Formal positive examples. social control

Description

IN modern world social control is understood as the supervision of human behavior in society in order to prevent conflicts, restore order and maintain the existing social order. The presence of social control is one of the most important conditions for the normal functioning of the state, as well as compliance with its laws. An ideal society is a society in which each of its members does what he wants, but at the same time this is what is expected of him and what the state requires on this moment. Of course, it is not always easy to force a person to do what society wants him to do.

Introduction
1. The concept of social control
2. Elements of social control
3. Mechanisms of action of social control
4. Functions of social control
5. Forms of implementation of social control
Conclusion
Bibliography

The work consists of 1 file

Sanctions are the guardians of norms. Social sanctions - an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of norms, and punishments for deviation from them (ie, deviance).

Fig.1 Types of social sanctions.

There are four types of sanctions:

Formal positive sanctions- public approval by official organizations, documented with signatures and seals. These include, for example, awarding orders, titles, prizes, admission to high positions, etc.

Informal positive sanctions- public approval that does not come from official organizations: a compliment, a smile, fame, applause, etc.

Formal negative sanctions- punishments provided for by laws, instructions, decrees, etc. These are arrest, imprisonment, excommunication, a fine, etc.

Informal negative sanctions- punishments not provided for by laws - mockery, censure, notation, neglect, spreading rumors, feuilleton in the newspaper, slander, etc.

Norms and sanctions are combined into one whole. If a norm lacks an accompanying sanction, then it loses its regulatory function. Say, in the 19th century. in countries Western Europe the birth of children in a legal marriage was considered the norm. Illegitimate children were excluded from the inheritance of their parents' property, they could not enter into worthy marriages, they were neglected in everyday communication. Gradually, as society modernized, it excluded sanctions for violation of this norm, and public opinion softened. As a result, the norm ceased to exist.

3. Mechanisms of action of social control

By themselves, social norms do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows, and for a serious crime - imprisonment. When we expect a certain act from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction following it.

Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm lacks a sanction that accompanies it, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not. The dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex procedure of judicial proceedings, on the basis of which a judgment is issued. Bringing to administrative responsibility, say a fine for ticketless travel, involves the presence of an official transport controller, and sometimes a policeman. The assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the Academic Council. Sanctions for violators of group habits require a smaller number of persons, but, nevertheless, they are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

social control- the most effective tool by which the powerful institutions of society organize the life of ordinary citizens. The instruments, or in this case the methods, of social control are of great variety; they depend on the situation, goals and nature of the particular group where they are used. They range from one-on-one showdowns to psychological pressure, physical abuse, economic coercion. It is not necessary that the control mechanisms were aimed at excluding an undesirable person and incentivizing the loyalty of others. “Isolation” is most often subjected not to the individual himself, but to his actions, statements, relations with other persons.

Unlike self-control, external control is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is divided into informal (intra-group) and formal (institutional).

Formal control is based on the approval or disapproval of official authorities and administration.

Informal control is based on approval or condemnation from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or means mass media.

The traditional rural community controlled all aspects of the life of its members: the choice of a bride, the methods of resolving disputes and conflicts, the methods of courtship, the choice of the name of a newborn, and much more. There were no written rules. Public opinion, most often expressed by the oldest members of the community, acted as a controller. Religion was organically woven into a single system of social control. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and ceremonies (for example, marriages, childbirth, reaching maturity, betrothal, harvest) brought up a sense of respect for social norms, instilled a deep understanding of their necessity.

In compact primary groups, extremely effective and at the same time very subtle control mechanisms, such as persuasion, ridicule, gossip and contempt, constantly operate to curb real and potential deviants. Ridicule and gossip are powerful tools of social control in all types of seed groups. Unlike formal methods of control, such as reprimands or demotions, informal methods are available to almost everyone. Both ridicule and gossip can be manipulated by any intelligent person who has access to their transmission channels.

Not only commercial organizations, but also universities and the church successfully use economic sanctions to keep their staff from deviant behavior, that is, such behavior that is regarded as beyond the permissible.

