's Empire. Biographical encyclopedic dictionary. Moscow, Veche, 2000

I.D. Papanin. Taimyr. Photo by Y. Khalin.

...If it weren't for chance

Papanin's name would never have entered the history of world discoveries if not for chance. In 1937, he was appointed head of the first Soviet drifting scientific station, the North Pole.

The rest of his biography is quite traditional. He was born in Odessa into a poor family, rose to the position of ship mechanic, and worked as a mechanic for a long time. Like many people of his generation, Papanin was a participant in the Civil War. Then he worked in the North and sailed on icebreakers. During the expedition on the Graf Zeppelin he was on the icebreaker Malygin.

Before Papanin's expedition, man had already reached the North Pole. The first to get there was the Norwegian Roald Amundsen, in 1926 the American Bert and, finally, in 1928 the Italian Umberto Nobile. The organization of the North Pole station pursued completely different goals. The explorers had to remain in the polar region for many months and conduct a variety of scientific research.

The group of brave polar explorers consisted of four people: in addition to Papanin, it included hydrologist and biologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov, geophysicist and astronomer Evgeniy Konstantinovich Fedorov and radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel. Papanin was approved as the head of the expedition, as well as the cook. The entire scientific program of this unique expedition was led by the famous polar explorer Otto Yulievich Schmidt.

The expedition was equipped for a long time and very carefully: a specially insulated tent house was designed, unique radio equipment was created, and special food products were developed that could withstand severe frost of 50 degrees and months of storage. The participants received extensive training. For example, P.P. Shirshov even completed a medical training course, since there was no doctor at the station.

In March 1937, a grandiose air expedition at that time on four heavy bombers designed by A.N. Tupolev flew north. On May 21, 1937, the expedition landed on an ice floe near the North Pole. The equipment of the scientific station continued for two whole weeks, and only at the beginning of June the planes took off. The ice floe began to slowly move south.

During the drift, unique scientific material was collected. Researchers discovered a huge underwater ridge crossing the Arctic Ocean, conducted meteorological observations, and Krenkel sent weather reports to the mainland every day at the same time. It turned out that the polar regions are densely populated. Contrary to forecasts, polar bears, seals, and even seals came to the polar explorers. The water of the Arctic Ocean also turned out to be saturated with plankton.

The drift of this scientific station continued for two hundred and seventy-four days. By February 1938, the size of the ice floe had shrunk so much that polar explorers had to be removed. The famous epic of their salvation began. At this time, the station was in the Greenland Sea and approaching the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

The small hunting ship “Murmanets” was the first to go to the drifting station. He bravely entered the ice, but was soon trapped and carried into the Atlantic Ocean. The airship "SSSR-B6", which took off at full speed, crashed, crashing into a mountain near the city of Kandalaksha. Two submarines were also sent into the ice, but they would not have been able to surface in the drift area.

Only on February 19, two powerful icebreakers, the Taimyr and the Murman, were able to approach the expedition. A small single-engine plane was launched from the Taimyr, which was the first to reach the drifting ice floe. It was piloted by the famous polar pilot Vlasov.

The next day, icebreakers approached the station. The polar explorers first moved to the Taimyr, and from there to board the Ermak, which had arrived in time by that time, the grandfather of the Russian icebreaker fleet. He was supposed to deliver the polar explorers to Leningrad. However, suddenly the captain of the Ermak received an order to proceed to Tallinn. Everyone on board the ship was perplexed as to why it was necessary to enter the capital of Estonia.

Only many years later it became known that the infamous trial of Bukharin was taking place in Moscow just these days, and Stalin demanded that the meeting of polar explorers take place after it. Indeed, the meeting of brave heroes turned into a national celebration. They were awarded state awards and became Heroes of the Soviet Union.

After that, Papanin worked as the head of the Northern Sea Route, and after the war he worked in the Academy of Sciences system.

Reprinted from http://visserf.com/?p=35

Walking from security officers to polar explorers

Heroes of cruel times

Few people know that the famous polar explorer Ivan Papanin was... a security officer at a time when tens of thousands of dissidents were being exterminated on the Crimean Peninsula. And yet, the legendary Crimean went down in history as the creator of the world’s most powerful research fleet, which made the USSR the undisputed leader in the study of the World Ocean.

