Questions to prepare for the test

52. Properties of handwriting.

53. Signs of handwriting.

60. Inspection of documents.

Exam Preparation Questions

1. Subject, tasks and sources of the science of criminalistics.

2. The system of criminalistics and a brief description of its sections (parts).

3. Methods of science of criminalistics.

4. Criminalistics in the system of legal sciences.

5. The concept, features, scientific foundations and tasks of forensic identification.

6. Objects of forensic identification and their classification.

7. The concept of identification features, their classification. Identification requirements. Identification set and identification field.

8. Types of forensic identification. The ability to identify a person.

9. The concept of forensic technology as a section of forensic science, its structure.

10. The concept of forensic tools and methods, their classification. Normative acts regulating the use of forensic means in investigative and operational-search activities.

11. Forensic means of detecting and fixing the traces of a crime.

12. The concept, types and significance of forensic markers.

13. The concept of forensic photography as a branch of forensic technology.

14. Features of forensic photography. Advantages of video recording over forensic photography.

15. The structure of forensic photography. Stages of the photographic process.

16. Methods and types of forensic-investigative shooting.

17. Signaling (identification) shooting of living persons and corpses (purpose, procedure for photographing and printing photographs).

18. Production and design of photo tables.

19. Features of photography during certain investigative actions.

20. The concept of forensic trasology. Classification of traces of crimes.

21. Types of objects interacting in the formation of a trace-reflection. Forensic value of traces-mappings.

22. Classification of traces-mappings.

23. The concept of fingerprinting. The value of traces of human hands in the investigation and disclosure of crimes.

24. The concept of papillary patterns, their properties and types.

25. Search for traces of fingers. Precautions to be observed when searching for traces.

26. Methods for detecting, fixing and removing traces of hands. Description of traces of hands in the protocol of inspection of the scene.

27. Fingerprinting of living persons and corpses.

28. The concept of human footprints, their forensic significance and types.

29. Search and detection of human footprints. Protecting footprints from destruction.

30. Removal and fixation of footprints.

31. Methods for making casts from three-dimensional footprints.

32. Measurement of human footprints. Elements of a separate footprint of a shoe, a track of footprints, a single footprint of bare feet.

33. Description of footprints in the protocol of inspection of the scene.

34. Traces of human teeth, their types and forensic. Fixation and removal of traces of teeth.

35. Traces of human blood, their types. Detection of invisible traces of blood. Fixation and removal of traces of human blood.

36. The concept, subject and meaning of habitoscopy.

37. The concept of the external appearance of a person, its elements and signs. Catchy omens.

38. The concept of "verbal portrait", its forensic meaning. The order of describing the external signs of a person according to the method of "verbal portrait".

39. Types of identification of a person on the basis of appearance, using the method of "verbal portrait".

40. Traces of hacking tools and tools.

41. Classification, mechanism of trace formation. Fixation, withdrawal.

42. The concept and system of forensic weapons science.

43. The concept of forensic ballistics. Objects of forensic-ballistic research.

44. The concept and classification of firearms in criminalistics.

45. Ammunition for firearms. The structure of cartridges for combat and smooth-bore hunting weapons.

46. Traces of a shot. The formation of traces of a shot on the sleeve, bullet, obstacles.

47. Means and methods for detecting, fixing and storing weapons, ammunition and traces of their use.

48. Precautions when inspecting firearms.

49. The concept, signs and classification of edged weapons.

50. The concept, tasks and content of forensic documentation.

51. The concept of writing, handwriting and writing.

52. Properties of handwriting.

53. Signs of handwriting.

54. The main features of writing.

55. The concept of the topography of writing. Topographic features of writing.

57. The concept and tasks of technical and forensic research of documents.

58. The concept of documents, their classification and rules for handling them.

59. Identification of signs of forgery of documents.

60. Inspection of documents.

61. The concept, tasks and features of forensic registration.

62. Objects and methods of forensic registration. Legal grounds for registration of individuals.

63. Classification of forensic records.

64. Forensic records of internal affairs bodies.

65. Operational reference records.

66. Concept, tasks, system and sources of forensic tactics.

67. The relationship of forensic tactics with other sections of forensic science and other sciences. The development trend of forensic tactics.

68. The concept and classification of tactics, the conditions for their use (admissibility).

69. The concept and types of tactical combinations, tactical operations, tactical recommendations.

70. The concept of tactical risk. Actions of the investigator in conditions of tactical risk.

71. The concept and meaning of the investigative situation. Objective and subjective factors influencing the investigative situation.

72. Classification of forensic situations.

73. The concept and significance of the forensic version in solving a crime.

74. Classification of forensic versions. requirements for them.

75. Rules for the construction and verification of forensic versions.

76. The concept, tasks, legal framework and principles of interaction between the investigator and other departments of internal affairs and forensic institutions.

77. The concept of "public" in criminalistics. The value of public participation in the prevention and suppression of crimes.

78. The concept, purpose and signs of planning an investigation.

80. The concept, purpose and classification of the investigative examination.

81. The concept, tasks and stages of inspection of the scene.

82. Initial external examination of the corpse.

83. Survey tactics.

84. Inspection of objects, documents, premises and areas of the terrain that are not the scene of an incident.

85. Typical shortcomings in fixing the course and results of the inspection of the scene.

86. Grounds, motives, conditions of detention.

Types and subjects of detention. Features of the tactics of certain types of detention.

