Inorganic ions and functions ppt presentation. Inorganic substances in the cell (presentation)

slide 4

Classes of inorganic substances

acids salts bases oxides

slide 5

2.Definitions

slide 6

Define oxides.

Binary compounds consisting of two elements, one of which is oxygen RO

Slide 7

Define acids?

Complex substances consisting of hydrogen atoms and an acid residue HR

Slide 8

Define salts.

Complex substances consisting of metal atoms and an acid residue Me R

Slide 9

Define grounds

Complex substances consisting of metal atoms and MeOH hydroxo group

Slide 10

3. Give classifications of these classes of substances

slide 11

Give the classification of oxides

Basic Na2O Acidic SO3 Amphoteric Al2O3

slide 12

Classification of acids?

Monobasic HCl Dibasic H2SO4 Tribasic H3PO4 Oxygenated H2SO4 Anhydrous HCl

slide 13

Salt classification?

Sour Basic Medium Double

Slide 14

Base classification?

Soluble = Alkali NaOH Insoluble Ca(OH)2

slide 15

4. From the proposed list of inorganic compounds, select the formulas: 1 group - oxides 2 group - acids 3 group - salts 4 group - bases Name these substances.

slide 16

Al2O3, Cu(NO3)2, H2SO4,CO2, Ca(OH)2, Na2O, H2CO3, Mg, K2O, NaCl, KNO3, H2SiO3, MgO, Na2SO4,N2O5, NaOH, Ca, ZnCl2, Cl2O7, HCL, AL( OH)3, C, ZnSO4, AL2(SO4)3, H2SO3, Mg(OH)2, SiO2.

Slide 17

ANSWERS

Oxides: Al2O3, CO2, Na2O, K2O, MgO, N2O5, Cl2O7, SiO2 Acids: H2SO4, H2CO3, H2SiO3, HCL, H2SO3 Salts: Cu(NO3)2, NaCl, KNO3, Na2SO4, ZnCl2, ZnSO4, AL2(SO4) 3, Bases Ca(OH)2, NaOH, AL(OH)3, Mg(OH)2

Slide 18

The winning path is:

a) salts b) soluble bases (alkalis) MnSO4 ZnO CaO Ba(OH)2 Fe(OH)3NaOH NaClMgSO3 AL2O3Cu(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 KOH Na2O Ag2O Cu(NO3)2 NaOH Ca(OH)2LiOH c) basic oxides d) acids CuO N2O5 K2O HCl HNO3H3PO4 CO2 MgO P2O5 NaCl MgSO4HF SO2 CaO Na2O H2CO3 CuSO4KI

Slide 19

a) salts b) soluble bases (alkalis) MnSO4 ZnO CaO Ba(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 NaOH NaClMgSO4 AL2O3Cu(OH)2 Mg(OH)2KOH Na2O Ag2O Cu(NO3)2Al(OH)3Ca(OH)2LiOH c) basic oxides d) acids CuO N2O5 K2O HCl HNO3H3PO4 CO2MgO P2O5 NaCl MgSO4HF SO2 CaO Na2OH2CO3 CuSO4KI

Slide 20

The main question of the lesson

Can different classes of inorganic compounds interact with each other?

slide 21

Perform transformations:

Ca Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 CaO CaSO4

slide 22

The relationship between classes of inorganic compounds, based on obtaining substances of one class from substances of another class, is called genetic.

slide 23

Genetic series of metals

metal - basic oxide - alkali - salt metal - basic oxide - salt - insoluble base - basic oxide - metal.

slide 24

Genetic series of non-metals

non-metal--acid oxide--soluble acid--salt non-metal--acid oxide--salt--acid--acid oxide-non-metal

Slide 25

Genetic link between inorganic compounds

MeHM MexOyHMxOy Me(OH)n acid salt(MexKOy)

slide 26

Slide 27

Perform transformations:

Ca CaO Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 Acid group C CO2 H2CO3 CaCO3 Oxide group S SO2 SO3 H2SO4 Base group Mg MgO M g(OH)2 MgSO4 Salt group

Slide 28

Red-headed cat

Slide 29

A TASK

KCl, BaCl2, K2CO3, Na2SO4 and AgNO3

slide 30

House. task: Based on these substances, make a genetic series using all the formulas: oxides: ZnSO4, Zn, ZnO, Zn, Zn (OH) 2. salts: H2, KOH, Ca, KCl, H2O.

Slide 31

House. task: Carry out transformations, determine the type chemical reactions

C + O2 = CO2 CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 H2CO3 + 2KOH = K2CO3 + 2H2O K2CO3 + CaCL2 = CaCO3 + 2KCl 2Zn + O2 = 2ZnO ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2O ZnCl2 + 2KOH = 2KCl + Zn(OH)2 Zn(OH )2 + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + 2H2O С CO2 H2CO3 K2CO3 CaCO3 Zn ZnO ZnCl2 Zn(OH)2 ZnSO4 base acids

slide 32

"Chemistry for and against?"

Objectives: to summarize knowledge of chemistry in an entertaining way, to stimulate reading books on chemistry, to instill interest in the chosen profession, to promote the development of logic, thinking, ingenuity, to develop the ability to transfer knowledge of theory into everyday life.

Slide 33

“artificial food”

slide 34

Nutritional supplements

Slide 35

The introduction and use of biotechnology products - genetically modified food sources (GMOs), which have a wide range of useful properties, is becoming possible solution food problem on a global scale.

slide 36

Nutritional supplements

E 100-E 182 - dyes E 200-E 299 - preservatives .. E 300-E 399 slow down the processes of fermentation and oxidation in food (butter rancidity). E 400-E 499 - stabilizers. E 500-E 599 emulsifiers. E 600-E 699 - flavors

Slide 37

Currently, they are prohibited from using the following food additives: - dyes E 121, E 123, E 128, Red 2 G (Red 2 G), E 173; - preservatives E 216, E 217, E 240; - flour and bread improvers E 924 a and E 924 b. In addition, there are about 200 additives that, although not prohibited in our country, are not allowed either, since they have not yet been sufficiently studied. In addition, among the permitted additives there are many that can have side effects on the body. In order not to harm your health, you need to know what additives are contained in the purchased products and how they affect human health.

Slide 38

Chewing gum

What are its pros and what are its cons?

Slide 39

Slide 40

Experience No. 1. Determination of polyhydric alcohols (sorbitol E 420, attracts E421, xylitol E 961).

Equipment and materials: chewing gum stick, ethyl alcohol, 2 test tubes, filter, flask, funnel, scalpel, distilled water, chewing gum shell, stopper, 1M NaOH, 10% CuSO4

Slide 41

Experience No. 2 Properties of menthol

Equipment and materials: chewing gum with menthol without shell, 96% ethyl alcohol, filter, flask, water, concentrated sulphuric acid, funnel, benzaldehyde, porcelain cup.

Slide 42

Experience No. 3 Determination of the content of ascorbic acid in chewing gum.

Equipment and materials: chewing gum, iodine solution, sodium thiosulfate, conical flask, buret, sulfuric acid, watch glass, starch.

slide 43

Benefit:

chewing gum can clean teeth after eating; chewing partially cleans teeth and removes food debris from the oral cavity sweeteners (sorbitol, xylitol) contained in chewing gum restore acid-base balance helps the body cope with gingivitis and periodontal disease.

Slide 44

Harm

chewing gums containing sugar contribute to the development of caries harmful substances that make up chewing gums can cause side effects (xylitol - kidney cancer) constant chewing can damage the temporomandibular joint of chewing gum chewing on an empty stomach can lead to the appearance or exacerbation of gastritis for a long time chewing reduces the level of intelligence, dulls attention and weakens the process of thinking.

Slide 45

PC and "I"

Working on a PC is accompanied by a constant and significant strain on the functions of the visual analyzer. Do you agree?

Slide 46

Plastics and their impact on the human body

Slide 47

Detergents

Slide 48

Natural air freshener

Natural air freshener recipe: essential oil + tap water. Before spraying, be sure to shake or shake the bottle in your hand!

View all slides

"Biology "Chemical composition of the cell"" - Signs of a reaction. Cu-enzymes hemocyanins, hemoglobin synthesis, photosynthesis. Oxygen. Macronutrients. Ultramicroelements. Zinc. Answer the questions. Differences between animate and inanimate nature. Lesson plan. C is the basis of all organic substances. The composition of the human body. Microelements. biogenic elements. The chemical composition of the cell.

"Lesson" The chemical composition of the cell "" - The structure of the protein. DNA is a double helix. Replication. Enzymes. Carbohydrates. The elemental composition of the cell. Nucleotide. Molecular level. Types of RNA. Nucleic acids. RNA is a single strand. inorganic substances. The chemical composition of the cell. Lipids. Hydrogen molecule. Squirrels. pH buffering. Properties of a protein molecule. The principle of complementarity.

"Inorganic substances of the cell" - Elements that make up the cell. Oxygen. 80 chemical elements. Macronutrients. The content of chemical compounds in the cell. Ultramicroelements. Magnesium. Microelements. The chemical composition of the cell. biogenic elements. Functions of water. content in different cells.

"The chemical composition of the cell" - Water plays an important role in the life of the cell. Crystals of calcium oxalate. Monomer. Carbohydrates. Carbon. Microelements. Polymer. Homeostasis. Part. The ability of camels to tolerate heat well. Lipids. Functions of carbohydrates. Functions of minerals. Ammonia. Working with terms. Specify extra chemical compound. The cells of which organisms contain ten times more carbohydrates. Functions of water in the cell.

"Substances of the cell" - The role of vitamins in human life. Vitamins in the life of the cell. How and where is ATP formed? ATP function. Vitamin. The meaning of viruses. Violations associated with a lack or excess of vitamins. Interesting Facts. ATP and other organic substances of the cell. The structure of viruses. Modern classification of vitamins. Vitamins and vitamin-like substances. Discovery of viruses. ATP. Micrographs of viruses. Virus life.

"Features of the chemical composition of the cell" - Features chemical composition cells. Oxygen. Dogs. Hydrogen bonds. Types of water. Solution. Abstracts. metal ions. Groups of chemical elements. Carbon. Chemical components of the cell. Minerals in the cell. Notes in a notebook. Water. Water in the body is unevenly distributed. The ratio of organic and inorganic substances in the cell. Chemical elements of the cell. Cells.

Macronutrients (up to 0.001%) Micronutrients (from 0.001 to 0.000001%) Ultramicronutrients (less than 0.000001%) Oxygen (65-75) Carbon (15-18) Nitrogen (1.5-3) Hydrogen (8-10) Phosphorus (0.2-1.00) Potassium (0.15-0.4) Sulfur (0.15-0.2) Iron (0.01-0.15) Magnesium (0.02-0.03) Sodium (0.02-0.03) Calcium (0.04-2.00) Boron Cobalt Copper Molybdenum Zinc Vanadium Iodine Bromine Uranium Radium Gold Mercury Beryllium Cesium Selenium body cells, %

Element Significance for the cell and organism H - hydrogen Included in water and organic molecules C - carbon The main element of organic molecules, capable of forming strong covalent bonds, both with other carbon atoms and with atoms of other elements N - nitrogen structural component proteins and nucleic acids O - oxygen Included in water and organic substances P - phosphorus Included in bone tissue, nucleic acids; ATP; phospholipids are included in the structure cell membranes S - sulfur Included in proteins and other organic molecules (vitamins and enzymes)

Na+ - sodium The main extracellular positive ion. Provides conduction of nerve impulses, maintains osmotic pressure in the cell, stimulates the synthesis of hormones Mg2+ - magnesium Structural component of chlorophyll, activates the formation of many enzymes. Cl- - chlorine Contained in bones, teeth, activates DNA synthesis, energy metabolism The predominant negative ion in the body of animals. It is a component of gastric juice in the form of hydrochloric acid, activates enzymes K + - potassium The predominant positive ion inside the cell. Causes the conduction of nerve impulses, an activator of protein synthesis enzymes, photosynthesis processes, plant growth. Ca2+ - calcium In plants, it is part of the cell membrane. Main component of bones and teeth. Activates the contraction of muscle fibers and blood clotting

Mn - manganese Necessary for organisms in trace amounts. Increases plant productivity, activates the process of photosynthesis, affects the processes of hematopoiesis Fe - iron Included in many organic substances, for example, blood protein - hemoglobin, muscle protein - myoglobin, lens and cornea of ​​​​the eyes, enzyme activator, participates in the synthesis of chlorophyll. Provides oxygen transport to tissues and organs Co - cobalt Included in vitamin B12 Cu + 2 - copper Included in enzymes. Participates in the processes of hematopoiesis, photosynthesis, catalyzes intracellular processes Zn - zinc Included in the hormone insulin and enzymes B - boron Necessary for some plants. Affects their growth processes I - iodine Included in the thyroid hormone - thyroxine, affects the metabolism F - fluorine Included in tooth enamel, with a deficiency, caries develops, with an excess - fluorosis

Inorganic substances in % organic matter in % Water………………………… Other inorganic substances…..……………… ….1.0-1.5 Proteins……………………………10-20 Lipids ………………………..1-5 Carbohydrates………………………0.2-2.0 Nucleic acids………1.0-2.0 ATP and other low molecular weight organic compounds… …………………0.1-0.5

Water properties: Tasteless, colorless and odorless Possesses density and viscosity Possesses density and viscosity

Inorganic substances of the cell

Topic: "Structure and composition of the cell",

biology grade 10-11

The cell contains approximately 80 chemical elements of the Mendeleev system. All of these elements are found in inanimate nature .

Classification of the chemical elements of the cell

Chemical elements of the cell

trace elements

Macronutrients

Ultramicro -

elements

heavy ions

metals,

included in

enzymes, hormones

99% the whole mass

concentration

in a cage

0,000001%

cells

O, C, H, N, S, P,

K, Mg, Na, Ca, Fe, Cl.

contained in large quantities, in total amount to more than 99% weight of a living organism. This oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen ( N ), sulfur ( S ), phosphorus (F) , sodium (Na) , potassium (K) , chlorine (Cl) , calcium (Ca) , magnesium (Mg) .

but) H, O, C, N - 98%

• + S, P- bioelements, form organic compounds.

b ) K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl - about 2%

• K, Na, Cl- the permeability of cell membranes, the conduction of a nerve impulse.
• P, Ca– formation of bone tissue, bone strength.
• Ca- Provides blood clotting.
• Fe- part of hemoglobin.
• mg- is part of chlorophyll in plants, in the composition of enzymes in animals.

• Some elements are found in organisms in extremely low concentrations (not higher than a thousandth of a percent). These are biogenic trace elements. Their functions and roles are very diverse.

• These include mainly heavy metal ions, which are part of enzymes, hormones and other vital substances. In the body, these elements are found in very small quantities: from 0.001 to 0.000001%; such elements boron, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, zinc, vanadium, iodine, bromine, etc.

• Zn is part of insulin - a hormone of the pancreas, enhances the activity of the gonads.
• Cu provides tissue growth, is part of enzymes.
• I is part of thyroxine, a thyroid hormone.
• Zn part of insulin - a hormone of the pancreas.
• F is part of the enamel of the teeth.
• co part of vitamin B12
• Mn provides metabolism.
• B responsible for the growth process.
• Mo responsible for the use of iron, for the retention of fluoride in the body.

• Their concentration does not exceed 0,000001%. The physiological role of most of these elements in plant and animal organisms and in bacterial cells has not yet been established. These include uranium, radium, gold, mercury, beryllium, cesium, selenium and other rare elements.

• Ultramicroelements are less bactericidal, mercury inhibits the reabsorption of water in the renal tubules, affecting enzymes.
• Some also include selenium in this group; with its deficiency, cancer develops. The functions of ultramicroelements are still little understood.

• With a lack calcium osteoporosis develops (softness, porosity of the bones), slowing down the growth of the skeleton. Dairy products must be consumed.
• With a lack magnesium muscle cramps, fluid loss from the body. Products: vegetables, beans, nuts, milk, fruits.
• With a lack chlorine - dry skin. Products: water, table salt.
• With a lack sodium headache, poor memory, loss of appetite. Products: tomatoes, apricots, peas, salt.
• With a lack potassium - arrhythmia of heart contractions, sudden death with increased stress. Products - bananas, dried fruits, potatoes, tomatoes, zucchini.

• Phosphorus - external signs of insufficiency are unknown. Contained in fish, dairy products, walnuts, buckwheat.

• With a lack gland anemia develops. It is necessary to eat liver, meat, green leaves of vegetables.
• With a lack fluorine - tooth decay. Products - fish, water.
• With a lack zinc - skin damage. Products - meat, seafood.
• With a lack iodine goiter develops. It is necessary to use persimmon, seafood, iodized salt.

The structure of the water molecule.

water molecule – dipole

Scheme of the formation of bonds between individual dipoles water

• Water defines physical properties cells - its volume, elasticity.
• Many chemical processes take place only in aqueous solution.
• Water can exist in three states of matter
• Water is a good solvent: many substances enter the cell from the external environment in an aqueous solution, and in an aqueous solution, waste products are removed from the cell.
• Water has a high heat capacity and thermal conductivity.
• Water has a unique property: when it is cooled from +4 to 0 degrees, it expands. Therefore, ice is lighter than liquid water and remains on its surface. This is very important for organisms living in the aquatic environment.
• Water can be a good lubricant.

"Properties of water and its biological role"

Water properties

role in the life of the cell.

1. The ability to dissolve substances in itself.

- all biochemical reactions take place in aqueous solutions;

- environment for the transport of various substances (homeostasis);

2. High heat capacity and thermal conductivity.

- maintenance of thermal equilibrium;

Uniform distribution of heat between all parts of the body.

3. High evaporation rate.

- leads to rapid heat loss,

- protects against overheating

4. Incompressibility of water

- maintaining the shape of the cell.

5. High water surface tension force

Provides ascending and descending transport of substances in plants and the movement of blood in capillaries.

Among the substances of the cell, water occupies the first place by mass. The water content in different cells varies from 60 to 98%. It depends on the:

1.cell type

Bones – 20%

Tooth enamel - 10%

Neuron - 85%

2. metabolic rate .

• in embryonic cells

- 90-95%,

• in old organisms

– 60%

The high content of water in the cell is the most important condition for its activity. .

• With the loss of most of the water, many organisms die, and a number of unicellular and even multicellular organisms temporarily lose all signs of life (anabiosis):

• With water loss up to 2% body weight (1-1.5 l) thirst appears, with a loss of 6-8% comes semi-conscious state,
• When there is a shortage 10% hallucinations appear, swallowing is disturbed.
• With the loss of water in the volume 12 % from the mass body, the person dies.

The value of water in the cell

• Water is a good solvent

Water is an excellent solvent for polar substances. (salts, sugars, simple alcohols). Soluble substances in water are called hydrophilic.

Absolutely non-polar substances of the type fats or oils water does not dissolve or mix with them because it cannot form hydrogen bonds with them. Substances that are insoluble in water are called hydrophobic .

