dinner was weedy and stuffy smelled of bread and shredded cabbage.
2) Fedka saw how the high bow of the steamer flew at them from the darkness with unstoppable force without noticing them, heading into the very middle of the ship.
3) Gerasimov looked at his feeder so much that he regretted asking the question.
4) The night was dark because the clouds covered the sky and did not let in the light of the stars.
5) As soon as the regiment left Ozerny, a cold rain began to fall.
6) From a distance one could see how bunches of mountain ash and hawthorn bloom under the sun.
7) Grinyuk, with his chin up, looked at the sky, where from time to time an almost regular disk of the moon slipped out from under tufts of clouds.
8) At that moment when Ivan entered the yard, there was just a pause.
9) The old ferry was pulled ashore and tied tightly to the ancient mighty willows so that it would not be carried away by the unstoppable spring flood.
10) Burying my chin in the snow, I struggled to figure out what to do.
Task 2 PRINT SIGNS, MAKE A NGN SCHEME WITH SEVERAL SUDDENDENTS, DEFINE THE TYPES OF SUBDENTAL SENTENCES AND THE TYPE OF SUBMISSION.
Only now did Frol see that it was completely dawn, that at the blue foot of the cliff above Svetlikha, white streaks of mist were swaying, that the stones on the shore had become bluish from the morning dew. SCHEME EXAMPLE [vb], (as...)
Place punctuation marks, determine the type of subordinate clauses.I don't know where the line is between friend and friend.
Here is a clearing where I recently collected porcini mushrooms between two streams.
I wanted to go somewhere where I can calmly indulge in my thoughts.
I don't know when it will be.
We get to know friends and relatives at the hour when trouble threatens.
People stop thinking when they stop reading.
When dusk came, I had to return home.
Pushkin writes that Tatyana "in her own family seemed like a stranger girl."
The boat that was approaching the shore was seen by the border guards.
The offensive proceeded as planned in the headquarters.
The sailing ship was far from the coast and went to where the sea and the sky merged into blue infinity.
Mark these statements with a + or - sign (if you agree with the statement - plus, if not, then put a minus
No. Approval +
1. A complex sentence consists of two simple sentences
2. A complex sentence includes a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
3. Simple sentences as part of a complex subordinate are always equal.
4. The subordinate clause with the main one is connected with a coordinating or subordinating connection.
5. Subordinating unions or allied words act as means of communication in a complex sentence.
6. Allied words answer questions and perform a syntactic role.
7. Subordinate clauses in a complex sentence, depending on the meaning, are divided into explanatory, attributive, adverbial.
8. The type of the subordinate clause is determined by the union or union word.
9. The type of the subordinate clause is determined by the question posed from the main clause.
10. The main sentence from the subordinate clause in writing is usually separated by a comma, and in oral speech by a pause.
11. In complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, there can be such types of subordination: homogeneous, parallel and sequential.
12. In complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, there can be such types of subordination: coordinating, subordinating and non-union.
Task B6 tests your ability to analyze and parse a complex sentence. Depending on the option, you will need to find:
1) compound sentence;
2) complex sentence;
3) a complex sentence with a certain type of subordinate clause;
4) a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, indicating the type of attachment of the subordinate clauses to the main one;
5) a complex non-union proposal;
6) a complex sentence with different types of connection.
Website hint.
To remember the different types of communication, reread task A9.
The following diagram will also help you:
Complex sentence.
Complex sentence- this is a proposal, which includes two or more bases, where one base is subordinate to the other.
