He was one of the key ideological inspirers October revolution 1917 and the first head of the new state, created on the basis of a union of equal republics and the theory of the subsequent world revolution.
In the USSR he was the object of incredible admiration and cult. He was glorified, exalted and idealized, called a seer, a giant of thought and a visionary genius. Today, in different strata of society, the attitude towards him is very contradictory: for some, he is a major political theorist who influenced the course of world history, for others, he is the author of particularly cruel concepts for the destruction of his compatriots, who destroyed the foundations of the country’s economy.
Childhood
The future major politician was born on April 22, 1870 in Simbirsk (now called Ulyanovsk in his honor), a city on the Volga, into an intelligent family of teachers. There were no Russians in his family: his mother Maria Alexandrovna came from Germans with an admixture of Swedish and Jewish blood, his father Ilya Nikolaevich came from Kalmyks and Chuvashs. He was involved in the inspection of public schools and made a very successful career: he received the rank of full state councilor, which gave him the right to the title of nobility. 
Mom devoted herself to raising children, of whom there were five in their family: daughter Anna, sons Alexander, Vladimir, Dmitry and the youngest child, Maria or Manyasha, as her relatives called her. The mother of the family graduated from a pedagogical school as an external student, knew several foreign languages, played the piano and passed on her knowledge and skills to her children, including exceptional accuracy in everything.
Volodya knew Latin, French, German, English very well, and Italian a little worse. His love for languages remained throughout his life; shortly before his death he began to learn Czech. At the gymnasium, he preferred philosophy, but also had excellent grades in other disciplines.
He grew up as an inquisitive boy, loved to play noisy games with his brothers and sisters: horse play, Indian play, toy soldiers. While reading Uncle Tom's Cabin, he imagined himself as Abraham Lincoln, smashing slave owners.
In his last year of study, in 1986, his father died. A year later, their family suffered another difficult ordeal - the execution of brother Alexander by hanging. The young man was good at natural sciences, so those who were preparing the assassination attempt Alexandra III terrorists recruited him to create an explosive device. In the case, Ulyanov was one of the organizers of the attempt to assassinate the Tsar.
Formation of political consciousness
After graduating from high school, the young man began studying law at Kazan University. At the age of 17, he was not known for his political activity. Lenin's biographers believe that the decision to change the political system was largely dictated by the death of Alexander. Deeply experiencing the death of his brother, Volodya became interested in the idea of overthrowing tsarism. 
Soon he was expelled from the university for participating in student riots. At the request of his mother’s sister Lyubov Blank, he was exiled to the village of Kukushkino, Kazan province, and lived with his aunt for about a year. It was then that his political views began to take shape. He began self-education, read a lot of Marxist literature, as well as the works of Dmitry Pisarev, Georgy Plekhanov, Sergei Nechaev, Nikolai Chernyshevsky.
The revolution of the proletariat will completely destroy the division of society into classes, and, consequently, all social and political inequality.
In 1889, Maria Alexandrovna, demonstrating her immense love and support for her son, who needed money, sold her house in Simbirsk and purchased a farm in the Samara province for 7.5 thousand rubles. She hoped that Vladimir would find an outlet in the land, but without experience in farming, the family could not become successful. They sold the estate and moved to Samara.
In 1891, the authorities allowed Ulyanov to take the first-year exams at the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University. For a little less than a year, Vladimir was an assistant attorney. This service was boring for him, and in 1893 he left for the Northern capital, where he began practicing law and studying the ideology of Marxism. By this time, he had finally developed as a person, his views had evolved: if earlier he admired the ideas of the populists, he now became a supporter of the Social Democrats.
The path to revolution
In 1895, the young man went to Europe, where he met with members of the Russian Marxist group “Emancipation of Labor.” Returning to the city on the Neva, he founded the “Union of Struggle” in partnership with Yuli Martov. They were involved in leading strikes, publishing a workers' newspaper with Ulyanov's articles, and distributing leaflets.We must fight religion. This is the ABC of all materialism and, therefore, Marxism. But Marxism is not materialism that stops at the ABC. Marxism goes further. He says: one must be able to fight religion, and for this one must materialistically explain the source of faith and religion among the masses.
Soon Vladimir was arrested and sent into exile for 3 years in the Siberian village of Shushenskoye, where he subsequently wrote more than three dozen articles. At the end of his sentence, Ulyanov went abroad. Once in Germany, in 1900 he initiated the publication of the famous underground newspaper Iskra. Then he began to sign his writings and articles with the pseudonym Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich had great hopes for Iskra, believing that it would unite disparate revolutionary organizations under the banner of Marxist ideology.
In 1903, the Second Congress of the RSDLP, prepared by the revolutionary, was held in Brussels, where a split occurred between adherents of his idea of seizing power by armed means and supporters of the classical parliamentary path - the Mensheviks, and the party program developed together with Plekhanov was adopted. In 1905, at the First Party Conference in Finland, he met Stalin for the first time.
Any extreme is not good; everything good and useful, taken to the extreme, can and even, beyond a certain limit, necessarily becomes evil and harmful.
victory in February Revolution Lenin met the year 1917, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy, abroad. Arriving home, he called for an uprising against the Provisional Government. It was organized by Leon Trotsky, head of the Petrograd Soviet. On the memorable October 25, the Bolsheviks, with the support of the proletariat, seized power. Lenin headed a completely new government of the RSFSR - the Council of People's Commissars, signed decrees on land (confiscation of landowners' lands) and peace (negotiations on non-violent reconciliation of all warring countries).
After October
Devastation reigned in the country, and in the minds of people there was confusion and chaos. Lenin signed the decree on the creation of the Red Army and the humiliating Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in order to be able to focus on internal problems. Many bright minds of the country, not appreciating his ideas, emigrated, others joined the White movement. The Civil War broke out.No one is to blame if he is born a slave; but a slave who not only shuns the desire for his freedom, but justifies and embellishes his slavery, such a slave evokes a legitimate feeling of indignation, contempt and disgust - a lackey and a boor.
During this period, the leader of the Bolsheviks ordered the execution of the entire royal family. Nicholas II and his wife, five of their children and close servants were killed on the night of July 16-17 in Yekaterinburg. Let us note that the question of Lenin’s involvement in the execution of the Romanovs is still debatable.
In 1918, there were two attempts on Lenin’s life (in January and August) and the murder of the main security officer in Petrograd, Moisei Uritsky. As a response to what happened, the authorities organized the Red Terror on the initiative of Felix Dzerzhinsky. Within its framework, the decree on the death penalty was revived, the creation of concentration camps began, forced conscription into the army was practiced, and pogroms of Orthodox churches were practiced.
Lenin's speech to the Red Army (1919)
The Bolsheviks introduced the harsh and ineffective concept of “war communism”, involving people in free public works for up to 16 hours a day, confiscated food, and liquidated the market.
These actions provoked mass famine and crisis, forcing the country's leader to develop a new economic policy (NEP). It gave positive results, but he was unable to correct all the mistakes he had made due to his failing health.
Personal life of Vladimir Lenin
The first head of the USSR was married. He met his chosen one, the intelligent and dedicated Marxist Nadezhda Krupskaya, in 1894 during the creation of the “Union of Struggle”. 4 years later they got married, legitimizing their relationship in order to obtain permission to serve exile in Shushenskoye together. 
The couple did not have any offspring, although people who knew them claimed that they really wanted to have at least one child. The reason for this was the unfavorable living conditions of a married couple for the birth of children (exile, prison, emigration), as well as the consequences of Krupskaya’s disease, which was seriously ill “on the female side” during imprisonment.
Man needs an ideal, but a human one, corresponding to nature, and not a supernatural one.
According to researchers, until their death, the couple was connected not by intimacy, but by strong friendship. The leader considered his wife his reliable and main support in life. She repeatedly offered him freedom, in particular, so that he could marry his next mistress, Inessa Armand, with whom Nadezhda had an excellent relationship. But he always refused, did not want to let her go.
The politician was not particularly attractive, had a speech impediment - a burr, but had powerful charisma, piercing eyes, and could have an almost hypnotic effect on those around him.
Death
In May 1922, the Bolshevik leader suffered a stroke, causing speech impairment and paralysis on the right side of his body. By autumn, the illness had subsided, and he returned to work, demonstrating tremendous efficiency. He spoke at the Fourth Congress of the Comintern, held a number of meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, meetings of the Politburo, and wrote about two hundred business notes and orders in 2 months. But in December and then in March of the following year, repeated strokes occurred. Lenin moved from the capital to the Gorki residence near Moscow, closer to nature, healing silence and fresh air.Rare footage from the funeral of Vladimir Lenin
In January 1924, there was a sharp deterioration in the health of the people's leader, and on the 21st he died of a cerebral hemorrhage. The reasons for his death were also called atherosclerosis, syphilis, a genetic disease that led to the “petrification” of brain vessels, and even poisoning from a bullet. However, these are all just hypotheses.
After the death of the leader, it was decided to create a Mausoleum near the Kremlin wall for his burial. By the day of the funeral on January 27, a temporary wooden funeral structure was erected, where Ilyich’s body was placed. Now in its place stands a red brick Mausoleum. The embalmed leader of the peoples rests there to this day.
- Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born on April 10 (22), 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk).
