Place nicht in a German sentence. German

Place nicht in a German sentence.  German

Varlamova Alena

This work is aimed at studying one of the phenomena of such a grammatical section as syntax, which considers the words in a sentence, the sentence itself, its structure, features and types.

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Research and design work students

"Intellectual future of Mordovia"

Research work

on the topic of:

"Denial in German»

Scientific supervisor: Evgeniy Gromov

Vladimirovich, German teacher

Bolshoye Ignatovo

2011

School name: Municipal educational institution "Bolsheignatovskaya secondary

Comprehensive school"

Head teacher: Nazimkina Lyubov Dmitrievna

School postal address:431670, Republic of Mordovia,

Bolsheignatovsky district, village Bolshoye Ignatovo,

St. Sovetskaya 24

School phone: 2 – 12 – 30

Bolsheignatovsky district, village. Bolshoye Ignatovo, st. Lesnaya, 6, apt. 1.

Head of work:Gromov Evgeniy Vladimirovich

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………….4 - 5

2. Classification of negative language means………………....5 - 6


3.Selection of negative language means

V German offer. (Monogamy)………………………… 6 - 15


4. Features of the use of negation

(polygamy)……………………………………………………...15 - 16

5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..17


6. References………………………………………………………..18

1. Introduction

As you know, language is a historically developed system of sound, vocabulary and grammatical means that objectifies the work of thinking and is a tool of communication, exchange of thoughts and mutual understanding of people in society.

Every language, including German, is dynamic system, which has its characteristic grammatical structure, the components of which are two interconnected sections: morphology and syntax.

This work is aimed at studying one of the phenomena of such a grammatical section as syntax, which considers the words in a sentence, the sentence itself, its structure, features and types.

The main content of the work isconsideration and study of one of the complex grammatical phenomena of the German language - negation.

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that negation in the German language is a multifaceted phenomenon that requires constant understanding, changing along with the development of the language, the difficulty of which to study and understand mainly lies in the discrepancy with the Russian language.

Thanks to the huge number of ways to negate the German sentence and its members, it appeared next problem: In what cases will the means of negation used be the most accurate and appropriate. The following authors dealt with the above problem: Agapova S.A., Admoni, Bakh A., Moskalskaya O.I., Yakimova E.A., etc.

In this context, it would be correct to identify a means of negation that could compete with the popularity of the particle nicht. The hypothesis can be formulated as follows: in German, along with the negative particle nothing there is a linguistic means of negation that is no less popular in terms of usage.

The object of study of this work is negative sentences, which are understood as sentences in which the connection between the subject and the predicate or between various members of the sentence is denied.

The subject of the study is linguistic ways of expressing negation.

The purpose of this work is to study the structure of the German negative sentence and its patterns, to identify the main features and specifics.

Tasks:

1) consider ways and means of negating a proposal;

2) determine the main differences in negation in the Russian and German languages;

3) find the most preferred means of expressing negation in modern German.

2. Classification of negative linguistic means.

In modern German there are a huge number of different linguistic means for expressing negation.

The most common means of negation is the negative particle nothing , which can refer to any member of a sentence expressed by any part of speech. Denying the predicate, nothing makes the entire sentence negative by negating another member of the sentence, nothing usually does not change the affirmative nature of the entire sentence and plays the role of a particle of negation.

Negative indefinite pronoun kein also quite often used in German. It negates only the noun and stands before all prepositive definitions in the place of the article. Pronoun kein denies not a single object, but the entire type (genus) of these objects and makes the sentence negative.

When contrasted in the presence of negation kein the meaning of the sentence remains positive, as

For example:

Z.B. Dieser Schrifsteller hat keine Novellen sondern nur Romane geschaffen.

In addition to the negations nicht and kein , which are not members of the sentence, there are negations that are members of the sentence. These include noun pronouns niemand, keiner, nichts and adverbs nie, niemals, nimmer, nirgends.

In German there is a special negative conjunction for the negation of homogeneous members - weder (nicht) - noch . If there are several homogeneous members, the second part is repeated:

Z.B. Ich kann weder heute noch morgen noch uber morgen verreisen.