The value of water in the cell

2. Transport.

Water provides the movement of substances into the cell, out of the cell, as well as within the cell itself and the body.

3. Metabolic.

Water is the medium for all biochemical reactions in the cell.

a) hydrolysis reactions

b) In the process of photosynthesis, water is an electron donor and a source of hydrogen atoms. It is also a source of free oxygen. Photolysis of water - the splitting of water under the influence of light to H + and O 2

The value of water in the cell

b) Water is involved in the formation lubricating fluids (synovial in the joints of vertebrates; pleural in the pleural cavity, pericardial in the pericardial sac) and mucus (which facilitate the movement of substances through the intestines, create a humid environment on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract). It is part of saliva, bile, tears, etc.

The value of water in the cell

4. Structural .

a) The cytoplasm of cells contains from 60 to 95% water. In plants, water determines the turgor of cells, and in some animals it performs supporting functions, being a hydrostatic skeleton. (round and annelids, echinoderms).

The value of water in the cell

5. Thermoregulation.

Water has a high specific heat capacity. This property ensures the maintenance of the thermal balance of the body with significant temperature fluctuations in the environment. In addition, water has a high thermal conductivity, which allows the body to maintain the same temperature throughout its volume .

mineral salts

in ionic state

in solid form

cations

anions

TO + , Ca 2+ , Na + , mg 2+

FROM l - , HCO 3 - ,

H 2 PO 4 2- , HPO 4 2-

Substances

Nitrogen compounds

Location and transformation

Phosphorus compounds

Properties

In plant cells, ammonium and nitrate ions are reduced and included in the synthesis of amino acids. In animals, amino acids are used to build their own proteins. When organisms die, they are included in the cycle of substances in the form of free nitrogen.

They are part of proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) and ATP

Fluorine salts - phosphates - being in the soil, are dissolved by the root secretions of plants and absorbed. Remains phosphoric acid when organisms die, they mineralize, forming salts.

Potassium compounds

They are part of all membrane structures; nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, ATP, tissue enzymes (bone)

Calcium compounds

Potassium is found in all cells in the form of potassium ions, the concentration of which is much higher than in the environment. After dying, it returns to environment in the form of potassium ions.

The "potassium pump" of the cell promotes penetration through the membrane. It activates the vital activity of the cell, conduction of excitation and impulses.

Calcium is found in cells in the form of ions and salt crystals.

Forms intercellular substance and crystals in plant cells. Included in bones, shells, calcareous skeletons.

Cations in the cell

Key cations TO + , Na + , Ca 2+ and etc.

On the outer surface of the membrane is always more Na + than on the inside And less than K + , than on the inside. These cations provide cell excitability and nerve impulse conduction.

The concentration of ions in the cell and its environment are different.

contraction of muscle fibers

excitation of nerve cells

Anions in a cell

The most important anions: H 2 RO 4 - , NRO 4 2- , NSO 3 -, FROM l -

buffering - the ability to maintain pH at a certain level.

pH value equal to 7,0 corresponds neutral below 7.0 - acidic, above 7.0 - alkaline solution. In a cage pH = 7,4.

ions

Na + – sodium

Major extracellular positive ion. Provides conduction of nerve impulses, maintains osmotic pressure in the cell, stimulates the synthesis of hormones

mg 2+ – magnesium

Structural component of chlorophyll, activates the formation of many enzymes.

Cl- – chlorine

Contained in bones, teeth, activates DNA synthesis, energy metabolism The predominant negative ion in the body of animals. Is a component of gastric juice in the form of hydrochloric acid, activates enzymes

K + – potassium

The predominant positive ion within the cell. Causes the conduction of nerve impulses, an activator of protein synthesis enzymes, photosynthesis processes, plant growth.

Ca 2+ – calcium

In plants, it is part of the cell membrane. Main component of bones and teeth. Activates the contraction of muscle fibers and blood clotting