87. The concept, purpose and types of search. Preparing for a search.

88. Stages of a search.

89. Tactical methods of search (seizure). Recording the progress and results of the search (seizure).

90. Concept, types and stages of interrogation.

91. Tactics of interrogation.

100. The concept, purpose, objectives and value of the confrontation. Preparing for the confrontation.

101. Tactical methods of confrontation. Fixing the move and the results of the confrontation.

102. The concept, purpose, form, types and meaning of presentation for identification.

103. Stages of presentation for identification.

104. Presentation tactics for identification of a person, a corpse, objects, animals.

105. Concept, essence, goals and types of investigative experiments.

106. Tactical methods of conducting investigative experiments.

107. The concept, goals and objectives of checking testimony on the spot.

108. Tactics of checking testimony on the spot.

109. The concept and classification of forensic examinations.

110. Organization of forensic examinations in Russia.

111. Obtaining samples for a comparative study.

112. The concept, system and sources of methods for investigating crimes.

113. Principles taken into account in the development of private forensic techniques.

114. Classification and structure of crime investigation methods.

115. The concept of forensic characteristics of crimes, its structure.

116. Methods of investigating murders.

117. Methodology for investigating thefts, robberies and robberies.

118. Methodology for investigating robberies and robberies.

119. Fraud investigation methodology.

120. Methodology for investigating hooliganism.

Types of educational activities of students	Point for a specific task	Number of assignments per semester	Points Minimum	Points Maximum
Module 1
current control
1. Work in practical classes

Frontier control

Module 2
current control

2. Completion of abstracts, individual homework assignments.
Frontier control
Written work plus testing (Written)
Module 3
current control
1 Work in practical classes.
2. Completion of abstracts, individual homework assignments.
Frontier control
Written work plus testing (Written)
Module 4
current control
1 Work in practical classes.
Completion of essays, individual homework assignments.
Frontier control
Written work plus testing (Written)
Final control
report, exam
Reward points
1. Publication of articles
2. Student conference
Total				100(+10)

Investigators do not use forensic markers on their own, but they often encounter them when investigating thefts from retail outlets, warehouses, pharmacies, change houses at enterprises, office desks in institutions, as well as bribery.

The use of forensic markers is provided for by the law "On the Police" (clause 9, article 11), where they are referred to as "special coloring agents." The main purpose of forensic markers is to form on the offender at the moment of committing a crime, hard to wash off, clearly visible to the surrounding traces, facilitating his search in hot pursuit and subsequent exposure. The development and use of forensic markers turns random luck into a pattern, since drugs of forensic markers, when they hit a person’s body and clothes, paint them in bright colors that are easily evident to citizens, which helps to detain the criminal. The dyes used in the trace-forming agents are quite stable. They can be washed off only with the use of effective detergents, however, even after removing the colored stains, the dye particles remain for a long time under the nails, in the folds of the skin and are easily detected in ultraviolet rays, under which they luminesce. With regard to clothing, the drug that has got on it can only be completely removed by dry cleaning. During the time until the criminal washes away the dye that has fallen on him, he meets with colleagues, sellers, catering workers and other citizens who inevitably pay attention to the painted parts of the body, clothes, which greatly facilitates the establishment of his identity. In regions where the use of trace-forming agents is well established, they contribute to the disclosure of up to 25% of various thefts. Forensic markers contribute not only to disclosure, but also to the prevention of theft. After all, a large number of persons from among the criminal element become aware of their use.

Forensic markers are divided according to their purpose into two groups: for marking and for blocking objects with material values.

For applying labels on money, securities, various items (for example, transferred as a bribe), the following are currently issued:

A set of reagents and devices "Rhododendron" (Fig. 31). It is designed for applying labels on banknotes. The hidden inscription made is not detected with the help of household illuminators and ultraviolet devices;

A special agent in an aerosol package "Firefly" (Fig. 32) is intended for applying a thin layer of a luminescent substance that has increased adhesion to the human skin and is invisible under normal conditions on banknotes, documents and other objects. When the fingers come into contact with various surfaces on which the drug is present (for example, on a door handle), fingerprints remain visible under the action of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 365 nm. Surface area treated from one aerosol package 1.5 m 2 ;

Marking felt-tip pens "M" and "K" (Fig. 33) are designed to apply labels, inscriptions on various objects and documents in order to identify them or exclude forgery. "M" brand markers are used for marking paper materials, and "K" brand markers are used for marking objects made of metals, plastics, leather, fabrics, etc. In ultraviolet rays, the "M" markers give a blue glow, and the "K" markers - green.

Rice. 31 Reagent kit and
devices "Rhododendron"

Forensic markers designed to block objects with material values are divided into active and passive.
Active forensic markers are those that have a device for ejecting the dye into space and thus ensure that it gets on the clothes and exposed parts of the body of the person who activated this device. The release of the dye can be carried out both when mechanical devices, such as springs, and when an explosive is triggered in special squib cartridges.

Recently, liquid markers "Kupel" began to be produced (Fig. 34). They are designed to combat the theft of personal and government property. In case of unauthorized opening of the object, the contact is closed and the sprayed dye is immediately released, which retains a bright red color for three days, as well as luminescence in ultraviolet rays. Dye ejection range not less than 1.5 m. Dye volume - 1.5 ml. This marker can be used in a special device "Kern". The latter has a device for connecting two "Kupel" products to it. Operation occurs from a signal from a magnetic sensor or through mechanical contact. Dispersion area - 5 m.

Recently, chemical traps "Kukla-MG", "Purse", "Credit" began to be produced (Fig. 35 - 37).

Chemical trap "Kukla-MG" is made in the form of cash bundles with a volume of 100 sheets. When it is removed from the scene, a coloring composition is ejected and a tear composition is sprayed.

Trap "Purse" looks like a wallet. When it is opened, a dye is sprayed and a siren with a power of 80 dB is turned on, and the “Credit” trap is made in the form of a monetary package of ten packs.

Rice. 32 Special tool "Firefly"

Rice. 34 Forensic marker "Kupel"
with electric charge igniter

Rice. 35 Forensic marker "Kukla-MG"

During a robbery, the product is transferred to the robbers along with real money, and 5 minutes after the transfer, a tear composition is sprayed and intense orange smoke is released, which makes it very difficult for criminals to escape.

