Summer time geography. Winter or summer time in Russia

Go to winter time takes place on the last Sunday of October
(in 2019 – 27th October– at 04:00 in Kyiv).

A person tends to get up at dawn in order to make the most of the daylight hours. This is where the idea of ​​summer and winter time, which is now used in many countries around the world, originates. Combining waking hours with daylight hours allows you to save energy consumption: in the spring, the hands of the clocks running according to standard time are moved forward an hour, and in the fall they are set again to standard time.

Divide the whole Earth into sentinels belts 15 degrees in each, and taking the Greenwich meridian - the middle of the zero belt - as the zero line - was proposed by the Canadian communications engineer S. Fleming. Inside the zone, time is assumed to be the same everywhere, and at the border the hands are moved forward or backward an hour. In 1883, Fleming's idea was accepted by the US government. And in 1884 on international conference In Washington, 26 countries signed an agreement on time zones and standard time. There were also representatives from Russia at the conference. I didn’t like the new account of time for the same reason that Russia stubbornly held on to a mile and a pound: any change seemed to be a “shock to the foundations” and an impetus to “popular fermentation.”

After October revolution, February 8, 1918, the zone division was introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars “in order to establish a uniform calculation of time during the day with the entire civilized world, stipulating the same clock readings in minutes and seconds throughout the entire globe and significantly simplifying the registration of relationships peoples, social events and most natural phenomena in time.”

By government decree of June 16, 1930, the hands of all clocks in the territory Soviet Union were moved forward an hour. Formed maternity leave time, the introduction of which made it possible to save energy. The duration of maternity time was set “until repealed” (lasted until 1981).

By resolution of the Council of Ministers on April 1, 1981, the clock hands were moved forward another hour. Thus, summer time It turned out to be already two hours ahead of belt time. For ten years, during the winter period, the clock hands were moved back an hour compared to summer time, and in the summer they returned to their place again.

In March 1991, maternity time was abolished. The two-hour advance lead was abolished. We have switched to the summer-winter time reference system. Now, in winter, standard time is used, and in summer, clocks are moved forward 1 hour. This is the brief history of changes in time counting.

We measure time by the average solar day, divided into hours, minutes and seconds. Those. based on the arithmetic average of the durations of all true solar days per year (the difference between the duration of the true and average days reaches 15 minutes due to the non-circular orbit of our planet).

Rice. 1. Changes in light and dark times of day throughout the year

In Fig. Figure 1 shows the change in light and dark times of day during the year for latitude 50° (latitude of Kyiv). The border between light and dark time is considered to be the beginning or end of the so-called civil twilight, that is, the time when the Sun dropped below the horizon by 6°. In the evenings, the city streets should be lit by this time. The graph shows sunny true time(true solar time begins and ends at noon, i.e. when the luminary passes through the meridian and stands as high as possible).

The average person gets up at 7 am and goes to bed at 11 pm local time. On the graph, the waking time of such a person is marked by two horizontal dotted lines. Beginning With Martha, he gets up after dawn. By moving the clock forward, he is forced to get up earlier (solid horizontal lines). This is justified by the fact that he will get up at daylight hours day, and spend less electricity on lighting.

Return to winter time V October does not lead to energy savings. As it turned out, this is done solely so that in winter people do not get up much earlier than sunrise. Therefore, the transition to winter time does not seem justified.

From point of view common sense It is rational to return to maternity time, abandon the annual change of clocks and live with a constant reference, which will differ by one hour in comparison with standard time. This rhythm of life, from a biological point of view, is most favorable for humans.

From October 26, 2014, the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics switched to a new standard for calculating time and moved the hands in accordance with the third time zone of the international system.
On 10/24/2014, the Supreme Council of the DPR adopted a resolution “On the transition to Donetsk time”, now Donetsk will have the same time as Moscow and an hour difference with Kiev. A corresponding resolution was adopted by the leadership of the LPR.