- Ulyanov's father, Ilya Nikolaevich, was an inspector of public schools.
- Lenin's mother, Maria Aleksandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), having passed the exams, became a teacher, but did not work. There were 6 children in the Ulyanov family, among whom Vladimir was the third.
- 1879 – 1887 – studies at the gymnasium. Vladimir Ulyanov finishes it with a gold medal.
- 1887 – Ulyanov’s elder brother Alexander (a revolutionary and a people’s volunteer) was executed for preparing an attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander III. This event influenced the life of the entire Ulyanov family (in fact, the previously respected noble family was expelled from society), and especially the life of Vladimir - he begins to seriously think about why his brother gave his life.
- The same year - Vladimir Ulyanov entered the Faculty of Law of Kazan University.
- December of the same year - for participating in a student gathering, Ulyanov was expelled from the university and sent to the village of Kokushkino to live with his family.
- 1891 - Ulyanov graduates from the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University as an external student.
- The same year, Ulyanov comes to Samara, where he begins to work as an assistant sworn attorney.
- 1893 - Vladimir Ulyanov arrives in St. Petersburg. The official purpose of the visit is to practice law. Here he joins one of the many revolutionary circles and soon becomes known as an ardent supporter of Marxism and a propagandist of this teaching in working-class circles. In St. Petersburg, Ulyanov is experiencing an affair with Apollinaria Yakubova, a convinced revolutionary, a friend of his older sister Olga at the Higher Women's Courses.
- 1894 – 1895 – Ulyanov’s first major works “What are “friends of the people” and how they fight against the Social Democrats” and “The Economic Content of Populism” are published. In them, Vladimir Ilyich criticized the populist movement in favor of Marxism.
- The same period - Vladimir Ulyanov meets Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya.
- Spring 1895 - Ulyanov goes to Geneva to meet with members of the Liberation of Labor group.
- September 1895 - Ulyanov was arrested for creating the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.”
- Spring 1897 - Ulyanov was exiled to the village of Shushenskoye, Yenisei province, for three years. Nadezhda Krupskaya also comes here (she was exiled to Ufa for revolutionary activities, but is seeking permission to visit Ulyanov in Shushenskoye as a bride). During their exile they got married.
- In Shushenskoye, Ulyanov wrote a number of articles and books on revolutionary topics. The most famous research work is “The Development of Capitalism in Russia.” His works were published under various pseudonyms, one of which was Lenin.
- 1900 - after serving his exile, Ulyanov leaves for Germany. Here he, together with G.V. Plekhanov begins publishing the first all-Russian Marxist newspaper Iskra. From Germany, Vladimir Ulyanov moves to England, then to Switzerland. He continues to publish his works, and the pseudonym Lenin has been assigned to him forever since then.
- Vladimir Ilyich Lenin proves the need for a bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia, relying on the foundations of Marxism. Lenin’s discrepancy with Marx’s teachings is that he allowed a revolution to take place in Russia, a less developed country compared to the states of Western Europe.
- 1903 - the famous II Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Russia. There is a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Lenin becomes the head of the Bolsheviks, and soon creates the Bolshevik Party.
- 1905 - Lenin leads the preparations for the revolution in Russia. He directs the Bolsheviks to an armed uprising against tsarism and the establishment of a democratic republic.
- 1905 - 1907 - during the revolution, Lenin lives illegally in St. Petersburg and leads the Bolshevik Party.
- 1907 – 1917 – emigration. Lenin does not leave his political views, speaks at congresses of the Second International.
- 1910 - in Paris, Lenin meets Inessa Armand. Their relationship continues for almost the rest of their lives - until 1920, when Armand dies in the Caucasus, contracting cholera.
- 1912 - at the Social Democratic Party Conference in Prague, Lenin separates the left wing of the RSDLP into a separate party of the RSDLP (b) - the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks. Here he was elected head of the central committee (CC) of the party.
- During the same period, on the initiative of V.I. Lenin founded the newspaper Pravda. Lenin organizes the life of his new party using dubious methods. For example, he encourages the so-called expropriation of funds (actually robbery) into the party fund.
- 1914 – the beginning of World War I. Lenin was arrested in Austria-Hungary on suspicion of spying for Russia.
- After his release, Lenin left for Switzerland. Here he puts forward a slogan calling for turning the imperialist war into a civil war. To do this, all Russian socialists need to unite and overthrow the government that dragged the state into the war.
- February 1917 - Lenin learns about the revolution that has taken place in Russia from the press.
- April 3, 1917 - Lenin returns to Russia.
- April 4, 1917 - in St. Petersburg, Vladimir Ilyich sets out a program for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist one (“All power to the soviets!” or “April Theses”). He begins preparations for an armed uprising and puts forward plans to overthrow the Provisional Government.
- June 1917 – 1st Congress of Soviets. Lenin is supported by only about 10% of those gathered. However, he declares that the Bolshevik Party is ready to take power in the country.
- October 24, 1917 - Lenin leads the uprising in the Smolny Palace. October 25 (November 7), 1917 - The Provisional Government was overthrown. The October Socialist Revolution takes place.
- After the revolution, Lenin became chairman of the Sovnarkom - the Council of People's Commissars. He builds his policy, hoping for the support of the world proletariat. But the world proletariat does not support Lenin.
- Early 1918 - Lenin insists that the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk be signed. As a result, a huge part of Russian territory goes to Germany.
- The disagreement of the majority of the Russian population with the policies of the Bolsheviks leads to the Civil War of 1918–1922.
- July 1918 - a left-SR revolt takes place in St. Petersburg, which is brutally suppressed. After this, a one-party system is established in the country. Now Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is the head of the Bolshevik Party and all of Russia.
- August 30, 1918 - an attempt was made on Lenin's life. Vladimir Ilyich is seriously wounded. After this, “Red Terror” was declared in the country.
- Lenin develops the policy of "war communism". Free trade is prohibited in the country, exchange in kind (instead of commodity-money relations) and surplus appropriation are introduced. There is a wave of peasant uprisings across the country, which were brutally suppressed. Soon, on the personal orders of Lenin, persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church. About 10 million people became victims of the policy of “war communism”. The country's economic and industrial performance declined sharply.
- March 1921 - at the Tenth Party Congress, Lenin puts forward a program of “new economic policy” (NEP), which slightly corrects the economic crisis.
- 1922 - Lenin suffers two strokes, but does not cease to lead the state.
- The same year - Russia is renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- Beginning of 1923 - Lenin realizes that he will soon be unable to rule the country at all and at the same time sees that a split is emerging in the Bolshevik party. He writes a “Letter to the Congress.” In it he characterizes all the leading figures of the Central Committee and proposes to remove
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich- Russian revolutionary, organizer and leader of the October Revolution of 1917, the largest theorist of Marxism, the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the creator of the world's first socialist state.
Childhood, family, education
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was born on April 22, 1870 in the city of Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk).
Father - Ulyanov Ilya Nikolaevich- educator, paid great attention to the education of non-Russian peoples of the Volga region, organized public schools for children. He rose to the rank of actual state councilor, which allowed him to receive the title of nobility.
Mother - Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova(née Blank) - passed the exams for the title of teacher as an external student primary school. She devoted herself entirely to raising children, of whom there were four in the family.
Vladimir Lenin's paternal grandfather - Nikolay Vasilievich Ulyanov- was the son of a serf. He died when Ilya Nikolaevich was still a child. In an orphaned family, his younger brother Ilya was raised and educated by his older brother Vasily, a clerk at the Astrakhan company Sapozhnikov Brothers.
Maternal grandfather - Alexander Dmitrievich Blank- a doctor by training. He married Anna Grigorievna Grosskopf(the Grosskopf family had Swedish and German roots). Doctor Blank, after resigning, was assigned to the Kazan nobility. Soon he acquired the Kukushkino estate and became a landowner. Maria Alexandrovna lost her mother early and she and her sisters were raised by her mother’s sister. The aunt taught the children music and foreign languages.
Having married Ilya Nikolaevich, Maria Alexandrovna completely devoted herself to her family. And although she was an emancipated woman, she was an impeccable housewife. Being highly educated, Maria Alexandrovna studied music with children and foreign languages. Vladimir was fluent in German and French, but spoke English less well. Living surrounded by Russian nature, Vladimir Ulyanov loved his native culture, but also paid tribute to Western thought.
His father died when Vladimir Ulyanov was 16 years old. Maria Alexandrovna managed the family budget until her death in 1916.
Vladimir was the third child in the family. At the gymnasium, Volodya was the first student. By the way, the director of the gymnasium was Fyodor Mikhailovich Kerensky, father Alexander Kerensky, the future head of the Provisional Government.
The gymnasium gave young Vladimir Lenin a solid foundation of knowledge. Vladimir Ilyich treated his studies with truly German pedantry. Notebooks, books - everything is in the neatest condition. Of the subjects, high school student Vladimir Ulyanov was most interested in philosophy and political economy, although he also had excellent grades in the exact sciences.
In 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov graduated from high school with a gold medal. But for the family these last years were an ordeal. His father recently died (1886), and then a new misfortune befell him - he was arrested Alexandra Ulyanova, the elder brother of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in connection with the attempt on the life of the Tsar. In 1887, Alexander was executed as a participant in the Narodnaya Volya conspiracy; this became a deep tragedy for the entire Ulyanov family.