Denial occupies a special place among the means of expressing negation. nein. It stands outside the sentence and does not enter into grammatical relations with any other words. Main function nein serve as an answer to the question:

Z.B. Willst du noch Wein? Nein./Nein, ich will nicht!

Negation of nein is not used in response to a negative question if the answer is affirmative:

Z.B. Hast du kein pass?

Doch, ich habe Pass. -

No, I have a passport.

Nein, ich habe kein. - No, I don’t have a passport. (E.-M. Remarque) nein As mentioned above, in German the negation

not included in the offer. In the Russian language, the negation “no”, in addition to the function of a word-sentence, can be a predicate. Z.B. Is anybody here? -

Nobody here.

I don't have time, etc.

3. The choice of negative language means in a German sentence Kein(as a negative article) is used if the affirmative sentence contains an indefinite article. To strengthen the negative before ein is used nicht. Ein

Z.B. in this case it is a numeral:

Er hat mir ein Buch gebracht. - He brought me a book.

Er hat mir kein Buch gebracht. - He didn’t bring me the book.

Er macht nicht eine Ausnahme. - He doesn't make a single exception.

Er hat nicht ein Wort gesagt. - He didn't say a single word. Also kein used before real nouns (denoting an indefinite amount of a substance) and nouns with

Z.B. -zeug, -werk:

Er trank kein bier. - He didn't drink beer.

Er wunscht sich zum Geburtstag kein Spielzeug/kein Schuhwerk.- He doesn’t want to be given a toy (shoes) for his birthday. kein Characterized by the presence

and in stable combinations, if the sentence has the following structures:

Z.B. 1) noun + verb = verb:

Er holte Atem. (= atmete) Er holte keinen Atem. - He wasn't breathing.

Sie hatte Angst (= angstigte sich) Sie hatte keine Angst. - She had no fear.

Z.B. 2) noun + verb - adjective:

3) preposition + verb = adjective:

Z.B. Das ist ein Problem von sehr grower Bedeutung (= sehr bedeutungsvoll).

This problem is very important.

Das ist ein Problem von keiner sehr groën Bedeutung.

Also used when enumerating kein:

Z.B. Mitzubringen sind: Schlafsack, Waschzeug, Besteck, aber keine Skistiefel undkein Kofferradio.

You should bring: a sleeping bag, washcloths, (cutlery) cutlery, but do not take ski boots and a radio.

3. The choice of negative language means in a German sentence can act as a negative subject or object:

Z.B. Keiner wollte sterben. - Nobody wanted to die.

Ich kenne keinen, der das tut. - I don't know anyone who does this.

Negative particle nothing used if the negated object is preceded by a definite article or pronoun:

Z.B. Das ist nicht der einzige Grund. - This is not the only reason.

Wir verloren die Hoffnung nicht. - We did not lose hope.

In stable combinations of a verb and a noun in the accusative, when these combinations cannot be replaced by one verb (that is, the verb and the object form one semantic whole, there is a close connection between them), it is also used nothing:

Z.B. Er kann Auto fahren. Er kapp nicht Auto fahren. - He can't drive a car.

If this connection is not close, then it can be used or nicht or kein.

Nicht is also used before als (as):

Z.B. Sie arbeitet als Kontrolleurin. - She works as a controller.

Sie arbeitet nicht als Kontrolleurin. - She does not work as a controller.

Nicht or kein can be used in an affirmative sentence if the noun does not have an article after the pronoun solche, in a number of expressions:

Z.B. Er ist Lehrer. Er ist nicht Lehrer. Er ist kein Lehrer.

Er treibt Sport. Er treibt nicht/keinen Sport. - He doesn't play sports

Er mag keine solchen Spiele. - He doesn't like such games.

Er mag solche Spiele nicht. - He doesn’t like such games

Don't forget that nothing comes before a preposition, a kein between preposition and noun:

Z.B. Er geht nicht ins Zimmer. - He doesn't go into the room.

Er geht in kein Zimmer. - He doesn't go into the room.

In these cases kein is rarely used and is always interpreted as a partial negation, while nicht, respectively, as a complete or partial denial.