For remote marking of various material objects and offenders, the "Kapral" tool is produced. It is equipped with two capsules with a coloring agent, five pyrotechnic capsules with a tear agent and an electric lamp for illuminating documents at night.

Passive forensic markers do not have any triggered devices. Their design is designed for direct contact with him by the person committing the crime. In passive forensic markers, the dye in the form of powder mixtures or ointments is applied either directly to an object that may attract the attention of a criminal, or placed in bags, paraffin capsules or other packaging and disguised among such objects.

Rice. 36 Forensic marker "Purse"

Rice. 37 Forensic marker "Credit"

Passive markers are camouflaged in the packaging of wine and vodka products, firearms holsters, bank packages, ladies' and cash-in-transit bags, pay phone handsets, boxes for various souvenirs and expensive sweets, wrappers for chocolate bars, in boxes for narcotic drugs, etc. When opening such objects, the dye wakes up and the dye gets on the body and clothes of the attacker. Often, ointments are prepared on the basis of petroleum jelly and dyes, which are used to process specially prepared rugs. At the end of the working day, they are placed at the door, on the windowsills, and if the criminal enters through the doors or windows, his shoes are painted in a bright color and you can trace his route from the scene, and then use it as evidence in the case.

In a centralized manner, the product "Carpet" is used. It consists of a fabric substrate with microcapsules glued to it with an odorant SP-80 MS. When exposed to human leg capsules, they are destroyed, the drug gets on the sole of the shoe, which significantly increases the efficiency of search dogs.

The operation of active forensic markers is accompanied by a certain noise (squib shot, spring click) and is always obvious to the criminal. When a passive marker is triggered, the offender may not be aware of this fact and discovers it only after some time.

The same object can be blocked by both active and passive forensic markers. In this case, along with forensic markers, objects are often installed that facilitate the leaving of fingerprints of the criminal.

The requirements for forensic markers are as follows.

1. They should not be dangerous to human life and health.

2. The design of forensic markers must constantly change. When using the same designs of forensic markers, criminals will quickly learn to recognize them and will not touch them when committing thefts. Using different types of markers avoids this.

3. Forensic markers must be reliable in operation, designed for long-term use in various climatic zones.

4. Forensic markers in a constructive sense should be simple, designed for the use of improvised materials and unskilled labor for their manufacture (cadets of police schools, etc.). In the factory, only ejection devices are manufactured - squibs, mechanical devices, basic mixtures of colorants. They are the basis for any design developed directly in the field. This provides a huge variety of forensic markers that do not allow criminals to recognize them when committing crimes.

5. Forensic markers should be cheap. This requirement is put forward due to the fact that a huge number of objects are blocked by these means, and if they are expensive, then significant funds will be required for their manufacture.

Practice has developed the following procedure for the use of trace-forming means. Employees of the criminal investigation department determine the type of objects to be blocked by these means and their number. In accordance with this, together with the employees of the forensic departments, the design of forensic markers is being developed, and their production is being organized. The composition of the dye is determined by a specialist chemist on the basis of the supplied base mixtures in relation to a separate territorial zone. The latter is important, since when a suspect is detained, the area where the crime was committed can be determined by the substance found on him.

The fact of establishing forensic markers at the facility is documented by an act of the established form, drawn up by a criminal investigation officer or a district inspector. It indicates the name of the blocked object, the position and surname of the police officer who installed the forensic marker. Surname, name, patronymic of the materially responsible person, appearance of the forensic marker and the “predatory substance” used in it (without its exact name). The financially responsible person is instructed in detail about the rules for handling the forensic marker and is warned about non-disclosure of the fact of its installation. A package with a sample of the dye is attached to the act in a sealed form. A list of all objects blocked by these means is stored in the duty department of the internal affairs body and is used to inform the investigative team that goes to the scene upon receipt of a message about the theft. The fact of operation of the forensic marker is reflected in the protocol of the inspection of the scene and urgent information is given on the radio to the operational squads to search for the criminal in hot pursuit. A sample of the dye is attached to the protocol if, as a result of the operation of the forensic marker, it partially woke up.

Often there are facts when a forensic marker (often passive) is taken away by criminals. In such cases, the investigator in the inspection protocol indicates that, according to the financially responsible person participating in the inspection, there was a forensic marker in such and such place on the eve of the theft, which was not found at the time of the inspection. More details about this are recorded in the protocol of the interrogation of this person. The act of blocking the object with a forensic marker and a sample of the dye attached to it will be requested from the police department and attached to the criminal case.

If a suspect is identified, an immediate examination and examination of his clothes, a personal search, a search at the place of residence and work are carried out. In all cases, an ultraviolet illuminator is used. If a substance that could be formed by a forensic marker substance is found on the body, it is removed with a gauze swab, and clothes with traces of such a substance are packed and sent for physical and chemical examination.

It is advisable to entrust the production of an examination to the forensic department of the local Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Department of Internal Affairs, since the experts of this department are well aware of the methodology for examining substances used in forensic markers. Before the examination, two questions are usually posed: 1) what is the composition of the substance that formed the stain on the clothes or body of the suspect and 2) whether it matches the composition of the substance of the forensic marker installed on the object from which the theft was committed. For a comparative study, a sample of the substance attached to the act of blocking the object with a forensic marker is sent for examination along with clothing (tampon).

The use of forensic markers is provided for by the law "On the Police" (p.

