Karamzin "History of the Russian State" - a brief critical analysis. "History of the Russian State" Karamzin's enormous work

How the "great" "Russian" "historians" Miller, Schloetzer, Bayer and Kuhn destroyed historical documents and mystified Russian history. The creation of a "Russian" academy with 28 members no less than Miller "Russians" and no less "historians" than Bayer, who for a hundred years continued to mystify and destroy historical documents that testified to the great past of Russia.

Today, the founders of Russian history are the great "Russian" "historians": Gottlieb Bayer (1694-1738), Gerard Friedrich Miller (1705-1783), August Schlözer (1735-1809), Arist Kunik (1814-1899), who made us happy with the Norman The "theory" of the origin of the Russians. This also includes V.N. Tatishchev, although the “Russian History from the Most Ancient Times” written by him has actually disappeared, and today we have Tatishchev's “drafts” published by Miller under this heading.

You cannot trust such a source of Russian history as the works of M.V. Lomonosov. As soon as he took up ancient history Russia, then suddenly died suddenly at the 54th year of life, being a perfectly healthy person. And the work on history published by Miller after his death under his name was corrected in the right direction, where there were no longer any discrepancies between Lomonosov and Miller. Lomonosov was the first critic of the Norman "theory" that Miller and Co. tried to impose on us, although in the works of Lomonosov published by Miller, not a word is said about criticism of this theory.

The Norman theory is still adhered to by Western scientists, although already in 1917 in Russia it was recognized as anti-scientific. But if you remember what kind of criticism of Miller M.V. Lomonosov was sentenced to death penalty after hanging and spent a year in prison awaiting a verdict, until the royal pardon came, it is clear that the leadership was interested in falsifying Russian history The Russian state. Russian history wrote by the Germans, or rather Catholics, specially ordered for this purpose by Emperor Peter I from Germany. And already in the time of Elizabeth, Miller became the most important "chronicler", who became famous for the fact that, under the guise of an imperial letter, he traveled to Russian monasteries and destroyed all preserved ancient historical documents.

Beginning in 1725, when the Russian Academy was established, and until 1841, the foundation of Russian history was altered by the following “benefactors” of the Russian people who came from Europe who spoke Russian poorly, but who quickly became connoisseurs of Russian history, flooded the historical department of the Russian Academy:

Kohl Peter (1725), Fischer Johann Eberhard (1732), Kramer Adolph Bernhard (1732), Lotter Johann Georg (1733), Leroy Pierre-Louis (1735), Merling Georg (1736), Brehm Johann Friedrich (1737), Tauber Johann Gaspar (1738), Crusius Christian Gottfried (1740), Moderach Karl Friedrich (1749), Stritter Johann Gotgilf (1779), Hackmann Johann Friedrich (1782), Busse Johann Heinrich (1795), Vauville Jean-François (1798), Claproth Julius (1804), Hermann Karl Gottlob Melchior (1805), Circle Johann Philip (1805), Lerberg August Christian (1807), Kohler Heinrich Karl Ernst (1817), Fren Christian Martin (1818), Graefe Christian Friedrich (1820), Schmidt Issac Jacob (1829), Schengren Johann Andreas (1829), Charmua France-Bernard (1832), Fleischer Heinrich Leberecht (1835), Lenz Robert Christianovich (1835), Brosse Marie-Felicite (1837), Dorn Johann Albrecht 1839 Bernhardt (1839) .The year in which the named foreigner entered the Russian Academy is indicated in parentheses.

As you can see, over the hundred and ten years of existence of the "Russa Academy" of its 28 members, the "creators" of Russian history, not a single Russian surname, and only since 1841, out of 42 full members of the Russian Academy, 37 are already Russians. But what's the point. The history of Russia has already been rewritten, and the history of all Mankind was invented by the above-mentioned "historians". They were not only specialists in falsifying stories, they were also specialists in fabricating and forging chronicles.

Therefore, everything written by Bayer, Miller, Schlözer, who had done business even before the creation of the "Russian" academy, does not correspond to reality. These same specialists created German history, the history of Rome and Greece, linking them, or rather making them independent from the history of the Russian State. Therefore, today's historians are surprised how N.A. Morozov does not believe in the history of Egypt, Rome, Greece, China, because there are chronicles. But the fact of the matter is that most of the ancient chronicles were written in XVIII-XIX centuries Petersburg, and all the ancient chronicles of Russia were forged by the same historians and "chroniclers" who penetrated into all confessions where chroniclers were needed.

The fact that there is a single center for falsification of chronicles and reworking of history convinces us, for example, the fact that the constant edition of the sacred book of earthlings - the Bible, which, nevertheless, turns out to be equally altered, both among Catholics and Protestants, as among Orthodox , and the Old Believers.

For example, the books of Macawee, which existed in the 19th century, simultaneously disappeared from the Catholic and Orthodox editions. This is without any Ecumenical Councils and verdicts of the Metropolitan or Pope. They wanted to, took it and crossed it out, and did not even look at the fact that one cannot cross out anything in the Scriptures and that not a single word should be altered at all. But if counterfeited and remade Holy Bible, then God himself ordered to remake history. Moreover, this is done in spite of the opinion and knowledge of the people. For example, today we are from school textbook recent history introduced to us by Soros, we learn that the Americans won the Second World War, and Russia and its peoples had nothing to do with it.

The German historian Miller, the author of the “masterpiece” of Russian history, tells us that Ivan IV was from the Rurik family. Having made such an uncomplicated operation, it was not difficult for Miller to adapt the Rurik family, which had already been cut short with their nonexistent history, to the history of Russia. Rather, cross out the history of the Russian kingdom and replace it with history Kiev principality, in order to later make a statement that Kiev is the mother of Russian cities (although Kiev, according to the laws of the Russian language, should have been a father, well, let's forgive him for his poor knowledge of the Russian language). But this phrase makes it possible for our enemies today to play people against each other.

Ruriks have never been tsars in Russia, because such a royal family never existed. There was a rootless conqueror Rurik, who tried to sit on the Russian throne, but was killed by Svyatopolk Yaropolkovich. Likewise, Kiev has never been and could not be the capital of Russia. In the Russian language, a proverb has been preserved: "The language will bring to Kiev" from which it is clear that Kiev is not being exalted here, but the language is being exalted. If they wanted to exalt this city, they would say, for example, that all roads lead to Kiev or something like that. And in order to exalt the language, it was necessary in this proverb to name a city from such a wilderness, from such a Darkness of the Cockroach that everyone pronouncing this proverb understood the importance of language, thanks to which one can even get to such a hole as Kiev.