Formation of views
After graduating from high school, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin entered the law faculty of Kazan University. After the tragic death of his brother, as stated in the biography of the future leader of the proletariat, Vladimir Ulyanov began to think about his views and also began to get involved in politics. Of course, young Vladimir Lenin was already under the control of the authorities because of his brother, so he was expelled from the university for participating in liberal meetings.
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich was exiled to his mother’s estate Kukushkino. It was here that the revolutionary consciousness of the young man began to take shape. He read a lot - Pisareva, Nechaeva, Chernyshevsky. Years later, Lenin said: “The novel What Is To Be Done deeply plowed me.”
In 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to Samara. The so-called index fell into the hands of Vladimir Ilyich Fedoseeva- one of the first propagandists of Marxism in Russia. This was a list of Marxist literature recommended for self-education.
In September 1891, Vladimir Ulyanov took an external course at the Faculty of Law at St. Petersburg University, and in 1892 he took a job as an assistant sworn attorney in Samara. However, Lenin was bored with this work, Vladimir Ilyich did not prove himself as a lawyer, and, without working even a year, he left for St. Petersburg in 1893. There, Vladimir began to attend the Marxist student association of the Technological Institute.
Vladimir Lenin had a remarkable quality in his character: he knew how to listen and easily learned new things. Except Marx, Ulyanov-Lenin admired the ideas for some time Plekhanov, however, even then he felt a certain political strength in himself and began to criticize the former populist-Black Peredelist. When Vladimir Ilyich Lenin met abroad with members of the “Emancipation of Labor” group in 1895, Plekhanov, having listened to the passionate speeches of the young revolutionary, called him “rather a Blanquist than a Marxist.”
Political activity and party work
In the same 1895, Lenin, together with Martov organized the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” Naturally, after some time, many members of the “Union” were arrested. Vladimir Ilyich also came under arrest. At first, Ulyanov was kept in prison for more than a year, and in March 1897 he was exiled to the village of Shushenskoye for three years. Here in July 1898 Lenin Vladimir Ilyich married Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, also exiled in the case of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.”
In exile, Ulyanov-Lenin could use the rich Krasnoyarsk library of the Russian bibliophile and merchant of the Second Guild Gennady Yudin. Lenin Vladimir Ilyich wrote more than 30 articles, as well as a solid work “The Development of Capitalism in Russia”.
After the end of his exile in 1900, Lenin went abroad. Vladimir Ilyich lived in Germany, visited London and Geneva. The future leader of the world proletariat came up with a plan to create a Social Democratic Party as an organization of professional revolutionaries. Ulyanov perfectly understood the role of the media, so he made the all-Russian newspaper Iskra the core of the party. It was then that articles appeared in the newspaper signed with the pseudonym Lenin.
In July-August 1903, the second congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party (RSDLP), prepared by Lenin, Plekhanov and Martov, took place. Meetings of the congress began to be held in Brussels, but then, after a ban by the Belgian police, they were moved to London. It was at this congress that the party split into two factions - the Bolsheviks (those who were attracted by Lenin’s idea of seizing power by armed means) and the Mensheviks (Plekhanov, Martov and their supporters were inclined towards classical European social democracy). But Lenin Vladimir Ilyich did not want to follow the parliamentary path. He was confident that tsarism would not give up power voluntarily, and therefore it could only be taken away through an armed uprising. According to N.A. Berdyaeva Vladimir Lenin was a theorist of revolution, unlike Georgy Plekhanov, a theorist of Marxism.
Like-minded people of Vladimir Ilyich considered him an unbalanced person by nature. Maksim Gorky characterized him as “the creator of constant squabbles in the party.” Yes, and his comrade Leon Trotsky spoke about some of Lenin’s actions “... the squabble that master Lenin systematically incites in these cases.” And in fact, for example, in 1907, Lenin’s resolution of the fifth congress of the RSDLP led to confrontation with almost all Russian parties. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin resolutely fought against the Mensheviks, Bolshevik liquidators, Bolshevik otzovists, God-seekers, God-builders, and Trotskyists. The factional struggle of the pre-October period reached its climax at the Prague Conference (1912), at which, in the words of Vladimir Lenin, “they put an end to the liquidationist and otzovist scum.” From that moment on, the word “Bolsheviks” was added to the name of the party - RSDLP (b). Also, Lenin Vladimir Ilyich managed to reorient the non-factional newspaper Pravda (published by L.D. Trotsky since 1908), becoming the de facto editor. On May 5, 1912, a legal Bolshevik newspaper was published under the same name.
Revolutionary situation, "April Theses"
When the February Revolution occurred, Lenin was not in Russia. Having learned about the revolution, Vladimir Ilyich immediately telegraphed a member of the Petrograd committee of the RSDLP (b) A.G. Shlyapnikov: “No contacts with other parties!” During this period, he wrote “Letters from Afar,” in which he analyzed the situation in Russia. Vladimir Ilyich spoke with conviction about the inevitable outgrowth bourgeois revolution into the socialist revolution. Many people disagreed with him. Members of the Central Committee Kamenev, And Joseph Stalin headed for an alliance with the Mensheviks, because they believed that Lenin’s “Letters from Afar” spoke of Vladimir Ilyich’s isolation from Russian realities. Only four of the five letters were published in the Pravda newspaper, and even those with banknotes. By the way, despite his long absence, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin had an excellent understanding of the revolutionary situation in Russia and in his letters he presciently predicted the result.
On April 3, 1917, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin arrived in Russia. The Petrograd Soviet, the majority of which were Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, organized a ceremonial meeting for him, notes Lenin’s biography on Wikipedia. Seeing the guard of honor lined up, Vladimir Ilyich said to his wife: “Nadyusha, now they’ll arrest me.” But, seeing that people were greeting him, Lenin climbed onto an armored car and gave a fiery speech, ending with the glory: “Long live the world socialist revolution!”
Then Vladimir Ilyich proposed a program for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist revolution under the slogan “All power to the Soviets” (“April Theses”). The “April Theses” published in Pravda seemed too radical even to close associates. In his report, Lenin sharply opposed the expansion of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, announced the slogans: “No support for the Provisional Government” and “all power to the Soviets.” Vladimir Ilyich Lenin proclaimed a course for the development of the bourgeois revolution into a proletarian revolution with the subsequent liquidation of the army, police and bureaucracy.
Without Lenin there would have been no October 1917
On July 7, the Provisional Government ordered the arrest of Lenin and a number of prominent Bolsheviks on charges of treason and organizing an armed uprising. Lenin changed 17 safe houses, then together with Zinoviev was hiding not far from Petrograd - in a hut on Lake Razliv. In August, he disappeared into the territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland, where he lived until the beginning of October in Yalkala, Helsingfors and Vyborg.
At the beginning of autumn, Lenin was in Finland. From there, in letters, he hurried his comrades to prepare an armed uprising. Famous words: “Delay is like death!” frightened with their radicalism. However, in October, Vladimir Ilyich returned to Petrograd to lead the uprising, organized by the chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, Leon Trotsky.
On the morning of October 25 (November 7, New Year’s Day), Lenin wrote an appeal “To the Citizens of Russia”: “The Provisional Government has been overthrown!”, although at that moment the Provisional Government was still meeting in the Winter Palace. But Lenin was not interested in such trifles. Vladimir Ilyich wrote decrees about peace, about land. On the night of October 25-26, the Provisional Government was arrested.
Lenin described his condition with these words: “Es Schwindelt” (dizziness). Leon Trotsky noted: “If there had not been Lenin, there would have been no October.”
After the revolution
It was during this period that the most difficult times came. Political maneuvers began among Lenin's associates. Vladimir Ilyich was elected chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. One of the first steps of the Leninist government was the abolition of freedom of speech (opposition newspapers were closed). And the promises related to bread and peace were impossible to fulfill at that moment.
Under these conditions, Germany entered into negotiations with Russia, but put forward territorial demands. These demands were discussed by the new government. The signing of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty with Germany (March 1918) was not accepted by many. However, despite the fact that Lenin was in the minority, the so-called “shameful” Brest-Litovsk Peace was signed.
Vladimir Ilyich found himself alone. But he didn't give up. He firmly stated that he would leave if his proposals were not accepted. And he won because he was a generally recognized leader.
Professor at Harvard University Richard Pipes wrote*: “By shrewdly accepting a humiliating peace, which allowed him to gain the necessary time and then collapsed under the influence of its own gravity, Lenin earned the widespread trust of the Bolsheviks. When they tore up the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on November 13, 1918, followed by Germany’s capitulation to the Western allies, Lenin’s authority was elevated to unprecedented heights in the Bolshevik movement.”
Civil War, War Communism
So, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin became the head Russian state. After the victory in the revolution, Lenin enjoyed enormous authority among his comrades. He was elected chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and chairman of the Labor and Defense Council. He achieved the seizure of power - the previous state structure was completely destroyed. To build a new system, peace is needed, but there was none.
Economic devastation, deep social, national, political and ideological split in Russian society became the reason for the outbreak of a civil war throughout Russia between armed forces Soviet power, White movement and separatists with the intervention of the Central Powers and the Entente. The Bolsheviks were merciless towards their enemies. However, their enemies showed no mercy to them.
