Public speaking plan. How to plan a future speech

Masters oratory know: for a performance to be successful, it must be planned. To do this, use our tips.

Structure your speech

Regular structure public speaking consists of three parts (the so-called “hamburger rule”):

The main idea is the idea that you want to convey to the audience. Don't confuse it with the topic of your speech.

For example, the topic of the speech is the luxury tax.

Don't say, "Today I will tell you about a tax that is very important to society." Instead, say, “Today I will tell you why a new luxury tax is necessary and fair, and how we can get it passed.”

“Meat cutlet” is the main part (80% of speech).

Make sure it is composed like this:

a) Contains from 2 to 5 (ideally 3) key points that clarify and develop the main idea.

3 key points is the optimal number because there is a rule of three points for a speaker. This means that audiences perceive statements best in three parts.

For example:

– All about the luxury tax. Who is obliged to pay it, what is the amount, what will the collected money be used for?

– Why is it necessary? For example: supporting the poor, repairing roads, building new housing at the expense of those who have a surplus.

- What can be done to get it accepted? For example, sign a petition, hold a rally, sign an appeal to deputies.

b) Contains evidence of your words. They may be:

– Statistics

– Historical facts(in the case of a luxury tax - for example, data on similar fees in the past or what happened to society if the rich, on the contrary, did not pay taxes)

– Examples of typical situations that illustrate the statement

– Visual demonstrations: graphs, diagrams, tables

c) Makes connections between your statements.

d) Ideas are organized so that they are easy to remember. To do this you need:

- To sum up

– Make clear transitions from one thought to another

– Draw parallels and make comparisons.

“Bottom bun” – conclusion (10% of speech).

b) Make the audience take action. To do this you need:

– Show problem or challenge

– Show the benefits of the solution you offer

– Call to action

– Offer the audience the opportunity to act immediately.

For example, the most famous call to action is “Workers of all countries, unite!” It was a great success.

Your appeal should also be short and expressive.

c) Finish the speech. Use techniques from public speaking courses to end your speech correctly.

d) If possible, connect the end of the speech with the beginning.

Adjust your plan

If the audience perceives your words positively, then:

– Start with an affirmation

– Continue with necessary details and explanations

– End with a call to action.

If the audience is skeptical:

– Start with evidence and evidence

Public speaking is a speech in front of an audience for the purpose of persuasion, provocation, and information. Such a speech can be designed both for a wide audience and for a narrowly targeted one (a certain contingent of listeners).

The speaker's goal is to win over listeners, attract attention and prove the correctness of his beliefs. To do this, the speaker needs to go through the basic stages of preparation and remember cunning language tricks that increase efficiency oratorical speech.

There are four types of speeches in public speaking:

impromptu storytelling - speaking in front of an audience without prior preparation;
compilation of notes - theses used in the report;
text of the message - composing the text that you read during the speech;
memorization - you learn the text and reproduce it from memory, observing the basic requirements of the listeners.

For a creative performance, combine these methods. There are no restrictions in public speaking, but it is always worth considering the characteristics of the audience. The principle of public speaking is the ability to freely choose the features of a story and use any means of expressiveness in a speech.

The basis of journalistic speeches is a plan. To plan your message, write down talking points that fit the topic. Analyze your abstracts and eliminate unnecessary information. After processing, read the abstracts again.

If necessary, expand the plan and support it with supporting facts to make the plan appear complete and consistent. Make thoughtful suggestions to the plan. If you are new to public speaking, do not shorten your sentences - write them down completely so as not to stumble during pronunciation.

How to use the plan

It is useful to have an outline of your speech with you, but do not get carried away with copying the abstract verbatim. Choose yourself how to use the recordings so that your speech is thoughtful, consistent, consistent in intonation and tempo of pronunciation.

For beginners, the plan will help them navigate the narrative; more experienced in public speaking, theses will serve as an addition to the speech. The outline is suitable for ongoing reference, ensuring confidence that points are presented in the correct order.

If you think that the outline is not enough for a successful message, then write the full text. The verbal design of a public speech can be memorized so that you can look at the audience rather than keeping your eyes on the paper. The structure of a public speech should be known to you, and not just written down in notes.

Structure of a public speech

The strongest parts of a story are the beginning and the conclusion. After successfully constructing them, you will interest the audience and leave a good impression of yourself. Remember that the impression is formed in the first five seconds of communication. Therefore, immediately show what you have prepared interesting story: Show a video or photo that fits the topic; start with interesting fact.

1 The stages of a story begin with an introduction, and the composition of a public speech is built on the descriptive part. Use backstory for emphasis. Tell an interesting parable or life example without deviating from the topic of conversation. Don't forget about psychological techniques and linguistic means so that the audience successfully adopts your attitude towards the topic.

2 Describe the problem you are addressing. Pay attention to this point so that the audience understands you and listens with interest. Address the perspectives that are possible in solving the problem. Approach this part of the story from afar. Tell us how you came to these conclusions and what you think about it.

3 Think about what questions the audience will ask you. In order not to remain silent when communicating with the public, assess in advance what points people are interested in.

An important part of public speaking is the conclusion.