9 st. 11), where they are referred to as "special colorants". The main purpose of forensic markers is to form on the offender at the moment of committing a crime, hard to wash off, clearly visible to the surrounding traces, facilitating his search in hot pursuit and subsequent exposure. The development and use of forensic markers turns random luck into a pattern, since drugs of forensic markers, when they hit a person’s body and clothes, paint them in bright colors that are easily evident to citizens, which helps to detain the criminal. The dyes used in the trace-forming agents are quite stable. They can be washed off only with the use of effective detergents, however, even after removing the colored stains, the dye particles remain for a long time under the nails, in the folds of the skin and are easily detected in ultraviolet rays, under which they luminesce. With regard to clothing, the drug that has got on it can only be completely removed by dry cleaning. During the time until the criminal washes away the dye that has fallen on him, he meets with colleagues, sellers, catering workers and other citizens who inevitably pay attention to the painted parts of the body, clothes, which greatly facilitates the establishment of his identity. In regions where the use of trace-forming agents is well established, they contribute to the disclosure of up to 25% of various thefts. Forensic markers contribute not only to disclosure, but also to the prevention of theft. After all, a large number of persons from among the criminal element become aware of their use.

Forensic markers are divided according to their purpose into two groups: for marking and for blocking objects with material values.

For applying labels on money, securities, various items (for example, transferred as a bribe), the following are currently issued:

a set of reagents and devices "Rhododendron" (Fig. 31). It is designed for applying labels on banknotes. The hidden inscription made is not detected with the help of household illuminators and ultraviolet devices;

a special agent in an aerosol package "Firefly" (Fig. 32) is intended for applying a thin layer of a luminescent substance,

possessing increased adhesion to the skin of a person and invisible under normal conditions, on banknotes, documents and other objects. When the fingers come into contact with various surfaces on which the drug is present (for example, on a door handle), fingerprints remain visible under the action of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 365 nm. The surface area processed from one aerosol package is 1.5 m2;

Forensic markers designed to block objects with material values are divided into active and passive.

Active forensic markers are those that have a device for ejecting the dye into space and thus ensure that it gets on the clothes and exposed parts of the body of the person who activated this device. The release of the dye can be carried out both when mechanical devices, such as springs, and when an explosive is triggered in special squib cartridges.

Recently, chemical traps "Kukla-MG", "Purse", "Credit" began to be produced (Fig. 35 - 37).

Chemical trap "Kukla-MG" is made in the form of cash bundles with a volume of 100 sheets. When it is removed from the scene, a coloring composition is ejected and a tear composition is sprayed.

Trap "Purse" looks like a wallet. When it is opened, a dye is sprayed and a siren with a power of 80 dB is turned on, and the “Credit” trap is made in the form of a monetary package of ten packs.

marker "Kupel" with an electric charge igniter

marker "Doll-MG"

When opening such objects, the dye wakes up and the dye gets on the body and clothes of the attacker. Often, ointments are prepared on the basis of petroleum jelly and dyes, which are used to process specially prepared rugs. At the end of the working day, they are placed at the door, on the windowsills, and if the criminal enters through the doors or windows, his shoes are painted in a bright color and you can trace his route from the scene, and then use it as evidence in the case.

The requirements for forensic markers are as follows.

1 They should not be dangerous to human life and health.

2 The design of forensic markers must constantly change. When using the same designs of forensic markers, criminals will quickly learn to recognize them and will not touch them when committing thefts. Using different types of markers avoids this.

3 Forensic markers must be reliable in operation, designed for long-term use in various climatic zones.

Forensic markers in a constructive sense should be simple, designed for the use of improvised materials and unskilled labor for their manufacture (cadets of police schools, etc.). In the factory, only ejection devices are manufactured - squibs, mechanical devices, basic mixtures of colorants. They are the basis for any design developed directly in the field. This provides a huge variety of forensic markers that do not allow criminals to recognize them when committing crimes.

Forensic markers should be cheap. This requirement is put forward due to the fact that a huge number of objects are blocked by these means, and if they are expensive, then significant funds will be required for their manufacture.

Often there are facts when a forensic marker (often passive) is taken away by criminals. In such cases, the investigator in the inspection protocol indicates that, according to the financially responsible person participating in the inspection, there was a forensic marker in such and such place on the eve of the theft, which was not found at the time of the inspection. More details about this are recorded in the protocol of the interrogation of this person. The act of blocking the object with a forensic marker and the sample of the dye attached to it will be requested from the police department and attached to the criminal

Rice. 24 Computer-	Rice. 22 Device for detecting	Rice. 23 Set for ex-
		press analysis of drugs

	changes in marking	substances
compiling system
	vehicle data	"Polytest"
compositional

pom. However, over time, it changes its color from dark red, brown to dark gray, and when it rots, it acquires a greenish color. In addition, many substances are outwardly similar to blood (rust, dyes, juices, wine, ink, etc.). Therefore, suspicious spots found during inspection of the scene, examination, search are often subjected to preliminary research. In the forensic kit of the investigator of the prosecutor's office, there are preparations for this: hydropyrite, Voskoboinikov's reagent, luminol.

Hydropyrite is intended for the study of fresh traces of blood. Two tablets of this drug are dissolved in 100 ml of boiled water, and a drop of the solution is applied to the object under study. In the presence of blood, a drop of liquid boils strongly, which is clearly visible to the naked eye or through a magnifying glass.

Voskoboinikov's reagent consists of three components: benzidine, barium peroxide and citric acid, taken in a ratio of 1:4:10.

Upon receipt of the investigation suitcase from the warehouse, all components are mixed and stored in one bottle. Before use, 0.1 ... 0.2 g of the drug is dissolved in 2 ... 5 ml (1 teaspoon) of boiled water. The solution, using a piece of cotton wool wound around a match, is transferred to the object under study (pieces of fabric, individual villi, etc.). In a positive case, cotton wool turns blue. However, the conclusion about the presence of blood can only be made presumably, since some other substances also cause blueing. The reaction is very sensitive and washing, boiling, ironing with a hot iron, treatment with gasoline, acetone, soda, ammonia has little effect on the effectiveness of this test.

Luminol is used to determine the signs of blood in old stains (up to 10 years) that have been exposed to adverse conditions (sun, rain, snow). Washing, ironing with a hot iron, dry cleaning have little effect on the luminol test. It must be taken into account, however, that a number of substances (beet juice, carrot juice, wine, ink, bile and some others) cause a reaction like blood. Therefore, blood tests are carried out with a small part of the spots or individual villi so that it is possible to present the untreated material to the expert biologist.