Crosby (1975) singled out four main types of informal control.

Social rewards, manifested as smiles, nods of approval, and measures that contribute to obtaining more real benefits (for example, promotion), serve to encourage conformity and indirectly condemn deviance.

Punishment, expressed as a frown, critical remarks and even threats of physical violence, is directly directed against deviant acts and is due to the desire to eradicate them.

Belief is another way to influence deviants. A coach can convince a baseball player who skips practice to keep fit.

The final, more complex type of social control is reassessment of norms- at the same time, behavior that was considered deviant is assessed as normal. For example, in the past, if a husband stayed at home doing housework and taking care of the children while his wife went to work, his behavior was considered unusual and even deviant. At present (mainly as a result of the struggle of women for their rights), roles in the family are gradually being revised, the performance of housework by a man has ceased to be considered reprehensible and shameful.

Informal control can also be performed by the family, circle of relatives, friends and acquaintances. They are called agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important institution of social control.

Formal control historically arose later than informal - during the period of the emergence of complex societies and states, in particular, ancient Eastern empires.

Although, undoubtedly, we can easily find its forerunners in an earlier period - in the so-called identities, where the circle of formal sanctions officially applied to violators was clearly outlined, for example the death penalty, expulsion from the tribe, removal from office, as well as all kinds of rewards.

However, in modern society the importance of formal control has greatly increased. Why? It turns out that in a complex society, especially in a country of many millions, it is increasingly difficult to maintain order and stability. Informal control is limited to a small group of people. In a large group, it is ineffective. Therefore, it is called Local (local). On the contrary, formal control operates throughout the country. He is global.

It is carried out by special people - formal control. These are persons specially trained and paid for the performance of control functions. They are carriers social statuses and roles. They include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers, special church officials, and so on.

If in a traditional society social control rested on unwritten rules, then in modern society it is based on written norms: instructions, decrees, decrees, laws. Social control has gained institutional support.

Formal control is exercised by such institutions of modern society as the courts, education, the army, industry, the media, political parties, and the government. The school controls thanks to examination marks, the government - with the help of a system of taxation and social assistance to the population. State control is exercised through the police, the secret service, state channels of radio, television and the press.

Control methods depending on the sanctions applied subdivided into:

• soft;
• straight;
• indirect.

These four control methods may overlap.

Examples:

1. The media are among the instruments of indirect soft control.
2. Political repressions, racketeering, organized crime - to tools of direct strict control.
3. The action of the constitution and the criminal code - to the instruments of direct soft control.
4. Economic sanctions of the international community - to the instruments of indirect strict control

	Hard	Soft
Direct	pancreas	PM
Indirect	QOL	KM

Fig.2. Typology of methods of formal control.

4. Functions of social control

According to A.I. Kravchenko important role the mechanism of social control plays a role in strengthening the institutions of society. The same elements, namely the system of rules and norms of behavior, fixing and standardizing the behavior of people, making it predictable, are included in both the social institution and social control. “Social control is one of the most commonly accepted concepts in sociology. It refers to the various means that any society uses to curb its recalcitrant members. No society can do without social control. Even a small group of people randomly gathered together will have to develop their own control mechanisms so as not to fall apart in the shortest possible time.

Thus, A.I. Kravchenko highlights the following functions that performs social control in relation to society:

• protective function;
• stabilizing function.

Formal negative sanctions are one of the tools for maintaining social norms in society.

What is the norm

This term comes from Latin. Literally means "rule of conduct", "sample". We all live in a society, in a community. Everyone has their own values, preferences, interests. All this gives the individual certain rights and freedoms. But we must not forget that people live next to each other. This united collective is called society or society. And it is important to know what laws govern the rules of conduct in it. They are called social norms. Formal negative sanctions make it possible to enforce them.