Since the structure of the sentence, the question from the main stem to the dependent (subordinate) can be different, there are several types of complex subordinate:
| Type of subordinate clause | Features of the adnexal | What question does it answer | Means of communication | |
| unions | allied words | |||
| definitive | contains a characteristic of an object, reveals its sign (refers to a noun in the main part) | which? which one? |
to, like, like, like | which, what, what, whose, when, where, where, etc. |
| pronoun-defining | refers to a pronoun in the main part of NGN ( that, that, those, each, any, any, all, all, all) and specifies the meaning of the pronoun | Who exactly? what exactly? |
like, like, like, what, to | who, what, which, which, whose, which, etc. |
| explanatory | the subordinate part is required by words with the meaning of thoughts, feelings, speech (verb, adjective, noun) | questions of indirect cases (what? about what? what?) |
what, like, as if, as if, as if, as if, so that, bye | who, what, which, what, whose, where, where, from where, how much, how much, why |
| mode of action and degree | 1) reveals the method or quality of the action, as well as the measure or degree of manifestation of the feature in the main part of the sentence; 2) have indicative words in the main part ( so, so much, thus, so much, so much, to such an extent ...). |
as? how? to what extent or degree? |
what, to, like, exactly | |
| places | 1) contains an indication of the place or space where what is said in the main part takes place; 2) can spread the main part or reveal the content of adverbs there, there, from there, everywhere, everywhere and etc. |
where? | where, where, from where | |
| time | 1) indicates the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main part; 2) can extend the main part or specify the circumstance of time in the main part |
when? how long? since when? How long? |
when, until, how, while, after, since, barely, only | |
| terms | 1) contains an indication of the condition on which the implementation of what is said in the main part depends; 2) the condition can be underlined in the main part by the combination in that case |
under what condition? | if, how, how soon, once, when, whether ... whether | |
| causes | contains an indication of the reason or justification for what is said in the main part | why? for what reason? |
because, because, since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, since, etc. | |
| goals | contains an indication of the purpose or purpose of what is said in the main part of the sentence | why? for what purpose? for what? |
so that, so that, so that, so that, so that, so that, only, so that | |
| concessions | contains an indication of the condition, contrary to which what is said in the main part is done | in spite of what? contrary to what? |
although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let, for nothing that | |
| comparative | compares objects or phenomena in the main part and the subordinate | as? (what does it look like?) |
as, just as, as, as if, as if, exactly, as if | |
| consequences | indicates a consequence arising from the content of the main part of the sentence | what follows from this? what was the consequence? |
so | |
Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
Compound sentence with different types of connection (examples)
(1) Gorgeous morning: cool in the air; the sun is not high yet.
(2) And the steering wheel fidgets, and the skin creaks, and the canvases are taken into the reefs.
(3) I want you to hear how my living voice yearns.
(4) For everyone there is glory, work - and it is yours.
(5) Grief will be forgotten, a miracle will happen, that which is only a dream will come true.
(6) I looked at the hut, and my heart sank - it always happens when you see something that you have been thinking about for many years.
(7) And yet he was sad, and he somehow especially dryly told the chief of staff that his adjutant had been killed and a new one had to be found.
Action algorithm.
1. Highlight the basics.
2. Eliminate all simple sentences.
3. See what the basics are connected with: union, allied word, intonation.
4. Define the boundaries of the bases.
5. Determine the type of connection.
Parsing the task.
Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with an explanatory clause. Write down his number.
(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, chirped on his accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher strictly told him: “Valery Petrovich, higher!” (Z) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose always had a beet red color, like that of a clown. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”
We highlight the basics:
(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, peeped on his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher strictly told him: "Valery Petrovich, taller!" (Z) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose always had a beet-red color, like a clown's. (5) Childrenwhen they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, they said this: "He looks like Ksyushka's dad!"
Proposition #3 is simple. We exclude it.
We define the boundaries of sentences and see how the basics are connected:
(1) [As a child, I hated matinees], ( because what father came to our kindergarten). (2) [He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, chirped on his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody], but[our teacher sternly told him]: “Valery Petrovich, taller!” (4) [He was small, plump, began to go bald early], And, (although never drank), [for some reason his nose was always beet-red, like a clown's]. (5) [Children , ( when wanted to say about someone) ( what he is funny and ugly), they said this]: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”
The first sentence is a complex one with a clause of reason (I hated matinees why? Because my father came).
The second sentence is a compound sentence with direct speech.
The fourth sentence is complex with a coordinating connection (conjunction and) and a subordinating connection (subordinate though ...).
The fifth sentence is a complex one with two subordinate clauses and direct speech. The first subordinate clause is time (children said when? when they wanted to talk about someone); the second subordinate clause is explanatory (they wanted to say something about someone? that he was funny and ugly).
So way, the correct answer is sentence number 5.
Practice.