On March 27, 2011, Russia switched to daylight saving time for the last time. There will be no more seasonal shifts in the officially accepted time; Russians will begin to live with a constant shift of +2 hours relative to standard time. The 2-hour shift is caused by the fact that in Russia there is so-called “maternity time”, which differs from standard time by +1 hour. Daylight saving time adds another +1 hour to maternity time, for a total of +2 hours relative to standard time.

	Change to winter time always took place on the last Sunday of October (the night from Saturday to Sunday). In 2010, the last change to winter time was on October 31. On this day, at three o'clock in the morning, the hands were moved back an hour, to two o'clock in the morning. It started getting dark and dawn an hour earlier.
	Daylight saving time always took place on the last Sunday of March (the night from Saturday to Sunday). In 2011, the last change to daylight saving time was on March 27. On this day, at two o'clock in the morning, the hands were moved forward an hour, to three o'clock in the morning. It started getting dark and dawn an hour later.

what is winter and summer time

Daylight saving time is time shifted one hour ahead of the usual time in a given time zone. Similar to daylight saving time, standard time is also called winter time.

Why are winter and summer time introduced?

Summer time is introduced in many countries in the summer in order to save electricity for lighting. However, there is an opinion that the effectiveness of such a measure is insignificant, while the harm caused to human health caused by the forced displacement of natural biological cycles is great.

when winter and summer time were first introduced

Daylight saving time was first introduced in Great Britain in 1908. In Russia, the transition to summer time was first implemented in July 1917 and was in effect until 1930, when the clock hands were moved one hour ahead relative to standard time. This time was called “maternity leave”, as it was introduced by the Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars on June 16, 1930. Since 1981, summer time began to be regularly introduced in the USSR again.

Which countries use winter and summer time?

Currently, in the northern hemisphere, summer time is used in the USA, Canada, European countries, and throughout Russia. In the southern hemisphere, summer time is used in Australia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Brazil, and Chile. Countries near the equator do not use summer time.

When does the transition between winter and summer time occur?

In Russia and Europe, the transition to summer time is carried out on the night of the last Sunday in March at 2:00 by moving the clock hands 1 hour forward, and the reverse transition is carried out on the night of the last Sunday in October at 3:00 by moving the hands back 1 hour.

In the USA and Canada, since 2007, daylight saving time begins on the second Sunday in March at 2:00, and returns on the last Sunday in October, also at 2:00.

offset of winter and summer time relative to zone time

Due to the use of summer time in Russia, Russians live with a shift of +2 hours relative to standard time. The 2-hour shift is caused by the fact that in Russia there is so-called “maternity time”, which differs from standard time by +1 hour. Daylight saving time adds another +1 hour to maternity time, for a total of +2 hours relative to standard time.

When traveling around the world, people inevitably find themselves in different time days - this is due to the movement of the planet around its axis. Russia is very big country, occupying an impressive territory. For greater convenience, its area was divided into a certain number of zones corresponding to the number of time zones in Russia.

What determines time on Earth?

Our planet, as you know, has a spherical shape. In 24 hours, it manages to make a full revolution around its axis, that is, 360°. Accordingly, in one hour the Earth rotates around its axis by 15°.

In different corners globe people watch sunset or sunrise at different times. In places located on different meridians, at the same moment, the clock hands will show different times of day. For example, in Yakutsk it will be 21 hours, while in Yekaterinburg it will be only 17.

But at the same time, on the same meridian along its entire length from the North to the South Pole, the time of day will be the same. This time is called local or solar.

However, using local time is extremely inconvenient: it makes the development of relations between countries very difficult. To eliminate this discomfort, astronomers have proposed introducing a standard time system around the world.

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As a result, the entire planet was divided along the meridians into 24 zones, each of which included 15° longitude. Thus, the time in each time zone differs from the time in neighboring zones by 1 hour.

Zero is considered the time zone in the center of which the Greenwich meridian passes. He is also the 24th in a row. Time zones are counted from zero from west to east.