Types of social norms

Rules of conduct in society are divided into subspecies. It is important to know this, because social sanctions and their application depend on them. They are divided into:

• Customs and traditions. Pass from one generation to another for many centuries and even millennia. Weddings, holidays, etc.
• Legal. Enshrined in laws and regulations.
• Religious. Rules of conduct based on faith. Baptismal ceremonies, religious festivals, fasting, etc.
• Aesthetic. Based on a sense of beauty and ugliness.
• Political. They regulate the political sphere and everything connected with it.

There are also many other rules. For example, the rules of etiquette, medical standards, safety regulations, etc. But we have listed the main ones. Thus, it is erroneous to assume that social sanctions only apply to the legal sphere. Law is only one of the subcategories of social norms.

Deviant behavior

Naturally, all people in society must live by generally accepted rules. Otherwise, chaos and anarchy will ensue. But some individuals sometimes cease to obey generally accepted laws. They break them. Such behavior is called deviant or deviant. For this, formal negative sanctions are provided.

Types of sanctions

As it has become clear, they are designed to restore order in society. But it is a mistake to think that sanctions have a negative connotation. That this is something bad. In politics, this term is positioned as a restrictive tool. There is a wrong concept, meaning a ban, a taboo. One can recall and cite as an example the recent events and the trade war between Western countries and the Russian Federation.

In fact, there are four types:

• Formal negative sanctions.
• Informal negative.
• Formal positive.
• Informal positive.

But let's take a closer look at one type.

Formal negative sanctions: examples of application

It was not by chance that they received such a name. They are characterized by the following factors:

• Associated with a formal manifestation, in contrast to the informal, which have only an emotional connotation.
• They are used only for deviant (deviant) behavior, in contrast to positive ones, which, on the contrary, are designed to encourage an individual for exemplary fulfillment of social norms.

Let's bring specific example from labor law. Let's say citizen Ivanov is an entrepreneur. Several people work for him. In the course of labor relations, Ivanov violates the terms of the labor contract concluded with employees and delays their wages, arguing this with the crisis phenomena in the economy.

Indeed, sales volumes have declined sharply. The entrepreneur does not have enough money to cover wage arrears to employees. You might think that he is not guilty and can detain money with impunity. But actually it is not.

As an entrepreneur, he had to weigh all the risks in carrying out his activities. Otherwise, he is obliged to warn employees about this and initiate appropriate procedures. This is provided by law. But instead, Ivanov hoped that everything would work out. The workers, of course, did not suspect anything.

When the day of payment arrives, they find out that there is no money in the cash register. Naturally, their rights are violated in this case (each employee has financial plans for vacation, social security, and possibly certain financial obligations). Workers file a formal complaint with the state labor protection inspectorate. The entrepreneur violated in this case the norms of labor and civil codes. The inspection bodies confirmed this and ordered to pay wages soon. For each day of delay, a certain penalty is now charged in accordance with the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In addition, the inspection authorities imposed an administrative fine on Ivanov for violations of labor standards. Such actions will be an example of formal negative sanctions.

conclusions

But an administrative fine is not the only measure. For example, an employee was severely reprimanded for being late to the office. The formality in this case consists in a specific action - entering into a personal file. If the consequences for his lateness were limited only to the fact that the director emotionally, in words, made a remark to him, then this would be an example of informal negative sanctions.

But not only in labor relations they are applied. Mostly negative formal social sanctions prevail in almost all spheres. The exception, of course, is moral and aesthetic norms, rules of etiquette. Their violations are usually followed by informal sanctions. They are emotional. For example, no one will fine a person for not stopping on the highway in forty-degree frost and not taking a mother with a baby as a fellow traveler. Although society may react negatively to this. A flurry of criticism will fall on this citizen, if, of course, this is made public.

But do not forget that many norms in these areas are enshrined in laws and regulations. This means that for their violation it is possible, in addition to informal ones, to receive formal negative sanctions in the form of arrests, fines, reprimands, etc. For example, smoking in public places. This is an aesthetic norm, or rather, a deviation from it. It is ugly to smoke on the street and poison all passers-by with tar. But until recently, only informal sanctions relied on this. For example, a grandmother may be critical of a violator. Today, smoking bans are a legal norm. For its violation, the individual will be punished with a fine. This is a vivid example of the transformation of an aesthetic norm into a legal plane with formal consequences.

Social sanctions are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms. Social sanctions are the guardians of norms.

Types of sanctions:

1) Formal positive sanctions are the approval from the authorities:

Reward;

Scholarship;

Monument.

2) Informal positive sanctions are the approval from the society:

Praise;

Applause;

Compliment;

3) Formal negative - this is a punishment from official bodies:

Dismissal;

Rebuke;

The death penalty.

4) Informal negative sanctions - punishments from society:

Comment;

Taunt;

There are two types of social control:

1. external social control - it is carried out by the authorities, society, close people.

2. internal social control - it is carried out by the person himself. Human behavior is 70% dependent on self-control.

The fulfillment of social norms is called conformism - this is the goal of social control

3. Social Deviations: deviant and delinquent behavior.

The behavior of people who do not comply with social norms is called deviant. These actions do not correspond to the norms and social stereotypes that have developed in this society.

Positive deviation is such deviant behavior that does not cause disapproval from society. These can be heroic deeds, self-sacrifice, over-devotion, overzealousness, a heightened sense of pity and sympathy, overworkingness, etc. Negative deviation - deviations that in most people cause a reaction of disapproval and condemnation. This includes terrorism, vandalism, theft, betrayal, cruelty to animals, etc.

Delinquent behavior is a serious violation of the law, for which criminal liability may follow.

There are several basic forms of deviation.

1. Drunkenness - immoderate consumption of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholism is a morbid craving for alcohol. This type of deviation brings great harm to all people. Both the economy and the well-being of society suffer from this. For example, in the United States, about 14 million people suffer from alcoholism, and the annual losses from it reach 100 billion dollars. Our country is also the world leader in alcohol consumption. Russia produces 25 liters of alcohol per capita per year. Moreover, most of alcohol - hard liquor. IN Lately there was a problem and "beer" alcoholism, which mainly affects young people. For various reasons related to alcohol, about 500 thousand Russians die every year.

2. Drug addiction is a painful craving for drugs. The accompanying consequences of drug addiction are crimes, physical and mental exhaustion, degradation of the personality. According to the UN, every 25th inhabitant of the Earth is a drug addict; There are more than 200 million drug addicts in the world. According to official estimates, there are 3 million drug addicts in Russia, and 5 million according to unofficial estimates. There are supporters of the legalization of "soft" drugs (such as marijuana). They give the example of the Netherlands, where the use of these drugs is legal. But the experience of these countries has shown that the number of drug addicts is not decreasing, but only increasing.

3. Prostitution - extramarital sexual relations for a fee. There are countries where prostitution is legalized. Supporters of legalization believe that the transfer to a legal position will allow better control of the “process”, improve the situation, reduce the number of diseases, save this area from pimps and bandits, in addition, the state budget will receive additional taxes from this type of activity. Opponents of legalization point to the humiliation, inhumanity and immorality of body trafficking. Immorality cannot be legalized. Society cannot live according to the principle “everything is permitted”, without certain moral brakes. In addition, clandestine prostitution with all the criminal, moral and medical problems will remain.

4. Homosexuality is sexual attraction to people of the same sex. Homosexuality is in the form of: a) sodomy - sexual relations between a man and a man, b) lesbianism - a woman's sexual attraction to a woman, c) bisexualism - sexual attraction to individuals of her own and the opposite sex. The normal sexual attraction of a woman to a man and vice versa is called heterosexuality. Some countries already allow marriages between gays and lesbians. These families are allowed to adopt children. In our country, the general population is ambivalent about such relations.

5. Anomie - a state of society in which a significant part of people neglects social norms. This happens in troubled, transitional, crisis times. civil wars, revolutionary upheavals, deep reforms, when the old goals and values ​​collapse, faith in the usual moral and legal norms falls. Examples can be France during the Great Revolution of 1789, Russia in 1917 and the early 90s of the 20th century.

Term" social control"was introduced into scientific circulation by the French sociologist and social psychologist. Gabriel. Tarde. He considered it as an important means of correcting criminal behavior. Subsequently, Tarde expanded the considerations of this term and considered social control as one of the main factors of socialization.

Social control is a special mechanism for social regulation of behavior and maintenance of public order

Informal and formal control

Informal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person's actions by her relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as by public opinion, which is expressed through customs and traditions, or che. Through the media.

There were very few established norms in traditional society. Most aspects of the lives of members of traditional rural communities were controlled informally. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and rituals brought up respect for social norms, understanding of their necessity.

Informal control is limited to a small group; in a large group it is ineffective. Agents of informal control are relatives, friends, neighbors, acquaintances

Formal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person's actions by official authorities and administration. In a complex modern society, which has many thousands or even millions of Jews, it is impossible to maintain order by means of informal control. In modern society, order is controlled by special social institutions, such as courts, educational institutions, the army, the church, the mass media, enterprises, etc. Accordingly, the agents of formal control are the workers of these installations.

If an individual goes beyond social norms, and his behavior does not meet social expectations, he will certainly face sanctions, that is, with the emotional reaction of people to normatively regulated behavior.

. Sanctions- these are punishments and rewards that are applied by a social group to an individual

Since social control can be formal or informal, there are four main types of sanctions: formal positive, formal negative, informal positive and informal negative.

. Formal positive sanctions- this is public approval from official organizations: certificates, awards, titles and titles, state awards and high positions. They are closely related to the existence of prescriptions that determine how an individual should behave and which provide rewards for complying with normative prescriptions.

. Formal negative sanctions- these are the penalties provided for by legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders: deprivation civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, fine f, official penalty, reprimand, death penalty, etc. They are associated with the presence of regulations governing the behavior of the individual and indicate what punishment is intended for non-compliance with these norms.

. Informal positive sanctions- this is public approval from unofficial persons and organizations: public praise, compliment, silent approval, applause, fame, smile, etc.

. Informal negative sanctions- this is a punishment unforeseen by official authorities, such as a remark, ridicule, a cruel joke, contempt, an unfriendly review, slander, etc.

The typology of sanctions depends on the system of educational features we have chosen.

Given the way sanctions are applied, current and prospective sanctions are distinguished

. Current sanctions are those that actually apply in a certain generality. Everyone can be sure that if he goes beyond the existing social norms, he will be punished or rewarded in accordance with the existing regulations.

Perspective sanctions are associated with the promises of punishment or reward to the individual in case of going beyond the limits of normative prescriptions. Very often the mere threat of execution (the promise of a reward) is enough to keep the individual within the normative framework.

Another criterion for dividing sanctions is related to the time of their application.

Repressive sanctions are applied after an individual performs a certain action. The amount of punishment or reward is determined by public beliefs regarding the harmfulness or usefulness of its action.

Preventive sanctions are applied even before an individual performs a certain action. Preventive sanctions are applied with the aim of inducing an individual to the type of behavior that society needs.

Today, in most civilized countries, the belief about the "crisis of punishment", the crisis of state and police control, prevails. The movement for the abolition of not only the death penalty, but also prison sentences and the transition to alternative measures of punishment and the restoration of the rights of the injured victims is expanding more and more.

progressive and promising in world criminology and sociology of deviations is the idea of ​​preventive

Theoretically, the possibility of crime prevention has long been known. Charles. Montesquieu in his work "The Spirit of the Laws" noted that "a good legislator is not so worried about punishing a crime as about. Preventing a crime, he will try not so much to punish as to improve morality" Preventive sanctions improve social conditions, create a more favorable atmosphere and reduce inhuman actions. They are suitable to protect a specific person, a potential victim from possible encroachment of the types of possible encroachment.

However, there is another point of view. While agreeing that the prevention of crime (as well as other forms of deviant behavior) is democratic, liberal and progressive than repression, some sociologists (T. Mathyssen, B. Andersen and others) question the realism and effectiveness of their preventive measures. the arguments are like this:

Since deviance is a certain conditional construct, a product of social agreements (why, for example, in one society alcohol is allowed, and in another - its use is considered a deviation?). That in decides what is an offense - the legislator. Will prevention turn into a way to strengthen the position of officials?

Prevention involves the impact on the causes of deviant behavior. And who can say with certainty that he knows these reasons? and the basis and apply in practice?

Prevention is always an intervention in the privacy of a person. Therefore, there is a danger of violation of human rights through the introduction of preventive measures (for example, violation of the rights of homosexuals in the USSR)

The severity of sanctions depends on:

Measures of formalization of the role. The military, policemen, doctors - are controlled very tightly, both formally and by the public, and, say, friendship - is realized through informal social ro. Ole, so the sanctions here are rather conditional.

status prestige: roles associated with prestige statuses are subject to severe external scrutiny and self-monitoring

The cohesion of the group within which role behavior occurs, and hence the forces of group control

Control questions and tasks

1. What behavior is called deviant?

2. What is the relativity of deviation?

3. What behavior is called delinquent?

4. What are the causes of deviant and delinquent behavior?

5. What is the difference between delinquent and deviant behavior?

6. Name the functions of social deviations

7. Describe the biological and psychological theories of deviant behavior and crime

8. Describe sociological theories deviant behavior and crime

9. What functions does the system of social control perform?

10. What are "sanctions"?

11. What is the difference between formal and informal sanctions?

12 names for the difference between repressive and preventive sanctions

13. Prove with examples what the tightening of sanctions depends on

14. What is the difference between the ways of informal and formal control?

15. Name of agents of informal and formal control

- a mechanism for maintaining public order through regulatory regulation, which implies the actions of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing deviants or correcting them.

The concept of social control

The most important condition for the effective functioning social system is the predictability of social actions and social behavior of people, in the absence of which the social system is waiting for disorganization and disintegration. Society has certain means by which it ensures the reproduction of existing social relations and interactions. One of these means is social control, the main function of which is to create conditions for the stability of the social system, maintaining social stability and at the same time for positive social changes. This requires flexibility from social control, including the ability to recognize positive-constructive deviations from social norms, which should be encouraged, and negative-dysfunctional deviations, to which certain sanctions (from the Latin sanctio - the strictest decree) of a negative nature must be applied, including including legal ones.

- this, on the one hand, is a mechanism of social regulation, a set of means and methods of social influence, and on the other hand, the social practice of their use.

In general, the social behavior of the individual proceeds under the control of society and the surrounding people. They not only teach the individual the rules of social behavior in the process of socialization, but also act as agents of social control, monitoring the correct assimilation of social behavior patterns and their implementation in practice. In this regard, social control acts as a special form and method of social regulation of people's behavior in society. Social control is manifested in the submission of the individual social group, in which he is integrated, which is expressed in a meaningful or spontaneous adherence to the social norms prescribed by this group.

Social control consists of two elements— social norms and social sanctions.

Social norms are socially approved or legislatively fixed rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people.

Social sanctions are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms.

social norms

social norms- these are socially approved or legislatively fixed rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people. Therefore, social norms are divided into legal norms, moral norms and proper social norms.

Legal regulations - These are norms formally enshrined in various kinds of legislative acts. Violation of legal norms involves legal, administrative and other types of punishment.

moral standards- informal norms functioning in the form of public opinion. The main tool in the system of moral norms is public censure or public approval.

TO social norms usually include:

• group social habits (for example, "don't turn up your nose in front of your own");
• social customs (for example, hospitality);
• social traditions (for example, subordination of children to parents),
• public mores (manners, morality, etiquette);
• social taboos (absolute prohibitions on cannibalism, infanticide, etc.). Customs, traditions, mores, taboos are sometimes called general rules social behavior.

social sanction

Sanction is recognized as the main instrument of social control and represents an incentive for compliance, expressed in the form of encouragement (positive sanction) or punishment (negative sanction). Sanctions are formal, imposed by the state or specially authorized organizations and persons, and informal, expressed by unofficial persons.

Social sanctions - they are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called the guardian of social norms.

Social norms and social sanctions are an inseparable whole, and if some social norm does not have a social sanction accompanying it, then it loses its social regulatory function. For example, in the 19th century in the countries of Western Europe, the birth of children only in a legal marriage was considered a social norm. Therefore, illegitimate children were excluded from the inheritance of their parents' property, they were neglected in everyday communication, they could not enter into worthy marriages. However, society, as it modernized and softened public opinion regarding illegitimate children, gradually began to exclude informal and formal sanctions for violating this norm. As a result, this social norm ceased to exist altogether.

There are the following mechanisms of social control:

• isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);
• isolation - limiting the deviant's contacts with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);
• rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to normal life.

Types of social sanctions

Although formal sanctions appear to be more effective, informal sanctions are actually more important to the individual. The need for friendship, love, recognition, or the fear of ridicule and shame are often more effective than orders or fines.

In the process of socialization, forms of external control are assimilated so that they become part of his own beliefs. An internal control system is being formed, called self-control. Typical example self-control - the pangs of conscience of a person who has committed an unworthy act. In a developed society, the mechanisms of self-control prevail over the mechanisms of external control.

Types of social control

In sociology, two main processes of social control are distinguished: the application of positive or negative sanctions for the social behavior of an individual; interiorization (from the French interiorisation - transition from outside to inside) by an individual of social norms of behavior. In this regard, external social control and internal social control, or self-control, are distinguished.

External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee compliance with social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.

Formal social control based on official approval or condemnation, carried out by public authorities, political and social organizations, the education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, resolutions, orders and instructions. Formal social control may also include the dominant ideology in society. Speaking of formal social control, they mean, first of all, actions aimed at making people respect laws and order with the help of government representatives. Such control is especially effective in large social groups.

Informal social control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, expressed through traditions, customs or the media. Agents of informal social control are such social institutions as family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.

In the process of social control, violation of some social norms is followed by a very weak punishment, for example, disapproval, an unfriendly look, a smirk. Violation of other social norms is followed by severe punishments - the death penalty, imprisonment, exile from the country. Violation of taboos and legal laws is punished most severely, certain types of group habits, in particular family habits, are most mildly punished.

Internal social control- independent regulation by the individual of his social behavior in society. In the process of self-control, a person independently regulates his social behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. This type control is manifested, on the one hand, in a sense of guilt, emotional experiences, "remorse" for social actions, on the other hand, in the form of an individual's reflection on his social behavior.

An individual's self-control over his own social behavior is formed in the process of his socialization and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.

- this individual shape mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images. Consciousness allows the individual to rationalize his social behavior.

Conscience- the ability of the individual to independently formulate his own moral duties and demand from himself their fulfillment, as well as to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed. Conscience does not allow an individual to violate his established attitudes, principles, beliefs, in accordance with which he builds his social behavior.

Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds. The will helps the individual to overcome his inner subconscious desires and needs, to act and behave in society in accordance with his convictions.

In the process of social behavior, an individual has to constantly fight with his subconscious, which gives his behavior a spontaneous character, therefore self-control is the most important condition for people's social behavior. Typically, individuals' self-control over their social behavior increases with age. But it also depends on social circumstances and the nature of external social control: the tighter the external control, the weaker the self-control. Moreover, social experience shows that the weaker self-control an individual has, the tougher external control should be in relation to him. However, this is fraught with great social costs, since strict external control is accompanied by social degradation of the individual.

In addition to external and internal social control of the social behavior of an individual, there are also: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control, based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and satisfy needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.