1. Among sentences 1 - 9, find a complex sentence that has a subordinate clause. Write the number of this offer.
(1) It is not difficult to imagine what was happening at that moment in the soul of the commander: he, having taken on the unbearable burden of a shameful retreat, was deprived of the glory of a victorious battle. (2) ... Barclay's road carriage stopped at one of the postal stations near Vladimir. (3) He started towards the stationmaster's house, but a huge crowd blocked his way. (4) Offensive cries, threats were heard. (5) Barclay's adjutant had to draw his saber in order to pave the way to the carriage. (6) What comforted the old soldier, who was attacked by the unjust anger of the crowd? (7) Perhaps, the belief in the correctness of one's decision: it is this belief that gives a person the strength to go to the end, even if it is necessary alone. (8) And yet, perhaps, Barclay was comforted by hope. (9) The hope that someday a passionless time will reward everyone according to their deserts and the fair judgment of history will surely justify the old warrior who sullenly rides in a carriage past the roaring crowd and swallows bitter tears.
2. Among sentences 1 - 10, find a complex sentence, which includes (-yat) subordinate (-s) comparisons. Write the number(s) of this offer.
(1) No matter how hard I tried, I could not imagine that houses once stood here, noisy children ran, apple trees grew, women dried clothes ... (2) No sign of a former life! (3) Nothing! (4) Only the sad feather grass mournfully shook its stems and the dying rivulet barely stirred among the reeds ... (5) I suddenly felt scared, as if the earth was exposed under me and I found myself on the edge of a bottomless abyss. (6) Impossible! (7) Is it possible that man has nothing to oppose to this deaf, indifferent eternity? (8) In the evening I cooked fish soup. (9) The bear threw firewood into the fire and climbed into the pot with his cyclopean spoon - to take a sample. (10) Shadows moved timidly next to us, and it seemed to me that people who once lived here timidly came here from the past to warm themselves by the fire and tell about their lives.
3. Among sentences 1 - 11, find a complex sentence with homogeneous clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(1) On the bank of the river sat an old man in a naval uniform. (2) The last pre-autumn dragonflies fluttered over him, some perched on worn epaulettes, rested and fluttered when the man occasionally stirred. (3) He was stuffy, he relaxed his long-long unbuttoned collar with his hand and froze, peering with watery eyes at the palms of small waves patting the river. (4) What did he see now in this shallow water? (5) What was he thinking about? (6) Until recently, he still knew that he had won great victories, that he had managed to break free from the captivity of old theories and discovered new laws of naval combat, that he had created more than one invincible squadron, brought up many glorious commanders and crews of warships.
Considers the structure of phrases and sentences. At the same time, the construction and punctuation of various types of complex sentences usually cause particular difficulty, especially with three or more predicative parts. Let us consider, using specific examples, the types of NGN with several subordinate clauses, the ways of connecting the main and subordinate parts in them, the rules for putting punctuation marks in them.
Complex sentence: definition
To clearly express a thought, we use a different sentence characterized by the fact that two or more predicative parts are distinguished in it. They can be equivalent in relation to each other or enter into a relationship of dependence. NGN is such a sentence in which the subordinate part is subordinate to the main part and joins it with the help of subordinating conjunctions and / or For example, " [Styopka was very tired in the evening], (WHY?) (since he walked at least ten kilometers in a day)". Hereinafter, the main part is denoted, round - dependent. Accordingly, in NGN with several subordinate clauses, at least three predicative parts are distinguished, two of which will be dependent: “ [The area, (WHAT?) (which they were passing now), was well known to Andrei Petrovich], (WHY?) (since a good half of his childhood passed here)". It is important to correctly determine the sentences where you need to put commas.
NGN with multiple clauses
A table with examples will help determine what types of complex sentences with three or more predicative parts are divided into.
Type of subordination of the subordinate part of the main | Example |
Sequential | The guys rushed into the river with a run, the water in which had already warmed up enough, because the last few days had been incredibly hot. |
Parallel (non-uniform) | When the speaker finished speaking, there was silence in the hall, as the audience was shocked by what they heard. |
Homogeneous | Anton Pavlovich said that reinforcements would soon arrive and that you just need to be patient a little. |
With different types of submission | Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, which was trembling in her hands, and thought that now she would have to quit her studies, that her hopes for a new life had not come true. |
Let's figure out how to correctly determine the type of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses. The examples above will help.