August 30 at the Mikhelson plant in Moscow Fanny Kaplan committed a terrorist act - she shot at Lenin. True, there were rumors that it was not she who shot the leader of the world revolution, but she was punished for the crime. Who actually shot Vladimir Ilyich is still unknown for certain. In response to this and to the murder of the chairman of the Petrograd Cheka Uritsky The "Red Terror" began.
It was declared by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated September 5, 1918 “On Red Terror” and terminated on November 6, 1918. In an atmosphere of growing terror, construction began on the first concentration camps, forced mobilization into the army. In such a difficult situation, Vladimir Ilyich tried to solve his main task - to move towards the construction of communism in Russia.
On November 21, 1918, Lenin signed the decree of the Council of People's Commissars “On organizing the supply of the population with all products and items for personal use and household use.” Trade was prohibited, commodity-money relations were replaced by natural exchange (for example, a sewing machine was exchanged for a bag of flour). The state introduced food appropriation.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin introduced labor conscription: free public works. Everyone except members of the RSDLP (b), in parallel with their main work, had to take part in restoring roads, collecting firewood, etc. The poet also participated in such work Alexander Blok, and academician Sergey Oldenburg. People worked 14-16 hours.
Vladimir Ilyich did not trust the intelligentsia, although he himself belonged to this class. There are documents that confirm that it was on Lenin’s orders that many scientific and cultural figures were sent abroad.
As for national policy, Vladimir Ilyich insisted on the democratic “right of nations to self-determination.” In December 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was created.
Creation of the Red Army
With the outbreak of the Civil War and intervention, Lenin personally took part in the creation of a regular Red Army. He understood that the seized power had to be saved. Vladimir Ilyich monitored the progress of mobilization, weapons and equipment, and managed to organize work in the rear (food supply). He managed to persuade some tsarist specialists to go over to the side of the Bolsheviks. The commander-in-chief of the naval forces, Leon Trotsky, who was appointed by him, competently conducted military operations.
Despite the difficult situation, the sailors' mutiny in Kronstadt, and peasant uprisings against the policies of military communism in 1921, the Bolsheviks were able to retain power.
New Economic Policy
English writer H.G. Wells called Vladimir Ilyich Lenin a “Kremlin dreamer,” but in fact the proletarian leader was not like that. He saw that the country's economy was in a catastrophic situation. At the 10th Party Congress in March 1921, at the insistence of Lenin, “war communism” was abolished and food allocation was replaced by a food tax.
Lenin put forward a program of “new economic policy”; a special GOELRO commission was created to develop a project for the electrification of Russia. Vladimir Ilyich believed that in anticipation of the world proletarian revolution, the state should keep all large industry in its hands and build socialism, according to Lenin’s biography on Wikipedia.
Vladimir Ilyich wanted to stabilize the situation in Russia at all costs. The NEP immediately produced positive results. The process of rapid recovery has begun National economy.
Disease. "Lenin's Testament"
On May 25, 1922, Lenin suffered his first stroke. The right side of his body was paralyzed and he could not speak. However, in October 1922, he gradually returned to business. Lenin's last public speech took place on November 20, 1922 at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet.
The next stroke occurred in December 1922. And the third stroke, which occurred in March 1923, turned out to be the most severe. On May 15, 1923, due to illness, Vladimir Ilyich moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow.
What happened among his comrades? There was a fierce struggle for leadership among party members. The main rivals were Trotsky and Stalin.
By the way, even at the beginning of 1923, Lenin was seriously concerned about a possible split in the Central Committee. In his “Letter to the Congress” (the so-called “Lenin’s Testament”) he gave characteristics to the leading figures of the Central Committee. Vladimir Ilyich proposed removing Joseph Stalin from the post of General Secretary. The letter was announced in 1924 before the XIII Congress of the RCP (b) N.K. Krupskaya.
Another concern of the leader was the exorbitantly enlarged and useless apparatus - unprofessional and illiterate.
In his last works, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin soberly raised the question of the need to “recognize a radical change in our entire point of view on socialism” (“we have failed”). But Lenin’s condition also worsened due to the political isolation into which he fell through the efforts of Stalin and other party comrades. Perhaps, having rethought a lot, Vladimir Ilyich wanted to have time to correct his mistakes.
Researchers from the University of California at Sacramento concluded that Vladimir Lenin suffered from a rare genetic disease, which resulted in “petrification” of the blood vessels in the brain. The unusual disease could have been transmitted to Vladimir Ilyich from his father, whose death also occurred at the age of 53.
"More than alive"
A personality like Vladimir Ilyich Lenin cannot be described in a short essay. Huge volumes, both documentary and fiction, have been written about his life and work. Being a politician, of course, on a global scale, Vladimir Ilyich determined the vector of development of world history of the twentieth century. Lenin achieved a brilliant victory in 1917, but as the future showed, his cause was ultimately lost.
Vladimir Lenin was respected even by his ideological opponents.
“Among a number of historians there are two opposing views on Lenin. Some present him as a soft, purely civilian man, completely devoid of military-organizational abilities, others show him as a tough, ruthless leader, a fan of violence. “Perhaps, it is difficult to fully agree with both views, although Trotsky, in his decisive actions as a narco-military commander, received the full support of Lenin in organizing iron military discipline in the army,” wrote Ian Schwartz.
Many scientists looked for the reason for Lenin's genius in the special properties of his brain. World-renowned neurophysiologist, academician Natalya Bekhtereva wrote:
— Scientists have repeatedly tried to explain the phenomenon of genius. They even wanted to create a research institute in Moscow to study the brains of gifted people during their lifetime. But neither then nor now are there any differences between a genius and ordinary person not found. I personally think it's a special brain biochemistry. As for Pushkin, for example, it was natural to “think” in rhyme. This is an “anomaly”, most likely not heritable. They say that genius and madness are similar. Madness is also the result of special brain biochemistry. A breakthrough in the study of this phenomenon will most likely occur in the field of genetics.
The issue of the reburial of Vladimir Lenin
Almost a hundred years after Lenin's death, the topic of his burial remains relevant. From time to time, there are active statements in the media regarding the reburial of Vladimir Lenin, and the demolition of the Mausoleum in general.
Leader of the LDPR Vladimir Zhirinovsky called for the burial of the body of the leader of the socialist revolution. In the spring of 2017, deputies from the LDPR and “ United Russia“We submitted to the State Duma a draft law that provides for a legal mechanism for burying the body of Vladimir Lenin. According to parliamentarians, the document should fill the legal gap that prevents the reburial of the remains of historical figures, and thereby “put an end to Lenin’s case.”
This became more active on the eve of the 100th anniversary of the October Revolution in Russia. In particular, the Speaker of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko noted that the burial of the body of the founder of the Soviet state will be possible when society comes to a consensus on this issue. The head of Chechnya also proposed burying the body of the leader of the world proletariat. Ramzan Kadyrov.
— Despite the fact that in different strata of society the attitude towards Lenin is very contradictory, even purely negative, one cannot help but admit that in general a positive attitude towards him still dominates in society. And this - historical memory and the historical consciousness of the people.
In addition, it is impossible to deny that Vladimir Lenin is one of the largest political figures of the 20th century. He undoubtedly influenced the course of world history, and the evidence that he did so in a purely negative way is rather inconclusive.
Finally, it is generally accepted that the Lenin Mausoleum is an architectural masterpiece created by one of the best architects first half of the twentieth century - Alexey Shchusev. And this masterpiece is very tactfully and harmoniously integrated into the historical ensembles of Red Square and the side of the Moscow Kremlin facing it,” says V. Tretyakov.
The President of Russia has spoken out several times about the activities of Vladimir Lenin in recent years. Vladimir Putin. In 2016, at a meeting of the Presidential Council on Science and Education, Putin said that the actions of the leader of the revolution ultimately led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
During the event, the head of the Kurchatov Institute Mikhail Kovalchuk, remembering Lenin, stated that “he controlled the flow of thought and only because of that, the country.” To this, the president noted that it is correct to control the flow of thought, but in the case of Vladimir Ilyich, this thought “led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.” “There were a lot of thoughts there: autonomy and so on. They planted an atomic bomb under the building called Russia, and then it exploded. AND world revolution we didn't need it. That’s the thought there,” the president was quoted as saying in the news.
In January 2018, the head of the Russian state compared the body of Vladimir Lenin, lying in the mausoleum on Red Square, with the relics of saints that are kept on Mount Athos, and noted that there were many borrowings from Christianity in communist ideology. In particular, according to Putin, the Code of the Builders of Communism was a primitive excerpt from the Bible.
*) Pipes Richard. Russian Revolution: In 3 books. Book 2. Bolsheviks in the struggle for power. 1917−1918.
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
V. Ilyin, V. Frey, Iv. Petrov, K. Tulin, Karpov, Lenin, Old Man.
subject of the Russian Empire, citizen of the RSFSR, citizen of the USSR
Kazan University, St. Petersburg University
St. Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class"
writer, lawyer, revolutionary
intelligentsia
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (real name Ulyanov; April 10 (22), 1870, Simbirsk - January 21, 1924, Moscow province) - Russian, Soviet political and statesman, outstanding Russian thinker, philosopher, founder, publicist, greatest, creator, organizer and leader, founder, Chairman and creator
One of the most famous political figures of the 20th century, whose name is known to the whole world.