Principles of Quality Conclusion

the conclusion sums up, summarizes what has been said;
the conclusion is concise and briefly describes the main ideas;
conclusion with a bit of humor;
the conclusion brings compliments to the listeners;
the conclusion repeats the main idea of the text;
the conclusion is suitable for self-promotion and assertion of awareness of the topic raised;
conclusion is used for advice using practical recommendations;
the conclusion enhances the emotional impressions of the story;
the creative conclusion is supported by the presentation and connects the stages of the story.

Listeners should constantly feel the coherence of all parts of the report: One idea smoothly transitions into another; a logical sequence is observed.

A conclusion is impossible without argumentation. The composition of a public speech must be accompanied by evidence of your rightness.

Argumentation for public speaking

Argumentation is the arguments that substantiate the theses and evidence of the information voiced.

Argumentation is divided into two types:

Logical argumentation.

Evidence based on the minds of the listeners. This reasoning is explained deductive method, reasoning from the general to the specific.

Psychological argumentation.

Argumentation aimed at the emotions, feelings, moral standards of listeners.

Rules of Argumentation

The argument must be truthful. False facts will damage your reputation. Speak your evidence with conviction. Persuasive speech means correctly selected argumentation based on confidence in your arguments.
There must be more than three pieces of evidence to add credibility to the message. On a psychological level, three reasons means many reasons. Listeners will be sure that you are right. The argument should not be too fantastic.
Argumentation involves the skillful use of arguments and the observance of pauses. When listing arguments, adhere to strict pauses. The presence of pauses allows listeners to separate evidence from each other. When observing pauses, do not make them too long.
In addition to pauses, maintain brevity. The argument should be concise so that listeners do not lose the thread of the conversation. Briefly outline one idea, then move on to another. Complete the stages of the story with arguments and pauses.

Rules for preparing a public speech

A good speech is not only a reasoned report. It's an interesting and educational story that people will want to ask questions about. If listeners follow your speech with interest, it means you have public speaking skills.

Rules for good performance:

Give people motivation so they know why they came to see you.
State the idea of the story. The body of the text should be short.
Break your speech into logical parts. Maintaining pauses between them is mandatory.
Use rhetorical questions.
Select keywords from the text for yourself. You will quickly find your way around them if you forget your memorized speech. Educational storytelling is impossible without keywords.
Support the story with examples and instructive stories from life.
Complete the story with suitable photos and videos.
Conduct a dialogue with the audience. Ask people easy questions periodically.
Pay special attention to the introductory part and conclusion.
Don't drag out the story. By psychological reasons people fully perceive the text for 20 minutes, after which attention dissipates.
The time allotted for answering questions is taken into account in the total time of the report;
The optimal pace of the story is 100 words per minute.
Communicate with people in their language. Find out in advance which contingent the listeners belong to.
Maintain eye contact with the audience.
Choose clothing appropriate for the performance.

You should have no doubt about the report. Preparing for public speaking will give you confidence own strength, and this guarantees half the success. You will get the second half by using the following methods and techniques of expression:

Show the public confidence in your abilities. Perform without fuss and unnecessary movements. This will convince people of your confidence and increase your self-esteem.
Take a seat in the middle of the stage. The public should feel your importance.
Pauses between arguments are required. But don't neglect taking pauses before speaking. Ask for water, adjust your clothes, or use another method to tune in to psychological contact with people.
Focus your attention on three people as your focal points for eye contact.
Gesture while speaking.
Avoid crossing your arms or putting them behind your back. These are defense techniques; the audience will be psychologically conditioned to the fact that you are avoiding them.
Don't show superiority when interacting with people. Behave as equals with them, especially if this is a training presentation.
If you are applauded, wait until the end of the applause to continue your story.
When finishing, say nice words and wish you good luck.

To make your story successful, work on your pronunciation and presentation of the text to your audience.

Language means of expression

Speech preparation and performance are interconnected. Language means, creating the logic of the speech, definitely need to be worked out. This will help the public form a clear understanding of your problem.

Language means of expression:

structure the text;
use complex sentences;
use introductory words;
use rhetorical questions;
present the material with emotion;
highlight the main idea;
call the audience to action;
use proverbs, sayings and comparisons;
give an example from life;
use repetitions, but do not resort to this technique too often;
demonstrate your own interest in the topic;
speak not too quietly, but do not shout;
Practice pronouncing words before speaking. Pronounce the text clearly.

To prepare for a performance, you need the right physical and emotional mood.

How to Prepare for Public Speaking: Internal Organization

Preparing to perform is considered part of the story. To calm your anxiety, use 6 basic rules:

Concentrate on speaking, not worrying.
Don't tell all the information you know. This will strengthen your self-confidence.
Before speaking, rest rather than repeat the text.
Don't eat an hour before your performance.
Don't do any unexpected things before your performance.
Pay attention to the content of the text. Read it quickly to use the techniques of the subconscious, which will remember the main points of the speech.

Conducting a public speech is not a difficult task if you approach it with full responsibility and take into account the basic functions of the speech. These functions include conveying information and explaining points of view. Also, you can improve the effectiveness of your speech by taking into account the characteristics of the audience and using means of expression. It is better to start learning public speaking by studying small stages, gradually complicating the tasks and requirements for the speech.