Sequential submission
In a sentence " [The guys ran into the river] 1 , (the water in which has already warmed up enough) 2 , (because the last few days have been incredibly hot) 3»First, we select three parts. Then, with the help of questions, we establish semantic relationships: [... X], (in which ... X), (because ...). We see that the second part has become the main one for the third.
Let's take another example. " [There was a vase with wild flowers on the table], (which the guys gathered), (when they went to the forest on an excursion)". The scheme of this NGN is similar to the first: [... X], (which ... X), (when ...).
With homogeneous subordination, each subsequent part depends on the previous one. Such NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples confirm this - resemble a chain, where each subsequent link joins the one in front.
Parallel (heterogeneous) subordination
In this case, all subordinate clauses refer to the main part (to the whole part or the word in it), but they answer different questions and differ in meaning. " (When the speaker finished speaking) 1 , [there was silence in the hall] 2 , (as the audience was shocked by what they heard) 3 » . Let's analyze this NGN with several clauses. Its scheme will look like this: (when ...), [... X], (since ...). We see that the first subordinate part (it stands before the main one) denotes time, and the second - the reason. Therefore, they will answer different questions. Second example: [Vladimir certainly needed to find out today] 1, (at what time the train from Tyumen arrives) 2, (in order to have time to meet a friend) 3". The first subordinate clause is explanatory, the second is purpose.
Homogeneous submission
This is the case when it is appropriate to draw an analogy with another well-known syntactic construction. For registration of PP with homogeneous members and such NGN with several subordinate clauses, the rules are the same. Indeed, in the sentence [Anton Pavlovich talked about] 1, (that reinforcements will arrive soon) 2 and (that you just need to be patient a little) 3» subordinate parts - 2nd and 3rd - refer to one word, answer the question "what?" and both are explanatory. In addition, they are interconnected with the help of the union And, which is not preceded by a comma. Imagine this in a diagram: [... X], (what ...) and (what ...).
In NGN with several subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination between the subordinate clauses, any coordinating conjunctions are sometimes used - the punctuation rules will be the same as when making homogeneous members - and the subordinating conjunction in the second part may be completely absent. For example, " [He stood at the window for a long time and looked] 1, (as cars drove up to the house one after another) 2 and (workers unloaded building materials) 3».
NGN with several subordinate clauses with different types of subordination
Very often, four or more parts are distinguished as part of a complex sentence. In this case, they can communicate with each other in different ways. Let's look at the example in the table: [Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, (which was shaking in her hands) 2 , and thought] 1 , (that now she would have to quit her studies) 3 , (that her hopes for a new life were not justified) 4". This is a sentence with parallel (heterogeneous) (P 1,2,3-4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X, (which ...), ... X], (what ...), (what ... ). Or another option: [Tatyana was silent all the way and only looked out the window] 1, (behind which small, closely located villages flickered) 2, (where people fussed) 3 and (work was in full swing) 4)". This is a complex sentence with sequential (P 1,2,3 and P 1,2,4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X], (followed by ...), (where ...) and (... ).
Punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions
To arrange in a complex sentence, it is usually enough to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicative parts. The complexity, as a rule, is the punctuation of NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples of schemes: [... X], (when, (which ...), ...) or [... X], [... X], (how (with whom ...), then ...) - when two subordinating unions (allied words) are nearby. This is characteristic of sequential submission. In such a case, you need to pay attention to the presence of the second part of the double union in the sentence. For example, " [An open book remained on the sofa] 1, (which, (if there was time) 3, Konstantin would certainly have read to the end) 2 ". Second option: " [I swear] 1 , (that (when I get back from my trip home) 3 , I will definitely visit you and tell you everything in detail) 2 ". When working with such NGN with several clauses, the rules are as follows. If the second clause can be excluded from the sentence without compromising the meaning, a comma is placed between unions (and / or allied words), if not, it is absent. Let's return to the first example: " [There was a book on the sofa] 1, (which had to be finished in time) 2 ". In the second case, if the second subordinate part is excluded, the grammatical structure of the sentence will be violated by the word "that".
Should be remembered
A good assistant in mastering the NGN with several subordinate clauses - exercises, the implementation of which will help consolidate the knowledge gained. In this case, it is better to act according to the algorithm.
- Read the sentence carefully, mark the grammatical foundations in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences).
- Select all means of communication, not forgetting about compound or used conjunctions.
- Establish semantic connections between the parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask a question (s) from it to the subordinate (s).