Rice. 1. Reference point – Greenwich meridian.

Time zones of Russia

The extent of Russia from west to east is very large, covering 11 time zones. Capital Russian Federation- Moscow is in the second time zone, and, say, Chukotka autonomous region- in the twelfth.

Moscow time serves as the reference point for determining local time anywhere in Russia. The difference is calculated by the number of full hours: the count of minutes and seconds is the same in all time zones.

To avoid confusion on Russian territory, all work of river, sea, aviation and railway transport, as well as various types of communications are carried out only according to Moscow time.

Rice. 2. Time zones of Russia on the map.

For greater convenience, the second and eleventh time zones in Russia were combined into one. For this reason, within the Russian Federation they are encountered not eleven, but ten times.

Independently calculate the standard time of each individual settlement It's not difficult at all. It is enough to know the boundaries of its location and the number of the time zone in which it is located. For example, if in Moscow, located in the second zone, it is 8 o’clock in the morning, then in Yekaterinburg, located in the fourth zone, it will be 10 o’clock in the morning, since the difference with Moscow will be 2 hours.

Table by city (time difference)

Maternity and summer time

In 1930, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars, clock hands throughout Russia were moved one hour ahead of relative standard time. The country lived in this regime for more than 50 years on the so-called “maternity” time. It was believed that the transition to a new time was established in order to save electricity. The return to seasonal time occurred only in 1981.

In the same year, summer time was introduced on the territory of the USSR. Between April 1 and October 1, clocks across the country were moved forward an hour. The official reason for this transition is the rational use of daylight hours and energy savings.

Rice. 3. Physiologists are against the transition to a new time.

However, physiologists are confident that such jumps in time have a very negative impact on people’s well-being. For any organism, the transition to a new time is stressful, and it takes some time to life cycles adapted to new conditions.

Daylight saving time in the Russian Federation was canceled in 2011.

What have we learned?

While studying one of the topics in the 8th grade geography program, we found out how many time zones there are in Russia. We found out that their number of time zones corresponds to the number of meridians, and the time difference in each neighboring zone is exactly one hour. Moscow time is considered the main time in Russia, according to which all types of transport operate and connections are established throughout the country.

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During almost the entire existence of the Russian Federation, namely, from October 23, 1991, the resolution of the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR from “On streamlining the calculation of time on the territory of the RSFSR” was in force on the territory of our country. This legal act established the annual introduction of summer time; the procedure and date for the transition to it were to be determined in accordance with the requirements of the European Economic UN.

Cancellation of the annual transfer of hands

In 2011, the then President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev signed a law that abolished the practice of changing the hands on the clock. However, this legal act was signed in June, that is, after the country's residents switched their clocks to daylight saving time on March 27, 2011.

Thus, the federal law No. 107-FZ of June 3, 2011 “On the calculation of time” actually established permanent summer time in Russia. The main factor that caused the refusal to change the clock hands twice annually was the negative impact of the change in time on the human body, expressed in an increase in morbidity and the country's population.

Discussion about the temporary regime in Russia

At the same time, the decision made several years ago cannot be called unambiguously popular: it had quite a lot of opponents. The main argument that is usually put forward to challenge the legality of fixing summer time on the territory of the country is the continued operation of the so-called maternity time.

The fact is that back in 1930, by a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars USSR A temporary regime was introduced on the territory of all republics, one hour ahead of standard time. And although this decree was canceled in 1991, about a year later this temporary regime was restored on Russian territory.

The introduction of summer time actually represents the addition of one more hour to maternity time: thus, residents of the Russian Federation find themselves two hours ahead of standard time. In this regard, in last years There are periodic proposals to return to winter time.

At the moment, the draft law establishing the country's transition to permanent winter time has been adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the third reading. If it comes into force, the actual time in Russia will be closer to standard time.

On July 14 (July 1, old style), 1917, the transition from “winter” to “summer” time was carried out in Russia for the first time.