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin belonged to the category of people who are usually called nuggets. He was born on November 26, 1894 in Sevastopol in the family of a port sailor, who led a semi-beggarly existence, not even having their own home. They huddled in a strange structure of 4 walls, two of which were pipes, trying to earn at least a penny by helping their mother support her family. Ivan, the eldest of the children, especially suffered. The boy studied well, was first in the class in all subjects, for which he received an offer to continue his education at public expense. But the impressions of a poor and disenfranchised childhood will become decisive in the formation of his personality and character.

At the head of the partisan movement

The most striking event, according to Papanin himself, was the uprising of sailors on the Ochakov in 1905. He sincerely admired the courage of the sailors who went to certain death. It was then that the future convinced revolutionary was formed in him. At this time, he was learning a trade and working in the factories of his native Sevastopol. By the age of 16, Ivan Papanin was among the best workers at the Sevastopol plant for the production of navigation devices. And at the age of 18, as the most capable, he was selected for further work at the shipbuilding plant in Revel (present-day Tallinn). At the beginning of 1915, Ivan Dmitrievich was drafted into the navy as a technical specialist. In October 1917, together with other workers, he went over to the side of the Red Guards and plunged headlong into revolutionary work. Returning from Revel to Sevastopol, Papanin actively participated in the establishment of Soviet power here. After the occupation of Crimea by German troops on the basis of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ivan went underground and became one of the leaders of the Bolshevik partisan movement on the peninsula. Revolutionary professionals Mokrousov, Frunze, Kun entrust him with secret and difficult tasks. Over the years, he went through all imaginable difficulties - “fire, water, and copper pipes.”

In August 1920, a group of communists and military specialists from the Red Army, led by A. Mokrousov, landed in Crimea. Their task was to organize partisan warfare in Crimea. Papanin also joined Mokrousov. The rebel army they assembled dealt Wrangel serious blows. The White Guards had to withdraw troops from the front. To destroy the partisans, military units from Feodosia, Sudak, Yalta, Alushta, and Simferopol began to surround the forest. However, the partisan detachments managed to break out of the encirclement and retreat into the mountains. It was necessary to contact the command, report on the situation and coordinate their plans with the headquarters of the Southern Front. It was decided to send a reliable person to Soviet Russia. The choice fell on I.D. Papanin.

In the current situation, it was possible to get to Russia only through Trebizond. It was possible to agree with the smugglers that for a thousand Nikolaev rubles they would transport the person to the opposite shore of the Black Sea. The journey turned out to be long and unsafe. He managed to meet with the Soviet consul, who on the very first night sent Papanin on a large transport ship to Novorossiysk. And already in Kharkov he was received by the commander of the Southern Front, M.V. Frunze. Having received the necessary help, Papanin began to prepare for the return journey. In Novorossiysk he was joined by the future famous writer Vsevolod Vishnevsky.

It was November, the sea was constantly stormy, but there was no time to waste. One night, the paratroopers went to sea on the ships “Rion”, “Shokhin” and the boat where Papanin was located. They walked in the dark, with the lights extinguished, in the conditions of a severe storm. The boat circled for a long time, looking for “Rion” and “Shokhin” in the darkness, but, convinced of the futility of the search, it headed for the Crimea. On the way, we came across the White Guard ship “Three Brothers”. To prevent the crew from reporting the landing, the owner of the ship and his companion... were taken hostage, and the crew was given an ultimatum: not to approach the shore for 24 hours. The incessant storm exhausted everyone. In the dark we approached the village of Kapsikhor. They dragged all the cargo ashore. Replenished with local residents, the detachment of Mokrousov and Papanin moved towards Alushta, disarming the retreating White Guards along the way. On the approach to the city, the Red partisans linked up with units of the 51st Division of the Southern Front.

The Commissioner Who Was Ashamed

After the defeat of the last army of the white movement - Wrangel's army - Papanin was appointed commandant of the Crimean Extraordinary Commission (Cheka). During this work he received gratitude for saving confiscated valuables.

Needless to say, what the Cheka is, especially in Crimea. This organization was entrusted with an extremely important mission here - to physically destroy the remnants of the Whites, the flower of the Russian officers. Despite Frunze's promises to save their lives after they laid down their arms, about 60 thousand people were shot, drowned, or buried alive.

