Message on the topic of environmental protection. Types, sources and causes of environmental pollution

Municipal Educational Institution

Secondary School No. 2

Message.

Security environment.

Performed:

Student 11 "B" class

Environment.

ENVIRONMENT - the habitat and activities of mankind, surrounding a person the natural world and the material world created by it. The environment includes the natural environment and the artificial (technogenic) environment, i.e., a set of environmental elements created from natural substances by labor and the conscious will of a person and which have no analogues in virgin nature (buildings, structures, etc.). Social production changes the environment, influencing directly or indirectly on all its elements. This impact and its negative consequences were especially intensified in the era of modern scientific and technological revolution, when the scale of human activity, covering almost the entire geographical envelope Earth, have become comparable to the action of global natural processes.

Protection of Nature.

NATURE PROTECTION - a set of measures for conservation, rational use and restoration natural resources Earth, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere.

The danger of irreversible changes natural environment in some regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale of human economic activity. From the beginning of the 80s. on average, 1 species (or subspecies) of animals disappeared daily, and a plant species - weekly (more than 20 thousand species are endangered). About 1000 species of birds and mammals (mainly inhabitants of tropical forests, reduced at a rate of tens of hectares per minute) are under threat of extinction.

About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon oxides (some of which are returned in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste . There is a danger of violation of the Earth's ozone screen.

The ability of the biosphere to self-cleanse is close to the limit. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources. Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, streamlining the use of pesticides, stopping the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.), centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the conservation of the Earth's gene pool), compilation of world and national Red Data Books.

Environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other national legislation, which establishes liability for violation of environmental standards. In a number of countries, government environmental programs have resulted in significant improvements in environmental quality in certain regions (for example, a multi-year and costly program has restored the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes). On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations the United Nations Environment Program operates on certain problems of nature protection.

The main substances polluting the environment, their sources.

Carbon dioxide - burning fossil fuels.

Carbon monoxide is the work of internal combustion engines.

Carbons are the work of internal combustion engines.

Organic compounds - chemical industry, waste incineration, fuel combustion.

Sulfur dioxide - combustion of fossil fuels.

Nitrogen derivatives - combustion.

Radioactive substances - nuclear power plants, nuclear explosions.

Mineral compounds - industrial production, operation of internal combustion engines.

Organic substances, natural and synthetic - chemical industry, fuel combustion, waste incineration, agriculture (pesticides).

Output.

The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. Responsible and efficient environmental policy will only be possible if we accumulate reliable data on state of the art environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if he develops new methods to reduce and prevent the harm caused to nature by man.

Literature.

1. Romad F. Fundamentals of applied ecology.
2. Dictionary.

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O. V. Denisova

(educator of the highest qualification category)

MBDOU Kindergarten"Mitten"

city ​​of Bor

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IS A CURRENT PROBLEM OF MODERN SOCIETY

2017

CONTENT

Introduction 3

1 Stages of development of nature and society 4

2 Problems of social ecology 6

3 Solving the problem of environmental protection in modern society 12

Conclusion 13

List of used literature 14

INTRODUCTION

A few decades ago, the real relationship between nature and society was most often very one-sided. Mankind only took from nature, actively exploited its reserves, carelessly believing that natural resources limitless and eternal. At best, this relationship was poetic: a person enjoyed the beauty of nature, called for respect and love for her. In general, mankind did not go further than emotional appeals. The understanding of what nature means for the existence and development of society has not been formed. Today, the problem of the relationship between society and nature has grown from a purely theoretical one into an acute topical one, on the solution of which the future of mankind depends.

Before considering the complex problem of the relationship between society and nature, trends in their relationship, it is necessary to define the basic concepts. Among the mass of different approaches and definitions of nature, one of the most well-established is the understanding of nature (in the broad sense of the word) as the entire world around us in all the infinite variety of its manifestations. Nature is an objective reality that exists outside and independently of human consciousness. In the narrow sense of the word, namely in relation to the concept of "society", by "nature" they understand the entire material world, with the exception of society, as a set of natural conditions for its existence. Society as a form of joint life of people is a separate part of nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with it.

The problem of environmental protection at the end of the 20th century became one of the most acute in all states and reached its maximum peak in the most developed countries, where direct and indirect impact on nature has become quite widespread. The consequences of human interference in all spheres of nature cannot be ignored. “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it ...” - these words of the hero of I. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” are familiar to us from school. Yes, nature is a workshop where all the benefits necessary for human existence are created. It requires a careful attitude to its wealth, which, as you know, is far from unlimited.

Environmental protection is one of the most urgent problems of our time. The very phenomenon of environmental pollution is not new for Russia. Scientific and technological progress and increased anthropogenic pressure on the environment inevitably led to an aggravation of the ecological situation. In Russia, despite the so-called ecological boom, the environment continues to deteriorate every year, as can be seen from the annually published state reports on the state of the environment in Russian Federation.

4

1. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF NATURE AND SOCIETY

The concept of "nature" is ambiguous. "Nature" in a broad sense is identified with the concept of the Universe, the world in general. In a narrower sense nature - This is the realm of life on earth. Understanding nature in this way, in 1875 it received the name of the biosphere. This term was introduced by the Austrian geologist E. Suess. Biosphere - is the totality of living organisms and their habitat (water, lower atmosphere, top part earth's crust). A special place in the biosphere is occupied by man, who, being a part of living nature, stood out from it and eventually isolated himself into some kind of active and opposing principle, constantly adapting nature to his needs.

The relationship of man to nature throughout the history of mankind has changed.

STAGE 1. Primitive communal.Primitive man was engaged in hunting, fishing, gathering, satisfying his needs by appropriating finished products. He is completely dependent on nature, does not single out or oppose himself to it. Its activity is dissolved in nature and does not threaten it in any way. His life is an endless struggle for survival. Omnipotent nature causes fear and uncertainty in a person, a feeling of absolute dependence. Natural phenomena are deified.

STAGE 2. Antiquity. The starting point of the new stage is the emergence and development of agriculture and animal husbandry. There is a transition from an appropriating to a producing economy. Man begins to actively intervene in nature. Forests are being cut down, irrigation systems are being built. Human activity is beginning to have a devastating effect on nature. Soil salinization in the Tigris and Euphrates valley was the result of irrigation works. However, the destruction is local in nature and often leads to the disappearance of civilizations themselves - dependence on natural conditions people's lives is very big.

STAGE 3. Middle Ages (IV-XIV centuries) and the Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries). The dependence of people on natural forces does not decrease, the development of nature by man does not change radically, but the ideological foundations of man's relationship to nature change. This is the period of dominance in Europe of Christianity, in which the spirit and the body, the creative God and the created nature, the spiritualized man and the non-spiritual nature, are opposed. Meaning human life– in union with God, nature fades into the background. The attitude towards nature is rather neglectful. However, within the framework of the same Christian tradition, a completely different view of nature and attitude towards it is gradually developing. Man can know (unite) with God not only through

prayers and appeal "above", but also through the knowledge and transformation of nature. God is reflected in nature. Knowing the laws of nature, man comes to know God and approaches him. But that's not all: the task of man in approaching God is also co-creation with him. It is designed not only to cognize, but also to actively change, transform existing world. It was Christianity that laid the foundation for the rapid rise of science in subsequent centuries, the modern technocratic era. In the East, the attitude towards nature has not changed since ancient times - the idea of ​​man as part of nature and the ban on interference in the natural processes of the universe (violation of law and harmony) remain.

STAGE 4. new time (XVII-XIX centuries). The main task facing man is the development and adaptation of nature for ever-increasing needs. human society. The means of its development and conquest is the knowledge of the laws of nature - science. "Knowledge is power!" (F. Bacon) - the motto of the entire era of the New Age. Man is no longer a part of nature, he is its peak due to his supernatural origin and possession of reason (the god-like principle in man). Man and nature are opposed. Nature loses its independent meaning and is considered only as a means of human existence. The attitude towards it is aggressively consumerist. Active in the 20th century transformative activity on Earth becomes destructive and eventually puts mankind before the problem of not only self-destruction, but also the destruction of nature (as an area of ​​life) in general. The 20th century is the century of ecological crisis.

1. PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL ECOLOGY

An environmental problem is a change in the natural environment, as a result (anthropogenic impacts or natural disasters), leading to a violation of the structure and functioning of nature.

Global problems are generated by contradictions community development, the sharply increased scale of the impact of human activities on the world and are also associated with the uneven socio-economic and scientific and technological development of countries and regions. Solution global problems requires the development of international cooperation.

Modern scientists believe that humanity is already living in a collapsing world in the face of an ever-increasing severe environmental crisis, which is turning into a crisis of the entire civilization. We can define the ecological crisis as an imbalance in ecological systems and in the relationship of human society with nature. It is characterized, in particular, by the fact that a person, society and the state are not able to reverse the trend of environmental degradation.

The most important global environmental problems facing modern man, the following:

Environmental pollution,

The greenhouse effect,

Depletion of the "ozone layer"

photochemical smog,

acid rain,

soil degradation,

deforestation,

desertification,

waste problems,

Reduction of the gene pool of the biosphere.

Environmental pollution is the most urgent problem of our time, since anthropogenic activity affects all terrestrial spheres: the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. At the same time, man, being the main culprit of the current ecological situation, becomes its main victim: according to some data, about 40% of people die from pollution of water resources, atmospheric air and soil cover in the world.

The environmental problems of Russia are not much different from the problems of other countries and states. They arise everywhere and, as a rule, in connection with the intense and growing influence of man on nature. This influence is becoming more and more aggressive. And with the development of scientific and technological progress, the introduction of new technologies, the consequences of this influence are less predictable and more catastrophic.

The Russian Federation or Russia is located in the northern part of Asia and in Eastern Europe. Its area is 17125407 km 2 and a population of 146,267,288 people. This is the largest state in the world in terms of territory and is among the ten in terms of population. The city of Moscow is the capital of the Russian Federation. Russia borders on 18 countries and the waters of the seas of three oceans and the inland sea - the Caspian. It is one of the most water-rich countries in the world with the largest reserves fresh water. The territory of the country and its continental shelf are rich in various types of minerals. The main ones are: oil, gas, coal and timber. The main types of soils and climate create conditions for classifying the country's agricultural production as risky farming, although it has almost 50% of all the world's black soil. The flora and fauna of Russia is extremely diverse. There are about 25 thousand species of plants here alone.In Russia, the main environmental problems have remained unchanged. These are environmental pollution, depletion of natural resources and a reduction in the species and quantitative composition of the animal and flora. Their sources are industrial enterprises and Agriculture, as well as human activities in the provision of their housing and domestic needs.

But problems - they can never be foreseen or prevented, and when they cannot be eliminated. Or they don't want to. What is the reason for their growth in Russia?

Russian environmental problems can be divided into two categories. Those that were inherited and which are already more than a dozen, or even a hundred years old. And others that arose at the present historical stage of the state.For Russia, modern environmental problems are associated primarily with the use of nuclear energy for both peaceful and military purposes. This includes not only mining

relevant minerals and the process of production of raw materials for energy and weapons, but also the problems that arise during the operation of technological equipment, accidents occurring at the enterprises of the country's nuclear complex, as well as the disposal, processing and disposal of radioactive waste.

Environmental problems modern Russia is the excessive depletion of natural resources. Whereas previously it was mainly related to forest reserves. Now it has also affected fossil resources, primarily oil and gas.

Forest.

So far, forests occupy 45% of the territory of the Russian Federation, or almost 800 million hectares. The variety of tree species is huge - from dwarf birch to cedars and broad-leaved oaks.

Deforestation is one of the oldest crafts in the territory of the present state. IN Lately it has increased significantly, especially illegal. In just 15 years of this century, more than 40 million hectares were cut down, which reduced the area occupied by forests by 20 million hectares.

Illegal logging is carried out throughout the country, but its greatest mass, and, therefore, harm, is noted in the territories from where it is most convenient and profitable to export timber abroad. These are: the Arkhangelsk region and Karelia - for export to the countries of Scandinavia and the Trans-Baikal, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, as well as the Amur Region - for China.

Probably the last time a request to export timber abroad was refused by Catherine II, who approved the earlier resolution of Peter I.

In addition to cutting down “commercial” timber, deforestation occurs due to the destruction of forests as a result of fires, when cutting down for the needs of the mining industry, construction settlements and roads, as well as expanding areas for agricultural land.

Loss of wood in any form of felling reaches 40%, that is, almost every second tree is cut down in vain. The forest fund is replenished even more slowly, which has both objective reasons - the tree must grow and this takes quite a lot of time, and subjective ones - starting from legislative regulation of the processes of deforestation and restoration of forests and ending with executive discipline on the ground.

Water.

When there is a lot of something or in excess, then the value of such wealth is significantly underestimated, and, therefore, the attention to its preservation. This can be fully attributed to the water reserves of Russia. The exploitation of water resources is carried out without looking back to tomorrow. Water for industrial and domestic needs is taken without control and restrictions. Effluent is discharged, in 90% of cases, without proper treatment, and, sometimes, without it at all. This attitude towards water has led to the fact that 50% of all water bodies in the country are considered polluted, and surface water - 75%.

The main sources of pollution are industrial enterprises, the treatment facilities of which are up to 70% outdated and do not cope with their functions. The same can be said about public utilities for water supply and sewerage. A significant number of settlements located along the banks of the rivers do not have treatment facilities at all, and household waste flows directly into the rivers. The development of industrial production, especially the chemical industry, filled these effluents with new chemical elements and substances. Nature has no means and ways to neutralize them, which has a particularly negative effect on the flora and fauna of rivers.Energy contributes to water pollution. This is not only the discharge of wastewater and warm water used to cool process equipment. These are the hydraulic structures themselves, their cascades and artificial reservoirs built to generate energy. Hydraulic structures and numerous canals built over the past century and regulating the flow of water in the interests and needs of man often contradict the laws of nature and, therefore, lead to numerous negative consequences for it. Examples include cascades of power plants on the Volga, dams on the Caspian and many small rivers that have disappeared after such “regulating” human activity.

In an effort to maximize the satisfaction of food needs and to obtain the greatest profit, agricultural producers use various methods to influence the yield of crops grown. This drainage and irrigation, the use of pesticides and various pesticides. All this ultimately changes not only the water balance of the region where such methods are applied, but also the composition and structure of the water itself. Excessive passion for mineral fertilizers, their improper storage or storage of prohibited poisonous and poisonous

substances, leading to their entry into surface and underground waters. Recently, the quality indicators of the latter have deteriorated sharply. This is especially negative where they are the main sources of water for the population. And there are many such cities in Russia, and these are not always small towns and settlements.

Air and radiation.

Atmospheric air pollution indicators in the present period are of a twofold nature. On the one hand, the industrial recession, which led to the reduction and halt of a large number of industries. On the other hand, it does not allow operating enterprises to allocate sufficient funds for the modernization and re-equipment of equipment for cleaning emissions of gases and dust. Although the second is more of a good excuse than a sincere desire.

In Central Russia, environmental problems with air pollution are such that the largest number of technically obsolete industries is concentrated in this region and these are the most populated regions of Russia. Industrial emissions are joined by motor transport gases, the amount of which is steadily growing. Even in regions where the bulk of production has stopped, the amount of transport per capita is becoming more and more. And this transport is not the most modern. It is not equipped with exhaust gas treatment systems that meet modern international standards. IN big cities, transport is no longer traveling and transporting as much as it costs and smokes in traffic jams.

A positive trend in the reduction of toxic emissions into the atmosphere has been outlined in connection with the transition of thermal power plants from the consumption of solid fuels to natural gas. When gas is burned by such stations, the amount of air pollutants is significantly less.

New environmental problems in Russia have arisen since the middle of the last century with the achievements of science in the field of nuclear physics. Nuclear or nuclear energy and weapons carry new threats to the environment, have become previously unknown sources of its pollution, the consequences of which have not been finally established to this day.

Sources of radioactive contamination may not be located on the territory of the state, but located hundreds or thousands of kilometers away, this is their essential feature. Thus, some regions of Central Russia suffered in connection with the accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Disaster in Chelyabinsk region on the

plant "Mayak" led to the creation of a whole zone, covering several regions of neighboring regions. The number of settlements on which the radioactive “trace” turned out to have reached the figure of 2014 with a population of almost 1 million inhabitants.

The level of radioactive contamination of nuclear power plants is low. What cannot be said about the disposal and disposal of waste from this production, as well as about radioactive emissions associated with accidents or the operation of military equipment and weapons. Particularly affected by this northern regions Russia, where, in addition to the bases of the navy, which includes nuclear-powered ships, burial grounds for the disposal of spent radioactive material have been created. Waste disposal and disposal processes are difficult to control due to military secrecy regimes.

Separately, I would like to note the environmental situation, which is developing in connection with the disposal and storage of industrial and solid household waste. The landfills allocated for these purposes have long been overloaded, and the allocation of new territories for storage, not to mention the introduction of new processing technologies, is not carried out. Or does the principle “Russia is big - there is a lot of land” again apply and there will be enough landfills for our lifetime?

1. SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN MODERN SOCIETY

Mankind has come to understand that the further development of technological progress is impossible without assessing the impact of new technologies on the ecological situation. The new connections created by man must be closed in order to ensure the invariability of those basic parameters of the planet Earth that affect its ecological stability.

Solving the environmental problems of today is a difficult task. Indeed, in order to solve environmental protection, it is not enough to write and speak, it is necessary to act not only at the national level, but also at the global level. Only when all mankind will understand that on planet Earth ecological catastrophy, then the actions of all people will be aimed at preserving their planet. It is up to us to decide how we want to see our Earth in many years.

To protect nature, the following solutions can be proposed:

• increase attention to the issues of nature protection and ensuring the rational use of natural resources;
• establish systematic control over the use by enterprises and organizations of lands, waters, forests, subsoil and other natural resources;
• increase attention to the issues of preventing pollution and salinization of soils, surface and groundwater;
• pay great attention to the preservation of the water-protective and protective functions of forests, the conservation and reproduction of flora and fauna, and the prevention of air pollution;
• create public organizations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, or join them;
• take part in meetings, rallies, demonstrations, collection of signatures for petitions on environmental issues;
• assist the authorities in solving issues of nature protection;
• to apply to authorities and other organizations with applications related to environmental protection;
• participate in environmental protection activities;
• and most importantly, to fulfill the most important duty of a citizen: to preserve nature and the environment, to treat natural resources with care.

CONCLUSION

Civilization has a detrimental effect on nature and the state of the environment. But everyone can reduce this negative impact. Even if one person thinks about it and changes his habits a little, he will already help the ecological state of his city, and therefore the whole planet.

• Conservation of nature is the most important task facing not only Russian state but also to each of its citizens.
• Land and other resources are used and protected as the basis of life and activity of the peoples of Russia.
• The state is engaged in the protection of nature, which issues laws that establish rules for the use and conservation of nature, and names those who, by their actions, cause damage to it.
• Voluntary public organizations and citizens who care about their country and their future participate in nature protection. Protecting nature, they protect the Motherland.
• Every citizen is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, to treat natural resources with care.
• The protection of nature and the environment requires the combined efforts of all countries. Russia participates in international cooperation on nature protection.

What will save the environment?

• Adoption of laws tightening control over the state of the environment.
• Increase in funds allocated for environmental protection.
• Refusal of the industry from the use of "dirty" technologies.
• Tougher penalties for violating environmental laws.
• Ecological education and education of the population.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Weiner D. R. Ecology in Soviet Russia. M., 1992.
2. Nesbitt J., Eburdin P. What awaits us in the 90s. Megatrends: year 2000. M., 1992.
3. Hesle V. Philosophy and ecology. M., 1993.
4. http://www.saveplanet.su/

Environmental protection is one of those global problems, the solution of which requires a comprehensive and universal solution, the introduction of a set of effective measures to restore natural resources, prevent pollution of the world's oceans and atmosphere, etc. For more than one century, people thoughtlessly spent natural resources, and today the time has come when we realize that the planet's reserves are not endless and require not only rational use, but also restoration.

The main factors that ecologists pay attention to are the provoking thinning of the ozone layer of the atmosphere and leading to the "greenhouse effect", the discharge of harmful substances into the world's oceans, which causes the death of its inhabitants, and an increase in the volume of production waste that does not decompose. The BP oilfield incident that led to the present one showed how much more extensive protection is needed in the oil and gas complex. After all, it is in this sector of industry that any accident leads to horrific consequences, from which nature cannot recover for years.

Today, environmental protection is one of the most important issues that governments and most countries of the world decide. Scientists are looking for more gentle technologies for the production and processing of raw materials, developing complexes for its subsequent disposal or reuse, exploring the possibilities of reducing the amount and concentration of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, trying to use safe energy sources and more environmentally friendly fuels.

It is the unfavorable ecological situation that affects not only natural

resources, but also on human health: decreasing average duration lives of people, the number of babies born with developmental pathologies or congenital diseases is increasing, the number of infertile couples and cancer patients is growing. It was such disappointing statistics that became the reason for the development of a set of measures aimed at changing the current situation.

Protection in Russia in last years has become one of the priorities domestic policy states. It involves the development and implementation of new, safe production technologies, measures for the restoration of natural resources (new forest plantations and limitation of logging, restoration of the population of water bodies, rational use of subsoil resources, reuse of various raw materials, etc.). Along with these measures, the number of protected areas, national parks and reserves is increasing.

The State Committee for Nature Protection is called upon to regulate and control the use of resources. His direct responsibility is the development of regulations, requirements and rules. Only in our country the norms of environmental law are included in the main law of the state - the Constitution. In addition, in order to properly use resources in various industries, the Subsoil Law, as well as the Water, Forest and Land Codes have been developed. Despite a fairly large number of environmental departments, environmental protection in our country is still not sufficiently developed. And this is not so much a flaw in the state power as the own attitude of each person to the world in which he lives.

Pollution is the introduction of pollutants into the natural environment that cause adverse changes. Pollution can take the form of chemicals or energy such as noise, heat or light. Pollution components can be either foreign substances/energy or natural pollutants.

The main types and causes of environmental pollution:

Air pollution

Coniferous forest after acid rain

Smoke from chimneys, factories, vehicles, or from burning wood and coal makes the air toxic. The effects of air pollution are also obvious. The release of sulfur dioxide and dangerous gases into the atmosphere causes global warming and acid rain, which in turn increase temperatures, causing excessive rainfall or droughts around the world, and making life difficult. We also breathe every polluted particle in the air and as a result, the risk of asthma and lung cancer increases.

Water pollution

It caused the loss of many species of flora and fauna of the Earth. This was due to the fact that industrial wastes discharged into rivers and other water bodies cause an imbalance in the aquatic environment, which leads to serious pollution and death of aquatic animals and plants.

In addition, spraying insecticides, pesticides (such as DDT) on plants pollute the groundwater system. Oil spills in the oceans have caused significant damage to water bodies.

Eutrophication in the Potomac River, USA

Eutrophication is another important cause of water pollution. Occurs due to untreated Wastewater and leaching of fertilizers from the soil into lakes, ponds, or rivers, which allows chemicals to enter the water and block sunlight, thereby reducing oxygen and rendering the water body uninhabitable.

Pollution of water resources harms not only individual aquatic organisms, but the whole, and seriously affects people who depend on them. In some countries of the world, due to water pollution, outbreaks of cholera and diarrhea are observed.

Soil pollution

soil erosion

This type of pollution occurs when harmful substances enter the soil. chemical elements usually caused by human activity. Insecticides and pesticides absorb nitrogen compounds from the soil, after which it becomes unsuitable for plant growth. Industrial waste, and also adversely affect the soil. Because plants cannot grow as they should, they are unable to hold the soil, resulting in erosion.

Noise pollution

Appears when unpleasant (loud) sounds from the environment affect the human hearing organs and lead to psychological problems including stress, high blood pressure, hearing loss, etc. It can be caused by industrial equipment, aircraft, cars, etc.

Nuclear pollution

This is a very dangerous type of pollution, it occurs due to failures in the operation of nuclear power plants, improper storage of nuclear waste, accidents, etc. Radioactive contamination can cause cancer, infertility, loss of vision, birth defects; it can make the soil infertile, and also adversely affects the air and water.

light pollution

Light pollution of planet earth

Occurs due to noticeable over-illumination of the area. It is common, as a rule, in large cities, especially from billboards, in gyms or entertainment venues at night. In residential areas, light pollution greatly affects people's lives. It also interferes with astronomical observations by making the stars almost invisible.

Thermal/thermal pollution

Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes the temperature of the surrounding water. The main cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a refrigerant by power plants and industrial plants. When water used as a refrigerant is returned to the natural environment at a high temperature, temperature changes reduce oxygen supply and affect composition. Fish and other organisms adapted to a particular temperature range can be killed by sudden changes in water temperature (or rapid increases or decreases).

Thermal pollution is caused by excess heat in the environment creating unwanted changes over long periods of time. This is due to the huge number of industrial enterprises, deforestation and air pollution. Thermal pollution increases the Earth's temperature, causing drastic climate change and extinction of wildlife species.

Visual pollution

Visual pollution, Philippines

Visual pollution is an aesthetic problem and refers to the effects of pollution that impair the ability to enjoy the outside world. It includes: billboards, open dumps, antennas, electrical wires, buildings, cars, etc.

Overcrowding of the territory with a large number of objects causes visual pollution. Such pollution contributes to distraction, eye fatigue, loss of identity, and so on.

plastic pollution

Plastic pollution, India

Includes the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that have adverse effects on wildlife, animal or human habitats. Plastic products are inexpensive and durable, which has made them very popular among people. However, this material decomposes very slowly. Plastic pollution can adversely affect soil, lakes, rivers, seas and oceans. Living organisms, especially marine animals, become entangled in plastic waste or are affected by chemicals in plastic that cause interruptions in biological functions. People are also affected by plastic pollution, causing a hormonal imbalance.

Objects of pollution

The main objects of environmental pollution are such as air (atmosphere), water resources(streams, rivers, lakes, seas, oceans), soil, etc.

Pollutants (sources or subjects of pollution) of the environment

Pollutants are chemical, biological, physical or mechanical elements (or processes) that harm the environment.

They can be harmful both in the short and long term. Pollutants originate from natural resources or are produced by humans.

Many pollutants have a toxic effect on living organisms. Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) is an example of a substance that harms humans. This compound is taken up by the body instead of oxygen, causing shortness of breath, headache, dizziness, heart palpitations, and in severe cases can lead to serious poisoning, and even death.

Some pollutants become hazardous when they react with other naturally occurring compounds. Nitrogen and sulfur oxides are released from impurities in fossil fuels during combustion. They react with water vapor in the atmosphere to form acid rain. Acid rain adversely affects aquatic ecosystems and leads to the death of aquatic animals, plants, and other living organisms. Terrestrial ecosystems also suffer from acid rain.

Classification of pollution sources

According to the type of occurrence, environmental pollution is divided into:

Anthropogenic (artificial) pollution

Deforestation

Anthropogenic pollution is the impact on the environment caused by the activities of mankind. The main sources of artificial pollution are:

• industrialization;
• the invention of automobiles;
• the growth of the world's population;
• deforestation: destruction natural environment habitat;
• nuclear explosions;
• overexploitation of natural resources;
• construction of buildings, roads, dams;
• the creation of explosive substances that are used during military operations;
• use of fertilizers and pesticides;
• mining.

Natural (natural) pollution

Eruption

Natural pollution is caused and occurs naturally, without human intervention. It can affect the environment for a certain period of time, but it can be regenerated. Sources of natural pollution include:

• volcanic eruptions, with the release of gases, ash and magma;
• forest fires emit smoke and gas impurities;
• sandstorms raise dust and sand;
• decomposition organic matter during which gases are released.

Consequences of pollution:

environmental degradation

Left photo: Beijing after the rain. Right photo: smog in Beijing

The environment is the first victim of atmospheric pollution. An increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere leads to smog, which can prevent penetration sunlight to the surface of the earth. As a result, it becomes much more difficult. Gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide can cause acid rain. Water pollution in terms of an oil spill can lead to the death of several species of wild animals and plants.

Human health

Lung cancer

Decreased air quality leads to some respiratory problems, including asthma or lung cancer. Chest pain, sore throat, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease can be caused by air pollution. Water pollution can create skin problems, including irritation and rashes. Similarly, noise pollution leads to hearing loss, stress and sleep disturbance.

Global warming

Male, the capital of the Maldives, is one of the cities facing the prospect of being flooded by the ocean in the 21st century.

The emission of greenhouse gases, especially CO2, leads to global warming. Every day new industries are created, new cars appear on the roads, and the number of trees is reduced to make room for new homes. All these factors, directly or indirectly, lead to an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere. Rising CO2 causes the polar ice caps to melt, which increases sea levels and endangers people living near coastal areas.

Ozone layer depletion

The ozone layer is a thin shield high in the sky that prevents ultraviolet rays from reaching the earth. As a result of human activity, chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons are released into the atmosphere, which contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer.

Badlands

Due to the constant use of insecticides and pesticides, the soil can become infertile. Various types of chemicals from industrial waste end up in water, which also affects soil quality.

Protection (protection) of the environment from pollution:

International protection

Many of these are particularly vulnerable as they are subject to human influence in many countries. As a result, some states come together and develop agreements aimed at preventing damage or managing anthropogenic impact on natural resources. They include agreements that affect the protection of the climate, oceans, rivers and air from pollution. These international environmental treaties are sometimes binding instruments that have legal consequences in case of non-compliance, and in other situations are used as codes of conduct. The most famous include:

• The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), approved in June 1972, provides for the protection of nature for the present generation of people and their descendants.
• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was signed in May 1992. The main goal of this agreement is "stabilizing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"
• The Kyoto Protocol provides for the reduction or stabilization of the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere. It was signed in Japan at the end of 1997.

State protection

The discussion of environmental issues often focuses on the level of government, legislation and law enforcement. However, in the broadest sense, the protection of the environment can be seen as the responsibility of the whole people, and not just the government. Decisions that affect the environment will ideally include a wide range of stakeholders, including industrial sites, indigenous groups, representatives of environmental groups and communities. Decision-making processes in the field of environmental protection are constantly evolving and becoming more active in different countries.

Many constitutions recognize the fundamental right to protect the environment. In addition, in various countries there are organizations and institutions dealing with environmental issues.

While protecting the environment is not just a duty public institutions, most people consider these organizations paramount in creating and maintaining basic standards that protect the environment and the people who interact with it.

How to protect the environment yourself?

Population and technological advances based on fossil fuels have seriously affected our natural environment. Therefore, now we need to do our part to eliminate the consequences of degradation so that humanity continues to live in an ecologically safe environment.

There are 3 main principles that are still relevant and important more than ever:

• use less;
• reuse;
• convert.

• Create a compost heap in your garden. This helps to recycle food waste and other biodegradable materials.
• When shopping, use your eco-bags and try to avoid plastic bags as much as possible.
• Plant as many trees as you can.
• Think about how you can reduce the number of trips you make with your car.
• Reduce car emissions by walking or cycling. These are not just great alternatives to driving, but also health benefits.
• Use public transport whenever you can for your daily commute.
• Bottles, paper, waste oil, old batteries and used tires must be properly disposed of; All this causes serious pollution.
• Do not pour chemicals and used oil onto the ground or down drains leading to waterways.
• If possible, recycle selected biodegradable waste, and work to reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste used.
• Reduce the amount of meat you consume or consider a vegetarian diet.

environmental protection I Environmental protection

a system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human life. The most important environmental factors are atmospheric, dwelling air, soil. O. o. from. provides for the conservation and restoration of natural resources in order to prevent direct and indirect negative impacts of human activities on nature and people.