- Build a diagram, showing on it with arrows the dependence of parts on each other, put punctuation marks in it. Move commas into the written sentence.
Thus, attentiveness in the construction and analysis (including punctuation) of a complex sentence - NGN with several specific clauses - and reliance on the above features of this syntactic construction will ensure the correct execution of the proposed tasks.
Subordinate clauses in Russian are dependent parts of the main clause in a complex sentence. That is, they play the role of secondary members of the sentence. Therefore, the types of subordinate clauses are divided according to the role played in the sentence. One question can be asked to the entire secondary sentence, just as it is done with respect to the members of the sentence.
The main types of subordinate clauses
Four types of them are considered: attributive, adverbial, explanatory and connecting. Examples can be given that will represent all kinds of subordinate clauses:
- The flower bed, which was laid out in the courtyard on the left side of the porch, resembled a small copy of the town - a sort of Flower Town from Nosov's fairy tale about Dunno. (Determinative).
- And it seemed to me that restless and funny short men really live there. (explanatory).
- And we do not see them because they are hiding from us underground. (Circumstantial).
- But as soon as we leave somewhere, as shorties get out of their hiding places and begin to enjoy life violently. (Connective).
Determinative clauses
These subordinate clauses in Russian define the sign of one noun or sometimes a phrase consisting of a noun and a demonstrative word. They serve as answers to questions which? whose? which the? These minor sentences are joined to the main part by allied words. whose, which, who, what, which, from where, where, when. Usually in the main part of a complex sentence there are demonstrative words such as such, each, any, any or that in various forms of childbirth. The following suggestions can be taken as examples:
- living beings, which?) who live on the planet next to people, feel a good human attitude towards them.
- Reach out your hand with food, open your palm, freeze, and some bird, ( which?) whose voice is heard in the morning in the bushes of your garden, with confidence will sit on your hand.
- Every person ( which?) who considers himself the pinnacle of the creation of the Almighty, should correspond to this rank.
- Whether a garden, a forest or an ordinary yard, (which?)where everything is familiar and familiar, can open the door to the wonderful world of nature for a person.
Adventitious connecting
Interesting types of subordinate clauses that do not refer to a single word or phrase, but to the entire main part. They are called connecting. Often these parts of a complex sentence contain the meaning of the consequence, supplementing or explaining the content of the main part. Secondary sentences of this type are attached using allied words where, how, when, why, where, what. Examples:
- And only next to the mother any baby feels protected, what is meant by nature.
- Caring for the cubs, tenderness for their offspring, self-sacrifice is laid in the creature at the level of instinct, how every creature needs to breathe, sleep, eat and drink.
Explanatory clauses
If the author of the text wants to explain, specify any one word of the main part, which has the meaning of thought, perception, feeling or speech. Often these clauses refer to verbs such as say, answer, think, feel, be proud, hear. But they can also specify adjectives, for example, satisfied or glad. It is often observed when these types of subordinate clauses act as explanations of adverbs ( clearly, necessary, necessary, known, pity) or nouns ( message, thought, statement, rumor, thought, sensation). The subordinate explanatory clauses are added with the help of:
Unions (to, what, when, as if, like others);
Any allied words;
Particles (union) whether.
Examples are the following compound sentences:
- Have you ever observed what?) how amazingly sunlight plays, reflected in dew drops, insect wings, snowflake tiles?
- Once such beauty, a person will surely be incredibly happy, ( what?) who discovered the unique world of beauty.
- And it immediately becomes clear what?) that everything around was created not just so that everything is interconnected.
- Consciousness will be filled with indescribable feelings of joy, (what kind?) as if you yourself are a part of this amazing and unique world.
Adventitious mode of action and degree
Adverbial clauses are divided into several subspecies. A group of dependent parts of compound sentences that relate to a sign or action, called in its main part, and denote its degree or measure, as well as the image, are referred to as subordinate modes of action and degree. They usually answer the following questions: how? how much? as? in what degree? The design of the connection of the subordinate with the main part looks something like this: full adjective + noun + such; full adjective + such; verb + so. The attachment of these subordinate clauses is provided by unions to, what, as if or allied words how much, how much and some others. Examples:
- The little girl laughed so infectiously, so spontaneously, that it was hard for everyone else to stop smiling.