Use of nicht and kein also depends on what is being negated: if it is a verb, then it is used nicht, if a noun - kein:

Z.B. Ich habe noch keinen Urlaub genommen. - I haven't taken a vacation yet.

Urlaub habe ich noch nicht genommen. - I haven’t taken a vacation yet.

In stable combinations nehmen + accusative can also be used either kein or nicht:

Z.B. Er nimmt nicht darauf Rucksicht. - He doesn't take this into account.

Er nimmt darauf keine Rucksicht (more often). - He doesn't take this into account.

From using nicht or kein the meaning may depend when we are talking about a profession, title, function, nationality or worldview:

Z.B. Er ist nicht Lehrer (Angestellter, Professor, Moslem, Pole).- He is not a teacher (employee, professor, Muslim, Pole).

Er ist kein Lehrer (Angestellter, Professor, Moslem, Pole).- He is not a teacher (employee, professor, Muslim, Pole).

Denial with nicht his profession is clearly denied, etc. (perhaps he is not a teacher, but, for example, an engineer), while with kein his abilities, qualities as a teacher, etc. are denied.(What kind of teacher is he?)

Nicht used instead kein (that is, only nicht) in such sentences, in which we are talking about a proper name without an article, which is either a subject and an object, or a nominal part of a compound predicate denoting the time of day and year:

Z.B. Sie mag Klaus (Herrn Mahl, Bonn) nicht. - She doesn’t like Klaus (Mr. Mehl, Bonn).

Er heiвt nicht Otto. - His name is not Otto.

Es wird noch lange nicht Herbst. - It won’t be autumn for a long time (literally).

Only nothing used in cases where the noun has become almost part of the verb, in expressions:

Z.B. Auto, Boot, Bus, Karussell, Rad, Rollschue, Schritt, Seilbahn (cable car), Ski) fahren; Wort halten to keep your word; Radio horen; Amok to run amok, Gefahr to risk (get into trouble), Ski, Spiевruten to be ridiculed from all sides, Sturm laufen; Bankrott go bankrupt, Feierabend end the working day, Schluss machen; Pfeife rauchen to smoke a pipe; Bescheid sagen to inform, convey; Maschine schreiben to type; Flote play on the flute, Fuвball usw., Karten, Klavier on the piano, Schach, Skat, Tennis spielen; Schlange stehen stand in line.

Sie fahrt nicht Auto. - She doesn't drive a car.

Er steht nicht Schlange - He doesn't stand in line.

Pronouns niemand, nichts can be usedin a sentence as subject, object, determiner:

Z.B. Mir ist dort niemand bekannt.. - I don’t know anyone there.

Ich kenne dort niemand. - I don't know anyone there.

Jedermanns Freund ist niemandes Freund .- He who is a friend to everyone is a friend to no one(proverb).

Adverbs nie never, nimmer no more (obsolete, South German),niemals, keinesfalls, keineswegs,aufkeinen Fall, in keinem Fall, keinerlei, nicht einmal never deny the entire proposal to a greater extent, how nothing:

Z.B. Das war nie und nimmer so. - This has never happened in my life.

Ich kann das nimmer aushalten. - I will never stand this.

Wir werden das niemals vergessen. - We will never forget this.

Nirgends, nirgendwo are used in a sentence as adverbs of place:

Z.B. Ich kann den Schlussel nirgends finden. - I can't find the key anywhere.

Solche Menschen wie hierfindest du nirgendwo .- You won’t find people like here anywhere.

Er war nirgends so gem wie zu Hause. “He didn’t feel as good anywhere as at home.”

Union weder...noch negates the entire sentence and comes before a verb or other part of the sentence:

Z.B. Weder haben wir es gewusst, noch haben wir es geahnt. - We didn’t even know about it, we didn’t even guess about it.

Nicht, kein, nichts, niemand may be amplified by particles bestimmt, durchaus, ganz und gar, gar, in oral speech sicherl(tich), uberhaupt, absolutbe weakened by a particle fast:

Z.B. Das kapp ich (ganz und) gar nicht, durchaus nicht, absolut nicht. - I can’t completely/absolutely understand/understand this.

Das geht aufgar keinen Fall. - In no case will anything come of this.

Sie ist iiberhaupt nicht eifersuchtig. - She's not jealous at all.