A number of other technical and forensic tools have been developed for preliminary research, but they are designed mainly for use by forensic specialists.

Equipment for compiling composite portraits of criminals. When examining the scenes of incidents, it is often possible to identify witnesses who saw the persons who committed the crime. In these cases, measures are often taken to create their sketches for use in hot pursuit. For these purposes, the "Identification set of drawings" (IDP) is used. It consists of an album with drawings of individual parts of the face and a headdress, transparencies of these drawings, a device for viewing transparencies stacked on top of each other and photographing the resulting image of the face of the wanted criminal. The IFR is currently being actively replaced by the Kadr computer system for compiling composite portraits (Fig. 24). The system includes a PC, display, matrix printer. The complete set also includes a laser printer and a scanner. The system contains elements of real photographic images of the face in its memory. In addition to compiling a composite portrait, the system allows you to maintain a photo library and search for faces in it according to a given set of features. The program for this system is supplied locally Forensic center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

2.4 Means for packaging exhibits

Articles 81 and 82 of the Code of Criminal Procedure require that items confiscated during the inspection of the scene and the search, if necessary, be packed and sealed. The same need often arises in the production of other investigative actions: examination, verification of testimony on the spot, etc.

The requirement to pack the seized objects is dictated by the need to preserve the traces on them. Unfortunately, in practice, this requirement is often not met, which leads to the loss of important material evidence, which adversely affects the detection of crimes.

The technical and forensic tools supplied to the investigative apparatus for packing material evidence are concentrated in a suitcase for examining the scene of the incident and in a mobile forensic laboratory.

The suitcase for inspection of the scene contains:

Postal envelopes and writing paper- are intended for packing notes, wads, shots, bullets, cartridge cases, scraps of fabric from clothes, tufts of hair, pieces of wood formed during burglary, cigarette butts and other small objects.

Glass tubes. They are used to pack micro-objects: individual hair, clothing fibers, scrapings from blood and other stains, the smallest particles of peeling paint, found when examining traces of hacking tools, vehicles, and other smallest objects.

Plastic bags of various sizes. They pack weapons, separate pre-

clothes, shoes, objects with traces of a shot and other similar objects.

Glass cutter - used to reduce the size of glass fragments with fingerprints. locksmith tool(hammer, saw, screwdriver, etc.) - used in the manufacture of containers for

large, heavy objects with fingerprints, such as axes, crowbars, etc. Twine, plasticine, scissors- are used when sealing seized items.

In addition to the listed tools, the mobile forensic laboratory has a device for wood burning, welding of a film used to pack various objects.

The greatest difficulty in packing physical evidence is caused by objects with traces of hands: bottles, glasses, glass jars, light bulbs, dishes, cutlery, etc. It is no coincidence that they are delivered for examination either in an unpacked form, which does not guarantee the safety of traces, or when bulky wooden boxes or cardboard boxes are made or adapted for their packaging. Naturally, in such cases, a lot of time is spent on packaging, and its quality often does not meet the requirements.

In each investigative unit and body of inquiry, it is desirable to equip a workplace for packing material evidence or create a special set for this purpose. It should include: thick wrapping paper, sheets of cardboard for making boxes, scissors, a scalpel, a binder, paper clips, cling film, plastic bags of various sizes or film, a wood burning device or a soldering iron for welding the film, an awl, needles, harsh threads , twine, glue, postal envelopes, sealing wax, plasticine, a set of glass test tubes. It is highly desirable to supplement this set with a perforator for punching holes in the cardboard tape used when packing glass fragments with fingerprints. With the help of such a perforator, oblong holes are made in the middle of the cardboard tape in predetermined places that coincide with the protruding parts of the glass fragment. A fragment is then inserted into them and the tape framed around it is fastened with a paper clip or a binder. Several fragments can be enclosed in one box. The tape can have a width of 30 ... 35 mm. The packaging is reliable, not bulky, it can be easily sealed. Holes in the tape can also be made with a scalpel or a safety razor blade, but this is less convenient and more time consuming.

Most objects with fingerprints can be packed in cardboard boxes, which can be easily made by the investigator directly at the scene. A few sheets of cardboard, a binder and paper clips for this should always be in the investigative suitcase and mobile forensic laboratory. The manufacture of boxes in relation to individual items is clearly shown in fig. 25 - 28.

For packing heavy items with fingerprints (axes, weapons), wooden boxes should be made.

2.5 Complete forensic tools

Complete technical and forensic tools are considered to be those that include tools for various purposes. They are created for use in the field, mainly when examining the scene, searching, and in some other cases. Complete technical and forensic tools usually include forensic suitcases and mobile forensic laboratories.

IN Currently, law enforcement agencies are armed with several types of forensic suitcases that differ in purpose, configuration, and name.

IN In the internal affairs bodies, the unified suitcase was most widely used. It is named so because it is intended for use by investigators, investigators, special forensic criminals. In recent years, it has been modified and enters the authorities under the name of the unified suitcase "Flint-M1", "Flint-M2" (Fig. 29). It contains:

− means for detecting, fixing and removing handprints: powders PMD-Ch, PMD-B, PMDL-S, flute brush, magnetic brush, black and light fingerprint film;

− means for detecting and withdrawing microparticles: forensic magnifier, sticky film, tweezers, scalpel, glass test tubes;

− means for making copies of three-dimensional traces: gypsum, an elastic bowl for diluting gypsum, a spatula for stirring gypsum, synthetic paste with a hardener, plasticine; varnish "Charm";

− means for fingerprinting: printing ink, paint roller, fingerprint cards;

− measuring instruments: tape measure 10 m, caliper, ruler;

− tools: a hammer, various screwdrivers, a chisel, a saw for metal and wood, a gimlet;

− photographic equipment: Zenith camera, extension rings, film cassette, scale ruler;

− means for packing seized objects: glass cutter, scissors, postal envelopes, plastic bags of various sizes, twine;

means for crossing out plans: compass, writing paper, stationery.