An important place in the speaker’s activity is occupied by daily preparation for performances, i.e., a continuous process of working to improve one’s speech skills, systematic rhetorical self-education.

What is daily preparation?

1. Acquisition of new knowledge, accumulation of information from various fields of science and technology, obtaining information from periodicals, radio and television broadcasts, reading scientific, journalistic, and fiction literature. The constant pursuit of new knowledge, expanding the scope of one’s interests - this is what will help the speaker lay a solid foundation for his rhetorical culture. Studies of the biographies of prominent people have shown that books had the greatest influence on them.

2. Creating your own archive. A person who often has to communicate publicly needs to have a purposeful attitude towards everything that surrounds him, to be, as they say, in a state of mobilization readiness, to take note interesting material. You should think about whether it is possible to use in your speeches an example, quotation, saying, etc. that you come across. Not only information (numbers, facts, characteristics), but also proverbs, sayings, catchphrases and expressions can be useful. The Internet and television can provide rich material. Today it is possible to record outstanding speeches of political and public figures of state and local scale, business leaders, entrepreneurs, etc. All this allows you to create your own archive. Of course, it is impossible to prepare material for all occasions, but with a clear definition of the range of problems that most often have to be dealt with, systematic accumulation of material will greatly facilitate the preparatory work and save time.

Such an archive can provide an invaluable service in “ Hard time“When there is no necessary time for preparation, there is no opportunity to work in the library before the speech, rummage through reference books, or read relevant literature. Therefore, it is recommended to develop a methodology for collecting and systematizing material and actively create your own archive.

3. Mastering speech technique. Basic elements of speech technique - phonational(speech) breath, voice(correct voice production skills) and diction(degree of clarity in the pronunciation of words, syllables, sounds).

A well-trained voice, correct breathing while speaking, clear diction, and impeccable pronunciation allow the speaker to attract the attention of the audience, best convey the content of the speech to the audience, and influence their consciousness, imagination, and will. Mastery of speech technique helps to better convey semantic connections between parts of a speech utterance. To keep your speech apparatus in working condition, you should perform speech technique exercises recommended by experts.

4. Improving the culture of oral and written speech. Concern for the correctness and purity of speech should be mandatory for a person speaking in public. Particular attention should be paid to the culture of verbal communication in everyday life. It is important to always speak correctly, accurately, clearly and understandably, to be able to clearly formulate thoughts, to figuratively and emotionally express your attitude to the subject of speech.

If a person, for example, is accustomed to incorrectly placing the emphasis on a word in everyday speech, then he will most likely, out of habit, pronounce it incorrectly on the podium, even if in the text of the speech there is an accent mark in this word.

It is recommended to actively participate in business conversations, conversations, discussions of various problems among friends, colleagues, relatives, speak more often at seminars and practical classes, take the floor in debates, discussions, write letters, articles, etc. All this develops a person, allows him to acquire the necessary speech skills, improves speech culture.

5. Critical analysis of speeches. The improvement of oratory skills is also facilitated by critical analysis speeches. When attending meetings, meetings, conferences, public lectures, listening to speakers on radio and television, you need to pay attention not only to the content of the speech, but also to the form of presentation of the material, language skills, and oratorical techniques.

It is important to try to clearly formulate for yourself what you like about the speech of a particular speaker, what causes a negative reaction, which actions, techniques, words, speech patterns contributed to the success of the speaker, and which, on the contrary, brought him failure. Particular attention should be paid to how the speaker works in the audience, how he establishes contact with listeners, and how he behaves in unforeseen situations that arise during the speech.

Over the years, a person gains experience, and he can analyze his own performances, determine what their advantages and disadvantages are.

6. Mastering the technique of public speaking. The speaker needs to acquire both theoretical and methodological knowledge in the field of oratory. It is important to know what stages a speaker’s activity consists of, how to prepare for a meeting with listeners, how to structure a speech, what audience management techniques can be used, etc.

Classical rhetoric identified five main stages in the development of public speech: 1) discovery, invention (invention) - systematization of the content of speeches and the evidence used in them; 2) arrangement (disposition) - dividing speech into introduction, presentation, development (proof of one’s view and refutation of the contrary) and conclusion; 3) verbal expression (elocution) - selection of words and expressions, tropes and rhetorical figures; 4) memorization; 5) pronunciation.

Modern rhetoric considers the following stages of preparation for a specific speech:

Selecting a topic and defining a target setting;

Selection of materials;

Study and analysis of selected material;

Development of a speech plan;

Working on the composition;

Writing the text of the speech;

Mastering the performance material. Choosing a topic and defining a target setting is one of the most important initial stages in preparing a public speech. It should be borne in mind that the speaker does not always have to choose the topic of his speech. Often the organizers of the event offer it to him. This takes into account events taking place in the country and abroad, the situation in the organization, the goals and objectives facing it, etc. In this case, the speaker needs to think about concretizing the proposed topic, highlighting the range of issues to cover.

When choosing a topic on your own, it is advisable to consider the following recommendations:

You need to choose a topic that matches the knowledge and interests of the speaker. It is best to choose a topic for public speaking from those areas of knowledge in which you have theoretical training or practical experience. Experts advise adhering to a useful rule - taking a range of questions, preparation for which can provide more knowledge than the students have.