Das ist gar niemandes Schuld. (geh. high) - This is absolutely no one’s fault.

Combinations can also be used to enhance:

Z.B. Ich habe nicht mehr und nicht weniger (nichts mehr und nichts weniger) gesagt. - I said no more and no less (nothing more and nothing less).

Das macht mich durchaus nicht froh. - This doesn’t make me happy at all.

Das beruhrt mich nicht im Geringsten. - This doesn’t/doesn’t concern/concern me at all.

To enhance negation in colloquial speech, a noun denoting insignificant value may be preceded by nicht or kein:

Z.B. Ach, nicht die Bohne! Keine Bohne! - Not a bit! Not at all!

Keine Spur! - Nothing like that!/Not at all!

Das ist keinen Pfifferling wert. - It's not worth anything / not a penny.

Special provisions nicht in a sentence

With partial negation nicht comes before the word being negated, but not at the end of the sentence, as this will automatically be interpreted as a complete negation (the emphasis falls on the word being negated), before the word denoting quality/property:

Z.B. Er fahrt nicht mit der Straënbahn, sondern mit dem Bus. - He will go not by tram, but by bus.

Der Student hat nicht gut, sondern Ausgezeichnet gearbeitet. - The student worked not well, but excellently.

Nicht in case of partial negation, it may not appear before the negated word, but at the end of the sentence before the second, non-conjugated (separable) part of the predicate if the negated word is at the beginning of the sentence:

Z.B. Fleifiig kann er nicht arbeiten. - He cannot work diligently.

Fleiвig hat dieser Student nicht gearbeitet. - This student did not work diligently.

In complete denial nicht stands at the end of a sentence if the object in the dative or accusative is preceded by a definite article or pronoun, and the predicate does not have a second, inconjugated (separable) part and, accordingly, before the second, inconjugated part of the predicate, if any:

Z.B. Er liest das Buch nicht. - He doesn't read a book.

Er hat das Buch nicht gelesen.- He didn’t read the book.

Mandatory before a noun in the accusative, if it and the verb form a single whole:

Z.B. Er fahrt nicht Auto. (= mit dent Auto) - He doesn't drive a car.

Er spielt nicht Klavier. (= aufdem Klavier) -He doesn't play the piano.

Regarding the members of the proposal, nothing most often it costs before circumstance of the place, but after circumstances of time with prepositions, causes, goals, consequences, conditions:

Z.B. Er wohnt nicht in Polen. - He does not live in Poland.

Ich schliefin der Nacht (die ganze Nacht, gestern) nicht. - I didn’t sleep last night (all night, yesterday).

Er kommt wegen seiner Krankheit nicht. - He won’t come because of illness.

Das Spiel findet wegen des Regens nicht statt. - The game will not take place due to rain.

Always after adverbs:

Z.B. Das Spiel fand deswegen nicht statt. - That's why the game didn't take place.

Die Besichtigung des Schlosses bedurfte nicht der Zustimmung des Besitzers. - Inspection of the castle did not require the consent of the owner.

Before the nominal part of the predicate (before a noun or adjective):

Z.B. Er wird nicht Lehrer. - He won't be a teacher.

Sie wird nicht krank. - She won't get sick.

Before a noun that is combined with a functional verb, and also possibly before an object if it is common (for the purpose of better understanding, especially in oral speech):

Z.B. Der Fremdenfu"hrer besitzt nicht die Fahigkeit anschaulich zu erzahlen. - The guide did not have the ability to visually tell.

Er untersuchte den psychischen Zustand des Kranken nicht./ Er untersuchte nicht den psychischen Zustand des Kranken. - He did not examine the patient’s mental state.

Place nicht in a subordinate clause:

Dass er nicht arbeitet.

Dass er nicht Lehrer wird.

Dass er den Freund nicht sieht.

Dass er nicht an dich denkt.

Dass er das Buch nicht aufden Tisch

Dass er uns nicht gem be sucht.

Dass er uns vermutlich nicht besucht.

Denn er macht das nicht.

It is interesting to consider the design translation feature nicht umhinkonnen zu + infinitive:

Z.B. Ich kann nicht umhin, es zu tun. - I can't help but do this.