- The sonorous play of her laughter broke the tense silence of the room, as if unexpectedly scattered colorful peas from the package.
- And the little face itself has changed so much, as far as it was possible in this case: the girl, exhausted by the disease, could already easily be called a lovely and absolutely healthy child.
Adverbial clauses
These dependent clauses indicate the place of origin of the action, which is called in the main part of the compound sentence. Referring to the whole main sentence, they answer the following questions: where? where? where? and join with allied words where, from where, where. Often in the main sentence there are demonstrative words there, everywhere, there, everywhere, everywhere and some others. The following examples of such proposals can be given:
- It is quite easy to determine the cardinal directions in the forest more often, where there is moss on the trees.
- Ants dragged on their backs building material for their anthills and food supplies from everywhere, where only these hardworking creatures could get.
- I'm always drawn there, to magical lands, where we went with him last summer.
Adverbial clauses of time
Indicating the time of action, these subordinate clauses refer both to the entire main clause, and specifically to one predicate. For this type of adjective, you can ask the following questions: how long? How long? when? since when? Often there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence, for example: sometimes, once, always, now, then. For example: Animals will then be friendly with each other, (when?) when they grow up next to childhood.
Adverbial clauses, causes, purposes, consequences
- If the dependent parts of complex sentences answer questions in what case? or under what condition? and refer either to the predicate of the main part, or to it all, joining with the help of conditional conjunctions once, when, when, if, when And how(in the meaning of "if"), then they can be attributed to subordinate conditions. Example: And even the most inveterate prankster turns into a serious and well-mannered gentleman, ( in which case?)when he becomes a parent, be it a man, a monkey or a penguin.
- Questions because of which? why? for what reason? from what? subordinate causes are responsible. Their attachment occurs with the help of causal unions because, because, since. Example: For a baby in early childhood, the authority of the parent is adamant, ( why?) because his well-being depends on this being.
- Dependent sentences denoting the purpose of the action named in the main part and answering questions for what? for what purpose? why?, are called subordinate targets. Their attachment to the main part is provided by target unions in order to, then in order to (in order to). Example: But even then you should accompany your requirements with explanations ( for what purpose?) then, so that a thinking person grows out of a baby, and not a weak-willed robot performer.
- Dependent parts of a sentence that indicate a conclusion or result, denote a consequence following from the above in the main part of the sentence, are called subordinate consequences and refer to the entire main sentence. They are usually joined by coercive unions. that's why or so, for example: Education is a complex and regular process, ( what follows from this?) therefore, parents should always be in shape and not relax for a minute.
Adverbial clauses
These types of dependent sentences in complex structures refer either to the predicate or to the entire main part and answer the question like?, joining with comparative conjunctions as if, as, as, as, exactly. Comparative clauses differ from comparative phrases in that they have a grammatical basis. For example: The polar bear cub so funny fell on its side and lifted its paws up, it's like a naughty boy playing happily in the sandbox with his friends.
Adverbial clauses
Dependent sentences in a compound construction, denoting circumstances in spite of which the action indicated in the main part has been committed or can be committed, are called subordinate concessions. You can ask them questions: despite what? in spite of what? and attach to the main one with the help of concessive unions at least (although), let (let) that, for nothing, despite and some others. Allied combinations are often used: no matter how much, no matter what, when no, no matter who, no matter how and the like. Example: Even though the panda cubs were having fun, their dark spots around the eyes gave the impression of sad thoughtfulness.
A literate person should always remember: when writing sentences that are part of a complex one, they are separated by commas.
Complex sentences may have not one, but several subordinate clauses.
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types:
1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause;
2) the first clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first clause, etc.
I. Clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
1. Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
With this subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause, answer the same question, and belong to the same type of subordinate clauses. Between themselves, homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected by coordinating unions or union-free (only with the help of intonation). The connections of homogeneous clauses with the main clause and between themselves resemble the connections of homogeneous members of the sentence.
For example:
[I came to you with greetings, to tell], (that the sun has risen), (that it trembled with hot light on the sheets). (A. Fet.)
[That, (who lives the real life), (who has been accustomed to poetry since childhood),forever believes in the life-giving, full of reason Russian language]. (N. Zabolotsky.)
[At the end of May, the young bear was drawn to her native places], (where she was born) And ( where the months of childhood were so memorable).