Looking ahead, we can also say that Ukraine has never been an independent territory and has always been a part of Russia and there was no reunification of Russia with Ukraine, which took place only in Miller's fevered brain. From time to time, Ukraine, like other territories of Russia, was captured by crusaders and other conquerors, and its liberation by Russian troops can hardly be called reunification, because the word “liberation” is not equal to the Russian word “reunification” and only for those who poorly understand Russian, these two the words are identical.

There was only one in Russia royal dynasty: Great Magols (magician + ol = great servants). They ruled in Byzantium, Turkey, Iran, India, China and naturally in Russia.

The forgery of Russian history is striking immediately when reading the "Russian" "chronicles". The abundance of the names of the princes who ruled in different parts of Russia, which are given to us as the centers of Russia, is striking. If, for example, some prince of Chernigov or Novgorod found himself on the Russian throne, then there must have been some kind of continuity in the dynasty. But this is not the case, i.e. we are dealing either with a hoax, or with a conqueror who reigned on the Russian throne. Since those who rewrite history, as a rule, are deprived of a soul (since a person with a soul simply cannot go for such a thing), then such a person cannot create and create by definition. All he can do is shuffle the dynastic deck and add new characters. Therefore, we quite easily restored the dynasty of Russian tsars, called the Great Moguls.

The fact that the Russian tsars were also called presbyters suggests that the spiritual and secular power before Ivan the Terrible were not yet divided and the royal throne and church power were in the same hands. The royal court and the government were in Constantinople (later Tsaritsin, then Stalingrad, and now Volgograd), which was the capital of the World.

The name of Russia, which supposedly appeared only in the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible, and before that, according to Mr. Miller, it was called Rus, in fact, does not correspond to any reality. Because only parts of Russia were called that, it was: White Russia, Kievan Rus, Black Rus (Montenegro), Pied Rus (China), Et Rus (Etruscan), Bor Rus (Borussia is a still preserved region in Germany), Per Rus (modern Prussia), etc. How easy it is to deceive it turns out our historians, who even from this example cannot see that Russia is only a part of Russia, but by no means the whole of Russia.

The word Rus comes from the name of Rus - the first Savior (who are now called Christ), who gave people the Russian language. His real name was Prometheus. And he was named Rus because after the titanomachy (i.e. the war with the giants) the asuras were sharply opposed to people. Prometheus, being a titan (asura), allegedly gave us fire, but headlights, whence the farengite, i.e. fire tongue. In other words, Prometheus glorified himself among Humanity by giving us the divine language of the Asuras, which was named Russian. Prometheus was not just an asura for us, but he was a Russian (reverse reading of asuras), i.e. asura who is for people. In Russian, a change in the direction of reading often led to the opposite meaning, for example: "sales" - giving, and "zhad" - miser, that is. “Not giving” or “god” is the one to whom they are given, and “gob”, from where the gobino is what they receive in return (the Old Russian name for fate). Before Prometheus, the priests used Devanagari, and after his gift, the priests switched to Asura, i.e. Russian language.

According to some new chronologists, the word "Rus" is a synonym for the word "horde", but one cannot agree with this. We now see that social structure the country is divided into three levels: district, region, republic and this is not the arbitrariness of the Bolsheviks or governments, but the laws of synergy, the triple level is easier to manage. And in ancient times, the levels of division of the country were called differently: horde (republic), rus or, more correctly, urus, which was later converted to "ulus", meaning a principality, both in Russia and in Byzantium (the same as a province or region), and kingdom. In my study of "The Magi" it is shown that the prince (the one who passed the horse) was higher in level than the king (since the king was in the first horse), and the king was ten orders of magnitude higher than the prince. And each, according to his level of achievement, was admitted to the appropriate place in the management of society, i.e. "There was a hat according to Senka."

Ruriks, Helmariki, Elmariki - these are all royal family names, which were abound in Europe, divided into many kingdoms (counties), later united into small principalities (Uruses or Rus, i.e. regions) such as Holland, Germany, Denmark and etc. Therefore, the attempt to establish an identity between Russia and Russia does not correspond to any real story... Russia has never been a principality, i.e. Urus or as they say now Rus. It has always been a huge country, consisting of hordes, Uruses and kingdoms (counties), which were respectively headed by: pan, prince, king, and the whole country was headed by a king (table 1.). Miller had no difficulty in replacing the lords with the khans in order to further confuse the story.

Table. Territorial division ancient Russia and administrative representatives

Today we are persistently told that the Freemasons and their Jewish allies are to blame for all social failures. You can write as much as you like about how bad these uncles and aunts are, but you absolutely cannot write about the true reasons and true culprits of our current situation. Because both the Freemasons and the Jews are just a bogeyman, and if you want the windmills, with which he fought unsuccessfully, if you remember, the famous character of Cervantes - Don Quixote. In the 19th century, the gypsies were such a bogeyman, and even a century earlier the Lelya people, which by today almost all were exterminated.

Moreover, all our so-called enemies are just for the whole class that is being prepared as a scapegoat, for letting out the public steam of indignation, which has been accumulating for so long. We can say without preamble that it is not even the Catholics who committed in Russia that are to blame for the whole mess. October Revolution and for 30 years stood at the helm of the NKVDeshny Inquisition, organizing torture, executions, torture, imprisonment through which almost the entire population of the country passed, with the exception of only those who collaborated with the Inquisition or worked in it. Those who are above the Inquisition are to blame for everything. And these are no longer people.

The reforms of Catherine II and Peter I, which affected the Orthodox faith, are completely Catholic transformations. The reformation of Orthodoxy by Ivan the Terrible and his brother Ivan Podkova are Protestant transformations, which, as you know, in its content is practically no different from atheism.

Our disfigured and perverted history of Russia, even through the thickness of repeated Miller's hoaxes, screams about the dominance of foreigners. And although it has been thoroughly cleared up about the essence of the ongoing reforms, nevertheless, in previous studies, we have restored the substantial part of the ancient Orthodox faith, which has been professed in our Earth for centuries. Therefore, today we can say what kind of transformations were made with the Orthodox faith, what and whom did it not suit, and why it had to be transformed.

From the book of Vladimir Shemshuk - Borean Rus. The Stolen History of Russia.

The electronic version of the text can be downloaded from the website.

History of Russian Goverment

History of Russian Goverment- a multivolume essay by N.M. Karamzin, describing Russian history, from the times of the Scythians, Slavs to the times of Ivan the Terrible and the Time of Troubles. The History of the Russian State by N. M. Karamzin was not the first description of the history of Russia. But it was this work that opened the history of Russia to the general educated public.

The History of the Russian State consists of 12 volumes.

In the preface to his book, Karamzin describes the importance of history in general, its role in people's lives. He says that the history of Russia is no less exciting, important and interesting than the world history. The following is a list of sources that helped him to recreate the picture of historical events. In the first volume, Karamzin describes in detail the peoples who lived on the territory of modern Russia, including the Slavs, their way of life, the attitude of the Greeks to the tribes inhabiting the territory of the future Russia.

Then he talks about the origin of the first princes of Russia, their rule.

In his work, he acted more as a writer than a historian - describing historical facts, he cared about the beauty of the language, least of all trying to draw any conclusions from the events he described. Some of his statements are very eloquent. For example, describing the first centuries of Russia, Karamzin said:

Great nations, like great men, have their infancy and should not be ashamed of it: our fatherland, weak, divided into small regions until 862, according to Nestor's reckoning, owes its greatness to the happy introduction of Monarchical power.

Sources of

The author collected historical facts from ancient chronicles, coordinating them with each other. Since the ancient inhabitants of the territory of present-day Russia did not have their own historian, he learns about them from the Roman, Greek, and then Byzantine chronicles. He finds the history of the first centuries of Russia in the "Tale of Bygone Years", coordinating it with the Byzantine chronicles. When there were too few sources, he used all the information available in them, "for it is not the poor, but the rich who choose." The author strove to deliver an impartial presentation rather than adhere to any point of view. When there was no opportunity to give a link to sources of information, for example, if they were ancient manuscripts, he cited extracts from them.

Edition

The first eight volumes were printed in 1816-1817 and went on sale in February 1818. The three thousandth circulation, huge for that time, sold out faster than in a month, and a second edition was required, which was carried out in 1818-1819 by I.V.Slenin. In 1821 a new ninth volume was published, and in 1824 the next two. The author did not manage to finish the twelfth volume of his work, which was published almost three years after his death. Based on the drafts of Karamzin, the twelfth volume was prepared by K. S. Serbinovich and D. N. Bludov. At the beginning of 1829 Bludov published this last volume. Later in the same year, the second edition of the entire twelve-volume edition was published.

N. M. Karamzin wrote his "History" to the end of his life, but could not finish it. The text of the manuscript of volume 12 breaks off at the chapter “Interregnum. 1611-1612 ", although the author intended to bring the exposition to the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty.

N. M. Karamzin was one of the first who in his works began to use the letter "e", but in the famous "History" he got by with the standard spelling through "e".

The TV Center TV channel has released a serial film of the same name. Each episode lasts approximately 4 minutes. The text of history in it is largely based on the work of N.M. Karamzin, but there are also differences. The text was read by Yuri Shevchuk.

The cycle “History of the Russian State”, based on the fundamental work of the same name by the outstanding writer and historian of Russian culture of the 19th century Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, consists of 500 episodes. The project covers the events of the history of the Russian state from the moment of its foundation to the beginning of the Time of Troubles. Each episode is full of events and facts, illustrated by images made in the technique of three-dimensional animation. The invaluable literary work seemed to “come to life” in the creative processing of modern masters of computer animation and received a new sound.