There are also a number of other technical means in the suitcase: an electric flashlight, rubber gloves, an electrical voltage indicator, gauze napkins, cotton wool and some others.

In rural areas, the functions of interrogators are often performed by district inspectors.

Rice. 30 Unified

suitcase "Kofr-M"

For them, the forensic kit "Kofr" has been developed and is being produced (Fig. 30).

Rice. 29 Upgraded

unified suitcase "Flint-M1"

To inspect the places of traffic accidents, the Rope suitcase is issued. It includes technical means for carrying out various measurements, detection and seizure of material evidence, photographic equipment. Such suitcases are provided to traffic police officers and investigators specializing in investigating road accidents.

In service there are also suitcases for inspecting fire sites, equipped to detect and remove traces and material evidence typical of a fire.

Some forensic units have suitcases for removing traces of smell and suitcases for express analysis of food products seized during operational activities related to exposing the falsification of wine and vodka products, juices, confectionery, dairy and other products.

IN The investigative apparatus of the prosecutor's office has a slightly different forensic set. It has both similarities with the unified suitcase "Case", and a significant difference. The similarity is manifested in the presence of both sets of tools for detecting fingerprints, making impressions from three-dimensional traces, various tools, means for fingerprinting packaging tools, and some others. The difference lies in the availability of search equipment and reagents for preliminary investigation of traces in the forensic kit of the investigator of the prosecutor's office. So in this kit there are several probes. One of them is a steel needle 2.5 mm in diameter, 350 mm long with a sharply sharpened end. It allows you to pierce the upholstery of armchairs, sofas, bags of grain, flour, cereals, viscous liquids in containers during a search without any special damage for search purposes. The other probe is designed for compact ground. It is assembled from two parts - a handle and a steel rod and is used in the examination of the soil. It can also be used when searching for items in barrels with pickles, liquid and viscous media, thatched roofs and other places. Finally, the third probe, consisting of three parts: a handle, an extension rod and a conical tip, is designed to search for objects in loose soil (sand, peat),

in snowdrifts, in heaps of rubbish, heaps of hay, straw, in shallow pits (probe length 90 cm), in ditches with opaque, liquid and viscous substances.

IN The forensic kit also includes a device for taking soil samples. It is a hollow cylindrical tube with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 100 mm. The lower edge of the nozzle is sharply sharpened. Using such a device, it is possible to take soil samples from a depth of 25 ... 75 cm. A soil sample is taken in cases where there are signs indicating that excavations may have been carried out in this place in order to hide any items (stolen items, a corpse, etc.).

IN The forensic kit also includes a magnetic finder that allows you to search for objects made of ferrous metals in grass, loose sand, snow, cesspools, and reservoirs. It consists of a magnetic head with a device for attaching an aluminum rod or cord. The lifting force of the head is 8 kg.

The developers of the forensic kit put in it a device for detecting fingerprints with iodine vapor. It seems that this should not be done, since iodine vapor causes rust on all metal attachments of the forensic kit, and working with them without appropriate devices that limit their entry into the lungs is not safe for health.

As for the means for preliminary blood tests available in the forensic kit (hydropyrite, Voskoboinikov's reagent, luminol), they have already been discussed above.

The most versatile forensic kit is a mobile forensic laboratory. Currently, there are four modifications of such a laboratory in operation.

torii - two in the internal affairs bodies and two - in the investigative apparatus of the prosecutor's office. They were developed on the basis of the UAZ-452 car and on the basis of the RAF-2203. Mobile forensic laboratories based on UAZ-452 are supplied to regions with an underdeveloped network of paved roads, and on the basis of the RAF - to regions where such roads prevail.

In special cabinets and drawers of the laboratory there are: a forensic set of an investigator, a device for removing microparticles "Veterok", an ultraviolet illuminator, a set for express research, a microscope, two lamps, tripods for them and 50 m of cable for connecting to the mains, a camera with a flash, a photo enlarger with photographic accessories, a movie camera, a video camera, a portable tape recorder, a magnetic elevator, an electric megaphone (used in the protection of the scene of an accident), a magnetic elevator, a portable typewriter, overalls (waterproof raincoat, antiseptic stockings - two pairs, oilcloth apron, cotton mittens, rubber dielectric gloves), entrenching tools (scrap, bayonet and sapper shovels, hammer, axe, hacksaws for metal and wood, scissors for metal). The interior of the car also has: a tarpaulin to protect the corpse and traces in bad weather, three different probes and some other means. On the roof of the car is equipped with a trunk for transporting bulky material evidence, which is also used when photographing the scene from above. A flashing beacon and a rotary headlight are installed above the driver's cab, which is used when finding the desired house number in the dark. As you can see, the mobile forensic laboratory is fairly well equipped, but, unfortunately, the technical and forensic tools available in it are not used effectively enough due to the poor technical training of investigators, who prefer to call forensic specialists when necessary.

2.6 Forensic trace markers

And after removing stained stains, the dye particles remain for a long time under the nails, in the folds of the skin

And are easily detected in ultraviolet rays, under the influence of which they luminesce. With regard to clothing, the drug that has got on it can only be completely removed by dry cleaning. During the time until the criminal washes away the dye that has fallen on him, he meets with colleagues, sellers, catering workers and other citizens who inevitably pay attention to the painted parts of the body, clothes, which greatly facilitates the establishment of his identity. In regions where the use of trace-forming agents is well established, they contribute to the disclosure of up to 25% of various thefts. Forensic markers contribute not only to disclosure, but also to the prevention of theft. After all, a large number of persons from among the criminal element become aware of their use.

Forensic markers are divided according to their purpose into two groups: for marking and for blocking objects with material values.

For applying labels on money, securities, various items (for example, transferred as a bribe), the following are currently issued:

– a set of reagents and devices "Rhododendron" (Fig. 31). It is designed for applying labels on banknotes. The hidden inscription made is not detected with the help of household illuminators and ultraviolet devices;

– a special agent in an aerosol package "Firefly" (Fig. 32) is intended for applying a thin layer of a luminescent substance,

- Marking felt-tip pens "M" and "K" (Fig. 33) are designed to apply labels, inscriptions on various objects and documents in order to identify them or exclude forgery. "M" brand markers are used for marking paper materials, and "K" brand markers are used for marking objects made of metals, plastics, leather, fabrics, etc. In ultraviolet rays, the "M" markers give a blue glow, and the "K" markers - green.

Forensic markers designed to block objects with material values are divided into active and passive.

Active forensic markers- these are those that have a device for ejecting the coloring matter into space and thus ensure that it gets on the clothes and open parts of the body of the person who activated this device. The release of the dye can be carried out both when mechanical devices, such as springs, and when an explosive is triggered in special squib cartridges.

IN recently, liquid markers "Kupel" began to be produced (Fig. 34). They are designed to combat the theft of personal and government property. In case of unauthorized opening of the object, the contact is closed and the sprayed dye is immediately released, preserving bright red color for three days, as well as luminescence in ultraviolet rays. The dye ejection range is at least 1.5 m. The dye volume is 1.5 ml. This marker can be used in a special device "Kern". The latter has a device for connecting two "Kupel" products to it. Operation occurs from a signal from a magnetic sensor or through mechanical contact. The scattering area is 5 m.

IN Recently, chemical traps have been produced"Doll-MG", "Purse", "Credit"

(Fig. 35 - 37).

Chemical trap "Kukla-MG" is made in the form of cash bundles with a volume of 100 sheets. When it is removed from the scene, a coloring composition is ejected and a tear composition is sprayed.

Trap "Purse" looks like a wallet. When it is opened, a dye is sprayed and a siren with a power of 80 dB is turned on, and the “Credit” trap is made in the form of a monetary package of ten packs.

Passive forensic markers there are no active devices. Their design is designed for direct contact with him by the person committing the crime. In passive forensic markers, the dye in the form of powder mixtures or ointments is applied either directly to an object that may attract the attention of a criminal, or placed in bags, paraffin capsules or other packaging and disguised among such objects.

The requirements for forensic markers are as follows. 1 They should not be dangerous to human life and health.

3 Forensic markers must be reliable in operation, designed for a long

telnoe use in various climatic zones.

4 Forensic markers in a constructive sense should be simple, designed for the use of improvised materials and unskilled labor for their manufacture (cadets of police schools, etc.). In the factory, only ejection devices are manufactured - squibs, mechanical devices, basic mixtures of colorants. They are the basis for any design developed directly in the field. This provides a huge variety of forensic markers that do not allow criminals to recognize them when committing crimes.

5 Forensic markers should be cheap. This requirement is put forward due to the fact that a huge number of objects are blocked by these means, and if they are expensive, then significant funds will be required for their manufacture.

Often there are facts when a forensic marker (often passive) is taken away by criminals. In such cases, the investigator in the inspection report indicates that, according to the financially responsible person participating in the inspection, in such and such a place on the eve of the theft there was a forensic marker, which was not found at the time of the inspection. More details about this are recorded in the protocol of the interrogation of this person. The act of blocking the object with a forensic marker and a sample of the dye attached to it will be requested from the police department and attached to the criminal case.

3 PROVISION OF THE INVESTIGATION WITH CRIMINALISTIC INFORMATION

3.1 The concept of forensic information and its meaning

in investigation

Forensic information is systematized data about people, corpses, methods and means of committing a crime, stolen things, traces and material evidence, as well as other objects that are important for the investigation of crimes. Taking into account the interests of practice, the types of records containing forensic information are constantly expanding.

Forensic records - sources of forensic information consist of the following elements: accumulation of information, its systematization, identification of registered objects and issuance of reference information.

The accumulation of information occurs due to the receipt by the units that keep records of registration cards from the investigative and operational apparatus on the crimes under investigation and the suspects and accused passing through them, reports from the judiciary on the results of the consideration of criminal cases, operational reports on crimes, and methods of their commission, signs of criminals . An important source of information to be taken into account are also expert opinions based on the results of the study of physical evidence. In order to quickly search for incoming information, it is systematized. Each type of accounting has its own system of information location.

Identification of registered information is carried out by employees who record it. In some cases, computers are used for this purpose.

The issuance of information is carried out at the request of the investigator, the employee of the inquiry, the court, which, if necessary, is sent to the units that carry out accounting, the requirement of the established form. The results of the verification are stamped on the back of these requests and returned to the requester. In emergency cases, checks on records are carried out by telephone or telegraph.

All records are currently kept in the internal affairs bodies, and the procedure for their creation and use is regulated by the instructions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. This, however, does not mean that the records are used only by investigators and employees of the inquiry of the internal affairs bodies. They are interdepartmental in nature and when investigating crimes, investigators of all law enforcement agencies turn to their help.

Currently, the value of forensic records is determined by the fact that they:

allow you to quickly and reliably establish information important for the investigation about suspected

tormented and accused: whether he was previously convicted, when, for what, where he served his sentence, etc.;

contribute to the detection of non-obvious crimes. Many records, including fingerprint

pictorial, bulletproof magazines, records of lost, found, stolen and voluntarily handed over weapons, stolen things, etc., allow you to receive information that directly indicates the possible involvement in the crime of a particular person who is suspected;

contribute to the detection and seizure of objects of criminal encroachment - stolen during thefts, robberies, robberies, murders and rapes associated with the taking of valuables. It is for these purposes that forensic records of stolen, found and seized things, antiquities and fine arts have been created;

help to identify missing citizens and the identity of unidentified corpses – on accounting of corpses and missing persons;

speed up and facilitate the verification of investigative and operational-search versions, for example,

versions that provide for the possibility of committing by those previously convicted of a similar crime, who fled from places of detention, etc.