Unfortunately, it is difficult to trace the transformation of Papanin’s worldview during the terrible years of the revolution. But, undoubtedly, these bloody events left many scars on his heart. As the commandant of the Cheka, he saw and knew everything, but he did not write or say anything about it anywhere and never. He didn’t write, and he couldn’t write, because otherwise he would have been turned into “camp dust,” like many thousands of his comrades.

Of course, Ivan Dmitrievich, being a cheerful and friendly person by nature, conscientious and humane, could not help but think about what was happening. It is curious that it was Papanin who became the prototype of the sailor Shvandi in the play by playwright K. Trenev “Yarovaya Love”. He, of course, compared the ideals that the Bolsheviks called for and what happened in real life before his eyes and with his participation. He drew conclusions and decided to take an unexpected action, which can only be explained by changes in views on what was happening. He seriously decided to move away from politics and revolution and engage in science.

Without receiving special knowledge, having gone through the thorny path of self-education, he will reach significant scientific heights. Thus, Papanin’s “first” life was given to the revolution, and his “second” to science. His ideals drowned in the bloodstream of the Bolshevik Red Terror, and, realizing his guilt and repenting, he decides to disassociate himself from revolutionary violence. However, over the next four years, Papanin could not find a place for himself in the literal and figurative sense of the word.

Fate decreed that in the future I.D. Papanin will be treated kindly by Stalin, always being in his sight. For Papanin, the “second half” of life is much longer - as much as 65 years. He becomes the military commandant of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee in Kharkov. However, by the will of fate, he again ended up in the Revolutionary Military Council of the Black Sea Fleet as a secretary, and in April 1922 he was transferred to Moscow as a commissar of the Administrative Department of the Glavmortekhkhozupra. The following year, having already been demobilized, he went to work in the system of the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs as a business manager and head of the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Security.

Papanin constantly changes jobs and places of residence. It’s as if something is tormenting him, for some reason his soul is hurting, he is looking for her reassurance and an activity where she would find peace, get the opportunity to temporarily detach herself from what she has experienced, come to her senses and figure everything out. And the North became such a place for him. Here, in 1925, Papanin began building a radio station in Yakutia and proved himself to be an excellent organizer and simply a person who can be trusted to resolve complex issues and who will never let you down, even in the most difficult conditions. It was for these qualities that the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks appointed him in 1937 as head of the polar station SP-1.

The path to the North is the path to yourself

For Soviet Russia, the opening of permanent navigation of ships along the Northern Sea Route was of utmost importance. For this purpose, a special department was even created - Glavsevmorput. But to operate the route, it was necessary to conduct a series of multifaceted scientific research in the Arctic: to identify the presence of underwater currents, ice drift paths, the timing of their melting, and much more. To resolve these issues, it was necessary to land a scientific expedition directly on the ice floe. The expedition had to work on ice for a long time. The risk of dying in these extreme conditions was very high.

Perhaps no event between the two world wars attracted as much attention as the drift of the “Papanin Four” in the Arctic. Scientific work on the ice floe lasted 274 days and nights. At first it was a huge ice field of several square kilometers, and when the Papanins were removed from it, the size of the ice floe barely reached the area of a volleyball court. The whole world followed the epic of the polar explorers, and everyone wanted only one thing - the salvation of people.

After this feat, Ivan Papanin, Ernst Krenkel, Evgeny Fedorov and Pyotr Shirshov turned into national heroes and became a symbol of everything Soviet, heroic and progressive. If you look at newsreel footage of how Moscow greeted them, it becomes clear what these names meant at that time. After the gala reception in Moscow there were dozens, hundreds, thousands of meetings throughout the country. The polar explorers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. This was Papanin’s second such award - he received the first at the beginning of the drift.

This was in 1938, a terrible year for the country. At this time, thousands of people were destroyed, most of them constituting the intellectual elite of the people. The criterion for reprisals was one thing - the ability to provide not only active, but also passive resistance to the totalitarian regime. They dealt especially purposefully with those who established Soviet power, with the Bolsheviks of the first conscription. There is nothing surprising in this - the old guard could be the first to oppose the revision of Marxist-Leninist teachings, and therefore was subject to destruction. And Papanin would have been among these victims if he had not left the Cheka in 1921.