001.
002.
003.
004.
005.
006.
007.
008.
009.
010.
011.
012.
013.
014.
015. Baptism of Rus
016. Russian army
017. Trade in Kievan Rus
018. Crafts in Kievan Rus
019. Svyatopolk the Cursed
020. War of Yaroslav the Wise against Svyatopolk
021. Yaroslav
022. “Russian Truth” by Yaroslav
023. Grand Duke Izyaslav 1054-1077
024. Kiev-Pechersk Monastery
025. Vsevolod Yaroslavich
026. War with Oleg
027. War with Oleg
028. Congress of Princes in Lyubech
029. Great reign of Svyatopolk II (1098-1099)
030. Great reign of Svyatopolk II (1099-1113)
031. Victory on the Polovtsy
032. Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh
033. Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh
034. Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh
035. Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh
036. Grand Dukes Mstislav the Great and Yaropolk
037. Grand Duke Vsevolod Olgovich (1139-1146)
038. Grand Duke Vsevolod Olgovich
039.Igor Olgovich and Izyaslav Mstislavich (1146)
040. Grand Duke Izyaslav II
041. War of Izyaslav with Yuri Dolgoruky (1147-1151)
042. War of Izyaslav with Yuri Dolgoruky
043. Rostislav Mstislavich and Yuri Dolgoruky (1154-1157)
044. Izyaslav III and Andrey Bogolyubsky
045. Rostislav and Andrey Bogolyubsky
046. Mstislav Izyaslavich. The fall of Kiev
047. Andrei Bogolyubsky's war with Novgorod
048. Times of Andrey Bogolyubsky
049. Conspiracy against Andrey Bogolyubsky
050. Vsevolod III Georgievich
051. Wars of Vsevolod the Big Nest
052. "The Word about Igor's Regiment"
053. Yaroslav Galitsky Osmomysl and Vladimir Yaroslavich
054. The reign of Vsevolod Georgievich
055. Reign of Rurik in Kiev
056. Roman Mstislavich (Galitsky)
057. Roman Mstislavich - Prince Galitsky
058. Last years Vsevolod the Big Nest
059. Crusaders
060. War between the descendants of Vsevolod
061. Battle of Lipetsk
062. Reign of Konstantin Vsevolodovich
063. Times of Grand Duke George II Vsevolodovich
064. Events in the Livonian lands
065. Origin of the Tatars. Genghis Khan
066. Conquest of Genghis Khan
067. Battle on Kalka
068. Incidents in southern and western Russia (1223-1228)
069. Disasters in Veliky Novgorod
070. Prince Daniil Romanovich Galitsky
071. New invasion of the Tatar-Mongols
072. Taking Ryazan
073. Heroism of Russians
074. Siege and capture of Kiev
075. State of Russia. Reasons for Batu's success
076. Alexander Nevsky
077. Battle on the Ice
078. Death of Yaroslav and death of Mikhail Chernigovsky
079. Daniel - King of Galician
080. Notes of monk Karpin about Russia and Mughal citizenship
081. Great Khan Gayuk
082. Customs of Tatars
083. Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky
084. Daniil Galitsky and the Mughals
085. Mughals in Novgorod
086. Death of Alexander Nevsky
087. Times of the Grand Duke Yaroslav Yaroslavich
088. Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich
089. Princes of Kursk Oleg and Svyatoslav
090. Duden's Invasion
091. Grand Duke Andrey Alexandrovich
092. Fight against the Swedes
093. Grand Duke Mikhail Yaroslavich
094. Struggle for the Grand Ducal throne
095. Death of the Grand Duke Michael.
096. Murder of Georgy Daniilovich and Dmitry Mikhailovich
097. Destruction of Tver
098. Strengthening Lithuania
099.Moscow - the head of Russia
100. The fate of Alexander Tverskoy
101. Grand Duke Ivan Kalita
102. Grand Duke Simeon Ioannovich (Proud)
103. War of Novgorod against Sweden
104. Prince of Lithuania Olgerd
105. Plague
106. Grand Duke John II Ioannovich (Meek)
107. Young Prince Dmitry Ioannovich
108. Olgerd's hike to Moscow
109. Olgerd's second campaign to Moscow
110. Strengthening the power of Dmitry Ioannovich
111. Olgerd's third campaign to Moscow
112. War of Dmitry Ioannovich with Mikhail Tverskoy
113. The first victory of the Russians over the Tatars
114. Eve of the Battle of Kulikovo
115. Battle of Kulikovo
116. Return of Prince Demetrius to Moscow
117. Taking and destruction of Moscow by Tokhtamysh
118. Restoration of Moscow
119. Quarrel and peace with Novgorod
120. Baptism of Jagiello
121. The new order of inheritance of power
122. The beginning of the reign of Vasily Dimitrievich
123. Affairs Novgorodskie (1392)
124. Tamerlane
125. Campaign of Tamerlane to Russia
126. War of Vitovt with the Mughals
127. Taking Smolensk
128. War of Vasily Dimitrievich against Vitovt
129. Invasion of Edigey
130. The results of the reign of Vasily I
131. The beginning of the reign of Vasily II
132. Death of Vitov
133. Judgment in the Horde
134. Fight of Vasily Vasilyevich and Prince Yuri for the capital
135. War of Vasily II with Yuri Dmitrievich for the capital
136. Strengthening Kazan
137. War with the Mongols and Kazan
138. Capture of the Grand Duke Vasily
139. Basil's Blinding
140.Dmitry Shemyaka on the Grand Duke's reign
141. Flight of Shemyaka
142. Continuation of the war with Shemyaka
143. War with Kazan and death of Shemyak
144. Humility of Novgorod
145. The last years of the reign of Vasily the Dark
146. The state of Russia from the invasion of the Tatars to John III
147. Origin of the Cossacks
148. Russian merchants
149. The First Years of the Reign of John III
150. War against Kazan
151. War against Kazan (continued)
152. Martha the Posadnitsa
153. Battle of Shelon
154. Conquest of Novgorod
155. Conquest of Perm and the war with the Golden Horde
156. Negotiations with the Pope
157. Wedding of John and Sophia
158. Italian Masters at the Court of John III
159. Works of John III in Livonia
160. Affairs of John III with the Crimea and the Horde
161. Grand Ducal Court in Novgorod
162. Dispute with Novgorodians
163. Preparing for war with Novgorod
164. Siege of Novgorod
165. Conquest of Veliky Novgorod
166. Relationship with the Golden Horde
167. The last trip to Russia
168. War of John III with Livonia
169. Standing on the Eel
170. Foreign policy John III
171. Conquest of Tver
172. The capture of Kazan and the annexation of Vyatka
173. Executions of doctors. The overthrow of the metropolitan
174. Quarrel between John III and his brothers
175. Negotiations with the Holy Roman Empire
176. Death of Casimir. Alexander on the throne of Lithuania
177. Wedding of Elena and Alexander Litovsky
178. Deterioration of relations with Lithuania
179. Arrest of Hanseatic merchants
180. War with Sweden
181. John III chooses an heir
182. Conquest of the land of the Ugorsk, North-Western Siberia
183. Battle on the banks of Verdosha
184. Union of Alexander with the Livonian Order
185. Break with Stefan Moldavsky. Truce with Lithuania and the Order
186. Testament of John III. Vasily's marriage
187. Treason of the Tsar of Kazan
188. John III - the creator of the greatness of Russia
189. Code of Law John III
190. Church Councils under John III
191. The beginning of the reign of Basil
192. Hike to Kazan
193. Lithuanian affairs. 1508 year
194. Union with Mengi-Giray
195. Conquest of Pskov
196. Mutual annoyances of Vasily and Sigismund. Raids of the Crimeans
197. Failures of the Grand Duke Vasily near Smolensk
198. Vasily's Diplomacy
199. Taking Smolensk
200. Treason of Prince Glinsky
201. Changes in relations with Crimea
202. Negotiations with Lithuania. 1518 g.
203. The fate of Kazan. 1519 g.
204. Hike of the Tatars to Moscow. 1521 g.
205. Crimean Khan took Astrakhan
206. Hike to Kazan. 1524 g.
207. The birth of Tsar John Vasilievich
208. The new tsar in Kazan. 1530 g.
209. Death of Vasily Ioannovich
210. The state of Russia. Years 1462-1533
211. Justice in the time of Basil III
212. Imprisonment of Prince Yuri Ioannovich
213. General fear. Conclusion of Mikhail Glinsky
214. Flight and imprisonment of Andrey Ioannovich
215. War with Lithuania 1534-1535
216. Kazan Revolt
217. Truce with Lithuania. 1537 g.
218. Death of the Ruler
219. Boyar Troubles
220. The Dominion of the Shuiskys
221. Invasion of the Crimean Khan. 1541 g.
222. The new reign of Prince Shuisky
223. Education of Ivan the Terrible
224. Shig-Alei flees from Kazan
225. Royal wedding of John IV. The marriage of the sovereign
226. Fires in Moscow
227. John's Miraculous Correction
228. Hiking to Kazan. Truce with Lithuania
229. Foundation of Sviyagsk
230. Last Treason of Kazan
231. The beginning of the Don Cossacks
232. Council about Kazan
233. Siege of Kazan
234. Ruthlessness of Kazan citizens
235. The occupation of the Arskaya tower
236. Taking Kazan
237. Solemn entry into Kazan
238. The King's Disease
239. Journey of John to the Kirilov Monastery
240. Suppression of riots in the Kazan land
241. The conquest of the kingdom of Astrokhan
242. Arrival of British ships in Russia
243. Crimean affairs. 1553 g.
244. Better education troops in the reign of John IV
245. The beginning of the Livonian War. Taking Narva
246. Taking Dorpat
247. The fall of the Russians into Taurida
248. A new devastation of Livonia. Taking of Marienburg
249. Death of Queen Anastasia
250. Change in John. The beginning of evil
251. The capture of Polotsk
252. Death of Macarius. Typography establishment
253. Flight of Russians to Lithuania
254. Establishment of the oprichina
255. The Second Age of Executions
256. The Generosity of Metropolitan Philip
257. An Important Enterprise of the Sultan
258. Trade. Tribute to Siberian. English embassies
259. The Fourth, Most Terrible Age of Torment
260. Desolation of Novgorod
261. Executions in Moscow
262. The King's Mercy to Magnus
263. Burning of Moscow
264. John's new marriage
265. The famous victory of Prince Vorotynsky
266. Destruction of the oprichnina
267. War in Estonia. Marriage of Magnus
268. Polish Affairs
269. Betrayal of Magnus
270. Livonian War
271. Negotiations and war with Bathory
272. Negotiations and war with Bathory 1579-1580
273. The Glorious Siege of Pskov
274. Conclusion of a truce
275. Sonicide
276. Noble merchants Strogonovs
277. Ermak
278. Further conquest of Siberia
279. Death of Ermak
280. Illness and Death of Ioannova
281. John the educator of the state and the legislator
282. John, Educator State and Legislator (Part 2)
283. The properties of Feodorova. The excitement of the people
284. The Tsar's Wedding Feodorovo
285. Godunov ruler of the kingdom
286. Death of Bathory
287. Dangers for Godunov. Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia
288. Swedish War
289. Murder of Tsarevich Dmitry
290. Fire in Moscow
291. Invasion of the Khan and the Battle of Moscow
292. The birth and death of Princess Feodosia
293. Law on the strengthening of peasants and servants. Moscow courtyard
294. Death of Feodorov. Election of Godunov as tsar
295. Borisov's activity
296. Borisov's Suspicions
297. Hunger
298. The Appearance of an Imposter
299. The Agreement of False Dmitry with Mniszko
300. The first betrayal. Vityaz Basmanov
301. Victory of the Borisov voivode
302. Death of Godunov. Basmanov's betrayal
303. Treason of Muscovites. The removal of Fyodor from the throne
304. Entry into the capital
305. Recklessness of False Dmitry. Whisper about the defrocked
306. Incidents in Moscow. Pretender Peter
307. Entry of Mary to the capital. New reasons for discontent
308. The uprising of Moscow. Judicial interrogation and execution of False Dmitry
309. Election of a new king
310. Riots in Moscow
311. Bolotnikov
312. The emergence of a new False Dmitry
313. The impostor is getting stronger. Horror in Moscow
314. Pretender in Tushino
315. The famous siege of Lavra
316. Kramola in Moscow
317. Siege of Smolensk. Confusion of Poles
318. Royal Embassy in Tushino
319. Achievements of Prince Michael
320. Death of Skopin-Shuisky
321. Battle of Klyushin
322. Basil Stripped of the Throne
323. Vladislava's Oath
324. Death of the Impostor
325. Quarrels with the Poles.
326. The uprising in Moscow.
327. Interregnum. Years 1611 - 1612.
328. Signs of national cleansing.
329. The second militia for the liberation of Moscow.
330. Cleansing of Moscow.
331. Election of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
332. Capture of Zarutsky.
333. Stolbovskoy world.
334. Deulinsky negotiations and truce.
335. Siege of Smolensk by Shein.
336. Taking Azov by the Cossacks and protecting it from the Turks.
337. Siberian prospectors of the 17th century.
338. Expeditions of Poyarkov, Dezhnev and others.
339. Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich.avi
340. Cathedral Code of 1648. avi
341. Uprising in Novgorod and Pskov.avi
342. Patriarch Nikon.avi
343. Split avi
344. Hetman Bogdan-Zinoviy Khmelnitsky.
345. War of liberation in Ukraine (1649).
346. Battle of Berestechka.
347. Pereyaslavsky agreement.
348. War with Poland
349. Burden of the 13 Years War
350. Andrusov armistice
351. Stepan Razin.
352. The beginning of the Razin revolt.
353. Suppression of the rebellion of Stepan Razin.
354. The reign of Fyodor Alekseevich.
355. The weakness of the government and the licentiousness of the archers.
356. Strengthening Princess Sophia.
357. Board of Princess Sophia.
358. Overthrow of Sophia.
359. Youth of Peter.
360. The Azov campaigns.
361. Construction of the fleet.
362. Stay of Tsar Peter abroad.
363. Streletsky search and executions.
364. Beginning of transformations.
365. Embassy in Constantinople (1699).
366. Beginning Northern War.
367. The first successes in the Northern War.
368. Reforms of Tsar Peter I.
369. Foundation of Santpeterburgh.
370. Astrakhan riot.
371. The uprising of Kondraty Bulavin.
372. Karl's campaign to Russia. Battle of Lesnaya.
373. Mazepa.
374. Betrayal of Mazepa.
375. Battle of Poltava.
376. Flight of Charles XII.
377. Reforms state structure.
378. Diplomatic actions of Tsar Peter I.
379. Prut campaign.
380. Expulsion of Charles XII from Turkey.
381. Improvement of Santpiterburkh.
382. Transformations of Peter I in education
383. Nobility during the reign of Peter I
384. Establishment of the collegium by Peter I
385. The state of trade under Peter I
386. Transformations of Peter I in industry
387. Development of the Russian fleet by Peter I
388. Northern War Theater download
389. Visit of Peter I to France
390. Reforms of Peter I in the army
391. Local government reforms
392. Tsarevich Alexey Petrovich
393. Investigation and trial of Tsarevich Alexei
394. World of Nishtad download
395. Petrovsky table of ranks
396. Church reform Peter I
397. Establishment of the Little Russian Collegium
398. Access of Russia to the Caspian Sea
399. The last years of the reign of Peter the Great
400. Accession of Catherine I
401. Reign of Catherine I
402. The Rise and Fall of Prince Menshikov
403. Exile of Prince Menshikov
404. Emperor Peter II
405. An attempt to limit the autocratic power
406. Accession of Anna Ioannovna
407. Domestic policy Anna Ioannovna
408. Education and enlightenment under Anna Ioannovna
409. Moving to St. Petersburg
410. War for the Polish Crown
411. Taking Perekop
412. Minich's hike to the Crimea
413. Taking Ochakov
414. Battle of Stavuchany
415. Peace with Turkey
416. Death of Anna Ioannovna. Biron - regent
417. Arrest of Biron
418. Board of Anna Leopoldovna
419. Palace coup 1741 years
420. Entry to the Table of Princess Elizabeth
421. War and Peace
422. Sophia Frederica Augusta, named Catherine
423. State of Little Russia
424. Moving of the court of Elizabeth to Moscow
425. Russian life and the reign of Elizabeth
426. The Empress's Efforts to Maintain the Faith
427. Enlightenment during the reign of Elizabeth
428. Development of crafts and production
429. The state of trade during the reign of Elizabeth
430. Beginning of the Seven Years War
431. Battle of Kunersdorf
432. Battle of Zorndorf
433. Organization of the army of the time of Elizabeth
434. Taking Berlin
435. Taking Kohlberg. Death of Elizabeth Petrovna
436. Emperor Peter III
437. Palace Revolution of 1762
438. Beginning of the reign of Catherine II
439. State Concerns (1763)
440. Mirovich's Conspiracy
441. Election of Poniatowski to the Polish throne
442. Abolition of hetmanship in Ukraine
443. Legislative Commission
444. The trip of Catherine II along the Volga in 1767
445. Education in Russia in the second half of the 18th century
446. The beginning of the Russian-Turkish war
447. Russian-Turkish war (1768-1774). First victories
448. Russian-Turkish campaign 1769-1770.
449. Victories at Larga and Cahul
450. Taking Bender
451. Conquest of Crimea
452. Marine expedition of the Russian fleet to the shores of Greece
453. Chesme naval battle
454. Expedition of Russian troops to Transcaucasia (1769-1771)
455. The Plague Epidemic in 1771
456. First Partition of Poland
457. The Age of Academic Expeditions
461. Internal state of Russia by 1774
462. Cossack unrest on Yaik
463. The appearance of Pugachev (beginning of the uprising)
464. Pugachev near Orenburg
465. Riot Grows
466. Lifting the siege of Orenburg
467. Liberation of Ufa from the rebels
468. Defeat of Pugachev according to Yaitskiy
469. Pugachevites in the Urals
470. Burning of Kazan
471. The defeat at Tsaritsyn
472. Defeat of Pugachev
473. Foundation of the Black Sea Fleet
474. Travel of Catherine II to Crimea
475. Architecture and painting during the reign of Catherine the Great
476. The beginning of the Russian-Turkish war (1787 - 1791)
477. Siege of Ochakov
478. The beginning of the Russian-Swedish war of 1788 - 1790.
479. Russo-Swedish war
480. Battle of Focsani
481. Battle of Rymnik
482. Russian-Turkish war. Campaign 1789 - 1790
483. The successes of the Russian fleet in the war with Sweden
484. Peace of Verela
485. Naval victories. Admiral Ushakov
486. Storm of Ishmael
487. Second Partition of Poland
488. Uprising in Poland
489. The beginning of the uprising in Poland
490. Uprising led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko
491. Third Partition of Poland
492. The first Russian settlements in Alaska
493. The internal state of Russia during the reign of Catherine II
494. The Fruits of the Enlightenment
495. Creation of the Hermitage collections
496. Russian Society late XVIII century
497. Statesmen of the time of Catherine II
498. Russian generals of the second half of the 18th century
499. Outwardly Results political activities Catherine II
500. Great historians about the history of Russia

Introduction

"History of the Russian State" undoubtedly can be called fundamental research written by famous writer and historian N.M. Karamzin.

Love for the homeland, adherence to the truth of history, the desire to comprehend the event from the inside - these are the principles by which the author, according to him, was guided in his work.

The publication of "History" became a significant event in social and cultural life, noted by many contemporaries, and later by memoirists, publicists, scientists.

Thanks to the "History of the Russian State", the readership became aware of "The Word of Igor's Campaign", "The Teaching of Monomakh" and many others literary works ancient Russia... Despite this, already during the life of the writer, critical works appeared about his "History ...". Historical concept Karamzin, who was a supporter of the Norman theory of the origin of the Russian state, became official and supported by the state power. At a later time, "History ..." was assessed positively by A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, Slavophiles, negatively - Decembrists, V.G. Belinsky, N.G. Chernyshevsky.

Created in the 19th century, this work is still of interest to both specialists and a wide range of readers.

This work became popular among readers and admirers of Karamzin as a writer due to its literary form and simple, but at the same time exciting narration

Analysis of the first volume of the "History of the Russian State"

In 1804, Karamzin began work on the "History of the Russian State", the compilation of which became his main occupation until the end of his life. In 1816 the first 8 volumes were published (the second edition was published in 1818-1819), in 1821 volume 9 was printed, in 1824 - 10 and 11 volumes 12 of "History ..." were never completed (after the death of Karamzin it was published D.N. Bludov).

The time of the writing of the First Volume of "History" refers to 1804-1805.

First of all, Karamzin's "History" is an epic creation that tells about the life of a country that has passed a difficult and glorious path. The undoubted hero of this work is the Russian national character, taken in development, formation, in all its endless originality, combining features that seem incompatible at first glance. The confrontation of details was possible in the narrative because hundreds of eyes are looking at us. Those who became air, light, earth, but lived, fought, suffered, died, won, leaving us a precious experience of their existence. Warriors, ploughmen, builders, princes, smerds, monks, priests, heroes, generals, diplomats, clerks, clerks, saints, sinners, holy fools, kalik-pedestrians, runners, inmates, merchant guests, shipbuilders, explorers - they are innumerable. Karamzin paid his own attention to each, showed deep insight when the conclusions of the latest historians and the data obtained from previously inaccessible sources fully confirm the conclusions drawn by the writer.

According to the researchers, "having condensed to the limit what was found in the annals, Karamzin was the first to give life to many subjects, images, aphorisms, and they entered into aesthetic use, becoming our permanent cultural heritage."

Let us analyze in detail the first volume of this beautiful work, which tells us about ancient life Slavs (later its borders expanded to Vladimir inclusive).

Like all previous Russian historians, Karamzin devoted the first chapter of his "History" to a story about the fate of the peoples who inhabited the present Russian state region before the founding of the Russian state. In chapter About the peoples who have lived in Russia since ancient times - About the Slavs in general "is described oldest period Russian history. According to reports from Greek and Roman writers, he says, the great part of Europe and Asia, now called Russia, in its temperate climates was inhabited from time immemorial, but by wild peoples, immersed in the depths of ignorance, who did not commemorate their existence with any of their own historical monuments .

Mentioning the Scythians, Goths, Wends and Huns, Karamzin cites chronicles about the settlement of the Eastern Slavs and concludes about their origin: ... If the Slavs and Wends were one people, then our ancestors were known to both the Greeks and the Romans, living south of the Baltic Sea ... Linking the initial period of Russian history with the settlement of the Eastern Slavs and rejecting Schletser's assertions about the barbarism of the East Slavic tribes, Karamzin admits Norman theory and believes that Rurik founded the Russian monarchy .

Having said about the settlement of the Slavs in Europe, from Baltic Sea to the Adriatic, from the Elbe to the Seas and Asia, Karamzin proceeds to settle the Slavic tribes in present-day Russia. Here the historiographer could no longer ignore the eternally controversial issue of the Volokhs, who ousted the Slavs from the Danube. The closest noteworthy researcher dealing with this issue was Tunman.

It must be said that the question of the Volokhs was solved by Karamzin more simply and, so to speak, more thoroughly than by later researchers, who take the Volokhs now for the Celts, now for the Romans; Karamzin is based on the testimonies of two chroniclers, Russian and Hungarian. The Russian chronicler says that the Hungarians, having come to the Danube region, drove out the Volokhs, who had previously captured the Slavic land here; The Hungarian chronicler confirms the Russian, saying that the Hungarians found the Volokhs on the Danube.

Further, recognizing as prudent the remarks of Metropolitan Platon about the legend about the journey of the Apostle Andrew, Karamzin not only cites this legend in confirmation of the presence of the Slavs in the north in the 1st century, but even refutes Tunman and Gutterer with it. Then Karamzin offers several fortune-telling that, perhaps, androphages, melanchlens, Herodotov's neurons, Getae belonged to the Slavic tribes.

Leaving the question unanswered: "Where and when did the Slavs come to Russia?", It describes how they lived in it long before the time in which our State was formed. It should be noted that here the guesses of later researchers are mixed with the legends recorded in the annals; to the question: "Where did the Slavs come to Russia from?" - the legend recorded in the chronicle answers; to the question: "When did they come?" - answers the guess of later researchers. Of course, it is impossible to put together the legend about the movement of the Slavs from the Danube as a result of the onslaught from the Volokhs with the opinions of later scientists that these Volokhs were Celts or the Troyan Romans, or that the Neurians, Melanchlens and Androphages were Slavs.

Denying the subordination of the Finnish and Latvian tribes to the Slavs during the Doryurik times, Karamzin indicates the reason why the Slavs in these times could not be conquerors; this is because they lived especially, on the knees, but this form of life, this curious expression - on the knees - is not explained. Generational life and civil strife not only prevented the Russian Slavs from being conquerors, but betrayed them as a sacrifice to external enemies - Avars, barracks and, finally, Varangians. Here the author dwells on the question: "Whom does Nestor call the Varangians?" In resolving this issue, Karamzin had to choose between different opinions, which appeared already in the 18th century; he chose the opinion of the Scandinavian origin, in favor of which both clear evidence of sources and the authorities of later writers spoke. history state Russian Karamzin

In the fourth chapter, Karamzin begins the story of the beginning of the Russian state. He was not the first to ponder this event for a long time, trying to explain it: Miller, Shcherbatov, Boltin, Schlötser had already expressed their opinion regarding the motives for calling princes and its purpose. But what is surprising here is that all these writers, allowing themselves different interpretations of the annals' news, did not want to accept this news completely, did not want to acknowledge those motives and goals that were set by the chronicler, and came up with their own, while it was necessary to do something one thing: either to reject completely the news of the chronicler, or, having accepted it, to accept it completely, with all the motives and goals set forth in it, and to explain these motives and goals, as they are presented in the chronicler, according to the circumstances of the time, and not to invent their motives instead of them, and goals.

According to Karamzin, the Vikings, being more educated than the Slavs and Finns, ruled the latter without oppression and violence; The Slavic boyars armed the people against the Varangians, expelled them, but did not know how to restore the ancient laws and plunged the fatherland into the abyss of the evils of civil strife. Then they remembered the profitable and late rule of the Norman and called upon the princes. It is clear that this opinion is much closer to the point, much more satisfactory than the opinion of previous writers.

It is also curious that Karamzin drew attention to the relationship between the religion of the two peoples, which the previous writers did not do; True, Tatishchev drew attention to this, but he made the Kiev idols of Vladimirov's time Varangian.

The fifth chapter is devoted to the reign of Oleg the ruler. This reign, about which a sufficient number of legends have been included in the chronicle, gives Karamzin the opportunity for the first time to show his view, his yardstick for evaluating persons and events. Oleg, blazing with the popularity of heroes, goes south with the aim of conquest; in Kiev, he cunningly kills Askold and Dir.

Of the Russian writers who preceded Karamzin, each offered his own explanation of the reasons why Oleg undertook a campaign to the south, to Kiev.

Karamzin says that Oleg undertook the campaign, "blazing with the popularity of heroes."

The sixth chapter - Igor's reign - presents no remarkable peculiarities; there is little difference between this chapter in the first volume of the "Histories of the Russian State" and between the third chapter of the first volume of the "History of Russia" by Prince Shcherbatov (excluding, of course, the syllable).

We saw Karamzin's review of Oleg, therefore, we have the right to expect the same about Igor: "Igor did not have Oleg's successes in the war with the Greeks; it seems that he did not have his great properties: he preserved the integrity of the Russian State, arranged by Oleg; retained his honor and her benefits in treaties with the Empire, was a pagan, but allowed the newly converted Russians to solemnly praise the Christian God and, together with Oleg, left to his heirs an example of prudent tolerance, worthy of the most enlightened times. "

At the beginning of the seventh chapter, it is said about the activities of Princess Olga.

According to Karamzin, Olga, being gifted with an extraordinary mind, could be convinced of the holiness of Christian teaching, which she could get acquainted with in Kiev, and wished to be baptized, especially since she had already reached those years when a mortal feels the vanity of earthly greatness. Karamzin is silent about the reasons that made her go to Constantinople for baptism.

