Northern Bukovina: between Kiev, Bucharest and common sense. Bukovina

Bukovina(literally beech country; Ukrainian Bukovina, rom. Bucovina) is a historical region in Eastern Europe. At present, its northern part (Northern Bukovina) is the Chernivtsi region of Ukraine without Khotinsky, Kelmenetsky, Sokiryansky, Novoselytsky and Gertsaevsky regions, and South Bukovina is Suceava county of Romania.

Ethnic communities of the Chernivtsi region according to the 2001 census: Ukrainians (75.0%), Romanians (2.7%), Moldovans (17.3%), Russians (4.1%), Poles (0.3%), Belarusians (0.2%) and Jews (0.2%). Most of Bukovina is covered by spurs of the Carpathian Mountains, reaching heights of 1190-2180 m.

The rivers of Bukovina belong to the Black Sea basin. Some rivers are shallow in summer, but in spring and after heavy rains they overflow their banks and produce severe devastation. The Prut and, to a lesser extent, the Dniester touch the borders of Bukovina; Siret and Suceava originate in it.

The climate is temperate continental. Its location in the zone of steppes and forest-steppes makes it quite arid. The proximity of the mountains on the one hand (due to the dominance of western transport in these latitudes) acts as an obstacle to the penetration of a large amount of precipitation, on the other hand, it is a factor in a significant decrease in winter temperatures. Soils - chernozems in the flat areas and gray forest, brown and podzolized in the mountains. Agriculture is developed on the flat areas. The elevated areas with their meadows are used for pastures.

Etymology

The name officially came into use in 1775, with the annexation of the territory by the Habsburg Empire. The name comes from Slavic word"beech".

Middle Ages

In Southern Bukovina is the ancient capital of the Moldavian Principality of the XIV - early XVI centuries. - Suceava, the monastery of Putna with the tombs of princes and a number of other ancient monasteries of Moldova.

Part of Austria-Hungary

coat of arms of the Duchy of Bukovina

In 1849-1918. Bukovina had the status of a duchy within the Cisleitan part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, bordering Galicia in the north, Hungary and Transylvania in the west, and Romania and Bessarabia in the south and east.

Device and control

A Ukrainian nationalist movement emerged in Bukovina, although weaker than in neighboring Galicia. In 1930, the Legion of Ukrainian Nationalists (LUR) appeared in Chernivtsi, headed by O. Zubachinsky, in 1932 the Avengers of Ukraine group (Mesniki of Ukraine) was created. The organizations established contacts with the OUN and from 1934 Zubachinsky became the regional leader of the OUN in Bukovina, Bessarabia and Maramuresh.

In the late 1930s, the Romanianization policy was intensified. The new Constitution of 1938 forbade naturalized Romanians from acquiring property in the countryside, and only a 3rd generation Romanians could become a minister. True, at the same time concessions were made to national minorities, including those in Bukovina. In April 1940, teaching was allowed Ukrainian language in schools and Chernivtsi University, and the position of an inspector was introduced to control teaching in the Ukrainian language (he had to be Ukrainian by origin).

Accession of Northern Bukovina to the USSR

In 1940, the USSR, in accordance with the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and with the help of military blackmail, annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, which at that time were part of Romania, but during the Second World War it was occupied by the Germans and Romanians. In 1944 Soviet troops returned Northern Bukovina. In the same year, Southern Bukovina, which accounted for 60% of the Bukovina lands and was populated mainly by Romanians, was transferred to Socialist Republic Romania. Northern Bukovina went to the USSR and became part of the Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR, now - Ukraine.

Bukovina is a historical and geographical region in the Southern Carpathian region. In dry times, it covers parts of the territory of the modern Chernivtsi region in Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and the Suceava region in Romania (Southern Bukovina).

ON BOTH SIDES OF THE BORDER

Separate sections of the territory of Bukovica were on opposite sides of the borders, but this does not prevent the locals from remaining faithful to traditions.

The majority of the population of Northern Bukovina are Ukrainians, followed by Romanians and Moldovans - the descendants of the inhabitants of the once united Bukovina, their number is one fifth of the entire population of Northern Bukovina.