Er hat nicht umhingekonnt, das zu horen. - He couldn't help but hear it. (Only in the perfect!)

Conveying negation using word forms.

In some cases, there are no negative words in a German sentence; negation is conveyed using word forms such as prefixes nothing + adjective(if written together, can be written separately)or noun, prefixes nichts- adjective or nounnegative prefix ip- + adjective(however, adjectives that have an unambiguous antonym cannot have this form:kurz short - lang long, dick thick - dünn thin, schlecht - gut), suffixes - los and -un, prefixes -miss + verb or noun(using -miss, in addition to denial, an erroneous action may also be shown -missdeuten (=falsch deuten) - to falsely/misinterpret missverstehen (=falsch verstehen) - to falsely/misunderstand):

Z.B. nichtamtlichlnicht amtlich; nichtberuflich der Nichtraucher; der Nichtschwimmer. - unofficial; unemployed non-smoker; can't swim

Z.B. nichtstuerich; nichtswurdig der Nichtstuer; der Nichtskonner - idle; an unworthy loafer; mediocrity,

Z.B. Das Buch ist uninteresting. - The book is uninteresting.

Z.B. die Unfreudlichkeit; das Ungluck - unkindness; misfortune

erfolglos; hilflos - unsuccessful; helpless

Z.B. missfallen - not to like

missglucken, misslingen, missraten - fail

die missgunst; der Misserfolg - disfavor; failure, failure

The German language is characterized by the presence of foreign suffixes that convey the degree of negation -de(s)-, dis-, in- (il-, im-, ir-)+ noun or adjective:

Z.B. die Dezentralisierung decentralization, das Desinteresse disinterest, die Disproportion disproportion, indiskret tactless; inkonsequent fickle illegitim illegal; die Immobilien real estate; die Irrealität unreality

Particles convey negation fast, beinahe with a verb in the conjunctive:

Z.B. Er wäre beinahe ertrunken. - He almost drowned.

Ich ware fast eingeschlafen. - I almost fell asleep.

Negation can also be shown using conjunctions:ohne (dass), (an)statt (dass), als dass, auеr dass, ausgenommen dass, auеr wenn, weder... noch:

Z.B. Er kommt, ohne dass er uns grusst/ ohne uns grussen. (= Er grusst uns nicht.) - He comes without greeting us (= He does not greet us).

Er arbeitet, anstatt dass er schlaft/ anstatt zu schlafen. (= Er schlaft nicht.) - He works instead of sleeping (- He does not sleep).

Negation can also be expressed using prepositionsaufier, anstelle, entgegen, ungeachtet despite, unbeschadet (verbal) despite/despite:

Z.B. Unbeschadet einiger Mangel ist es ein gutes Buck. - Despite some shortcomings, this is a good book.

A negative word may be absent in a German sentence, but when translated into Russian, the negation is also conveyed in a concessive subordinate clause:

Z.B. Wie halt es auch war, er ging jeden Tag baden. - No matter how cold it was, he went swimming every day.

However, there are cases when nicht appears as a particle in an exclamatory or interrogative sentence, but the content of the sentence is not negative:

Z.B. in an exclamatory sentence:

Was weiss er nicht alles! (= Was weiss er alles!) - What he doesn’t know!

Was machen wir nicht alles zusammen? -What don’t we do together?

Entschuldigung, sind Sie nicht Herr Rohr? - Excuse me, are you Mr. Rohr?

Z.B. in an interrogative sentence that requires a positive answer:

Kannst du mir nicht helfen? (= Kannst du mir helfen?) - Can't you help me? (= Can you help me?)

Z.B. with the construction nicht nur ... sondern auch:

Er ist nicht nur ein guter Lehrer, sondern auch in ausgezeichneter Wissenschaftler. (= Er ist ein guter Lehrer und ein ausge-zeichneter Wissenschaftler.) He is not only a good teacher, but also an excellent scientist. (= He is a good teacher and an excellent scientist.)

4. Features of the use of negation

In a German sentence, only one negation is possible:

Z.B. Ich habe nie etwas davon gehort. - I've never heard anything about it.

In Old German, double negation served to strengthen the negation. It has been preserved in literature and spoken language. In modern German, double negation is permissible only as a special stylistic device, often in combination with nicht un- and nicht ohne, and means the statement:

Z.B. Das ist nicht unmoglich (= durchaus moglich). - It is quite possible.

Er liest ein nicht uninteressantes Buch. - He is reading a rather interesting book.

Er verfolgt die Rede nicht ohne Spannung.- He listened to the speech not without tension.

Es gab keine Missverstandnisse zwischen... - There were no misunderstandings between...

In an additional sentence, a double negative is also considered a statement:

Z.B. Es gibt nichts Besonderes in dieser Gegend, was wir nicht gesehen haben. “There’s nothing special in this area that we haven’t seen.”

Es gibt keinen Menschen, der das nicht erfahren hatte. - There is no such person who would not recognize this.

Kait and nicht are mutually exclusive because kait has a negative meaning: Z.B. Er wird mich kait besuchen. - He's unlikely to visit me.

If the author uses negation noch nicht, it shows that the event has not yet occurred, and if nothing more, what the event happened in the past. Word sogar intensifies, a nicht einmal reduces the significance of the action:

Z.B. Er ist noch nicht in der Schule.- His not at school yet.

Er ist nicht mehr in der Schule. - His no longer at school.

A negative description gives the proposal a softening or approving character:

Z.B. Das ist wirklich keine schlechte Idee.(= Das ist eine sehr gute Idee.)

This is really not a bad idea. (This is a very good idea).

5. Conclusion.

After conducting this study, we can conclude that the choice of a negative language tool depends on many factors:

1) General and specific negation, as well as the degree of negation embedded in the sentence.

2) From the individuality and specificity of the author’s artistic language, which may violate the grammatical norms and rules of a given language.

3) From the mononegative structure of a negative sentence.

Therefore, taking into account all of the above, let us summarize that the German negative sentence is a complex multifaceted system that has its own specific features and patterns, possessing a huge number of negative linguistic means, the choice of which depends on the factors listed above.

Regarding the frequency of use of the negative means, we can say that the most universal negation is the particle nicht, since it has no restrictions in its functioning, thereby facilitating the task of choice.

But most importantly, you should never forget that German negation, unlike Russian, is monogamous in nature and more semantically complex, so you need to be extremely careful and careful when constructing a German sentence and choosing a negative means.

6. List of references.

1. Agapova S.A. Negative pronouns and adverbs. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2004;

2. Vasilyeva M.M. German grammar. - Moscow, GARDARIKI, 1999;

3. Issues of modern German language. - M.: “Union”, 1986;

4. Gulyga E.V. German grammar. - M.: Manager, 2004;

5. Zavyalova V.M., Izvolskaya I.V. German grammar. - M.: CheRo, 1997;

6. Moskalskaya O.I. Deutsche Sprachgeschichte. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2003;

7. Moskalskaya O.I. Deutsche teoretische Grammatik. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2004;

8. Narustrang E.V. Practical grammar of the German language. - St. Petersburg: “Soyuz”, 2001;

10. Sinev R.G. German grammar scientific speech. - M.: Gothika, 2001;

11. Tagil I.P. Deutsche Grammatik. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003;

12. Filicheva I.I. History of the German language. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2003.

13. Shishkova L.V. Syntax of modern German. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2003;

Negation in German can be expressed using the negative words nicht, kein, weder... noch, nichts, niemand and so on.

Is it das dein Fahrrad? -Nein.
Is it das dein Auto? - Ja.

Is it das dein Fahrrad? - Nein, es ist nicht meins. Mein Fahrrad steht da drüben.
Is it das dein Auto? - Ja, das ist mein Auto.

Ist das nicht dein Fahrrad? -Nein.
Ist das nicht dein Auto? - Doch. (Das ist mein Auto)

Negation with nicht. Place of nicht in a sentence

Nicht can negate an entire sentence, verb or noun with a definite article.

If there is one verb in a sentence and we negate it, then nothing stands at the very end of the sentence before the period.

Arbeitest du? – Nein, ich arbeite nicht.
Kochst du das Mittagessen? – Nein, ich koche das Mittagessen nicht.
Kommst du mit uns ins Kino heute Abend? – Nein, ich komme mit euch in Kino heute Abend nicht.

If there are 2 verbs in a sentence (verbs with separable prefixes, sentences with modal verbs, infinitive, past tense), then nothing is in second to last place.

Macht sie die Tür zu? – Nein, sie macht die Tür nicht zu.
Hast du heute die Zeitung gelesen? – Nein, die habe ich heute noch nicht gelesen.
Muss ich alle Vokabeln lesen? – Nein, du musst alle Vokabeln nicht lesen, du musst sie lernen.

If we deny the preposition, then nothing comes before a preposition.

Fährst du mit dem Zug nach Lübeck? – Nein, ich fahre nicht mit dem Zug nach Lübeck, ich fahre mit dem Auto.
Geht er morgens ins Schwimmbad? – Nein, er geht nicht ins Schwimmbad, er joggt im Park.
Kommen Sie aus Frankreich? – Nein, ich komme nicht aus Frankreich.

If the preposition is in 1st place, then nothing stands at the very end of the sentence.

Nicht cannot be at the beginning of a sentence!

Fährst du mit diesem Zug nach Lübeck? – Nein, mit diesem fahre ich nicht.
Geht er morgens ins Schwimmbad? – Nein, ins Schwimmbad geht er nicht.
Kommen Sie aus Frankreich? – Nein, aus Frankreich komme ich nicht.

Nicht stands before negated words (today, a lot, just like that, willingly, etc.).

Liest du viel? – Nein, ich lese nicht viel.
Trinkst du Mineralwasser? – Nein, ich trinke Mineralwasser nicht gern.
Ich mache diese Aufgabe nicht heute.

Denial with nicht

Often it is not necessary to deny the entire sentence, but only a certain part or one word. In this case nothing will face what we deny. Intonation strongly emphasizes negation nothing and what we deny. In some cases it is acceptable nothing at the beginning of a sentence. If we deny some word or part of a sentence, it is necessary to introduce an alternative to the negation (not today, but tomorrow; not I, but he; not turn on, but turn off, etc.). For this, the phrase nicht..., sondern is used.

Nicht Sonja hat das Glas gebrochen, sondern Christine.
Du liest dieses Buch jetzt, nicht morgen.
Nicht am Freitag, sondern am Samstag beginnt der Wettbewerb.
Er konnte nicht ein Stück, sondern gleich eine ganze Torte essen.
Wir gratulieren nicht nur dir, sondern deiner ganzen Familie.
Bitte, schalte das Licht in dem Zimmer nicht aus, sondern ein.

Nicht may negate an adjective, participle, or group of adjectives. In this case nothing will come before the adjective.

Mein Freund trägt oft dieses nicht gebügelte Hemd.
Die nicht lange dauernde Vorlesung hat das Interesse der Studenten geweckt.
Du hast mir ein noch nicht gelesenes Buch gegeben.

Negation with kein

A noun with a definite article is negated with nicht.

A noun with an indefinite article is negated with kein-.

A noun without an article is negated with kein-.

The negative article kein- is declined in the same way as the indefinite article.

In plural there is no indefinite article, there is only a negative article keine .

Kasus Maskulinum Feminine Neutrum Plural
Nominative kein keine kein keine
Akkusativ keinen keine kein keine
Dativ keinem keiner keinem keinen
Genitiv keines keiner keines keiner

Ist das ein Buch? – Nein, das ist kein Buch, sondern ein Heft.
Ist das ein Radiergummi? – Nein, das ist kein Radiergummi, sondern ein Spitzer.
Sind das _ Schüler? – Nein, das sind keine Schüler, sondern _ Studenten. ( Plural!)
Hat er eine Freundin? – Nein, er hat keine Freundin, er ist Single.

If there is a numeral before a noun eins, then it is inflected like the indefinite article. Numeral eins negated with nothing.

Ich habe von meinen Eltern nicht ein Geschenk, sondern zwei.
Helga hat nicht einen Computer zu Hause, sondern drei.
Meine Mutter hat nicht eine Bananentorte gebacken, sondern fünf.