Forensic records also help to solve a number of other issues that arise in the investigation of crimes and the implementation of preventive measures. The effectiveness of the use of forensic records depends on the knowledge of practical workers of its capabilities, as well as on their initiative and timely appeal to their help.

According to the amount of information included in the records, they are divided into centralized (federal) and territorial (regional). Centralized are those records that contain information on the scale of the Russian Federation (previously on the scale of the USSR), and local - in

the scale of the republics, territories and regions that are part of the Russian Federation.

3.2 Providing investigation with forensic and reference information about persons and corpses

Forensic records of living persons compared to other forensic records are the most common. They consist of those arrested and convicted of crimes, unknown criminals, missing persons, suspected of forging medical prescriptions for obtaining narcotic drugs in pharmacies, owners and drivers of vehicles, unknown patients. Consider these accounts and the possibilities of their use in the investigation.

Surname and fingerprint registration. On the Federal register (in the SIC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia) are: a) convicted in Russia to an exceptional measure of punishment - the death penalty and deprivation

freedom, regardless of the composition of the crime and the term of punishment; b) those convicted in a foreign state and transferred to Russia to serve their sentence or ma-

materials about which are received in accordance with agreements on legal assistance and legal relations in criminal cases, regardless of the type of punishment;

c) those sentenced to restriction of liberty, in respect of which the court has issued a ruling on sending them to places of deprivation of liberty;

d) those sentenced to deprivation of liberty with a suspended sentence, in respect of whom the court has issued a ruling on sending them to places of deprivation of liberty to serve the sentence imposed by the verdict;

e) persons put on the wanted list by security and internal affairs agencies.

On the local register (IC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Central Internal Affairs Directorate, Internal Affairs Directorate of the republics of territories and regions that are part of the Russian Federation), in addition to the above categories of convicted persons, there are also:

f) all convicted, arrested and prosecuted as defendants in the territory of the republic, territory, region, regardless of the crime, the term and type of punishment, the measure of restraint chosen;

g) convicted in other republics, territories, regions to an exceptional measure of punishment, as well as to deprivation of liberty, who arrived in this republic, territory, region for the execution of a sentence or serving a sentence;

h) persons who have committed crimes, materials on which, without initiating a criminal case, were sent for the application of measures of public influence;

i) persons who have committed socially dangerous acts, placed by court order in psychiatric hospitals for compulsory treatment, as well as transferred to the care of relatives or guardians.

To check by last name, a requirement of the established form is filled out, which is sent to the information center by territoriality, and if there is reason to believe that the person being checked was held accountable in another republic (krai, region), then the requirement is also sent to the SIC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for verification according to federal registration.

The results of the check are reflected on the back of the specified requirements. It contains information about all convictions, changes in sentences, grounds and time of release on the last conviction, insanity of the person, place of punishment with an indication of the postal address. Requests are processed within three to five days.

Fingerprint accounting is closely related to last name accounting. Fingerprint registration is used to check suspects and defendants who do not have identity documents, or they are in doubt. In these cases, fingerprint cards of the persons being checked are sent to the information centers. Fingerprint recording is also used to identify unidentified corpses. Positive results in this case can be obtained only if the deceased was previously convicted and detained. Fingerprint recording of persons convicted of crimes is sometimes used to check fingerprints seized for unsolved crimes.

Accounting for qualified and especially dangerous criminals. Accounting for this category of persons is carried out

lyatsya with the help of the "Dossier" subsystem. In the SIC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, this system is connected to a centralized photo library, which stores photographs of registered persons.

Suspects, accused and convicted are taken into account. The selection of persons to be registered is carried out by investigators of the internal affairs bodies, the prosecutor's office, not on an article-by-article basis.

Forensic means of fixation.

1. Photographic means (cameras, wide-angle lenses, extension rings, etc.).

2. Means of measurement. To determine the size of an object, rulers, tape measures, calipers, etc. can be used.

3. Materials for making casts, copies. Used to fix volumetric traces (for example, gypsum, paraffin, silicone paste "K").

4. Graphic methods of fixation (drawing plans, diagrams, making sketches).

The main and obligatory way of fixing the traces of crimes is their reflection in the protocol of the investigative action (part 8 of article 164, article 166 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

Additional means of fixation: video recording, photography, drawing up plans, diagrams, sketching.

Forensic means of removing traces of a crime.

1. Seizure of traces along with the objects on which they are located.

2. Volumetric traces (paraffin, gypsum, wax, silicone paste "K").

3. Surface traces (for example, a finger print on glass) are removed using a fingerprint film. Tape "Scotch" can be used (when removing traces from the hard surface of the object).

Scissors, screwdrivers, folding knives, pliers, tweezers, etc. can be used to seize and pack traces of crimes (material evidence).

In the production of investigative actions, the investigator can use sets (sets) of forensic tools - both universal and specialized.

Universal kits are designed to solve common tasks at the scene (for example, an investigation suitcase).

Specialized kits are used to solve a narrow task at the scene (for example, detection, fixation and removal of micro-objects or odor traces).

The mobile forensic laboratory (PCL) has great potential.

For effective disclosure of thefts and their prevention, employees of the internal affairs bodies use forensic markers. Forensic markers in practice are called chemical traps. The legal basis for their use is the Law "On Police", where they are called "special coloring agents". The purpose of forensic markers is to leave on the offender (on his body or clothing) at the time of the crime, hard-to-wash marks (from a bright color dye), which are easily evident to citizens. Such traces facilitate the search for a criminal in hot pursuit.

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Legal regulation. Introduction

Forensic means of fixation.