Here is an extremely curious linguistic picture: although Ukrainian is the only state language, the majority of the population speaks two or more languages: Ukrainians and Moldovans speak Russian, Poles speak Ukrainian, and elderly Ukrainians have not forgotten Romanian either.

Northern Bukovina is covered with forests dominated by spruce, fir and, of course, beech. Preserved rich animal world: Carpathian deer, roe deer, wild boar, fox.

The rivers of Bukovina have long been known as waterways for timber rafting from the Carpathian Mountains to the plains. The path was short, but extremely dangerous, the rafting profession in Bukovina has always been considered extremely risky, legends and songs were composed about these desperate guys. Nowadays, a special kind of water tourism has appeared on these rivers - sports mountain rafting on traditional long Bukovina rafts: pleasure is not for the faint of heart, because the current here is swift, there are many treacherous rapids, and the channel is extremely winding.

Many local attractions are associated with the Ukrainian movement of the Carpathian oprishki, especially with the name of the rebel leader Oleksa Dovbush (1700-1745). Known are "Dovbush stones", "Dovbush rocks", but the most popular and visited is the "Dovbush cave" in the Putivl region.

Bukovinians have many holidays, the most popular are the Ukrainian "Exit to the meadows", "Shovkova moss" and the holiday of humor and folklore "Zakharetsky Garchik", as well as the Romanian national holidays "Mertisor", "Limba noaster chya romine" and "Floril Dalbe" ”, in which all national and cultural organizations of the region participate.

Chernivtsi is the main city of Northern Bukovina and the historical center of all Bukovina. The city's prosperity was facilitated by its location at the crossroads of trade routes from northwestern Europe to the Balkans and Turkey. As a result of wars and changes of power, almost all Germans were evicted from Chernivtsi in 1940, Soviet times sharply reduced the number of Poles and Romanians. Now the majority of the population in the city are Ukrainians. As for the Jews, who under the Romanians made up almost a third of the city's population, the majority died during the Second World War in numerous German concentration camps. After the war, most of the survivors fled to Romania.

Southern Bukovina in Romania includes one Suceava county. Romanians are the majority population in Southern Bukovina, followed by the Roma by a wide margin. The capital city of the county is called Suceava, and it contains main value South Bukovina - Throne Fortress, the ancient place of the coronation of Moldavian rulers.

CURIOUS FACTS

■ Television of Northern Bukovina (Ukraine) broadcasts news in Ukrainian, but the speech in Russian is given without translation, and at the end of the broadcast, the same broadcast follows, but in Romanian and with a different presenter.

■ The name of the city of Zastavna comes, according to local residents, not at all from the customs “outpost”, which was once located here at the crossing over the Sovitsa River, but from the location of the city behind three ponds: “stav” is in Ukrainian and means “pond”.

■ Folk hero of Bukovina Oleksa Dovbush suffered from muteness as a child, but Iosif Yavny cured him. People like Yavny were called molfars in Bukovina: they were healers, healers, keepers of ancient knowledge and culture of the Bukovinians. The name "molfar" comes from the word "molfa" - the object on which the spell is cast.

■ In Russian Ryazan in the 1970s. Entuziastov Avenue was renamed Chernovitskaya Street - in honor of the city of Chernivtsi, which is twinned with Ryazan.

■ The name of the center of South Bukovina, unusual for a Slav, is Suceava, which, as is commonly believed, comes from the Hungarian word suchshvar, literally translated as “zamokfurshchik”. A friend of the version, the city inherited the name from the river, and the word itself is of Ukrainian origin.

■ The greatest influx of Poles to Bukovina began during the Austrian domination, when Bukovina was united with Galicia under the name Chernivtsi district. Many of those who arrived were Gorali - a population living in the highlands of Poland. It was they who became the main distributors of Catholicism in Bukovina.