You need to choose an appropriate topic. It is known that the perception of speech depends on many circumstances, including the specific environment in which the speech is pronounced. For example, people gathered at a banquet are not even physically able to listen to solid speeches on serious topics. On the contrary, at a friendly table they will easily accept something that in the audience may seem incorrect, confuse, puzzle or offend listeners. Therefore, when choosing a topic, it is important to take into account the specific circumstances in which the speech will be delivered.

The chosen topic should correspond to the interests of the audience. According to psychologists, interest is a form of manifestation of a cognitive need that helps an individual understand the goals of an activity and promotes familiarization with new facts and a more complete and profound reflection of reality. Interests can be social, professional, party, personal, etc. Knowing who he will have to speak to, the speaker must take into account what problems concern his listeners at the moment, what problems are a priority for them.

Once a topic has been chosen, you should think about how to word it. We must not forget that a successful formulation of the topic of a speech in a certain way tunes the audience, prepares it for the perception of the future speech. The title of the speech must meet a number of requirements. First of all, the topic must be formulated clearly, clearly and as briefly as possible. Long wording and titles that include unfamiliar words and expressions repel listeners and can cause a negative attitude towards the upcoming performance. Too general names should also be avoided, as they require coverage of many issues, which the speaker is not able to do. Therefore, among the listeners there will always be dissatisfied ones, since they will not receive an answer to their questions. To clarify the general formulation, subheadings are often used. The chosen wording must certainly reflect the content of the speech and must attract the attention of listeners.

Determining the purpose of the speech is considered a necessary condition for successful preparation. According to scientists, the effectiveness of speech is the degree to which its goal is realized, the ratio of the achieved result to the set goal. And a goal is what they strive for, what they want to achieve. Therefore, the speaker must clearly understand the purpose for which he is speaking and what reaction he is seeking from the audience. If the speaker does not think about the purpose of the speech, he will not be successful in preparing and delivering it.

Paul Soper, a famous American expert on the art of speech, recommends that in the process of choosing a topic and determining the target setting, ask yourself the following questions for control:

1 Am I really interested in the topic or could it become interesting to me?

2. Do I know enough about this issue and can I obtain sufficient knowledge?

3. Will I be able to complete it within the allotted time?

4. If I want to convince, am I sincerely convinced?

5. Will my topic and goal correspond to the level of knowledge, interests and attitudes of the listeners? Searching for materials for performances. The success of a public speech is determined primarily by its content. Therefore, the speaker must make every effort to collect interesting and useful material for the audience on the chosen topic.

The methodological literature defines main sources, from which you can draw new ideas, information, facts, examples, illustrations for your speech. These include:

Official documents; scientific, popular science literature;

Reference literature: encyclopedias, encyclopedic dictionaries, dictionaries on various fields of knowledge, linguistic dictionaries (explanatory, foreign words, spelling, spelling, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, etc.), statistical collections, yearbooks on various issues, tables, bibliographic indexes, etc. . P.;

Fiction;

Articles from newspapers and magazines;

Radio and television broadcasts;

Materials posted on the Internet;

Results of sociological surveys;

Own knowledge and experience;

Personal contacts, conversations, interviews;

Reflections and observations.

To make the presentation more meaningful, it is better to use not one source, but several.

In the process of preparing for a performance, you should also think about the so-called local material, i.e., relevant to the life of the listeners or the team, organization, region in question. Such material enlivens the performance, attracts the attention of listeners to it, and arouses their interest in the performance.

Finding materials for a speech takes time, so preparing for a speech should begin in advance if possible.

This stage of preparation is associated with the work of a speaker in a library. Consequently, the speaker needs to be able to use various catalogs (alphabetical, systematic, subject), bibliographic publications, and reference literature. A computer can be of great help in finding the necessary material. Knowing how to use it will save a lot of time.

Development of a speech plan. Types of plans.

As practice shows, speeches written without a preliminary plan usually have significant compositional flaws. A speaker who has not thought through the plan for his speech often “goes away” from the main topic and does not fit into the time allotted for his speech. Therefore, when preparing for a speech, it is important to determine the order in which the material will be presented, i.e., make a plan.

Plan- relative arrangement of parts, a brief program of some presentation.

At different stages of speech preparation, plans are drawn up that differ in purpose and purpose: preliminary, working and main.

Types of plans:

Preliminary plan;

Work plan;

Basic plan.

Preliminary plan. It is recommended to compile it immediately after choosing a topic and determining the target setting. What is it for? Typically, each topic requires solving many issues. For example, in a speech on the topic of protecting environment we can talk about pollution of air, rivers, seas, reservoirs, soil depletion, destruction of forests, vegetation, protection of wildlife, etc. As we can see, very different issues are associated with this topic. Therefore, it is important to immediately determine what specific issues are expected to be covered in the speech. A preliminary plan consists of listing these questions, which helps to more purposefully select literature and highlight factual material for the presentation. Of course, in the process of studying literature and analyzing the selected material, the plan may change, but it contributes to more effective work on the presentation. In addition, a preliminary plan helps the speaker reflect his own decision to cover a given topic, his personal approach to the issue being covered.

Work plan. It is compiled after the literature has been studied, the topic has been thought through, and factual material has been collected. When writing it, it is necessary not only to highlight the issues of the chosen topic, but also to select the most significant and basic ones, and determine the sequence in which they will be presented. The work plan includes the wording of individual provisions, provides examples, lists facts, and provides figures that will be used in the speech. Drawing up a working plan helps you better think through the structure of your speech. When a work plan is written, it is easier to determine which sections are overloaded with factual material, which, on the contrary, do not have examples, which questions should be omitted, since they are less essential for the disclosure of a given topic, which ones should be included, etc. This makes it possible to eliminate shortcomings in the construction of speech. The work plan may have several options, because in the process of working on the speech it is refined, shortened or expanded.

Basic plan. Based on the work plan, it is recommended that the speaker draw up a basic outline naming the issues that will be covered in the speech. It is written not so much for the speaker as for the listeners, in order to make it easier for them to perceive the speech. The wording of the main plan points should be extremely clear and precise. This plan is communicated to listeners after the topic of the speech is announced or in the introduction when the purpose of the speech is revealed.

It should, however, be borne in mind that the outline of the speech is not always announced by the speaker. It depends on the type of speech, on the composition and mood of the audience, on the intentions of the speaker. Most often, the main plan is communicated in lectures, reports, scientific reports, etc. Listeners usually take notes during such speeches, and the plan helps them follow the progress of the presentation of the material. In welcoming, inspiring, persuasive, and inviting speeches, the message of the plan is inappropriate.

According to the structure of plans, there are simple and complex.

When drawing up a plan, it is important to comply with the basic requirement for it: it must be logically consistent, consistent, with a natural transition from one point to another.

There are no standard, identical plans even for the same topic. Each speaker approaches the topic differently and draws up his own plan. In addition, the speaker may have different plans for a given topic.

7.4. Composition of a public speech. For successful public speaking, it is not enough to study the literature on the chosen topic, find interesting information, and collect convincing facts, figures, and examples. You need to think about how to arrange this material, in what sequence it should be presented. A speaker inevitably faces a number of questions: what words to start a speech with, how to continue a conversation, how to end a speech, how to win the attention of listeners and keep it until the end. Therefore, it is important to pay serious attention to working on the composition of your speech.

Word composition goes back to Latin , which means “composition, composition.”

In the theory of oratory, the composition of a speech is understood as the structure of a speech, the relationship of its individual parts and the relationship of each part to the entire speech as a single whole. To name this concept along with the word composition words that are similar in meaning are also used construction, structure.

As can be seen from the definition, when talking about the composition of an oratorical speech, it is necessary to take into account how the parts of the speech relate to each other, what place it occupies separate part in relation to the entire performance. If the relationship between the parts of a speech is disrupted, the effectiveness of speech decreases and sometimes comes to zero.

In one of teaching aids The following example is given in rhetoric. The speaker gave an informational message on the topic “Winter Olympic Games”. Naturally, the audience expected to hear a story about the Olympic Games taking place at that time, about the results of the latest competitions, and to get acquainted with the names of the new champions. However, this did not happen. For eight minutes, the speaker made an introduction and talked about the history of the Olympic Games. He had only two minutes left to present the main topic of his speech. It is clear that he was able to provide very little information about the competitions that took place. And, although the speaker spoke interestingly about the history of the Olympic Games, the listeners were dissatisfied, since their expectations were not met. Due to incorrect construction of the speech, a violation of the relationship between the parts of the speech, the speaker was unable to realize the target setting and complete the task assigned to him.

The famous Russian writer Konstantin Fedin very accurately defined the essence of composition: “Composition is the logic of the development of the theme.”

Of course, there are no universal rules for constructing a public speech. The composition will vary depending on the topic, purpose and tasks facing the speaker, and the composition of the audience. However there is general principles constructions of a speech that the speaker needs to know and take into account in the process of creating his speech. Let's name the main ones.

The principle of consistency - Each expressed thought must follow from the previous one or be correlated with it.

Principle of amplification- the significance, weight, and persuasiveness of arguments and evidence should gradually increase; the strongest arguments, as a rule, are reserved for the end of the argument.

The principle of organic unity - the distribution of material and its organization in speech should follow from the material itself and the speaker’s intentions.

The principle of economy- the ability to achieve a goal in the simplest, most rational way, with minimal effort, time, and verbal means.

The most common structure of an oral presentation is considered to be three-part, which includes the following elements: introduction, main part and conclusion.

The success of a public speaking largely depends on how the speaker started speaking and how much he managed to interest the audience. An unsuccessful start reduces listeners’ interest in the topic and scatters attention. Scientists have proven through numerous experiments that what is best learned and remembered is what is given at the beginning or end of a message.

In the introduction the relevance of the topic and its significance for the given audience are emphasized, the purpose of the speech is formulated, and the history of the issue is briefly outlined. Before the introduction of an oratorical speech, there is an important psychological task - to prepare listeners to perceive this topic. Therefore, in the introduction, special attention is paid to the beginning of speech, the first phrases, the so-called the beginning.

What techniques can be used in the introductory part of a speech to attract the attention of the audience?

Can be used in the introduction quote, which makes listeners think about the words of the speaker, to understand more deeply the expressed position.

Arouses interest in the performance, helps to listen carefully and story about any significant events related to the given audience and the topic of the speech.

An effective means of gaining the attention of listeners - questions. They allow the speaker to involve the audience in mental activity and activate the listeners. To find an interesting, original beginning, you need to work, think, and search a lot. It should be borne in mind that each performance requires its own, special beginning. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the topic, the type of speech, the composition of the audience, the degree of its preparedness, and the emotional mood of the speaker himself.

The main part of speech. Methods of presenting material. A well-thought-out introduction does not guarantee the success of a speech. It happens that the speaker began his speech in an original way, interested the listeners, but gradually their attention weakens and then disappears. The speaker faces a very important task - not only to attract the attention of the audience, but also to maintain it until the end of the speech.

Therefore, the most responsible is main part oratorical performance. The main part sets out the main material, proves the propositions put forward, and leads students to the necessary conclusions.

In the main part of the speech, it is recommended to strictly adhere to the basic rule of composition - logical consistency and harmony of presentation of the material. When thinking through the structure of the main part of the speech, the speaker must determine what method he will use to present the material, what arguments he will use to prove the position put forward, what oratorical techniques he will use to attract the attention of listeners. The speaker needs to skillfully arrange all these components in order to have the desired impact on the audience with his speech.

Ending the speech. An important compositional part of any speech is the conclusion. A convincing and vivid conclusion is remembered by listeners and leaves a good impression of the speech. On the contrary, an unsuccessful conclusion sometimes ruins a good speech. Quite often we witness how a speaker, having failed to meet the time limit, simply cuts off his speech and does not utter his final words.

What should be the conclusion?

It is known that in the process of perceiving oratorical speech the “law of edge” operates, i.e., what is given at the beginning and at the end of the message is better remembered. Therefore, it is recommended in conclusion to repeat the main idea for which the speech is being made and to summarize the most important points. In conclusion, the results of what has been said are summed up, conclusions are drawn, and specific tasks are set for the listeners that arise from the content of the speech.

When thinking through the conclusion, you need to work especially carefully on the last words of the speech, the so-called ending. If the first words of the speaker are intended to attract the attention of the listeners, then the last words are designed to enhance the effect of the speech.

The last words of the speaker should mobilize the listeners, inspire them, and call them to active activity. If the speech ends with a slogan, an appeal, then it is pronounced in a high tone, emotionally.

In conclusion, the results of what has been said are summed up, conclusions are drawn, and specific tasks are set for the listeners.

Some people try to memorize the text of a speech. In some cases this is justified. When you have to give a persuasive speech at a rally, with a greeting at a gala event, at a banquet, etc., it is awkward to hold the text of the speech in front of you, and yet an inaccurately formulated thought, an unsuccessful phrase, or incorrect use of words can harm the speaker. Therefore, it is better to pronounce a previously prepared and memorized text. If the speech is short in volume, then this is not so difficult to do, but if you have to give a lecture, report, message, then not everyone can learn the text completely. This type of mastery of the material is difficult for the speaker; it requires a lot of tension and willpower from him. The speaker may have difficulty reproducing the text: memory loss, strong excitement, unexpected noise in the hall, etc.

Many experienced speakers advise speaking based on the text. What does it mean? First, you need to thoroughly comprehend and master the written speech. It is advisable to appropriately mark the text of the speech itself, i.e., emphasize the main points of the speech, number the issues covered, highlight names, names, statistical data, the beginning and end of quotes, indicate illustrative examples, etc. This text is easy to use during a speech . It is enough to look down at the page to restore the flow of thoughts and find the necessary material. A speech based on the text creates the impression of fluency in the material and allows the speaker to confidently communicate with listeners.

The dream of many speakers is to be able to speak in front of an audience without any notes. This is the highest level of public speaking skill. Experts call the following “stages” of working on a speech, which lead to a free presentation of the material:

1. Full text (not for reading, but for retelling in your own words).

2. Detailed summary with basic wording, ending, quotes, numbers, proper names.

3. A non-detailed summary indicating transitions from block to block, quotes, etc.

4. Outline with quotes, etc.

5. Speech without reliance on text.

It should be borne in mind that the speaker does not always have the opportunity to prepare his speech in advance. Sometimes at meetings, conferences, gatherings, and various types of meetings, you have to speak impromptu, that is, create a speech at the moment of its delivery. This requires greater mobilization of memory, energy, and will. Impromptu performances are generally well received by the audience. Live, direct contact with listeners is established.

However, due to the lack of perfection of speech, the speaker cannot always meet the allotted time, has less time to tell, and some questions remain unexplained. Some deviations caused by new associations are inevitable, sometimes the formulations are inaccurate, and speech errors are possible. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the French say that the best impromptu is the one that is well prepared.

The main content of the speaker's public speech should reflect the essence, brief course, personal contribution to the research, the main results: theoretical and practical novelty and significance of the results. The speaker builds his speech on the basis of reading (even better, retelling) a previously prepared text, designed to demonstrate a high level of theoretical preparation, erudition and the ability to clearly present the main scientific and practical results of the research. The speaker must understand that within a certain time he must present information that can expand the existing boundaries of the conference participants’ ideas on the topic of the research.

The research student must set himself the task of preparing the content of the report and arguing the answers to the questions so that they are understandable to a wide range of people. All this will contribute to a favorable impression and disposition towards the speaker on the part of those present at the conference.

4. Sample plan for public speaking

Below are the points of an approximate plan for the speaker's public speech and options for filling them.

	Speech plan
Items	Options
1. Greeting	"Good afternoon!", “Dear Chairman (Host) of the conference!
Dear members of the commission and those present!” 2. Introduction (last name, first name, group, educational institution	, city) "My name is ___________________.
I am a student of ____ group, technical school (school, lyceum,... No. 1 (___)) of the city _____________"	3. Purpose of the speech
“The purpose of my speech is to provide new information on the topic of my research in the field of ____________”	4. Title of the research topic
"Topic name: ________________________________"	5. Relevance of the study (justification for choosing the research topic) “The relevance and choice of research topic are determined by the following factors: Firstly, ___________________, Secondly, __________________,
Thirdly, _________________…"	6. Briefly about the stated purpose of the research and ways to achieve it “The purpose of my research is ___________________. 1. ___________________, 2. __________________, The main objectives of the research and methods for solving them:
3._________________..."	7. Briefly about new results in the course of the study “During the study, the following new theoretical and (or) practical results were obtained: 1. New knowledge of the following nature was obtained: ______, 2. New hypotheses and ideas have been put forward: _________________, 4. New problems (tasks) have been identified: ______________"
8. Conclusions based on the results of the study	“Based on the research and the results obtained, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. ___________________, 2. __________________, 3._________________..."
9. Briefly about further steps on the topic of the study	“I believe that this topic has prospects for development in the following directions: 1. ___________________, 2. __________________, 3._________________..."
10. Gratitude for your attention to the speech	“Thank you for your attention to my speech”
	Discussion on the topic of the report
11. Answers to questions	- “Thank you (thank you) for the question, a) my answer... b) unfortunately, I don’t have an answer, because... I have not considered this issue) - “Thank you, your question is clear (interesting) ...” - “Sorry, I didn’t understand the question. Repeat it, please! - “Do I understand correctly that the question was asked: “________?”
- “The answer to this question requires a fairly detailed explanation, if time is given for this, then I am ready to answer”	12. Gratitude for interest and questions on the research topic

“Thank you for your interest and questions on the topic of my research. All the best" Preparation for performances includes, firstly, everyday systematic training (improving your skills - self-education, improving the culture of oral and writing

, work on speech technique, critical analysis of the speeches of modern speakers, development of rhetorical skills and abilities: the skill of selecting and studying literature, the skill of drawing up a plan, the skill of self-control in front of an audience, the skill of time orientation, the ability to independently prepare a speech, speak intelligibly and convincingly, respond to questions, contact with the audience, etc.) and, secondly, preparing a specific speech.

Every person preparing to speak publicly faces a number of questions related to the purpose of the speech (what to say, why and to whom?), the place and time of the speech (where, when and for how long?), the effectiveness of speech (how to speak in order to achieve the goal?).

Any speech presupposes the presence of a subject of speech, a goal (what listeners should know, what to be convinced of, what to do), requires a certain composition and logic, and is linguistically formalized. According to this

The classic speech preparation scheme includes five stages:
1) Invention - “finding and inventing speech” (selection of necessary material, content);
3) elocution - “verbal expression” (composition of text, its literary processing);
4) memoria - “memory” (memorization, memorization of text);
5) Hypocrisis - “acting out” (pronouncing a speech with appropriate intonation, facial expressions, gestures).

Let us dwell on the main points related to the preparation of a specific oral presentation.

Choosing a theme

The topic can be set or chosen independently, it must be novel, it must correspond to your knowledge and interests, be interesting and understandable to the audience, exciting, important, relevant (for example, a serious report, even on a very important topic, should not be given at a banquet, because no one will perceive it properly). It is important that your knowledge and experience in the chosen topic is higher than that of the audience. The topic of the speech should not be overloaded, one cannot “embrace the immensity”, coverage large quantity questions will lead to their cursory listing, to declarativeness instead of deep analysis. The formulation of the topic should not be too long and complex; it should contain an indication of the range of issues that will be considered, i.e. a simple, brief, laconic, but at the same time catchy formulation of the topic performs the function of signaling information and activates the attention of listeners. Poor formulations - too long or too short and general, very banal and boring, not containing problems, divorced from further text, etc. For example, the following speech titles are unsuccessful: Trees. Metallurgy. Ecology (too brief and general, doesn’t say anything). Reasonable family budget (boring, not interesting).

Defining a general target setting and a specific goal, which is determined by a specific audience (the speech is not read at all) and must correspond to the formulated topic; Moreover, the specific purpose of the speech should be directly and clearly stated at the very beginning. The effectiveness of a speech is determined by the degree of implementation of the target setting, the ratio of the achieved result to the set goal.

1) an entertaining speech (welcome, thank you, festive, etc.), its purpose is to entertain listeners, maintain their interest and attention, it is heard among friends, at a banquet;
2) informational speech should awaken curiosity, give a new understanding of the subject, this can be a narrative, an explanation or a description (any of these characteristic features predominates in the lecture);there should be nothing controversial in it, it should be relevant; must satisfy the needs of listeners;
3) propaganda speech is of three types: inspiring, persuasive, motivating (calling to action). These three types of goals partially overlap each other (for example, in order to convince of something, you must first inspire listeners with your speech; in order to call for action, you must inspire and convince).

It is also possible to combine different goals in one speech. For example, an entertaining speech may contain some information that is interesting to listeners, as well as elements of influence. Any type of speech can contain jokes, metaphors, comparisons, which are primarily characteristic of entertaining speech. But the speaker must clearly understand which of the general attitudes is predominant, and build his speech in accordance with this. For example, overloading a serious report with witticisms, humor, and personal examples can reduce the effect of the speech and the specific goal will not be achieved. D.I. said this very well. Pisarev:

“When laughter, playfulness and humor serve as a means, then everything is fine. When they become the goal, then mental debauchery begins... For everyone there is one great and general rule"The idea comes first."

Determining the form of speech

In its form, speech is

monologue(lecture - a systematic presentation of knowledge with broad argumentation (45-90 minutes);report- speaking at a meeting, meeting, symposium, scientific conference etc.;oral history, information, sermon, reportage, event review and etc.)
And dialogical(conversation, discussion, argument, dispute, polemic).

A monologue can develop into a dialogue when, say, the audience begins to ask questions and argue with the speaker. There are special oratorical techniques for dialogizing the monologue form of speech: question-and-answer (the speaker, guessing possible questions from the listeners, formulates and answers them himself) and rhetorical questions (serve for emotional affirmation or denial of something, do not require an answer).

Dialogue forms are very popular now verbal communication(remember popular television programs and talk shows: “One on One”, “Theme”, “Hero of the Day”, “Rush Hour”, etc.).

Collection of material, its selection, processing, thinking, recording and notes

The speaker needs much more material than he will subsequently use, so the material must be collected for the future, and not just for a specific speech.

Deliberation involves checking facts, clarifying thoughts, ordering and varying them, which leads to the development of one's own position. Processing the collected material and thinking about the main points leads to their clear understanding and expression in complete phrases.

Making a speech plan

In terms of speech, the logical structure of speech unfolds. The famous Russian judicial figure and speaker L.F. Koni in “Advice for Lecturers” wrote: “For the success of a speech, the flow of the lecturer’s thought is important. If a thought jumps from subject to subject, is thrown around, if the main thing is constantly interrupted, then such a speech is almost impossible to listen to. It is necessary to build a plan so that the second thought follows from the first, the third from the second, etc., so that there is a natural transition from one to the other."

Planning a speech is First stage working on the composition of the speech, on its logical structure, determining the order in which the material will be presented. At different stages of preparing an oral presentation, plans are drawn up that differ in purpose and purpose: preliminary; worker; basic.

In terms of their structure, plans can be simple or complex (expanded or abstract), containing subparagraphs. The main requirement for a speech plan is logic and consistency, compliance with the topic of the speech and the goals set. The traditional structure of both the plan and the text of the speech is three-part, including an introduction, the main part and a conclusion.

Preparation (writing) of the text of the speech, formulation of the introduction and conclusion

It is necessary to begin preparing the text of the speech with the main, most important part, since the introduction and conclusion are determined by the content of the main part and can change during the preparation of the speech.

Introduction and conclusion require mandatory preparation; they are the most difficult to create on the fly. Psychologists have proven that what is said at the beginning and at the end of a message is best remembered (the “law of edge”), so the introduction should attract the attention of listeners, interest them, prepare them for the perception of the topic, introduce them into it (not the introduction is important in itself, but its correlation with the rest of the parts), and the conclusion should summarize everything that has been said in a condensed form, strengthen and condense the main idea, it should be such that “the listeners feel that there is nothing further to say” (A.F. Koni).

The question of whether it is necessary to write the entire text of the speech or whether one outline or outline of the speech (condensed or expanded) is enough remains open. This is determined by the individual characteristics of the speaker, the level of his oratory skills, the degree of language proficiency, and the specific situation associated with delivering a speech. But written speech is better remembered and retained in memory longer; it can be checked, corrected and supplemented, improving the form and content. Writing a speech leads to honing the language, style, laconicism, accuracy, clarity, expressiveness, and imagery.

Preparing to give a speech (mental and rhetorical mastery), practicing good speech technique and behavior, rehearsing a speech

Even if the text of your speech is ready, this does not mean that you are ready to deliver it in front of your audience. You need to practice pronouncing it until you feel free and confident. Preparation for pronunciation can be of several types, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. The speech could be:

1) written in full and memorized (used when giving lectures, speaking in an official setting, political speeches, where one carelessly spoken word can cause an unforeseen effect);
2) written in full and read from the manuscript (radio speeches, report to a group of scientific specialists);
3) spoken impromptu, impromptu speech (can be caused by the demand of the moment at informal meetings, in emergency cases it replaces a prepared speech or, conversely, an unprepared speech, for example, at exams or seminars), indicates high degree oratory skills;
4) said with preliminary preparation, but without writing or memorizing.