Papanin lived for another 40 years, filled with activities, events, and people. After drifting in the Arctic, he becomes first deputy and then head of the Main Northern Sea Route. Tasks of enormous national importance fell on his shoulders. Since the beginning of the war, he has been building a new port in Arkhangelsk, which was simply necessary to receive ships bringing cargo from the United States under Lend-Lease. He deals with similar problems in Murmansk and the Far East.

After the war, Ivan Dmitrievich again worked in the Main Northern Sea Route, and then created the scientific fleet of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1951, he was appointed head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works under the apparatus of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Papanin's merits were appreciated. Few people had such an “iconostasis” of awards as his. In addition to two titles of Hero of the Soviet Union, 9 Orders of Lenin and many other orders and medals, not only Soviet, but also foreign. He was also awarded the military rank of rear admiral and a scientist - Doctor of Geographical Sciences.

Probably, an outstanding person in any historical era and under any life circumstances is capable of realizing potential opportunities. The external outline of events, the framing of fate may be different, but the internal, decisive side remains constant. Firstly, this concerns efforts to achieve basic goals, and secondly, the ability to remain a person of high moral principles under any historical conditions. Papanin's life is a clear confirmation of this.

I.D. died Papanin in January 1986. His name is immortalized three times on a geographical map. The waters of the polar seas are plied by ships named in his honor. He is an honorary citizen of Sevastopol, his hometown, in which one of the streets bears the name of Papanin.

Sergey Chennyk

Reprinted here from the site http://www.c-cafe.ru/days/bio/21/papanin.php

Essays:

Life on an ice floe. Diary. Ed. 7th. M., 1977;

Ice and fire. M., 1977.

Literature:

People of immortal feat. Book 2. Ed. 4th. M., 1975.

Biological processes in inland waters [to the 70th anniversary of I. D. Papanin]. M.-L., 1965.

Kremer V. A. Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin. - “Meteorology and Hydrology”, 1964.

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin discovered the North Pole, to which polar explorers and adventurers had been unsuccessfully striving for centuries. The powers were eager. Papanin was the first to land on an Arctic ice floe, set up a drifting station there and opened up a new space for humanity.

He was not a painstaking academic researcher, and this genius did not have any special education. Papanin is from the breed of pioneers. Such as Ermak Timofeevich or Erofey Khabarov. Inquisitiveness and energy for science are sometimes more important than academic depth. And he supported real scientists, skillfully distinguishing them from the crowd of projectors and scammers. This is how Papanin was remembered in Borki - there he created and headed the Institute of Reservoir Biology.

He is from Crimea. Native Sevastopol resident. My grandfather and father served in the Black Sea Fleet. They didn’t build stone chambers, they couldn’t give Ivan an education, and as a teenager Papanin had to work to earn his daily bread.

He had no Nobel Prizes, only Hero Stars and the Order of Lenin. The West did not count on him in the Cold War with our Motherland. After all, he is a patented Bolshevik, a doctor of science with a simple talk, with a start in life that the sailor Papanin received in the fire of the Civil War. Without such destinies, Soviet power would have turned out to be a lie. And it exists even after the abolition of Belovezhskaya - in history, in our culture and traditions.

The most fearful people of the twentieth century trusted him. A member of the Crimean Revolutionary Committee, famous for her cruelty, Rosalia Zemlyachka, appointed Papanin as commandant of the Crimean Cheka. This was the time of the Red Terror in Crimea. As the commandant of the Cheka, he saw and knew everything, and he himself took part in the repressions. It all ended with “complete nervous exhaustion.” By the way, then he received gratitude for saving the confiscated valuables.

Stalin chose him to be the main conqueror of the North Pole. Such trust is an explosive substance, but Papanin was neither taken by a bullet nor by slander. He is one of the tenacious Ivanovs. Iron joker. Even in faded photographs from the pole, in the general plan, when his face turns into a blurry dot, his smile can be discerned, daring his comrades to do great things.

During the Civil War, Papanin was the organizer of sabotage in Wrangel's rear. Didn't burn in fire, didn't drown in water. Saved the Black Sea Fleet: organized its departure before the Germans arrived...

Hero of the Soviet country, and officially - twice Hero of the Soviet Union, the second in history! He is one of the forgotten Soviet miracles. To understand him, one must open one's heart to the Promethean idea of universal brotherhood for which he fought. Otherwise you and Papanin will not get along.

The song from 1938 has not been played on the radio for many years. Song glorifying the feat:

In the Arctic Ocean

Against northern tornadoes

Ivan Papanin fought

Two hundred and seventy nights.

Four friends guarded

The red flag of the native land -

For the time being, from the south

The icebreakers didn't come!

The poet Alexander Zharov slightly shortened the duration of the expedition, sacrificing accuracy for the sake of poetic length: in fact, the North Pole-1 station worked for 274 days, the whole world watched the fate of the heroes with excitement.

Ivan Papanin, Ernst Krenkel, Evgeny Fedorov and Pyotr Shirshov - the unforgettable four of 1937/38. And the fifth is the dog Vesely, the first, but not the last, world-famous husky.

Icebreakers sailed, sailed,

We swam across the ocean.

The dog Jolly rode and rode

From distant polar countries.

This is how Soviet children will sing. But Vesyoly was known not only in the USSR - both in Europe and America, schoolchildren drew pictures of the wintering dog. This is not an exaggeration; in those years, Soviet propaganda acted inventively, the country knew how to declare itself. In our time, the feat of the Papaninites would most likely simply remain on the margins of popular consciousness - tea, not a TV show.

The USSR was forced to prepare for a big war. And the last salvos of the Civil War died down only 15 years before Papanin’s expedition... But the state found funds for science, for industrialization, for the development of the North. Many current masters of life are wasting their future in international brothels, and the Soviet people created a strategic reserve, looking decades ahead.

We live in an age of fake heroes and great provocations. And Papanin’s ice floe is a big truth, and not a television special effect, not a montage of attractions that the current “PR” magicians have mastered.

Revolutionary winds are not only the destruction of the old world, not only class battles, but also faith in enlightenment, in the book. Faith that awakened geniuses - such as Papanin. He, like Pogodin’s revolutionary sailor from “The Kremlin Chimes,” managed to read book after book - from Chekhov to Julius Caesar. They transformed the world. And we managed to do a lot! The discovery of the North Pole confirmed: man is capable of discoveries, capable of improving himself, society, and life. And “there are no fortresses that...” Even harsh nature is not capable of defeating a person moving towards his goal together with his comrades. This is a very, very Soviet story.

Papanin's expedition was considered one of the “Soviet miracles” - and rightfully so. Many people sought to open the North Pole - both Scandinavians and Americans, but only the Papanins succeeded. But this was a collective achievement, as it should be according to Soviet principles. Technical progress, put “on state lines,” came to the rescue. The country had planes and pilots capable of delivering heroes to the pole. Vodopyanov, who was the first to land a plane on an ice floe, is a full-fledged conqueror of the pole. The country already had icebreakers that could, when needed, return the expedition to the mainland. Let's add the political will of the leadership, for whom the conquest of the North was the key program of the second half of the 30s, and the propaganda skill of the “Pravdists”, “Izvestists”, the Komsomol press, radio employees...

By 1937, Papanin had shown himself to be a reliable organizer of dangerous expeditions; he had several wintering trips in the Arctic. He became close to the North in the mid-20s, when he supervised the construction of a radio station in Yakutia. He was the head of polar stations on Franz Josef Land and on Cape Chelyuskin - on the northernmost point of Eurasia.

Ivan Dmitrievich was proud that the expedition was equipped by Soviet industry. At the Leningrad Shipyard named after. Karakozov built special sledges that weighed only 20 kilograms. The tent was created at the Moscow Kauchuk plant from lightweight aluminum pipes and canvas walls, between which two layers of eiderdown were laid. Papanin also meticulously checked the rubber inflatable floor of the tent. Is it reliable? Convenient? After all, this is not a home for a week or a month. It’s not for nothing that Utesov’s song says: “The country sends us to drift into the distant sea... We’ll be home in a year!” Papanin also organized a drift rehearsal: in the Moscow region they set up their wonderful tent and opened canned food. It took several days for us to get used to each other and the tarpaulin house. The test went well: the cat did not run between friends, and no one questioned Papanin’s commanding authority.

The Papaninites worked almost like in outer space: in a confined space, in constant danger. Every step was an advance into the unknown, into the mysterious. This experience will be useful to astronauts at orbital stations and on multi-month expeditions. Ivan Dmitrievich himself prepared for the drift thoroughly: he even went through cook school. He treated supplies sparingly, as befits an experienced traveler.

There are legends about his resourcefulness: when the polar explorers needed alcohol, it turned out that there was only cognac on the ice floe. A whole barrel of excellent cognac! How to preserve samples of ocean fauna and flora without alcohol? And Papanin managed to extract alcohol from noble cognac - using a specially designed moonshine still. But he also left some cognac - and kept it until the victorious finale of the expedition. When the magnificent four were taken off the melted ice floe, Ivan Dmitrievich cheerfully treated his comrades to the same cognac. And this is also a manifestation of the character of the hereditary sailor, with whom Vsevolod Vishnevsky and Konstantin Trenev were friends. By the way, the sailor Shvandya from Lyubov Yarovaya is a young Papanin. Trenev knew who to write as a resilient hero.

In 274 days of dangerous drift, the station covered 2000 kilometers! This was not just a display of the flag at an open pole. Every day the four carried out research with the goal of opening the northern route for aviation and navigation. Every month Moscow received reports on scientific work.

In the Greenland Sea, by the end of January 1938, the ice floe had shrunk to the size of a volleyball court. Dangerous days and nights followed. Papanin telegraphed to Moscow: “As a result of a six-day storm, at 8 a.m. on February 1, in the area of the station, the field was torn by cracks from half a kilometer to five. We are on a fragment of a field 300 meters long and 200 meters wide. Two bases were cut off, as well as a technical warehouse... There was a crack under the living tent. We will move to a snow house. I’ll give you the coordinates later today; If the connection is lost, please do not worry."

He didn't ask for anything, didn't cry out for help. But help has come! Already on February 19, two icebreakers - "Taimyr" and "Murman" - reached the Papanin ice floe... Every sailor wanted to visit the station, hug the winterers...

Papanin’s last appeal from the station was heard throughout the USSR: “Leaving the drifting ice floe, we leave the Soviet flag on it as a sign that we will never give up the conquest of the country of socialism to anyone!” They really believed in it. A unique generation, special people.

In the film “The Oath,” director Chiaureli showed the mystery of the people’s power. These are collective farmers in the Kremlin Palace, this is Budyonny’s dashing dance, this is the appearance of a leader. And - Papanin, who jokes with the boy. “Are you for real?” - “No, dear baby, I’m a toy, wind-up. When you turn this way, you’re off.” And - the hero comically skipped along the palace parquet floor. An actor was not needed, Ivan Dmitrievich himself appeared in the frame - and did not get lost among the people's artists. Porcelain figurines “Papanin and the Jolly Dog” also appeared on sale, it was national fame!.. But... Papanin built a rich dacha, Stalin visited him. After these gatherings, as the memoirists say, the dacha had to be handed over to a kindergarten.

Even after the ice floe, he worked efficiently and effectively. And at the head of the Northern Sea Route, and during the war years, when he spent days and nights in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, under bombs. The Germans wiped Murmansk off the face of the earth - they bombed it like Stalingrad, but did not break through to the ice-free port: Russia received strategically important cargo from England and the USA. Papanin led the defense and ensured the protection of the sea route. He promoted heroes and was a banner for many. The role of the GKO commissioner for transportation on the White Sea was not symbolic. Papanin's experience and his ability to look for non-standard moves came in handy. He received the shoulder straps of a rear admiral in 1943.

Film director Yuri Salnikov said: in 1985, shortly before his death, ninety-year-old Papanin grabbed him by the button and shouted in an old man’s drawling manner: “I want to live!”

He lived a long time, but he did not see the destruction of the country, he did not witness it. Luck was with the lover of life in this too. For him, the power remained young, daring - he once believed in it, served it, and proudly received its awards.

Presentation about the first Northern expedition led by I.D. Papanin in the Arctic Ocean.

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Slide captions:

Research and study of the Arctic. Arctic Ocean. I.D.Papanin

In the 1930s, active and systematic exploration of the Arctic took place. 1932 was declared the “First International Polar Year”. In 1936, the Kremlin leadership approved a detailed plan for the establishment of a research station on a drifting ice floe in the Arctic.

The composition of the expedition: Head of the station - I.D. Papanin, radio operator - Ernest Teodorovich Krenkel, meteorologist and geophysicist - Evgeniy Konstantinovich Fedorov, hydrobiologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov (who acted as a doctor). The fifth inhabitant of the research station was a dog named Vesyoly.

RUSSIAN POLAR EXPLORER, DOCTOR OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES, REAR ADMIRAL, TWICE HERO OF THE SOVIET UNION, HEADED THE FIRST SOVIET DRIFTING STATION “S-1” (North Pole) Date of birth: November 26, 1894. Date of death: January 30, 1986. Place of birth: Sevastopol, Russian Empire, Russia.

Expedition radio operator E.T. Krenkel

Petr Petrovich Shirshov

Evgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov

Workdays Polar explorers landed on an ice floe measuring 5x3 km.

On February 19, 1938, the polar explorers were removed from the ice floe by the icebreakers Taimyr and Murman. On March 15, the polar explorers were delivered to Leningrad.

In the Arctic Ocean Ivan Papanin fought against the northern tornadoes for two hundred and seventy nights. Four friends guarded the red flag of their native land - Until the Icebreakers came from the south! Poet Alexander Zharov

Results of the drift of the North Pole-1 station: 1. The SP station, created in the area of the North Pole, after 9 months of drift (274 days) to the south, was carried to the Greenland Sea, the ice floe floated more than 2000 km. 2. The opinion of complete lifelessness was refuted , the polar region, about the existence of the Arctic "limit of life". 3. It was established that there are no lands or islands in the polar region, the depths of the ocean were measured throughout the entire drift. 4. The work of the "SP-1" station was the beginning of a new stage in the study of high latitudes Arctic Ocean.

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I.D. Papanin is an Arctic researcher.

Slide 1.

There are people in the history of our state whose names personify an entire era. Their activity is not just a contribution to a particular industry, but a symbol of a certain period. This is exactly what the name of Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, the legendary Soviet polar explorer who dedicated his life to the exploration of the Arctic and his comrades, meant for several generations of Soviet people.

Slide 2.

The purpose of my research work: to study and analyze the materials of the first Northern drifting expedition led by Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin in the Arctic Ocean.

T.K. Russia has an extensive Arctic sea coast, so the problems of economic development of the Arctic coast and the Northern Sea Route required reliable forecasting of meteorological and ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean. In the mid-1930s. it became clear that polar stations located near the mainland cannot be the only sources of data for such a forecast. The head of the Main Northern Sea Route, Academician O. Yu. Schmidt, proposed creating a stationary polar station in the North Pole region, which would conduct a wide range of meteorological and hydrological studies within a year.

Slide 3.

The purpose of the expedition was planned: To conduct a wide range of meteorological and hydrological studies, ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean.

“Maximum research with a minimum of people” - these words were, as it were, the motto of the drifting station.

Photo: Preparations for the expedition were carried out on Rudolf Island.

Slide 4, 5.

On May 21, 1937, the plane, which had 4 expedition members on board: station chief Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, experienced polar explorer - radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel, hydrobiologist and oceanologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov, astronomer and magnetologist Evgeniy Konstantinovich Fedorov, landed safely on the ice field. On the same day, the world's first station at the North Pole began scientific work. Together with the people there was a dog - a dog named Vesyoly.

Slide 6. Photo of the participants and the dog “Vesely”.

Icebreakers sailed, sailed,

We swam across the ocean.

The dog Jolly rode and rode

From distant polar countries.

Slide 7.

Later, Otto Yulievich Schmidt wrote in his memoirs: “In such an unprecedented business as a scientific station on drifting ice near the pole, a lot depends on its chief. Choosing him among our best winterers, I settled on I.D. Papanin. I meant not only his many years of experience, but also, above all, his exceptional cheerfulness and assertiveness, with which Comrade Papanin easily overcomes any obstacle that arises in his way. Such a person will not be confused in difficult times! The companions of such a person will receive from him every day a new charge of vivacity and confidence in success.”

The Papaninites worked almost like in outer space: in a confined space, in constant danger. Every step was an advance into the unknown, into the mysterious. Ivan Dmitrievich himself prepared for the drift thoroughly: he even went through cook school. He treated supplies sparingly, as befits an experienced traveler.