The expression “summer time” or “Daylight Saving Time” means shifting one hour ahead of the time in a given time zone. Introduced for the summer period in order to save electricity by the governments of a number of countries approximately north of 30° north latitude and south of 30° south latitude.

Changing the clock hands to “summer” time is not advisable everywhere. At tropical latitudes (less than 23.5°), the length of daylight hours varies little throughout the year. At polar latitudes (more than 66.33°) there is a polar day and a polar night. The effect of changing the clock hands to “summer” and “winter” time can occur in the latitude range from 30 to 55°.

Dates of summer time in different countries decreasing from north to south, amounting to 20-30 weeks in April-May, summer months and September-October (in the northern hemisphere) and about 20 weeks in November-March (in the southern hemisphere). With a significant decrease in daylight hours, the time is set back an hour. The mode of life according to standard standard time is commonly called “winter” time.

The idea of ​​changing clocks first arose in the 18th century from the American public figure Benjamin Franklin in order to save candles for lighting, but was blocked by candle manufacturers.

In 1895, New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson submitted a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society in which he proposed a two-hour shift to preserve daylight.

The idea of ​​introducing “summer” time found support in most economically developed countries at the beginning of the 20th century, during the period of mass electrification of industry and everyday life. More rational use of daylight hours should have reduced energy costs for indoor lighting.

In Great Britain, in 1909, a bill was drawn up to introduce “summer” time, which was repeatedly considered in Parliament, but was never adopted before the First World War.

Many states abandoned "summer" time immediately after the end of the war, others repeatedly introduced this time, then abandoned it, and some countries maintained this time shift throughout the year.

A change to "summer" time was introduced when crisis situations arose, for example, during the Second World War (USA, UK), during the oil crisis of 1973-1974 (USA, Germany and other countries).

In Russia, this transition was first carried out on July 1 (July 14, new style) 1917, when, in accordance with the decree of the Provisional Government, the hands of all clocks in the country were moved forward one hour.

They were transferred back on December 27, 1917 (January 9, 1918 according to the new style) in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 22, 1917 (January 4, 1918 according to the new style).

The practice of changing from "summer" to "winter" time continued until 1924.

By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated June 16, 1930, maternity time was introduced on the territory of the USSR. Then the clock hands were moved one hour ahead relative to standard time and after that they were not moved back, and the country began to live and work all year round, one hour ahead of the natural daily cycle. The transfer of clock hands to “summer” time was resumed on April 1, 1981, but this time relative to maternity time. Thus, in the country, “summer” time was two hours ahead of standard time.

In the USSR, and since 1991 in Russia, the introduction of “summer” time was carried out on the night of the last Saturday on the last Sunday of March, and “winter” time - on the night of the last Saturday on the last Sunday of September.

In 1996, the period of “summer” time in Russia was “in order to maintain a single time regime with other countries. The transition to “winter” time began to take place on the last Sunday of October, as in all of Europe.

At the same time, the majority of the Russian population opposed daylight saving time.

On July 21, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke about Russia’s transition to “winter” time from October 26, 2014. In most regions of the Russian Federation, the clocks were set back an hour, and in the future the seasonal change of hands was not carried out. Five regions of Russia (Udmurtia, Samara Region, Kemerovo Region, Kamchatka Territory and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) have not switched to “winter” time.

After this, complaints began to be received from a number of regions about the lack of sunlight in the evenings. In 2016, the Russian authorities approved laws that made it possible to move the clock hands forward: in the Altai Republic, Altai and Trans-Baikal Territories, Sakhalin, Astrakhan, Magadan, Tomsk, Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk and.

Currently, there is no consensus among experts and the international community on significant savings in energy resources during the transition to summer time.

In 2017, more than 70 countries and territories switched to summer/winter time. From the former Soviet republics Only Moldova, Ukraine and the three Baltic republics - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia - introduced "summer" time.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources