Physics presentation starry sky. Presentation "Starry sky

What is astronomy??? He studies the structure of the Universe, movement, physical nature, origin and evolution of celestial bodies and the systems formed by them. Based primarily on observations. Almost all information about celestial bodies is brought to us by electromagnetic radiation. Only in the last 40 years have individual worlds been studied directly: by probing the atmospheres of planets, by studying the lunar and Martian soil.

The word astronomy comes from two Greek words: astron - star, nomos - law. The practical need to study the starry sky led to the birth of science, which later received in ancient Greece around 4 in BC. name of astronomy. But the name itself does not at all serve as proof of the origin and development of astronomy only in Ancient Greece. Astronomy arose and independently developed literally among all peoples, but the degree of its development, of course, was in direct proportion to the level of productive forces and culture of peoples.

Applicability Astronomy is closely related to other sciences, primarily physics and mathematics. But astronomy is also an indispensable testing ground. Space is the only place where matter exists at temperatures of hundreds of millions of degrees and near absolute zero, in the void of vacuum and in neutron stars. Now it is no longer necessary to determine the course of the ship by the stars, predict the flood of the Nile or count the time with an hourglass: technical means have replaced astronomy here. But astronomy and astronautics are still indispensable in communication systems and television, in observing the Earth from space. Astronomy studies the fundamental laws of nature and the evolution of our world. Therefore, its philosophical significance is especially great. In fact, it determines the worldview of people.

Astronomy The scale of the observable universe is huge and the usual units of measurement of distances - meters and kilometers - are of little use here. The astronomical unit is used in the study of the solar system. This is the size of the semi-major axis of the Earth's orbit: 1 AU. e. = 150 million kilometers.

Calendar Everything repeats itself in the sky above us: every night the stars rise and set, the moon phases change, the Sun finds its way between the stars. Thanks to astronomy, people have a calendar and timekeeping. The counting system for long periods of time is called a calendar. Over the centuries of human history, many different calendar systems have been developed (and used). But all calendars can be divided into three main types: solar, lunar and lunisolar. The solar calendars are based on the duration of the tropical year, the lunar calendars are based on the duration of the lunar or synodic month, and the lunisolar calendars are based on both of these periods. The modern calendar adopted in most countries is the solar calendar.

Borders in the sky Already in ancient times, our ancestors divided the starry sky into clearly distinguishable combinations of stars, which they called constellations. Astronomy arose before all other sciences - noticing patterns in the movement of stars, our ancestors learned to measure time, created the first prototypes of the calendar, and learned to navigate the terrain. The names of the constellations were associated with myths, the names of gods, the names of instruments and mechanisms. Knowing the constellations is the ABC of astronomy. How to navigate in this vast and beautiful world, in this stellar field? A constellation is a section of the celestial sphere, the boundaries of which are determined by a special decision of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). In total, there are 88 constellations in the celestial sphere. The boundaries between these strictly defined areas of the sky are arbitrary, they have no physical meaning .. 88 constellations

CONSTELLATION WOLF According to ancient Greek myth, the wicked king Lycaon lived in the Copper Age. He disobeyed the gods and mocked everyone who honored Zeus and other gods. One day, Lycaon killed a hostage and invited all the guests to eat his meat at his feast. This overflowed the patience of Zeus, he turned Lycaon into a bloodthirsty wolf and placed him in the sky.

Interesting objects. The most interesting object in this constellation is the Large Magellanic Cloud. This is a distant galaxy, visible in the southern hemisphere with the naked eye as a hazy cloud. It was named so by Antonio Pifanett in 1521 during the journey of Magellan. The Large Magellanic Cloud is one of the closest galaxies, only 200,000 light-years away. It is an irregular, ragged galaxy in which a large amount of interstellar gas has been found. In the sky, it occupies 5 °, which is ten times the apparent diameter of the moon. irregular galaxy

FISH Origin of the name. Drawing Constellation Pisces on vintage engravings. Drawing Constellation Pisces on vintage engravings. The ancient drawings of this constellation depict two fish tied with a ribbon. According to ancient Greek legend, Akis fell in love with the beautiful daughter of the sea god Nereus Galatea. Galatea also answered him with love. But not only Akida fell in love with Galatea. The huge Cyclops Polyphemus once saw Galatea and was also inflamed with passion for her. But suddenly he saw Polyphemus Galatea and Akis in a cool grotto on the seashore. Mad with jealousy, the mighty Cyclops began to destroy everything around. Frightened, Galatea threw herself into the stormy sea in horror, fleeing from the angry Cyclops, so that her father Nereus would protect her. And the enamored Akid rushed into the sea for his beloved. They turned into fish, tied with a long and wide ribbon. In honor of such a great love, the gods raised these fish to heaven. According to another legend, Pisces is Aphrodite and Eros fleeing the terrible Typhon.

Origin of name. The ancient drawings of this constellation depict two fish tied with a ribbon. According to ancient Greek legend, Akis fell in love with the beautiful daughter of the sea god Nereus Galatea. Galatea also answered him with love. But not only Akida fell in love with Galatea. The huge Cyclops Polyphemus once saw Galatea and was also inflamed with passion for her. But suddenly he saw Polyphemus Galatea and Akis in a cool grotto on the seashore. Mad with jealousy, the mighty Cyclops began to destroy everything around. Frightened, Galatea threw herself into the stormy sea in horror, fleeing from the angry Cyclops, so that her father Nereus would protect her. And the enamored Akid rushed into the sea for his beloved. They turned into fish, tied with a long and wide ribbon. In honor of such a great love, the gods raised these fish to heaven. Constellation Pisces on vintage engraving.

Interesting objects In this constellation is located α Ursa Minor - the North Star. It is a very important star due to its special location - it is currently less than a degree from the north pole. The whole vault of heaven, as it were, revolves around her, and she herself remains in place. It is the only practically fixed star in the sky to the naked eye. The main stars of Ursa Minor form a well-known asterism called the Little Dipper. The North Star is located at the tip of the "tail" of Ursa Minor. The two stars that form the bottom of the "Small Dipper" are also called the guardians of the pole. Near the North Pole at a distance of 18 "you can see its satellite with a telescope, the apparent magnitude of which is 9m. The origin of the name. Drawing Ursa Minor in the atlas of Hevelius. Atlas of Hevelius. This is one of the most ancient constellations. On old maps of the starry sky, Ursa Minor revolves around its long, bear-like tail. Such a long tail was invented for heavenly bears by the Greeks, who did not know what these northern animals looked like. The end of the tail of Ursa Minor Ursa Minor almost coincides with the north pole of the world, so from the outside it seems that the sky is spinning the poor animal by the tail.About three millennia ago, the star β Ursa Minor, which has its own name Kohab, was the closest to the North Pole of the world. Shemali means the star of the north, in China this star is called the regal star, it is believed that this constellation was formed by Thales of Miletus ; he also recommended using the bright star of this constellation for orientation in the sea. Thales of Miletus

Origin of the name This is one of the most ancient constellations. On old maps of the starry sky, Ursa Minor revolves around its long, bear-like tail. Such a long tail was invented for heavenly bears by the Greeks, who did not know what these northern animals looked like. The end of the tail of Ursa Minor almost coincides with the north pole of the world, so from the side it seems that the sky is spinning the poor animal by the tail. About three thousand years ago, the closest star to the North Pole of the world was the star β Ursa Minor, which has its own name Kokhab. Translated from Arabic, Kohab el-Shemali means the star of the north. In China, this star is called regal. It is believed that this constellation was formed by Thales of Miletus; he also recommended using the bright star of this constellation for orientation in the sea. Thales of Miletus

The starry sky above us ... In the middle latitudes, about 80% of the celestial sphere is available for observation. Let's start our acquaintance with the constellations from the summer sky. In the northern part, Ursa Major and Cassiopeia are visible. In the south, the summer-autumn triangle shines - Vega, Deneb and Altair. The huge Cygnus cross is easy to spot against the backdrop of the Milky Way. Closer to the horizon, you can see the brightest star of Scorpio - Antares. To the west of the triangle are Hercules, Northern Crown and Bootes. Ursa Major Cassiopeia Cygnus Scorpio Hercules Northern Crown Bootes

In winter The real decoration of the winter sky is the constellation Orion, shaped like a butterfly. To the right of it is Taurus; red Aldebaran glows in his eye. At the zenith is the Charioteer, to the left - Gemini, and below them - the Lesser and Greater Dog with the brightest star Sirius. Leo is visible in the southeast, Ursa Major is visible high in the east, and Cassiopeia and Cepheus are located in the northwest above the setting Pegasus. Orion Taurus Gemini Canis Minor Leo Cepheus The winter triangle is made up of the brightest stars of Orion, Canis Minor and Major.

Autumn In autumn, a large Pegasus square is clearly visible in the south, Pisces below it. The long chain of stars extending from Pegasus is the constellation Andromeda. The triangle is already low on the horizon. Cassiopeia is now at its zenith. It is easy to recognize in the sky: it forms a figure similar to the letter W. To the left of the Ursa Major bucket is Bootes, to the right are Perseus and Charioteer. Pegasus Pisces Andromeda Bootes Perseus Charioteer

In spring, the sky is dark: there are few bright stars in it and the Milky Way is not visible. In the north hangs an inverted bucket of the Big Dipper. The handle of the bucket points to the orange Arcturus, the brightest star in the northern sky. On the continuation of this arc, you can find Spica - α Virgo. High in the south lay Leo, between him and Bootes is the constellation Coma Berenices. In the west, the Pleiades and Orion enter. Virgin Hair of Veronica Before the invention of the compass, the stars were the main landmarks: it was through them that the ancient sailors and travelers found the right direction. Astronavigation - orientation by the stars - has retained its significance in our age of satellites and atomic energy. It is necessary for navigators and astronauts, captains and pilots. The 25 brightest stars are called navigation stars, with the help of which the location of the ship is determined.

With the naked eye, you can see about 6,000 stars in the entire sky, but we see only half of them, because the Earth closes the other half of the starry sky from us. Due to its rotation, the appearance of the starry sky changes. Some stars are just emerging from the horizon (rising) in its eastern part, others are high above their heads at this time, and still others are already hiding behind the horizon in the western side (setting). At the same time, it seems to us that the starry sky rotates as a whole. Now everyone is well aware that the rotation of the sky is an apparent phenomenon caused by the rotation of the Earth. The picture of what happens to the starry sky as a result of the daily rotation of the Earth, allows you to capture the camera. If it were possible to photograph the paths of the stars in the sky for a whole day, then the photograph would turn out to be full circles - 360 °. After all, a day is the period of a complete revolution of the Earth around its axis. In an hour, the Earth will turn 1/24 of the circle, i.e., 15 °. Consequently, the length of the arc that the star will describe during this time will be 15 °, and in half an hour - 7.5 °. To indicate the position of the luminaries in the sky, a coordinate system is used similar to that used in geography - the equatorial coordinate system. As you know, the position of any point on the globe can be indicated using geographic coordinates - latitude and longitude.

We introduce a system of equatorial coordinates, which indicates the position of the stars on the celestial sphere relative to each other. Let's draw a line through the center of the celestial sphere parallel to the axis of rotation of the Earth - the axis of the world. It will cross the celestial sphere at two diametrically opposite points, which are called the poles of the world - P and P. "The North Pole of the world is called the one near which the Polar Star is located. The plane passing through the center of the sphere parallel to the plane of the Earth's equator forms a circle in cross section with the sphere, called the celestial equator. The celestial equator (like the earth's) divides the celestial sphere into two hemispheres: Northern and Southern. The angular distance of the luminary from the celestial equator is called the declination, which is indicated by the Greek letter "delta". The declination is counted in a circle drawn through the luminary and the poles of the world, it is analogous to geographic latitude.The second coordinate, which indicates the position of the star in the sky, is similar to geographic longitude.This coordinate is called right ascension and is denoted by the Greek letter alpha.Right ascension is measured along the celestial equator from the vernal equinox point, at which the Sun annually occurs on March 21 (per day weight its equinox). In astronomy, it is customary to express right ascension not in degrees, but in hours. You remember that due to the rotation of the Earth, 15° corresponds to 1 hour, and 1° to 4 minutes. Therefore, a right ascension equal, for example, to 12 hours is 180°, and 7 hours and 40 minutes corresponds to 115°.

Observations are carried out with the help of astronomical observatories. The first observatory was established in 4000 BC. e. in the town of Stonehenge (England). The most famous observatories of the Russian Federation: The main astronomical observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Pulkovo (in St. Petersburg); Special Astrophysical Observatory (in the North Caucasus); State Astronomical Institute. PC. Sternberg (in Moscow).

Telescopes are very different: - optical (general astrophysical purpose, coronographs, telescopes for observing satellites); - radio telescopes; - infrared; - neutrino; - X-ray. With all their diversity, all telescopes that receive electromagnetic radiation solve two main tasks: to create the sharpest possible image and, in visual observations, to increase the angular distances between objects (stars, galaxies, etc.); collect as much radiation energy as possible, increase the illumination of the image of objects.

The first telescope was built in 1609 by the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei. The telescope had modest dimensions (tube length 1245 mm, objective diameter 53 mm, eyepiece 25 diopters), an imperfect optical scheme and a 30x magnification. He made it possible to make a whole series of remarkable discoveries (phases of Venus, mountains on the Moon, satellites of Jupiter, spots on the Sun, stars in the Milky Way). The very poor image quality in the first telescopes forced opticians to look for ways to solve this problem. It turned out that increasing the focal length of the lens significantly improves image quality. Telescopes of Galileo (Museum of the History of Science, Florence). Two telescopes are mounted on a museum stand. In the center of the vignette is a broken lens from Galileo's first telescope. Telescopes of Galileo (Museum of the History of Science, Florence). Two telescopes are mounted on a museum stand. In the center of the vignette is a broken lens from Galileo's first telescope.

The telescope of Hevelius had a length of 50 m and was suspended by a system of ropes on a pole. The Ozu telescope was 98 meters long. At the same time, he did not have a tube, the lens was located on a pole at a distance of almost 100 meters from the eyepiece, which the observer held in his hands (the so-called air telescope). It was very inconvenient to observe with such a telescope. Ozu did not make a single discovery. Telescope Hevelius and Ozu

In 1663, Gregory created a new design for a reflecting telescope. Gregory was the first to suggest using a mirror instead of a lens in a telescope. The first reflecting telescope was built by Isaac Newton in 1668. The scheme by which it was built was called "Newton's scheme". The length of the telescope was 15 cm.

In 1963, a 300-meter radio telescope with a spherical antenna began to operate in Arecibo on the island of Puerto Rico, installed in a huge natural pit in the mountains. In 1976, the 600-meter RATAN-600 radio telescope began to operate in the North Caucasus in Russia. The angular resolution of the radio telescope at a wavelength of 3 cm is 10".

Zvezdnoe
Zvezdnoe
sky
sky
Purpose: to tell
Purpose: to tell
about the starry sky
about the starry sky

At first glance, it seems
At first glance, it seems
which is impossible
which is impossible
understand the star
understand the star
placers. So many stars
placers. So many stars
in the sky.
in the sky.
clear dark night sky
clear dark night sky
looks like a giant
looks like a giant
overturned bowl,
overturned bowl,
strewn with stars and
strewn with stars and
it becomes clear to us
it becomes clear to us
Why did the ancients think
Why did the ancients think
huge starry sky
huge starry sky
a sphere that rotates
a sphere that rotates
around the Earth.
around the Earth.

Today we know that the stars are
distant, brightly burning suns,
located in space
various distances from the earth.

View of the Earth from space.
View of the Earth from space.
The astronauts compared
The astronauts compared
Land with "beautiful
Land with "beautiful
blue diamond"
blue diamond
Earth per day
Earth per day
commits
commits
one turn
one turn
around his
around his
axes axes
(imagining
(imagining
oh line,
oh line,
passing
passing
across
across
northern and
northern and
southern
southern
poles and
poles and
Centre
Centre
Earth).
Earth).

surface remains
remains
The idea of ​​the sky as
The idea of ​​the sky as
huge, empty, spinning
empty, spinning
huge
globe with the earth in the center and
globe with the earth in the center and
celestial objects nana hishis
celestial objects
inner surface
internal
convenient. Astronomers call
convenient. Astronomers call
such an imaginary Katrina of the sky
imaginary Katrina of the sky
such
celestial sphere. .
celestial sphere
Astronomers use the sky
scope to refer to
scope to refer to
positions of stars, galaxies, paths
sun, moon and planets. When you
you will look at the stars
you will look at the stars
imagine looking at them
from within the celestial sphere.
from within the celestial sphere.

Celestial sphere
Celestial sphere

QUESTION
QUESTION
Why when viewed from Earth
you feel like during the night
the stars are moving
the stars are moving
celestial sphere?
celestial sphere?
Because the earth
Because the earth
revolves around
revolves around
its axis inside
its axis inside
celestial sphere
celestial sphere

Usually the sky is divided into sections,
plots,
Usually the sky is broken into
inside which the stars, as it were
inside which the stars, as it were
grouped into separate figures -
constellations.
constellations.
Thousand years ago
Thousand years ago
people called
people called
constellations in honor
constellations in honor
animals or
animals or
mythological heroes.
mythological heroes.
Over 2000 years ago
Over 2000 years ago
the ancient Greeks gave
the ancient Greeks gave
names of 48 constellations.
names of 48 constellations.

constellations
constellations

Astronomers today
Astronomers today
use these
use these
ancient names
ancient names
constellations just
constellations just
as designations
as designations
88 sections of the sky.
88 sections of the sky.
With the help of the constellations
With the help of the constellations
they are looking for
they are looking for
heaven one way or the other
heaven one way or the other
objects.
objects.
Mars is in the constellation Leo
similar to what to say: Houston
located in Texas.
located in Texas

Inside
Inside
Most
Most
major
major
constellations
constellations
can
can
discern
discern
more
more
small
small
constellations - -
constellations
asterisms
asterisms
known
known
asterism -
asterism -
Ladle,
Ladle,
which the
which the
is an
is an
part
part
constellations
constellations
Big
Big
Ursa
Ursa

constellations

Type of stars
Type of stars

The stars of the constellation Orion appear
closely spaced
closely spaced
to each other, and creates
to each other, and creates
feeling like they
feeling like they
are on the same
are on the same
distance from earth
distance from earth
It is seen that these
It is seen that these
the stars are located
the stars are located
at different distances
at different distances

look
look
to stellar
to stellar
cards.
cards.
Pay
Pay
Attention
Attention
on the dotted line
on the dotted line
new line
new line
- - ecliptic
ecliptic
- - visible
visible
path of the sun
path of the sun
on the background
on the background
stars.
stars.
Twelve
Twelve
constellations,
constellations,
located
located
along
along
ecliptic,
ecliptic,
called the constellations of the zodiac
constellations of the zodiac.
called
12 constellation name cards:
Use the map to write the names of the 12 constellations:
Write with

View
View
starry
starry
sky
sky
constantly
constantly
is changing
is changing
(from time
(from time
year, from
year, from
time
time
days, from
days, from
provisions
provisions
watch
watch
la on earth
la on earth
- latitude)
- latitude)

Some stars look brighter
others. star magnitude
star magnitude
others.
is a measure of how
celestial object looks bright
when observed from the earth.
when observed from the earth.
Celestial objects may appear
bright because:
bright because:
* emit a lot of light
* emit a lot of light
*located close to Earth
*located close to Earth
Vo Vo IIII c.e. Greek astronomer
in AD Greek astronomer
Hipparchus divided all the stars into
glitter for 6 classes
shine
stellar magnitudes.
stellar magnitudes.
for 6 grades, or
, or

Description of the stars
Description of the stars
The brightness of a star is measured on a scale
magnitude
magnitude
Absolute magnitude
Absolute
magnitude - -
actual brightness of a star
star's brightness in
valid
outer space
outer space
Apparent luminance - luminance as seen from
brightness seen from
Apparent brightness
Earth
Earth
The brightest have zero or even
minus magnitude
minus magnitude

the brightest objects
objects ("--" »
the weakest objects ("
Magnitude classes
Magnitude classes
1 class - - the brightest
1 class
magnitude
magnitude
… …
objects ("++" ""
66 class
Sirius is the brightest star in the sky
The faintest objects visible only in
Modern astronomers also
Modern astronomers also
class - - the weakest
magnitudes
magnitudes
value -1.5
value -1.5
powerful telescopes have up to +24
powerful telescopes have up to +24
use a similar classification.
But instead of an eye estimate of brilliance
use photometers
photometers.
use

The difference between the brightness of two objects into one
magnitude means that

the brightness ratio is ≈ 2.5.

Example: Stars,
Example: Stars,
who have stellar
who have stellar
magnitude = 0, as
magnitude = 0, as
Vega seem to
Vega seem to
2.5 times brighter
2.5 times brighter
stars of the 1st led
stars of the 1st led
ranks, such
ranks, such
like Deneb and ≈
like Deneb and ≈
6.3 times brighter
6.3 times brighter
Polar
Polar
(2nd value)
(2nd value)

QUESTION
QUESTION
star magnitude?
star magnitude?
1) What do astronomers mean by
1) What do astronomers mean by
The magnitude is called
called
star magnitude
measure of how bright
measure of how bright
looks like a celestial object
looks like a celestial object
observations from the earth.
observations from the earth.
2) How bright it looks
2) How bright it looks
heavenly body
heavenly body

slide 2

The night sky is one of the most beautiful sights in nature. Myriads of stars sparkle in the dark depths. Bright planets and tailed comets move between the stars

slide 3

In 1608, the Dutchman Hans Lippershey created a telescope. However, the first person to use a telescope to study the starry sky was the Italian Galileo Galilei. He saw the satellites of Jupiter, craters on the Moon and spots on the Sun. His telescope was quite small. Later, optical instruments reached 50 meters in length.

slide 4

What is the solar system?

Our star - the Sun - has its own family, it includes 9 planets that revolve around the Sun. Stars are made up of hot gases. What planets of the solar system do you know? What can you tell about them?

slide 5

neptune uranus slide 6pluto mars 9 slide 12sun venus slide 14jupiter saturn slide 13earth mercury slide 11moon

slide 6

NEPTUNE Traditionally, the eighth planet from the Sun was named after the ancient god. This honor went to the god of the seas, Neptune. In modern astrology, Neptune associated with water symbolizes the primordial beginning, from which feelings and emotions are born. He is the embodiment of memory that takes us into the depths of millennia.

Slide 7

URANUS Uranus is the seventh farthest planet from the sun and is named after the Greek god of the sky, Uranus. Uranus was the first planet discovered in modern times and with the help of a telescope.

Slide 8

PLUTO Pluto is the ninth planet in the solar system. It is the most distant known planet in the solar system. You can see it either in photographs or with a powerful telescope.

Slide 9

Venus is the second planet from the Sun. Its surface is inaccessible to optical observations from the Earth, as the planet is shrouded in clouds. There are constant winds in the air. At the very surface, their speed is negligible, but increases with height. There are active volcanoes VENUS on the planet

Slide 10

SATURN Saturn is the sixth planet in the solar system. Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture. Saturn has a powerful system of rings made up of particles of ice and dust.

slide 11

mars The fourth planet of the solar system. Many call it another "dead" planet or the red planet.

slide 12

Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. The ancient Romans considered Mercury the patron of trade, travelers and thieves, as well as the messenger of the gods. It is not surprising that a small planet, rapidly moving across the sky following the Sun, was named after him.

slide 13

The Moon A lot has been written about the Moon and, perhaps, no other celestial body can compete with the Moon in terms of the number of excellent photographic portraits, including those taken at close range from aboard automatic space stations. And yet the Moon still does not want to part with its secrets.

Slide 14

The Sun Our daylight, the Sun, is a mighty source of energy. Every second, such an amount of heat is radiated from its surface, which would be quite enough to melt a layer of ice a thousand kilometers thick surrounding a ball equal in size to the Earth. Already about 100 years ago, scientists were thinking about how the reserves of energy, so generously radiated by the Sun into the world space, are replenished.

slide 15

Earth Earth is neither the largest nor the smallest planet in the solar system. However, its position among the other planets is unique. The Earth is on average 149.6 million kilometers away from the Sun, and it is this distance that provides the temperature range on the surface of our planet within which life can exist.

slide 16

Jupiter Jupiter is a giant planet, the fifth from the Sun and the largest in the solar system. A number of atmospheric phenomena on Jupiter - such as storms, lightning, auroras - have scales that are orders of magnitude greater than those on Earth.

Slide 17

Quiz "Space"

This yellow star Always warms us, Illuminates all the planets, Protects us from other stars. Tiny little one - the planet of the First is warmed by the Sun, And nimble - the year on it is Eighty-eight days.

Slide 18

There are miracles on the planet: Oceans and forests, Oxygen is in the atmosphere, People and animals breathe it. It loses weight, then it grows fat, It shines from the sky, but it does not warm, And it always looks at the Earth with only one side.

Slide 19

Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin - USSR pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, colonel, the first person to fly into outer space.

Slide 20

slide 21

The street is full of ordinary noise, Spring is coming, the working day is in full swing, And a radio wave from the Universe Brings a name to everyone: Gagarin! It bursts into everything, into all hearts, like a swallow, it flies. And Mother Earth, holding her breath, Watches the flight of the hero-son.

slide 22

Valentina Tereshkova

Valentina Tereshkova is the first female cosmonaut. I was not afraid, I boldly set foot on the cosmic path. She did her job with honor and proved that women are capable of much, and even of flying into space. We are proud of those people who have connected their lives with a dangerous, difficult, but noble cause - space flights.

slide 23

Nutrition for astronauts.

Meals: Tubes of food for ISS workers are long gone. Now they eat pre-freeze-dried (dehydrated food), which they choose for themselves from a special menu.

"Basic characteristics of stars" - The angle at which the radius of the earth's orbit is visible from the star. Like the Sun, the stars illuminate the Earth. Distance to the star. Distances to the stars. Spectral classification of stars. Masses of stars. Star speeds. Distance from the Sun to the nearest star. The parallax method is currently the most accurate method.

"Structure and evolution of stars" - Nuclear reactions in stars. Burning of C and O in the late stages of evolution. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Scheme of the evolution of a single star. Mass-luminosity relation. Sun model. Pressure of an electron degenerate gas. NASA animation. Sirius V. Hydrostatic balance. The opacity of matter in the interiors of stars.

"Distances to the stars" - Distances to the stars. Hipparchus. Even with the naked eye you can see that the world around us is extremely diverse. Supergiant in the constellation Scorpio - Antares. Distances to the stars. The brightest stars in ancient times were called stars of the first magnitude. Stars differ in color and brilliance.

"Black holes" - Away from the hole, the rays bend slightly. Singularity - all the matter of a black hole, collected in an infinitesimal point. After all the reserves of nuclear fuel are used up and the reactions stop, the star dies. Astronomer Karl Schwarzschild in the last years of his life calculated the gravitational field around a mass of zero volume.

"Starry Sky" - Northern Hemisphere. Celestial sphere. Johann Bayer. Bucket of the Big Dipper. Area of ​​the celestial sphere. Bright stars. Stars. constellation images. Bright stars. The stars were the main landmarks. Winter triangle. Starry sky. Letters of the Greek alphabet. Astronomers of antiquity. Constellation Ursa Major.

"The structure of the stars" - Yellow - white. Canopus. Shaved. Mass. Color. Building. Dimensions. One. Temperature (color). White. The physical nature of the stars. effective temperature K. Class. Orange. Rigel. Crossbar white-blue, White-blue. Age. The luminosity of the stars. Red. The stars have a variety of colors. Yellow. Star radii.

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