Under the conditions of scientific and technological progress and the intensification of industrial production, the problem of O. o. from. have become one of the most important national tasks, the solution of which is inextricably linked with the protection of human health. Long years environmental degradation processes were reversible, since affected only limited areas, individual areas and were not of a global nature, therefore, effective measures to protect the human environment were practically not taken. In the last 20-30 years, irreversible changes in the natural environment or dangerous phenomena have begun to appear in various regions of the Earth. In connection with the massive pollution of the environment, the issues of its protection from regional, intrastate have grown into an international, global problem. All developed states defined O. o. from. one of the most important aspects of humanity's struggle for survival.

The advanced industrial countries developed a number of key organizational and scientific and technical actions for O. about. from. They are as follows: identification and assessment of the main chemical, physical and biological factors that adversely affect health and the population, in order to develop the necessary strategy to reduce the negative role of these factors; assessment of the potential impact of toxic substances polluting the environment in order to establish the necessary risk criteria for public health; development of effective programs to prevent possible industrial accidents and measures to reduce the harmful effects of accidental emissions on the environment. Besides, special value in O. about. from. acquires the establishment of the degree of danger of environmental pollution for the gene pool, in terms of the carcinogenicity of some toxic substances contained in industrial emissions and waste. To assess the degree of risk of mass diseases caused by pathogens contained in the environment, systematic epidemiological studies are needed.

When solving issues related to O. o. with., it should be borne in mind that from birth and throughout his life he is exposed to various factors (contact with chemicals in everyday life, at work, the use of drugs, exposure to chemical additives contained in food, etc.). Additional exposure to harmful substances entering the environment, in particular with industrial waste, can have a negative impact on human health.

Among environmental pollutants (biological, physical, chemical and radioactive), one of the first places is occupied by chemical compounds. More than 5 million are known. chemical compounds, of which over 60 thousand are in constant use. The world output of chemical compounds increases by a factor of 2 1/2 every 10 years. The most dangerous is the entry into the environment of organochlorine compounds of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, asbestos.

The most effective measure O. o. from. of these compounds are the development and implementation of waste-free or low-waste technological processes, as well as waste or their processing for recycling. Another important direction of O. o. from. is a change in the approach to the principles of location of various industries, the replacement of the most harmful and stable substances with less harmful and less stable ones. Mutual influence of different industrial and page - x. facilities are becoming more significant, and the social and economic cost of accidents caused by the proximity of various enterprises may exceed the benefits associated with proximity raw material base or transportation facilities. In order for the tasks of placing objects to be optimally solved, it is necessary to cooperate with specialists of different profiles who are able to predict the adverse effects of diverse factors, use methods mathematical modeling. Quite often, due to meteorological conditions, territories remote from the direct source of harmful emissions are polluted.

In many countries since the late 70s. there were centers on O. about. pp., integrating world experience, exploring the role of previously unknown factors that harm the environment and public health.

The most important role in the implementation of the planned public policy in the area of ​​O. about. from. belongs to hygienic science (see Hygiene). In our country, research in this area is conducted by more than 70 institutions (hygienic institutes, departments of communal hygiene of medical institutes, institutes for the improvement of doctors). The research institute of general and communal hygiene is the head of the “Scientific foundations of environmental hygiene” problem. A.N. Sysina.

Developed and implemented scientific foundations regulation of adverse environmental factors, established for many hundreds of chemicals in the air of the working area, the water of reservoirs, the atmospheric air of populated areas, soil, food products; permissible exposure levels for a number of physical factors- noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation (see Hygienic standards), methods and criteria for monitoring the quality of the environment for some microbiological indicators are justified. Research continues to study the combined and complex effects of harmful substances, the development of calculation and express methods for their normalization.

Bibliography: Environmental Hygiene, ed. g.I. Sidorenko, M., 1985; Sidorenko g.I. and Mozhaev E.A. Sanitary state of the environment and public health, M., 1987.

II Environmental protection

a system of legislative acts, state and public events aimed at rational nature management, conservation and reproduction of natural resources in the interests of protecting the health of present and future generations of people on Earth.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. encyclopedic Dictionary medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what "Environmental Protection" is in other dictionaries:

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