In a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination, the second subordinate clause may not have a subordinating conjunction.
For example: ( If there is water) And ( there won't be any fish in it), [I don't trust water]. (M. Prishvin.) [ Let's shudder], (if suddenly a bird flies) or ( elk trumpets in the distance). (Yu. Drunina.)
2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (or with parallel subordination). With such subordination, the subordinate clauses include:
a) to different words of the main sentence, or one part to the whole main, and the other to one of its words;
b) to one word or to the entire main clause, but they answer different questions and are different types of subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When I have a new book in my hands), [I feel], (that something living, speaking, wonderful came into my life). (M. Gorky.)
(If we turn to the best examples of prose), [then we will make sure], (that they are full of genuine poetry). (K. Paustovsky.)
[From the world (which is called children's), door leading to space], (where they dine and drink tea) (Chekhov).
II. Complex sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
This type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the clauses form a chain: the first clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second clause refers to the clause of the 1st degree (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree) etc.
For example: [ Young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back tears], (because they were afraid of their father), (who was also somewhat embarrassed), (though I tried not to show it). (N. Gogol)
The specificity of the subordinate parts in this case is that each of them is subordinate in relation to the previous one and main in relation to the next one.
For example: Often in autumn I would closely watch falling leaves to catch that imperceptible split second when a leaf separates from a branch and begins to fall to the ground.(Paustovsky).
With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause can be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinating unions nearby: what and if, what and when, what and since, etc.
For example: [ The water crashed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers ran below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).
There are also complex sentences with a combined type of subordination of subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When the chaise left the yard), [he (Chichikov) looked back and saw], (that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and, as it seemed, was peering, wanting to know), (where the guest will go). (Gogol)
This is a complex sentence with parallel and sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
Punctuation marks in a compound sentence with several subordinate clauses
A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by coordinating unions.
For example: I realized that I was lying in bed , that I'm sick , that I was just delirious.(Cupr.)
I envy those who spent their lives in battle , who advocated a great idea.(Ec.)
We remember that great hour when the guns fell silent for the first time , when all the people met the victory both in the cities and in every village.(Isak.)
Comma not put between homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a single connecting union (regardless of whether there is a subordinating union or a union word with both subordinate clauses or only with the first one).
For example: I believe that nothing goes unnoticed and that every slightest step we take matters for the present and future life.(Ch.)
The militia brought Prince Andrei to the forest, where the wagons stood and where there was a dressing station.(L. T.)
When it began to rain and everything around sparkled, we followed the path ... out of the forest.(M.P.).
When repeating coordinating conjunctions, a comma is placed between subordinate subordinate clauses.
For example: Everyone learned that the lady had arrived, and that Kapitonich let her , and that she is now in the nursery ...(L. T.).
Unions whether ... or when connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence, they are considered as repeating, and homogeneous subordinate clauses are separated by a comma, which is placed before or.
For example: Whether weddings were started in the city, or whoever celebrated a name day cheerfully, Pyotr Mikhailovich always talked about it with pleasure.(Pis.).
In case of heterogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses are separated or set off by commas.
For example: As soon as the heat dropped, it began to get cold and dark in the forest so quickly that I did not want to stay in it.(T.)
Whoever has not experienced excitement from the barely audible breathing of a sleeping young woman will not understand what tenderness is. (Paust.).
With sequential and mixed subordination, a comma is placed between the subordinate parts according to the same rules as between the main and subordinate parts.
For example: Would our wanderers be under their native roof , if they could know , what happened to Grisha.(necr.)
Helen smiled like this , who spoke , that she did not allow , so that anyone can see her and not be rapt.(L. T.)
Any , who in life fought for the happiness of being himself , knows , that the strength and success of this struggle depends on the confidence , with which the seeker goes to the goal(M.P.)
A comma is placed between two adjacent subordinating unions or between an allied word and a subordinating union, as well as when a coordinating and subordinating unions meet, if the internal subordinate part is not followed by the second part of the double union this or that.
For example: The bear fell in love with Nikita so much that , when he went somewhere, the beast sniffed the air anxiously.(M. G.)
We were warned that , if if the weather is bad, the tour will not take place.
The night is over and , when the sun rose, all nature came to life.
The removal of the second (inner) part here does not require the restructuring of the first adnexal part.
If the subordinate clause is followed by the second part of the complex union then, so, then a comma is not put between the previous two unions.
For example: The blind man knew that the sun was looking into the room and that if he stretched out his hand through the window, dew would fall from the bushes.(Kor.)
I thought that if I didn’t argue with the old man at that decisive moment, then later it would be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship.(P.).
The withdrawal or rearrangement of the adnexal part (if he stretches his hand out the window and if at this decisive moment I do not argue with the old man) is impossible, since there will be parts of a double union nearby.
Dash in a complex sentence
Between the subordinate part (group of subordinate clauses) and the subsequent main part of the sentence maybedash if the subordinate part or a group of subordinate parts preceding the main clause are pronounced with a logical selection of an informatively important word and with a deep pause before the main part (usually, subordinate explanatory parts are distinguished in this way, less often conditional, concessive, etc.).
For example: Where did Nelidova go?- Natasha did not know(Paust.); And if you look at them for a long time- the rocks began to move, crumble(Ast.); Did he call them, did they come by themselves- Nejdanov never found out ...(T.).
A dash is put also between the subordinate and main parts in similarly constructed parallel complex sentences.
For example: Who is cheerful - he laughs, who wants - he will achieve, who is looking for - he will always find!(OK.).
A dash is put after the subordinate clause before the main one, if it contains the words this, here, and also if the clause is an incomplete sentence.
For example: That she is an honest nature is clear to me.(T.)
What he found in her is his business.
Where is he now, what is he doing - these are the questions that I could not answer.
I answered something that - I myself do not know(compare full - what i said).
A dash is put between subordinate clauses in the absence of an adversarial union or the second part of a comparative union between them.
For example: The artistry is so that every word is not only in place - so that it is necessary, inevitable and to have as few words as possible(Black).
A dash is placed with the clarifying nature of the subordinate part.
For example: Only once she revived - when Mika told her that ditties were sung at yesterday's wedding.(R. Zernova)
A dash is put to enhance the interrogative nature of the sentence while emphasizing the unusual location of the subordinate clause in front of the main clause or the intonational separation of the main clause from the subsequent clause.
For example: What is influence- you know?; Are you sure it's necessary?
A dash is also placed with an abundance of commas, against which the dash acts as a more expressive sign.
For example: But we have gained experience , but for experience , as they say , No matter how much you pay, you won't overpay.
Comma and dash in a complex sentence
Comma And dash as a single punctuation mark are placed in a complex sentence before the main part, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate parts, if the division of the complex sentence into two parts with a long pause before the main part is emphasized.
For example: Wherever I am, whatever I try to have fun , - all my thoughts were occupied with the image of Olesya.(Cupr.)
Who is to blame, who is right , - It's not for us to judge.(Cr.)
The same sign is also placed before a word repeated in the same part of the sentence in order to connect with it a new sentence or the next part of the same sentence.
For example: I knew very well that it was my husband, not some new person unknown to me, but a good person. , - my husband, whom I knew as myself.(L. T.)
And the idea that he can be guided by this interest, that he will seek reconciliation with his wife in order to sell this forest , This thought offended him.(L. T.)
A dash is put after the comma that closes the subordinate part, including before the word this.
For example: The best thing he could do , - leave on time The only thing I like here , is an old shady park.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is conditional), characterize the means of communication (unions or allied words), determine the types of subordinate clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).
5. Determine the type of subordination of the subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).
An example of parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1) [Look at the pale green star-studded sky(on which there is no cloud, no spot),and you will understand], (why summer warm air is motionless), (why nature alert) (A. Chekhov).
[… n., ( on which…), And vb.], ( why…), (why…).
(Descriptive, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (subordinate clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - subordinate explanatory clauses (depend on the verb understand, answer the question what?, are joined by the allied word why)).
2) [Any human knows], (what does he need to do, (what separates him from people), otherwise), (what connects him to them) (L. Tolstoy).
[…vb], ( what…., (what…), otherwise), (what…).
(Descriptive, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with serial and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - subordinate explanatory clause (depends on the verb knows, answers the question what?, joins union what), 2nd and 3rd clauses - subordinate pronouns (each of them depends on the pronoun then, answers the question which (then)?, joins with a union word what).
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