ATTRACTION

■ Natural: Vizhnitsky national nature Park, Mountain Eye Lake, Nemchich Pass, Stone Bogachka Rock, or Sworn Rock, Caliman Mountains.
■ Religious: a wooden church (the village of Selyatin, XVII century), the Greek Catholic Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Storozhinets, 1865), St. Nicholas Church (Putilsky district, 1886).
■ Historical: Throne Fortress (Suceava, Romania, 14th century), Oleksa Dovbush's Cave, Museum-Estate of Ukrainian literary figure Yuriy Fedkovich (Putila village, 18th century), Memorial House-Museum of writer Mikhail Sadovyanu (Falticeni, Romania).
■ Architectural: the Flonder Palace (Storozhinets, 1880), the town hall (Storozhinets, 1905).
■ Chernivtsi: wooden St. Nicholas Church (1607), cathedral in the style of late classicism (1844-1864), Museum of the History and Culture of the Jews of Bukovina, Chernivtsi National University named after Yuriy Fedkovich (former residence of the Orthodox metropolitans of Bukovina and Dalmatia, 1882), a neo-Gothic Jesuit church (1893-1894). Museum of Folk Architecture and Life, Museum of the Bukovinian Diaspora, architectural ensemble of Rynok Square (XVIII-XIX centuries), City Hall (1840s), Theater Square (early XX century), Chernivtsi Theater (1904-1905).

Atlas. The whole world is in your hands №245

Bukovina is the smallest of the five historical regions of Western Ukraine, occupying the smallest Chernivtsi region in the country (8.1 thousand square kilometers - only 8 times larger than Moscow), and even then not all of it. Bukovina differs from Volhynia in that it was never part of the Commonwealth - for many centuries this region was associated with Romania and its predecessors.

And this is a completely different Western Ukraine. Unlike Galicia with its luxury and religion, from Podolia with its endless war, Bukovina is a quiet, comfortable and not concerned about national issues outskirts of all the states that owned it.

The name of Bukovina was given by beech - a broad-leaved tree, a close relative of oak. Beech forests are one of the "visiting cards" of the Carpathians and the Balkans, and the beech itself is easy to identify by its stone-gray bark. However, I'm not sure that it was the beeches that were photographed here - the color is the same, but the bark of the "correct" beeches is smooth:

Basically, the landscapes of Bukovina look like this - the terrain is rugged and picturesque:

A little south of Chernivtsi rises the lonely mountain of Berda (517 meters) - either the highest point of flat Ukraine, or the farthest of the Carpathian mountains:

And there are super caves here. For example, the third largest in Western Ukraine (87 km) Cinderella, or Emil-Rakovitsa - almost the only one in the world international cave, which has entrances on both sides of the Ukrainian-Moldovan border.

Although the border is everywhere. Not state - so historical. An hour and a half from Chernivtsi to the north - and Podolia begins:

An hour and a half to the south - and Romania begins:

There is no pronounced natural border with Romania, and the Dniester separates Bukovina from Podolia:

The Prut River flows through the center of Bukovina (no photos), on which Chernivtsi stands. The Prut forms the Romanian-Moldovan border.

In general, it is more correct to call these lands Northern Bukovina - after all, Ukraine owns no more than a third of this historical region, which is part of Moldova. Moldova itself - historical area quite large, in diversity and originality it can be compared with the whole of Western Ukraine. And it is divided into three parts: Moldova, Bessarabia (which is now independent) and Bukovina.

Historical coat of arms of Bukovina (small - Moldavian, large - Austrian).

However, the current Chernivtsi region ended up in Bukovina in much the same way as Krakow in Galicia. Before Mongol invasion it was territory Ancient Russia: in 1001, by order of Vladimir the Red Sun, Khotyn was founded, and in the 12th century, Yaroslav Osmomysl founded Choren, the predecessor of Chernivtsi. After the Mongol invasion, "proto-Bukovina" apparently entered the Podolsky ulus, was recaptured by Hungary in the 1340s, and in 1359, after the uprising of Bogdan the First, became part of the Moldavian principality independent of Hungary. Its capital was located precisely in Bukovina - first Siret, and since 1385 - Suceava, which became the capital of Moldova in 1385-1579.

Throne fortress of the Moldavian rulers (from Wikipedia)

Here was Putna - "Jerusalem of the Romanian people", a monastery founded in 1469 by Stephen the Great and which became his tomb. For Romania, this is about the same as for Russia, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

From the Pravoslavie.Ru website.

From Wikipedia.

But despite the proximity to one of the centers of Romanian statehood, Northern Bukovina remained a Slavic region throughout its history. However, it was a periphery - almost all the main events in the life of Bukovina and Moldavia unfolded to the south, whether it was civil strife or a long and hopeless war with the Turks. In 1403 Chernivtsi was mentioned for the first time in a message to Lvov merchants as one of the centers of Polish-Moldovan trade. The oldest architectural monument of Bukovina can be considered the Assumption Church in the village of Luzhany (where I never got there), founded no later than the 15th century (and probably even in the Old Russian period).
However, Khotyn received special significance at that time:

In 1457-1504, Moldavia was ruled by Stefan the Great, or Stefan cel Mare, who in many ways resembled his contemporary Ivan the Third - a wise, strong and humane (by the standards of the Middle Ages, of course!) Ruler who put the boyars in their place and successfully fought with enemies. Under him, Moldova was not only absolutely independent, but also became one of the most powerful and richest powers in Eastern Europe.
The most striking layer of those times in Bessarabia is the "stone belt" along the Dniester, the fortresses of Khotyn, Soroca, Tigina (Bendery) and Chetatya-Albe (Akkerman, Belgorod-Dnestrovsky). As a result, only one remained in Moldova (without Transnistria) - Soroca. Khotyn fortress, heavily rebuilt in subsequent centuries, is one of the most beautiful and powerful in Ukraine:

However, the Khotyn region is isolated from Bukovina - it is really more correct to attribute it to Bessarabia, and the Russian garrison church of the 19th century is a confirmation of this. However, more on that later.

Another monument of medieval Moldova is the Old Elias Church (1560) in the village of Toporovtsy:

Stefan cel Mare went down in history not only as a hero of Moldova, but also as a hero of Orthodoxy - it was during his reign that Constantinople fell, and defending the faith, he was close to the fact that Moldova would turn into the Third Rome ... but after his death there was no worthy successor. First, the ruler Bogdan Krivoy began to improve relations with Turkey and got involved in a war with Poland, which he lost; Stephen the Fourth (or Shtefanice - "Stefanchik") was mired in palace intrigues, started a war with Wallachia and was poisoned. Lord Peter Raresh tried to centralize power, but he was overthrown by the Turks, placing "his man" Stefan Lacusta on the throne, thus making Moldova a vassal. The rulers were replaced almost every year, then Poland and the Cossacks became friends, then enemies. By the end of the 16th century, Moldova finally became part of the Ottoman Empire.

Ruins of a mosque in Khotyn.

Two hundred years of Ottoman rule (until 1775) were probably the most difficult period in the history of Bukovina. The heritage of this era is the church-huts, which are still many in the Chernivtsi region:

This phenomenon is of the same type as synagogues, Tatar mosques, Old Believer churches: aesthetics were sacrificed for secrecy and simplicity. Such temples were built where it was understood that it was impossible to save them, and the main criterion was restorability. The same applies to icon painting - there is even such a thing as "Bukovinian primitivism". And at the same time, unlike the Commonwealth, the Ottoman Empire did not impose its religion on the conquered peoples - and even in this state, Bukovina remained Orthodox:

But in general, until the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Bukovina lived underground. However, in 1775, taking advantage of the defeat of the Turks in Russian-Turkish war, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria annexed the region:

(Town Hall in Chernivtsi)

And in 1812, along with all of Bessarabia, Khotyn became part of Russia:

But if Khotyn was a distant outskirts of the province with a center in Chisinau, then Chernivtsi (which became a city since 1491) turned out to be the center of the Bukovina district, first subordinate to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and in 1849 allocated to a separate province. And it was during this era that Bukovina flourished - it seems that at least 90% of its heritage was created in the 1850-1930s.
Chernivtsi has turned into a small (67 thousand inhabitants at the beginning of the 20th century), but a luxurious city worthy of Lviv:

With the same rampage of secession:

And the sculptural nudity so beloved by the Austrians (and the specific forms of some of the sculptures would have puzzled Freud):

Under the Austrians they came here railways(1866), and a luxurious station appeared:

And it is on the Austrian road, through Lviv, that trains go to Chernivtsi now. After all, a more direct road to the east crosses the border of Moldova several times. I have already traveled on the Moscow-Chernivtsi train three times - back and forth to Galicia and only "there" to Podolia, and this train is absolutely the most terrible of all that I used. And a feature of Bukovina and the Ivano-Frankivsk region can be called the old D1 diesel trains, produced by Hungary by order of the USSR (1960-80s):

And the other road leads to Romania, and closer to the border I even saw sections of the combined (three rails) "Russian" and "Stephen" gauge (I did not get into the frame).

Churches were built at this time, and mostly Orthodox. The architecture and details are very characteristic - most of the rural churches look about the same, only simpler:

Orthodoxy under Austria-Hungary remained the dominant religion of Bukovina. Here was the Bukovina-Dalmatian Metropolis, which was part of the "home" Karlovac Patriarchate, which existed in the years 1848-1920 in the city of Sremski Karlovtsy, the center of the Austrian province of Serbian Vojvodina.

Cathedral in Chernivtsi (1844-64)

Bukovina played a very special role in the history of Russian Orthodoxy. But not the Moscow Patriarchate, but the Old Believers. Under Nicholas I, the period of relative religious freedom, begun by Catherine II, ended in Russia. In 1827, the Old Believers were forbidden to receive priests from the New Believers, and since the Old Believers did not have bishops, this threatened them with the loss of religion. In 1838, the Old Believer monks Pavel and Alimpiy arrived in Bukovina, and in 1846 they found the Greek Ambrose Papa-Georgopolu, the former metropolitan of Bukovina-Dalmatia, deposed in 1840 by the Patriarch of Constantinople and living in poverty in the Ottoman capital.

Pavel and Alimpiy did not come to him empty-handed, but with permission received back in 1844 from the Austrian authorities to create an Old Believer metropolis. The center has already been found - the ancient village of Belaya Krinitsa, founded by the Lipovans - runaway Old Believers from among the Cossacks (many of their settlements are scattered throughout Moldova from Bukovina to the Danube Delta).
In 1846, Ambrose became a metropolitan for the second time - but now of a new denomination: the Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church, better known as the Belokrinitsky consent. In our time, out of 2 million Old Believers, 1.5 million belong to the Russian Orthodox Church. And although in 1853 the center of the Russian Orthodox Church was moved back to Moscow, Belaya Krinitsa remained one of the main shrines of the Old Believers:

Even the Austrian period is notable for numerous architectural experiments in the field of historicism. The architecture of Bukovina differed from the architecture of Galicia by the active use of the techniques of Moldovan architecture - for example, tiled ornaments on the roofs (in this case, Chernivtsi University, the former residence of the Bukovina-Dalmatian metropolitans):

Or the New Ilyinskaya Church in Toporovtsy - a typical Romanian church, clearly inspired by the monasteries of Moldova, although it was built in 1914:

First World War it was much easier here than in Galicia and Podolia - although the city was occupied three times by Russian troops and was the center of the Chernivtsi province of the Galician general government, no new wars followed the collapse of Austria-Hungary. Bukovina simply became one of the counties (counties) of Romania.
The development of architecture, however, did not seem to be interrupted, it was just that the "Moldavian motifs" were replaced by Wallachian ones - the so-called "neobrynkovian style". For example, St. Nicholas Church (1927-39) in Chernivtsi, nicknamed the "Drunken Church" for its shape - just a stylization of the Episcopal Church in the capital of medieval Wallachia Curtea de Arges:

And civilian "neobrynkovyansky" houses look basically like this (on the left):

But the most characteristic layer of the Romanian period is functionalism, which is emphatically unaesthetic here, which is interesting:

This, for example, is not Khrushchev, but the Romanian People's House (1937) in Chernivtsi:

Then there was the Second World War - and again, not as bloody as in Galicia. In 1940 Romania gave Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia to the USSR on a voluntary-compulsory basis, so the scale of repressions here was not the same. In 1941-44, Bukovina was again part of Romania, and there was a ghetto in Chernivtsi - however, the Romanians are still not Germans, and the Holocaust here was not so total. Thanks to the efforts of the Chernivtsi mayor Trajan Popovich, more than 20 thousand Jews were saved - he simply managed to convince Antonescu that the city's economy is based on the Jews.
The Soviet period in the life of Bukovina was also very quiet. Bukovina again became a cozy hinterland on the outskirts of the empire. Chernivtsi turned into a large industrial centre precision manufacturing.

And in independent Ukraine, Bukovina differs from its neighbors. The first thing that catches your eye in comparison with Podolia is religiosity. The same as in Galicia, chapels along the roads - only not Greek Catholic, but Orthodox:

And in comparison with Galicia, it is striking that there are clearly more sympathies for Russia and the USSR. There are streets of Chkalov, Volodarsky, Moscow Olympics, etc. Here you can see the traditional symbols of the Victory ( St. George ribbons, sickle-and-hammers, silhouettes of the Spasskaya Tower), monuments-tanks, and only perhaps the Lenins are not here:

In general, Bukovina gives the impression of a very tolerant region. And this is not a "melting pot" - rather a place where different nations lived peacefully. With what it is connected - I do not know. Maybe with the almost complete absence of periods of militant Catholicism, or maybe with the fact that there has never been an ethnic oppression of Ukrainians, for which Poland was "famous".

And a little about rural Bukovina.
The traditional village here has been preserved only in skansens:

But there are many other vestiges left. For example, wood carving:

Both Romanian and Soviet. Wooden stops are not only in the Russian North:

And along the roads in some places there are old windmills. On the Chernivtsi-Khotin highway, I saw at least three of them. They do not work, but simply decorate the landscape - and this is very useful, given the primitiveness of wooden churches. However, I took this shot in a skansen, but the windmills near the highway are the same:

And modern rural Bukovina impresses even more than rural Galicia. If in Galicia an ordinary peasant house looks like a "dacha of a wealthy Muscovite", then in Bukovina it looks like a "dacha of an average businessman":

I did not take pictures through the fence, so take my word for it - in the yards of such houses ( but not this particular one! ) chickens walk on the tiles, there is a "Zaporozhets" near the house, and they even draw water from the well. This phenomenon is hardly possible to understand in Russia, where they are proud of their poverty (especially imaginary) ..
However, here I finally photographed what I saw many times in Galicia - the dates on the huts. Almost all dated - 1960-80s:

By the way, quite a lot of Romanians and Moldovans live here to this day - about 20% throughout the region (12% Romanians, 7% Moldovans), and in the Gertsaevsky district, closely adjacent to Chernivtsi, all 90% (it was part of South Bukovina) . Even on the way from Chertkovo, I noticed that there are many obvious non-Slavs here - in Moscow I would have mistaken them for Caucasians. But in general, after a couple of hours, you stop noticing differences in appearance, and at least I did not feel the presence of another people.

And in general, despite the terrible weather, I really liked Bukovina.
The next 4 parts are about Chernivtsi.

PODOLIA and BUKOVYNA-2010

BUKOVYNA- the historical name (since the 15th century) of a part of the territory of the modern Chernivtsi region in Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and the Suceava region in Romania (Southern Bukovina) ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

bucovina- noun, number of synonyms: 1 region (62) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Bukovina- BUKOVINA. See Austria-Hungary… Military Encyclopedia

Bukovina- This term has other meanings, see Bukovyna (meanings). The dividing line of Bukovina and the area of ​​​​Hertz ... Wikipedia

Bukovina- a historical region in the Southern Carpathian region. In the 1st millennium BC. e. inhabited by Thracians; Slavic settlements have been known since the 6th century. From the 10th century as part of Old Russian state, then Galicia and Galicia-Volyn principalities; in the second half of the 14th century. … encyclopedic Dictionary

BUKOVYNA- the historical name of the territory that is part of the modern. Chernivtsi region Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and region. Suceava of Romania (Southern Bukovina). In X XI centuries. was part of the Old Russian state; in XII 1st half. 14th century as part of Galicia, and then Galicia ... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia

Bukovina- the historical name of the territory that is part of the modern Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR and the region of Suceava SRR. Received the name from the beech forests that covered most her territory. Northern Bukovina in the 1st millennium was ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Bukovina- (i.e., the country of beech, Bukowina) a duchy that is part of the Cisleitan part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, bordering in the north on Galicia, on the west, except for Galicia, on Hungary and Sedmigradia, and on the south and east with Moldova; has 10451 sq. km of length and on … Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Bukovina- Sp Bukovinà Ap Bucovina rumuniškai Ap Bukovina/Bukovyna ukrainiškai L ist. sr. Rumunijoje ir PV Ukrainoje … Pasaulio vietovardziai. Internetinė duomenų bazė