Biography
Childhood, education and upbringing
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in 1870.
Lenin's grandfather - N.V. Ulyanov, a serf peasant from the Nizhny Novgorod province, later lived in Astrakhan, was a tailor-craftsman. Father - I. N. Ulyanov, after graduating from Kazan University, taught in secondary schools in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod, and then was an inspector and director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. I. N. Ulyanov rose to the rank of actual state councilor and received hereditary nobility. Lenin's mother - M. A. Ulyanova (née Blank, 1835-1916), the daughter of a doctor, having received a home education, passed the exams for the title of teacher as an external student; She devoted herself entirely to raising her children. Sisters - A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, M. I. Ulyanova and younger brother - D. I. Ulyanov subsequently became prominent figures.
In 1879-1887, Vladimir Ulyanov studied at the Simbirsk gymnasium, led by F. M. Kerensky, the father of A. F. Kerensky, the future head. The spirit of protest against the tsarist system, social and national oppression awakened in him early. Advanced Russian literature, the works of V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev and especially N. G. Chernyshevsky contributed to the formation of his revolutionary views. Lenin learned about Marxist literature from his older brother Alexander. In 1887 he graduated from high school with a gold medal and entered the law faculty of Kazan University. F. M. Kerensky was very disappointed with the choice of Volodya Ulyanov, as he advised him to enter the history and literature department of the university due to the younger Ulyanov’s great success in Latin and literature.
In the same year, 1887, on May 8 (20), Vladimir Ilyich’s elder brother, Alexander, was executed as a participant in a Narodnaya Volya conspiracy to assassinate Emperor Alexander III. Three months after his admission, Vladimir Ilyich was expelled for participating in student riots caused by the new university charter, the introduction of police surveillance of students and the campaign against. According to the student inspector, who suffered from student unrest, Vladimir Ilyich was in the forefront of the raging students, almost with clenched fists. As a result of the unrest, Vladimir Ilyich, along with 40 other students, was arrested the next night and sent to the police station. All those arrested were expelled from the university and sent to their “homeland.” Later, another group of students left Kazan University in protest against the repression. Among those who voluntarily left the university was Lenin’s cousin, Vladimir Aleksandrovich Ardashev. After petitions from Lyubov Alexandrovna Ardasheva, Vladimir Ilyich’s aunt, he was exiled to the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province, where he lived in the Ardashevs’ house until the winter of 1888-1889. From that time on, Lenin devoted his entire life to the struggle against autocracy and capitalism, to the cause of liberating the working people from oppression and exploitation.
The beginning of revolutionary activity
In October 1888 Lenin returned to Kazan. Here he joined one of the Marxist circles organized by N. E. Fedoseev, in which the works of , were studied and discussed. In 1924, N.K. Krupskaya wrote in:
Vladimir Ilyich loved Plekhanov passionately. Plekhanov played a major role in the development of Vladimir Ilyich, helped him find the right revolutionary path, and therefore Plekhanov was surrounded by a halo for a long time: he experienced every slightest disagreement with Plekhanov extremely painfully.
The works of Marx and Engels played a decisive role in the formation of Lenin's worldview - he became a convinced Marxist.
For some time, Lenin tried to engage in agriculture on the estate bought by his mother in Alakaevka (83.5 dessiatines) in the Samara province. At Soviet power In this village, a house-museum of Lenin was created. In the fall of 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to Samara.
In 1891, Vladimir Ulyanov passed the exams as an external student for a course at the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University.
In 1892-1893 Vladimir Ulyanov worked as an assistant to the Samara attorney (lawyer) N.A. Hardin, conducting most criminal cases and conducting “official defenses.” Here in Samara, he organized a circle of Marxists, established connections with the revolutionary youth of other cities of the Volga region, and gave lectures against populism. The first of Lenin’s surviving works, the article “New Economic Movements in Peasant Life,” dates back to the Samara period.
At the end of August 1893, Lenin moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined a Marxist circle, whose members were S. I. Radchenko, P. K. Zaporozhets, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky and others. The legal cover of Lenin’s revolutionary activities was his work as an assistant to a sworn attorney. Unshakable faith in the victory of the working class, extensive knowledge, deep understanding of Marxism and the ability to apply it to the resolution of vital issues that worried the masses earned the respect of St. Petersburg Marxists and made Lenin their recognized leader. He establishes connections with advanced workers (I.V. Babushkin, V.A. Shelgunov, etc.), leads workers’ circles, and explains the need for a transition from circle propaganda of Marxism to revolutionary agitation among the broad proletarian masses.
Lenin was the first Russian Marxist to set the task of creating a working class party in Russia as an urgent practical task and led the struggle of revolutionary Social Democrats for its implementation. He believed that this should be a proletarian party of a new type, in its principles, forms and methods of activity meeting the requirements of the new era - the era of imperialism and.
Having accepted the central idea of Marxism about the historical mission of the working class - the gravedigger of capitalism and the creator of communist society, Lenin devotes all the strength of his creative genius, comprehensive erudition, colossal energy, rare capacity for work to selfless service to the cause of the proletariat, becomes a professional revolutionary, and is formed as the leader of the working class.
In 1894, Lenin wrote the work “What are “friends of the people” and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?”, at the end of 1894 - beginning of 1895. - the work “The economic content of populism and its criticism in Mr. Struve’s book (Reflection of Marxism in bourgeois literature).” Already these first major works of his were distinguished by a creative approach to the theory and practice of the labor movement. In them, Lenin subjectively criticized the subjectivism of the populists and the objectivism of the “legal Marxists,” showed a consistently Marxist approach to the analysis of Russian reality, characterized the tasks of the Russian proletariat, developed the idea of an alliance of the working class with the peasantry, and substantiated the need to create a truly revolutionary party in Russia.
In April 1895, Lenin went abroad to establish contact with the Liberation of Labor group. In Switzerland he met Plekhanov, in Germany - with W. Liebknecht, in France - with P. Lafargue and other figures of the international labor movement. In September 1895, having returned from abroad, Lenin visited Vilnius, Moscow and Orekhovo-Zuevo, where he established connections with local Social Democrats. In the fall of 1895, on his initiative, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single organization - the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class,” which was the beginning of a revolutionary proletarian party and, for the first time in Russia, began to combine scientific socialism with the mass labor movement.
The “Union of Struggle” carried out active propaganda activities among workers; they issued more than 70 leaflets. On the night of December 8 (20) to December 9 (21), 1895, Lenin, together with his comrades in the Union of Struggle, was arrested and imprisoned, from where he continued to lead the Union. In prison, he wrote “Project and Explanation of the Program of the Social Democratic Party,” a number of articles and leaflets, and prepared materials for his book “The Development of Capitalism in Russia.” In February 1897, he was exiled for 3 years to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Yenisei province. N.K. Krupskaya was also sentenced to exile for active revolutionary work. As Lenin's bride, she was also sent to Shushenskoye, where she became his wife. Here Lenin established and maintained contacts with the Social Democrats of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh and other cities, with the Emancipation of Labor group, corresponded with Social Democrats who were in exile in the North and Siberia, rallied exiled socialists around him -Democrats of the Minusinsk district. In exile, Lenin wrote over 30 works, including the book “The Development of Capitalism in Russia” and the brochure “Tasks of Russian Social Democrats,” which were of great importance for the development of the party’s program, strategy and tactics.
By the end of the 90s, under the pseudonym “K. Tulin” V.I. Ulyanov gains fame in Marxist circles. While in exile, Ulyanov also advised local peasants on legal issues and drafted legal documents for them.
First emigration -
In 1898, a meeting took place in Minsk, proclaiming the formation of a Social Democratic Party in Russia and publishing the “Manifesto of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.” Lenin agreed with the main provisions of the Manifesto. However, the party had not actually been created yet. The congress, which took place without the participation of Lenin and other prominent Marxists, was unable to develop a program and charter for the party and overcome the disunity of the Social Democratic movement. In addition, all members of the Central Committee elected by the congress and most of the delegates were immediately arrested; Many organizations represented at the congress were destroyed by the police. Located in Siberian exile The leaders of the Union of Struggle decided to unite numerous social democratic organizations and Marxist circles scattered throughout the country with the help of an all-Russian illegal political newspaper. Fighting for the creation of a new type of proletarian party, irreconcilable to opportunism, Lenin opposed international social democracy (E. Bernstein and others) and their supporters in Russia (“economists”). In 1899, he compiled a “Protest of Russian Social Democrats” directed against “”. The “protest” was discussed and signed by 17 exiled Marxists.
After the end of his exile, Lenin left Shushenskoye on January 29 (February 10), 1900. On his way to his new place of residence, Lenin stopped in Ufa, Moscow and other cities, visited St. Petersburg illegally, establishing connections with Social Democrats everywhere. Having settled in Pskov in February 1900, Lenin did a lot of work organizing the newspaper and created strongholds for it in a number of cities. On July 29, 1900, he went abroad, where he established the publication of the Iskra newspaper. Lenin was the immediate leader of the newspaper. The editorial board of the newspaper included three representatives of the emigrant group “Emancipation of Labor” - Plekhanov, P. B. Axelrod and V. I. Zasulich and three representatives of the “Union of Struggle” - Lenin and Potresov. The newspaper's average circulation was 8,000 copies, with some issues up to 10,000 copies. The spread of the newspaper was facilitated by the creation of a network underground organizations on the territory of the Russian Empire. Iskra played an exceptional role in the ideological and organizational preparation of the revolutionary proletarian party, in distinguishing itself from the opportunists. It became the center for uniting party forces and training party cadres.
In 1900-1905 Lenin lived in Munich, London, Geneva. In December 1901, for the first time he signed one of his articles published in , under the pseudonym “Lenin”.
In the struggle for the creation of a new type of party, Lenin’s work “What is to be done?” was of outstanding importance. The pressing issues of our movement.” In it, Lenin criticized “economism” and highlighted the main problems of building the party, its ideology and politics. The most important theoretical issues were presented by him in the articles “The Agrarian Program of Russian Social Democracy” (1902), “The National Question in Our Program” (1903).
Participation in the work of the Second Congress of the RSDLP (1903)
From July 17 to August 10, 1903, it took place in London. Lenin took an active part in the preparations for the congress not only with his articles in Iskra and Zarya; Since the summer of 1901, together with Plekhanov, he had been working on a draft party program, prepared a draft charter, drew up a work plan and drafts of almost all the resolutions of the upcoming party congress. The program consisted of two parts - a minimum program and a maximum program; the first involved the overthrow of tsarism and the establishment of a democratic republic, the destruction of the remnants of serfdom in the countryside, in particular the return to the peasants of lands cut off from them by landowners during the abolition of serfdom (the so-called “cuts”), the introduction of an eight-hour working day, recognition of the right of nations to self-determination and the establishment of equal rights nations; the maximum program determined final goal parties - construction and conditions for achieving this goal - and.
At the congress itself, Lenin was elected to the bureau, worked on the program, organizational and credentials commissions, chaired a number of meetings and spoke on almost all issues on the agenda.
Both organizations that were in solidarity with Iskra (and were called “Iskra”) and those that did not share its position were invited to participate in the congress. During the discussion of the program, a polemic arose between supporters of Iskra, on the one hand, and the “economists” (for whom the position of the dictatorship of the proletariat turned out to be unacceptable) and the Bund (on the national question) on the other; as a result, 2 “economists”, and later 5 Bundists left the congress.
But the discussion of the party charter, paragraph 1, which defined the concept of a party member, revealed disagreements among the Iskraists themselves, who were divided into “hard” (Lenin’s supporters) and “soft” (Martov’s supporters). “In my draft,” Lenin wrote after the congress, “the definition was as follows: “A member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party is considered to be anyone who recognizes its program and supports the party both with material means and with personal participation in one of the party organizations.” Martov, instead of underlined words, suggested saying: work under the control and leadership of one of the party organizations... We argued that it is necessary to narrow the concept of a party member in order to separate those who work from those who talk, to eliminate organizational chaos, to eliminate such ugliness and such absurdity so that there can be organizations , consisting of party members, but not party organizations, etc. Martov stood for the expansion of the party and spoke of a broad class movement requiring a broad - vague organization, etc. ... “Under control and leadership,” I said, - in fact mean no more and no less than: without any control and without any guidance.” The wording of paragraph 1 proposed by Martov was supported by 28 votes against 22 with 1 abstention; but after the departure of the Bundists and economists, Lenin’s group received a majority in the elections to the Party Central Committee; this is random as shown further events, the circumstance forever divided the party into “Bolsheviks” and “Mensheviks”.
Nevertheless, despite this, at the congress the process of unification of revolutionary Marxist organizations was actually completed and the party of the working class of Russia was formed on the ideological, political and organizational principles developed by Lenin. A new type of proletarian party, the Bolshevik Party, was created. “Bolshevism has existed as a current of political thought and as a political party since 1903,” Lenin wrote in 1920. After the congress, he launched a struggle against Menshevism. In his work "" (1904), Lenin exposed the anti-party activities of the Mensheviks and substantiated the organizational principles of a new type of proletarian party.
First Russian Revolution (1905-1907)
The revolution of 1905-1907 found Lenin abroad, in Switzerland. During this period, Lenin directed the work of the Bolshevik Party to lead the masses.
At a meeting held in London in April 1905, Lenin emphasized that the main task the ongoing revolution - to put an end to autocracy and the remnants of serfdom in Russia. Despite the bourgeois nature of the revolution, its main driving force was to be the working class, as the most interested in its victory, and its natural ally was the peasantry. Having approved Lenin's point of view, the congress determined the party's tactics: organizing strikes, demonstrations, preparing an armed uprising.
At the IV (1906) congress of the RSDLP, in the book “Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution” (1905) and numerous articles, Lenin developed and substantiated the strategic plan and tactics of the Bolshevik Party in the revolution, and criticized the opportunist line of the Mensheviks.
At the first opportunity, on November 8, 1905, Lenin illegally, under a false name, arrived in St. Petersburg and headed the work of the Central and St. Petersburg Bolshevik Committees elected by the congress; paid great attention to the management of the newspapers “New Life”, “Proletary”, “Forward”. Under the leadership of Lenin, the party was preparing an armed uprising.
In the summer of 1906, due to police persecution, Lenin moved to Kuokkala (Finland), in December 1907 he was again forced to emigrate to Switzerland, and at the end of 1908 to France (Paris).
Second emigration (- April)
In early January 1908, Lenin returned to Switzerland. Defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907. did not force him to fold his arms; he considered a repetition of the revolutionary upsurge inevitable. “Defeated armies learn well,” wrote Lenin.
In 1912, he decisively broke with the Mensheviks, who insisted on the legalization of the RSDLP.
The first issue of the legal Bolshevik newspaper Pravda was published. Its editor-in-chief was actually Lenin. He wrote articles to Pravda almost every day, sent letters in which he gave instructions, advice, and corrected the editors’ mistakes. Over the course of 2 years, Pravda published about 270 Leninist articles and notes. Also in exile, Lenin led the activities of the Bolsheviks in the IV State Duma, was a representative of the RSDLP in the II International, wrote articles on party and national issues, and studied philosophy.
From the end of 1912, Lenin lived on the territory of Austria-Hungary. Here, in the Galician town of Poronin, he was caught up in the First World War. Austrian gendarmes arrested Lenin, declaring him a tsarist spy. To free him, the help of a member of the Austrian parliament, socialist V. Adler, was required. To the question of the Habsburg minister, “Are you sure that Ulyanov is an enemy of the tsarist government?” Adler replied: “Oh, yes, more sworn than Your Excellency.” Lenin was released from prison, and 17 days later he was already in Switzerland. Soon after his arrival, Lenin announced his theses on the war at a meeting of a group of Bolshevik emigrants. He said that the war that had begun was imperialist, unfair on both sides, and alien to the interests of the working people.
Many modern historians accuse Lenin of defeatist sentiments, but he himself explained his position as follows: A lasting and just peace - without robbery and violence of the victors over the vanquished, a world in which not a single people would be oppressed, is impossible to achieve while capitalists are in power . Only the people themselves can end the war and conclude a just, democratic peace. And for this, the working people need to turn their weapons against the imperialist governments, turning the imperialist massacre into a civil war, into a revolution against the ruling classes and take power into their own hands. Therefore, whoever wants a lasting, democratic peace must be in favor of a civil war against governments and the bourgeoisie. Lenin put forward the slogan of revolutionary defeatism, the essence of which was voting against war loans to the government (in parliament), creating and strengthening revolutionary organizations among workers and soldiers, fighting government patriotic propaganda, and supporting the fraternization of soldiers at the front. At the same time, Lenin considered his position deeply patriotic: “We love our language and our homeland, we are full of a sense of national pride, and that is why we especially hate our slave past... and our slave present.”
At party conferences in Zimmerwald (1915) and Kienthal (1916), Lenin defended his thesis on the need to transform the imperialist war into a civil war and at the same time asserted that the socialist revolution could win in Russia (“Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism”). In general, the Bolshevik attitude to the war was reflected in a simple slogan: “Defeat your government.”
Return to Russia
April - July 1917. "April Theses"
July - October 1917
Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917
After the revolution and during the Civil War (-)
Last years ( -)
Illness and death
Key Ideas
Analysis of capitalism and imperialism as its highest stage
Lenin Awards
Official lifetime award
The only official state award that V.I. Lenin was awarded was the Order of Labor of the Khorezm People's Socialist Republic(1922).
Lenin had no other state awards, either from the RSFSR and the USSR, or from foreign countries.
Titles and awards
In 1917, Norway took the initiative to award the Nobel Peace Prize to Vladimir Lenin, with the wording “For the triumph of the ideas of peace,” as a response to the Soviet Russia“Decree on Peace”, which separately led Russia out of the First World War. The Nobel Committee rejected this proposal due to the lateness of the application by the deadline - February 1, 1918, but made a decision that the committee would not object to awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to V. I. Lenin if the existing Russian government establishes peace and tranquility in the country (as you know, the path to establishing peace in Russia was blocked by the war that began in 1918). Lenin’s idea about transforming the imperialist war into a civil war was formulated in his work “Socialism and War,” written back in July-August 1915.
In 1919, by order of V.I. Lenin was accepted into the honorary Red Army soldiers of the 1st squad of the 1st platoon of the 1st company of the 195th Yeisk rifle regiment.
Lenin's pseudonyms
Testaments of Ilyich. Here you win / V. T. Loginov. - M.: Algorithm, 2017. - 624 p.
Works of art
Photo albums and postcard sets
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Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. Biography
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (real name - Ulyanov) (1870 - 1924)
Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.
Biography
Russian political and statesman, “successor of the work of K. Marx and F. Engels”, organizer Communist Party Soviet Union (CPSU), founder of the Soviet socialist state. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born on April 22 (old style - April 10) 1870, in Simbirsk, in the family of a public school inspector who became a hereditary nobleman. Grandfather of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - N.V. Ulyanov; was a serf peasant in the Nizhny Novgorod province, and later a tailor-craftsman in Astrakhan. Father - Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov; After graduating from Kazan University, he taught in secondary schools in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod, and was later appointed inspector and director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. Mother - Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank); the doctor's daughter, having received a home education, passed the exams for the title of teacher as an external student; buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkov cemetery. Elder brother - Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov; in 1887 he was executed for participation in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III. Younger brother - Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov. Sisters - Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova (Ulyanova-Elizarova) and Olga Ilyinichna Ulyanova. All the children of the Ulyanov family connected their lives with the revolutionary movement.
In 1879-1887, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov studied at the Simbirsk gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal. He entered the Faculty of Law at Kazan University, but in December 1887, for his active participation in a revolutionary gathering of students, he was arrested, expelled from the university as a relative of his executed brother, a Narodnaya Volya member, and exiled to the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province. In October 1888, Vladimir Ulyanov returned to Kazan, where he joined one of the Marxist circles. In the second half of August 1890 he visited Moscow for the first time. In December 1901, one of his articles published in the magazine "Zarya" was first signed with the pseudonym "Lenin" (according to other sources, the pseudonym "Lenin" first appeared in January 1901 in a letter addressed to G.V. Plekhanov). In 1903, the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP took place, at which the Bolshevik Party was practically created and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who wrote the Charter of the RSDLP and the Party Program demanding the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat for the socialist transformation of society, headed the left (“Bolshevik”) wing of the party. In 1904 Yu.O. Martov first used the term “Leninism” (“The fight against the “state of siege” in the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party”). November 21 (November 8, old style) 1905 Lenin illegally arrived in St. Petersburg, where he began directing the activities of the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Committee of the Bolsheviks, preparing an armed uprising, and the activities of the Bolshevik newspapers “Forward”, “Proletary”, “New Life”. In two years, he changed 21 safe houses. Avoiding arrest, in August 1906 Lenin moved to the Vasa dacha in the village of Kuokkala (Finland). In 1907 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the 2nd State Duma in St. Petersburg, from where he periodically traveled to St. Petersburg, Moscow, Vyborg, Stockholm, London, and Stuttgart. In December 1907 he emigrated again to Switzerland, and at the end of 1908 to France (Paris). In December 1910, the newspaper "Zvezda" began to be published in St. Petersburg, and on May 5 (April 22, old style) 1912, the first issue of the daily legal Bolshevik workers' newspaper "Pravda" was published. To train party workers in 1911, Lenin organized a party school in Longjumeau (near Paris), in which he gave 29 lectures. In January 1912, the 6th (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP was held in Prague under his leadership. In June 1912, Lenin moved to Krakow, from where he led the activities of the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma and directed the work of the bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Russia. From October 1905 to 1912, Lenin was a representative of the RSDLP in the International Socialist Bureau of the 2nd International, heading the Bolshevik delegation, and took part in the work of the Stuttgart (1907) and Copenhagen (1910) international socialist congresses. On August 8 (July 26, old style), 1914 Lenin, who was in Poronin (territory of Austria-Hungary), was arrested by the Austrian authorities on suspicion of spying for Russia and imprisoned in the city of New Targ, but on August 19 (Old Style, 6 August), thanks to the assistance of Polish and Austrian Social Democrats, was released. On September 5 (according to the old style, August 23) he left for Bern (Switzerland), and in February 1916 he moved to Zurich, where he lived until April (according to the old style until March) 1917. Lenin learned about the victory in Petrograd of the February Revolution from Swiss newspapers from March 15 (old style March 2) 1917. April 16 (old style 3) 1917 Lenin returned from emigration to Petrograd. A ceremonial meeting took place on the platform of the Finlyandsky Station and he was presented with party card No. 600 of the Bolshevik organization of the Vyborg side. From April to July 1917 he wrote more than 170 articles, brochures, draft resolutions of Bolshevik conferences and the Party Central Committee, and appeals. July 20 (July 7 old style) The Provisional Government gave the order for Lenin's arrest. In Petrograd, he had to change 17 safe houses, after which, until August 21 (August 8, old style) 1917, he hid near Petrograd - in a hut behind Lake Razliv, until the beginning of October - in Finland (Yalkala, Helsingfors, Vyborg). At the beginning of October 1917, Lenin returned illegally from Vyborg to Petrograd. On October 23 (October 10, old style) at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), at his proposal, the Central Committee adopted a resolution on an armed uprising. On November 6 (October 24, old style), in a letter to the Central Committee, Lenin demanded to immediately go on the offensive, arrest the Provisional Government and take power. In the evening, he illegally arrived in Smolny to directly lead the armed uprising. On November 7 (October 25, old style) 1917, at the opening of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin's decrees on peace and land were adopted and a workers' and peasants' government was formed - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by Lenin. During the 124 days of the “Smolny period” he wrote over 110 articles, draft decrees and resolutions, delivered over 70 reports and speeches, wrote about 120 letters, telegrams and notes, and participated in editing more than 40 state and party documents. The working day of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars lasted 15-18 hours. During this period, Lenin chaired 77 meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, led 26 meetings and meetings of the Central Committee, participated in 17 meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its Presidium, and in the preparation and conduct of 6 different All-Russian Congresses of Working People. After the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow, from March 11, 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. Lenin's personal apartment and office were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building. In July 1918 he led the suppression of the armed uprising of the left Socialist Revolutionaries. On August 30, 1918, after the end of the rally at the Mikhelson plant, Lenin was seriously wounded by the Socialist Revolutionary F.E. Kaplan. In 1919, on the initiative of Lenin, the 3rd Communist International was created. In 1921, at the 10th Congress of the RCP(b), Lenin put forward the task of transitioning from the policy of “war communism” to the new economic policy (NEP). In March 1922, Lenin led the work of the 11th Congress of the RCP (b) - the last party congress at which he spoke. In May 1922 he became seriously ill, but returned to work in early October. Lenin's last public speech was on November 20, 1922 at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet. On December 16, 1922, Lenin’s health condition again deteriorated sharply, and in May 1923, due to illness, he moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow. The last time he was in Moscow was on October 18-19, 1923. In January 1924, his health suddenly deteriorated sharply and on January 21, 1924 at 6 o’clock. 50 min. pm Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) died.
On January 23, the coffin with Lenin’s body was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions. The official farewell took place over five days and nights. On January 27, the coffin with Lenin’s embalmed body was placed in a specially built Mausoleum on Red Square (architect A.V. Shchusev). On January 26, 1924, after the death of Lenin, the 2nd All-Union Congress of Soviets granted the request of the Petrograd Soviet to rename Petrograd to Leningrad. A city delegation (about 1 thousand people) participated in Lenin’s funeral in Moscow. In 1923, the Central Committee of the RCP(b) created the Institute of V.I. Lenin, and in 1932, as a result of its merger with the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels, a single Institute of Marx - Engels - Lenin under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) was formed (later the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). The Central Party Archive of this institute stores more than 30 thousand documents authored by V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).
Winston Churchill wrote about Lenin: “Not a single Asian conqueror, neither Tamerlane nor Genghis Khan, enjoyed such glory as he did. An implacable avenger, growing from the peace of cold compassion, common sense, understanding of reality. His weapon is logic, his disposition of soul is opportunism. His sympathies are cold and wide, like the Arctic Ocean; his hatred is tight, like a hangman's noose. His purpose is to save the world; his method is to explode this world. He overthrew God, the king, the country, morality, the court, debts, rent, interests, laws and customs of centuries, he overthrew the whole historical structure, such as human society. Finally, he overthrew himself... Lenin's intellect was overthrown at that moment. , when his destructive power was exhausted and the independent, self-healing functions of his search began to appear. He alone could lead Russia out of the quagmire... The Russian people were left to flounder in the swamp. Their greatest misfortune was his birth, but their next misfortune was his death." (Churchill W.S., The Aftermath; The World Crisis. 1918-1928; New York, 1929).
Lenin was one of the main organizers of the “Red Terror”, which took its most brutal and massive forms in 1919-1920, the liquidation of opposition parties and their press organs, which led to the emergence of a one-party system, repression of “socially alien elements” - the nobility, entrepreneurs, clergy, intelligentsia, expulsion from the country of its prominent representatives who disagreed with the policies of the new government, was the initiator and ideologist of the policies of “war communism” and “new economic policy.” Author of the State Electrification Plan of the Country (GOELRO), in accordance with which several power plants were built. On Lenin’s initiative, a monumental propaganda plan was developed: in accordance with the decree “On Monuments of the Republic” (April 12, 1918), with Lenin’s personal participation, the demolition of “old” monuments in the Kremlin and other places in Moscow began, as well as the destruction of churches; At the same time, monuments to revolutionary figures were erected.
"In 1919, law faculties were liquidated at universities, and in 1921 the People's Commissariat of Education (Narkompros) abolished the historical and philological sciences as outdated and useless for the dictatorship of the proletariat. [...] By February 5, 1922, 143 private publishing houses were registered in Moscow. After reading about this in the newspaper Izvestia, Lenin demanded that the security officers collect systematic information about all professors and writers. “All these obvious counter-revolutionaries are accomplices of the Entente, an organization of its servants and spies and molesters of student youth; almost all are legitimate candidates for deportation abroad. They must be constantly caught and systematically expelled.”. [...] On May 19 (1922), the leader sent instructions to Moscow “On the expulsion abroad of writers and professors helping the counter-revolution,” inscribing on the envelope: “Comrade Dzerzhinsky. Personally, secretly, sew up.” Ten days later he was struck down by a stroke. By August 18, 1922, the seriously ill Ilyich was given the first list of those arrested, who were given a deportation order and a warning that unauthorized entry into the USSR was punishable by execution. Lenin then told the attending physician: “Today is perhaps the first day that I have not had a headache at all.” [...] The first group of expellees received in history the name “philosophical steamer”. [...] You were allowed to take with you per person: one winter and one summer coat, one suit, two shirts, one sheet. No jewelry, not even crosses, not a single book. Train Moscow - Petrograd. Then a many-hour loading onto the German steamer "Oberburgomaster Haken": a name is called out from the gangway, they are brought one by one into the control booth, questioning and search, by touch, through the dress..." . “There were several ships and more than one train. They left for several months [...] until the end of the year. [...] in addition to those expelled from Moscow and Petrograd, there was a group of people expelled from Kyiv, from Odessa, from Novorossiysk University , and there were, according to Trotsky’s later admission, about 60 people expelled from Georgia.”
“According to official data alone, more than five million people died from the famine of 1920-1922. Unthinkable cannibalism flourished throughout the country. I came across absolutely amazing notes, though not in the Soviet press, that brutal starving people in the Volga region ate representatives of the ARA - this An American relief organization headed by Hoover, the future president of the United States, it saved an unknown number of millions of people in the country from starvation. According to the assumptions of the same Bolsheviks, at least 20 million people should have died from starvation; the Bolsheviks believed that only five died. in any case, the same Trotsky almost did not hide this, that the fewer eaters, the easier it will be for the country." (V. Topolyansky, “Leaders in Law. Essays on the Physiology of Russian Power”)“Having created famine in the country by massive seizure of grain from the peasantry, the leader of the revolution wrote to Molotov: “It is now, and only now, when people are being eaten in starved areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, that we can (and therefore must) carry out the confiscation of church valuables with the most furious and merciless energy, not stopping at suppressing any resistance It is now necessary to teach this public a lesson so that for several decades they will not dare to think about any resistance.” (E. Olshanskaya, “Lenin’s List” program, July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty) “We must not forget that Lenin by that time was already simply a delusional patient. In fact, in 1922 he should have been considered as an insane patient. In 1922, rumors spread throughout Moscow that Lenin had syphilis, that he had progressive paralysis, that he he is delirious and, as even idle people said, he is being persecuted by the Mother of God for all the troubles that he caused to the country. In the same year, 1922, the foreign press actively discussed what Lenin was sick with, and came to the conclusion that the doctors who treated him were the same. those doctors who spoke about the leader’s neurasthenic syndrome actually hid that behind this neurasthenic syndrome there was only one disease - progressive paralysis [...] Progressive paralysis has one feature, this is precisely the contingent of patients who when. - that filled the psychiatric departments of various clinics. As soon as the patient showed the first signs of progressive paralysis, this patient was immediately declared insane, even if he retained external signs of sanity and capacity. I cannot say from what time Vladimir Ilyich should be declared insane. In 1903, Krupskaya saw a rash on him, from which he suffered greatly; there is a lot of evidence that this rash was most likely of syphilitic origin, but the appearance of a rash means secondary syphilis. After 1903, he developed tertiary syphilis with gradual damage to blood vessels. He did not undergo appropriate examination and treatment, including from psychiatrists. The psychiatrist Osipov was on duty with him continuously, that is, he simply lived in Gorki since 1923, and before that the Germans came to him, and one of the first to arrive was the famous Förster, one of the largest specialists in neurosyphilis. It was Förster who prescribed him anti-syphilitic therapy, which was described in detail in all the medical diaries at that time. Long ago, psychiatrists noticed one amazing thing: progressive paralysis, before bringing a person to complete insanity, gives him the opportunity for incredible productivity and performance. Such excess energy can indeed be noted in Lenin in 1917-1918, even in 1919. But since 1920, headaches, some kind of dizziness, and attacks of weakness and loss of consciousness, incomprehensible to doctors, have become increasingly common. That is, in any case, 1922 was the time of Lenin’s already very serious illness, with repeated strokes, disturbances of consciousness, repeated episodes of hallucinations and simply delirium, described by the same doctors. [...] French psychiatry once described a very curious syndrome, it was called “insanity for two.” If there was a crazy person in some family, then the husband or wife sooner or later became imbued with the ideas of this crazy person, and it was already difficult to distinguish which of them was more crazy. As a result, if the madman himself temporarily recovered, that is, if remission occurred, then the person induced by this madman could keep these ideas intact. I cannot exclude that this very curious syndrome can be extended to large numbers of people. I do not exclude that Lenin simply induced his closest associates with his delirium, and then, with the help of Soviet propaganda, which worked, I must say, excellently, these ideas were introduced into the consciousness of the entire population. And thus, Soviet civilization took place." (V. Topolyansky, “Leaders in Law. Essays on the Physiology of Russian Power”; broadcast “Lenin’s List”, July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty)
Among the works of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) are letters, articles, brochures, books: “What are “friends of the people” and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?” (1894), “The economic content of populism and its criticism in Mr. Struve’s book (Reflection of Marxism in bourgeois literature)” (1894-1895), “Materials on the question of the economic development of Russia” (1895; article in the collection under the pseudonym “Tulin” ), “The Development of Capitalism in Russia” (1899; the book was published under the pseudonym “V. Ilyin”), “Economic Studies and Articles” (1899; a collection of articles was published under the pseudonym “V. Ilyin”), “Protest of Russian Social- democrats" (1899), "What to do? Urgent issues of our movement" (1902; brochure), "Agrarian program of Russian Social Democracy" (1902), "The national question in our program" (1903), "Step forward, two steps" ago" (1904), "Two tactics of social democracy in the democratic revolution" (August 1905), "Party organization and party literature" (1905), "Materialism and empirio-criticism" (1909), "Critical notes on the national question" (1913 ), "On the right of nations to self-determination" (1914), "Imperialism, as the highest stage of capitalism" (1916), "Philosophical Notebooks", "War and Russian Social Democracy" (manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP), "On the national pride of the Great Russians" , “The Collapse of the Second International”, “Socialism and War”, “On the slogan of the United States of Europe”, “Military program of the proletarian revolution”, “Results of the discussion on self-determination”, “On the caricature of Marxism and on “imperialist economism””, “Letters from afar "(1917), "On the tasks of the proletariat in this revolution" ("April Theses"; 1917), “Political situation” (1917; theses), “Towards slogans” (1917), “State and revolution” (1917), “The impending catastrophe and how to deal with it” (1917), “Will the Bolsheviks retain state power? " (1917), “The Bolsheviks must take power” (1917), “Marxism and the uprising” (1917), “The crisis is ripe” (1917), “Advice from an outsider” (1917), “How to organize competition?” (December 1917), “Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People” (January 1918; taken as the basis for the first Soviet Constitution 1918), “The Immediate Tasks of Soviet Power” (1918), “The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky” (autumn 1918), “Theses of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in connection with the situation of the Eastern Front” (April 1919), “The Great Initiative” (June 1919), “Economics and politics in the era of the dictatorship of the proletariat” (autumn 1919), “From the destruction of the age-old way of life to the creation of a new one” (spring 1920), “The childhood disease of “leftism” in communism” (1920), “On proletarian culture” ( 1920), “On the food tax (The significance of the new policy and its conditions)” (1921), “On the four-year anniversary of the October Revolution” (1921), “On the significance of militant materialism” (1922), “On the formation of the USSR” (1922), “Pages from the diary” (December 1922), “On cooperation” (December 1922), “On our revolution” (December 1922), “How can we reorganize the Rabkrin (Proposal to the XII Party Congress)” (December 1922), “Less is better, yes better" (December 1922)
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Information sources:
Encyclopedic resource www.rubricon.com (Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Encyclopedic Directory "St. Petersburg", Encyclopedia "Moscow", Biographical Dictionary "Political Figures of Russia 1917", Encyclopedia of Russian-American Relations, Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary, Encyclopedic Dictionary "History of the Fatherland" )
Elena Olshanskaya, Irina Lagutina: program "Lenin's List"; July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty, Krugozor magazine Viktor Topolyansky. “Leaders in law. Essays on the physiology of Russian authorities", M. 1996 "Russian Biographical Dictionary"
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Project "Russia Congratulates!" - www.prazdniki.ru
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