Regarding the war of Svyatoslav with the Greeks, Shcherbatov, placing next to the news of the Russian chronicler with the Byzantine news, is inclined in favor of the latter. Schlötser shares the opinion of Shcherbatov, comes to despair at the news of the chronicle about the war of Svyatoslav with the Greeks, does not want to agree that this news belonged to Nestor, and finds the only consolation in the hope that eventually lists will be found in which the case is told differently than in the lists that have come down to us.

Karamzin follows Shcherbatov and Schlötser, but does not express himself decisively and thus comes closer to the first than to the second.

The eighth chapter, containing a story about the strife between the sons of Svyatoslav, does not present remarkable features

The ninth chapter tells the story of the reign of Vladimirov. This reign, relatively abundant in diverse events than all previous reigns, makes it possible for the first time to see the order that Karamzin, like previous writers, will follow in the distribution of events. This order is chronicle, chronological; events follow each other, as in the annals, over the years, and do not copulate, according to their homogeneity, according to the internal connection between them. But the incoherence of the chronicle had to weigh on such an artist as Karamzin was: he tries to make it invisible in his "History" and for this he uses skillful external transitions between events that follow each other in the annals only in order of years.

The main event of Vladimirov's reign was a great religious change: the adoption of Christianity. Phenomena relating to the religious activities of Vladimir, first as a pagan, then as a Christian, as an Equal-to-the-Apostles prince - these phenomena naturally stand out from among the others, forcing the historian to combine them by explaining the reason for the transition from one to another, and it is necessary internal communication between them.

Karamzin arranges events in a chronicle, chronological order. First, it is said about the cunning of Vladimir regarding the Varangians, about jealousy of paganism, then about various wars, and here is a story about the adoption of Christianity. The news of the murder of two Christian Varangians is inserted between the news of the war with the Yatvingians and the Radimichs, and it is said that Vladimir ordered the casting of lots, while the chronicle does not say about the participation of the prince. In general, the story about this event is curious, because it shows Karamzin's view of the relation between the story of the historian and the story of the chronicler.

Between the news about the Pechenezh wars, there is a story about the feasts of Vladimir and his charity to the people, followed by the news about the vira. This news is divided into two parts, and the words relating to the second part are assigned to the first.

Tenth and final chapter the first volume contains the news about the state of ancient Russia from Rurik to the death of St. Vladimir.

Karamzin considered it necessary to dwell on the death of St. Vladimir, to survey the state of the newborn Russian society during paganism and under the first Christian prince. This review is very curious because it, albeit briefly, indicates all the most important social relations. First, the vastness of the Russian state area in the very first century of its existence, although the reasons for such a rapid spread of the state area and the consequences of such a vastness for the future are not mentioned. The meaning of the prince is indicated in the words of the tribes who called him: "We want a prince, so he owns and rules us according to the law." We have already said how this look differs Karamzin from all his predecessors, who represented the first princes in the form of border guards. The relations of the squad with the princes are indicated ... In our opinion, in the whole chapter too much meaning is given to the Norman element, which is completely separated from the native one. Regarding the legislation, Karamzin thinks that the Vikings brought common civil laws, who began to dominate, displacing the previous Slavic customs. "The Varangians, the legislators of our ancestors," says Karamzin, "were their mentors in the art of war ... (The Slavs) borrowed the art of navigation from the Varangians." Thus, we see that the Varangian system was formed for the first time in the chapter under discussion; the initial period of Russian history is already Varangian here, although it has not yet been named so.

Karamzin also mentions the influence of the clergy; does not doubt that in the early days it decided not only ecclesiastical, but also many civil matters, but rejects the charter of Vladimirov on the grounds that it contains the name of Patriarch Photius. Further, it is mentioned briefly about the ancient ruling authority, in more detail, more satisfactory - about trade, money, and the origin of leather money is explained and together the existence of silver coins is affirmed. The article about the successes of the mind speaks of the translation of Holy Scripture, the origin of the language of the book and folk; then comes a discussion of crafts and arts.

We can fully say that this work is a deep study of our history, history from ancient times.

This chapter is excellent as a skilful list of legends, a living story of events, although it should be noted that these events are taken completely separately, without indicating their connection with subsequent events. Knowing the tedious research on the same subject by the previous writers (Tatishchev, Shcherbatova), one cannot help but be surprised at the art with which Karamzin made the first chapter of his "History" easy to read by the ease of the story, the choice of details; one cannot help but be surprised common sense, with which he bypassed the fruitless rumors about the origin of peoples and popular names.

Karamzin, from the very beginning, had an immediate and universal success. She broke records in the sale. The vast majority of readers perceived it as a canonical picture of the Russian past. Even the liberal minority, who did not like her main thesis about the effectiveness of autocracy, was carried away by the literary beauty of the presentation and the novelty of the facts. Since then, critical views have changed, and today no one will survive the delight of the public who read this in 1818. The historical view of Karamzin is narrow and distorted by the nature of his worldview, specific for the 18th century. He studied exclusively (or almost exclusively) the political activities of the Russian sovereigns. The Russian people are practically ignored, which is emphasized by the name itself - History of Russian Goverment... The judgments he makes about royalty (since lower-ranking officials do not get his attention too much) are often made in a moralizing, sentimental spirit. His fundamental idea of ​​all the redeeming virtues of autocracy distorts the reading of certain facts.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Portrait of Tropinin's brush

But there is also a good side to these shortcomings. By forcing the reader to perceive Russian history as a whole, Karamzin helped him understand its unity. Discussing the behavior of sovereigns from the point of view of a moralist, he got the opportunity to condemn them for selfish or despotic policies. Focusing on the actions of the princes, he gave his work a drama: most of all, the reader's imagination was struck by the stories of individual monarchs, no doubt based on solid facts, but submitted and combined with the art of a real playwright. The most famous of them is the story of Boris Godunov, which became the great tragic myth of Russian poetry and the source of the tragedy of Pushkin and the folk drama of Mussorgsky.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Video lecture

Style Stories rhetorical and eloquent. This is a compromise with literary conservatives who, for what he wrote History, forgave Karamzin all the previous sins. But in the main it still represents the development of the French, in the spirit of the 18th century, the style of the young Karamzin. It is abstract and sentimental. He avoids, or, more precisely, misses all local and historical coloring. The choice of words is designed for universalization and humanization, and not for the individualization of ancient Russia, and the monotonously rounded rhythmic cadences create a sense of continuity, but not the complexity of the story. Contemporaries loved this style. Some of the few critics did not like his pomp and sentimentality, but in general the whole era was fascinated by him and recognized him greatest achievement Russian prose.