Bukovina- history. geogr. region, Ukraine (Chernivtsi region) and Romania (Suceava county). The name is from Bukovina beech forest ... Toponymic Dictionary

BUKOVYNA- ist. name territory that is part of the modern Chernivtsi region Ukrainian SSR (North Byelorussia) and modern. region Suceava Room. Nar. Republic (South East). Its name (first encountered in 1392) B. received from massifs of beech forests. Indigenous people east glorious… … Soviet historical encyclopedia

BUKOVYNA- historical Russian land in the southwest of Russia. It got its name (for the first time in 1392) from the massifs of beech forests. The indigenous population are Russian tribes of Tivertsy and Ulichi. In X XI centuries. within Russia. In the XII-XIII centuries. as part of Galicia ... ... Russian history

bucovina- the local name for a soil variety characterized by a black color, loose, light, crumbly structure. Occurs in the form of spots in the valleys or along the lower parts of the slopes, without forming continuous areas; in the dry season it is strongly blown out ... ... place names Eastern Siberia

bucovina- cube ... Concise Dictionary anagram

Bukovina- the name of the female family of the region in Ukraine and Romania ... Spelling Dictionary of Ukrainian Movies

Books

• Accession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR, Jesse Russell, Attention! Accession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR (also the Bessarabian operation, the Bessarabian campaign, Prut campaign 1940, the accession of Northern Bukovina to the USSR and Bessarabian ... Category: Society and social studies Series: Publisher: VSD, Buy for 870 rubles
• Ballad about a rider on a white horse | Ivasyuk Mikhail Grigorievich, Ivasyuk M., Tsirin Dmitry, The book of the Ukrainian writer Mikhail Ivasyuk includes two novels: "The Ballad of the Rider on the White Horse" and "The Sentence to the Son of Zarathustra". The first of them is devoted to the history of the struggle of the Slavic population ... Category: Books Publisher: Soviet Writer. Moscow, Buy for 234 rubles
• TO GALICHI, Pollak Martin, To Galicia (Nach Galicien, 1984) the first book by Martin Pollak, in which the writer develops the Austrian myth about the crown land of the Austro-Ugric Empire. Yogo is obviously more expensive ... Category: Visual arts Books XXI Publisher: Books-XXI, Manufacturer: Books-XXI, Buy for 154 UAH (Ukraine only)
• Kuzma Demochko - journalist, editor, mysticist, Ivan Fostii, From the publisher: I will draw a hero in Ukraine and for її between the journalist, rich editor of the newspaper "Radyanska Bukovyna" (nі "Bukovyna") Kuzma Makarovich Demochko, who is from the day of creation ... Category: Writers, poets and screenwriters Manufacturer:

Fourteenth - nineteenth century

Hasidism in Bukovina

Holocaust in Bukovina

In July 1941, Northern Bukovina was occupied by German and Romanian troops, who began the extermination of Jews. Jews were mobilized for forced labor. On October 11, 1941, a ghetto was created in Chernivtsi; 40,000 Jews from this ghetto, and then another 35,000 from the surrounding areas, were sent to the Transnistrian camps.

Post-war Bukovina

At the end of World War II, Bukovina was again divided between Romania and the USSR. The Romanian authorities allowed Jews to immigrate to Israel from the Romanian-owned southern part of Bukovina, in which only a small number of Jews remained. In 1970, 37,459 Jews lived in the Chernivtsi region. In 1971, a limited repatriation of Jews from Soviet Bukovina to Israel began.

In the 1970s–80s. Bukovina is one of the centers of the revival of national Jewish identity and the struggle for the right to repatriate. From here tens of thousands of Jews left for Israel. In 1988, the first Jewish samizdat magazine in Ukraine began to be published in Chernivtsi (see Samizdat. Jewish samizdat; editor I. Zisels (born in 1946), later co-chairman of the all-Union Vaad, 1989–92, chairman of the Ukrainian Vaad since 1991. ). Jewish life is being revived, religious communities and cultural societies are being created.

For the Jews of Bukovina after the declaration of independence of Ukraine, see Ukraine. Jews in independent Ukraine (since 1991).