Slide 8.

The expedition's radio operator was the experienced polar explorer Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel. In the photo E. T. Krenkel after returning from the station"North Pole" (1938) presents a prize - his personal radio - to the Leningradshortwave V.S. Saltykov, who was the first radio amateur to establish contact with a drifting ice floe.

Slide 9.

Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov studied marine plankton of the Arctic Ocean. The materials obtained during the research significantly changed ideas about life in the ocean. In addition, at the North Pole station Shirshov was not only a biologist and hydrologist, but also... a doctor. For almost a year he trained in one of the Moscow clinics, learned how to treat wounds, apply stitches and even perform simple operations. They say that, having completed his surgical practice, Pyotr Petrovich made a speech - short but impressive: “Guys, now I can easily chop off your arms and legs. But I wouldn’t want my first help to become the last for any of you! ". “We appreciated,” writes Krenkel, “our doctor’s self-criticism and understood that it was better to do without his help. This conviction helped us hold out.”

Slide 10.

Evgeniy Konstantinovich Fedorov was the youngest of the four. By profession he is a geophysicist, or rather a magnetologist. But at the drifting station, he also conducted astronomical and meteorological observations, and sometimes replaced the radio operator. Evgeniy Konstantinovich has always been distinguished by his great capacity for work. I. D. Papanin, later talking about the organization of the station, wrote: “The first, without any doubt, was the candidacy of E. K. Fedorov.”

Slide 11.

Initially, the polar explorers landed on an ice floe measuring 5x3 km.

The tent of the first drifting station “North Pole-1” had to withstand strong winds and protect its inhabitants from 50-60 degree frosts. The design was made at the capital's Kauchuk plant. The prefabricated frame was made of aluminum pipes, the floor was rubberized, and the walls were made of fabric. According to the developers' plans, they were supposed to be insulated with a layer of eider down - something like a quilted feather bed, laid between two layers of tarpaulin. However, they could not find craftswomen who knew how to quilt duvets. I had to resort to the help of nuns who were excellent at such a “pre-revolutionary” craft.

Slide 12. Photo

Slide 13.

The expedition was supposed to last a year and a half, but the Arctic Ocean decided in its own way. In June, the average air temperature reached +2 0С, and the minimum was only minus one. The drift speed turned out to be unexpectedly rapid - the ice floe traveled up to 35 km per day. The ice floe began to break off.

Slide 14.

Slide 15.

Four brave Soviet researchers spent 274 days on the ice floe from May 21, 1937 to February 19, 1938. They carried out a lot of research in different directions. The poet Alexander Zharov composed a poem about the Papanin heroes:

In the Arctic Ocean

Against northern tornadoes

Ivan Papanin fought

Two hundred and seventy nights.

Four friends guarded

The red flag of the native land -

For the time being, from the south

The icebreakers didn't come!

Slide 16

Results of the drift of the North Pole-1 station:

1. The SP station, created in the North Pole area, after 9 months of drift (274 days) to the south, was moved toGreenland Sea , the ice floe floated more than 2000 km.

2. The opinion about the complete lifelessness of the polar region and the existence of an Arctic “limit of life” has been refuted.

3. It was established that there are no lands or islands in the area of the pole; the depths of the ocean were measured throughout the drift.

4. It has been established that warm Atlantic waters penetrate at depths all the way to the pole.

5. The work of the SP-1 station was the beginning of a new stage in the study of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean.

Slide 17.

Conclusion: During 274 days of drift, active and fruitful work was carried out to study the polar basin at high latitudes. The results of this expedition became the opportunity to declare Russia's rights to part of the Arctic Ocean shelf in the 21st century.

Slide 18.

This was not just a display of the flag at an open pole. Every day the four carried out research with the goal of opening the northern route for aviation and navigation. Every month Moscow received reports on scientific work.

Slide 19.

Today, the leading world powers are preparing for the redistribution of the Arctic spaces, and primarily those 1.2 million square kilometers that belong to Russia.The Russian polar sector in the Arctic occupies the most extensive territory (approx. 9 million km2, of which 6.8 million km2 is water space). Thus, the Russian Federation owns approximately 37% of the Arctic territory.

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