Negative words

positively negative Beispiele
Individual jemand - someone niemand - no one Hast du da jemanden gesehen? -
Nein, da habe ich niemanden gesehen.
Item etwas, alles – something, everything nichts - nothing Bestellst du etwas für sich? -
Nein, ich bestelle nichts.
Time jemals – someday, oft – often, immer – always, manchmal – sometimes nie, niemals - never Wart ihr schon jemals in Österreich? -
Nein, dort waren wir noch nie.
In Österreich war ich niemals.
Place irgendwo – somewhere, überall – everywhere nirgendwo, nirgends - nowhere Irgendwo in dem Flur liegt mein Regenschirm. Ich kann deine Brille nirgends finden.
Direction irgendwohin - somewhere nirgendwohin - nowhere Ich überlege mir, ob wir irgendwohin im Sommer in den Urlaub fahren. Mein Auto ist leider kaputt, ich kann jetzt nirgendwohin fahren.

Constructions with negative meaning

"...neither...nor..." ("weder...noch")

Tim kann nicht Deutsch sprechen. Er kann auch nicht Englisch sprechen.
Tim kann weder Deutsch noch Englisch sprechen. Tim can’t speak either German or English.

Meine kleine Schwester kann noch nicht lesen. Sie kann auch nicht schreiben.
Meine kleine Schwester kann weder lesen noch schreiben. – My little sister can neither read nor write.

without doing something ( ohne...zu)

Paul will reisen. Er will nicht viel Geld ausgeben.
Paul will reisen, ohne viel Geld auszu geben. – Paul wants to travel without spending a lot of money.

Sie geht weg. Sie verabschiedet sich nicht.
Sie geht weg, ohne sich zu verabschieden. – She leaves without saying goodbye.

Prepositions with negative meaning

without + case Accusative (ohne + Akkusativ)

Wir beginnen die Feier. Wir warten auf dich nicht.
Wir beginnen die Feier ohne dich.

Der junge Mann fährt im Zug. Er hat keine Fahrkarte.
Der junge Mann fährt im Zug ohne Fahrkarte.

except + case Dativ (außer + Dativ)

Die ganze Touristengruppe ist pünktlich zum Bus gekommen, nur Herr Berger nicht.
Die ganze Touristengruppe außer Herrn Berger ist pünktlich zum Bus gekommen.

Meine Freunde haben schon alles in dieser Stadt gesehen, nur das Rathaus nicht.
Meine Freunde haben alles in dieser Stadt außer dem Rathaus gesehen.

Prefixes and suffixes for negation

Prefixes come before the root and give the word the meaning “not”:

a politisch, a social, a typisch
Das war a typisch für ihn, kein Bier am Freitagabend zu trinken.

des illusioniert, des infiziert, des interessiert, des organisiert, des orientiert
Die Hotelzimmer sind des infiziert und aufgeräumt.

indiskutabel, in discret, in competent, in stabil, in tolerant
Sein Zustand ist jetzt in stabil. / Solches Verhalten ist in tolerant.

ir rational, ir regulär, ir real, ir relevant, ir religiös, ir reparabel
Das Bild scheint ir real zu sein.

Viele Jugendliche sind heute ir religiös.

un beliebt, un bewusst, un ehrlich, un fähig, un endlich, un freundlich, un geduldig, un geeignet, un gerecht, un höflich, un kompliziert, un sicher, un schön, un schuldig, un verständlich, un zufrieden, …

Entschuldigung, ich habe das un bewusst gemacht.
Warum benimmst du dich so un freundlich?
Dieses Gerät ist für die regelmäßige Verwendung un geeignet.
Das ist sehr leicht, die Aufgabe ist un kompliziert.

Suffixes come after the root and give the word the meaning “without” or “not”:

anspruchslos, arbeitslos, erfolglos, ergebnislos, freudlos, hilflos, humorlos, leblos, sinnlos, sprachlos, taktlos, verantwortungslos, …

Es macht keinen Sinn, ihm solche Witze zu erzählen, er ist total humorlos.
Mein Freund wandert viel, er ist ein anspruchslos er Tourist, er kann im Zelt im Schlafsack schlafen.
Weiter diese Geschichte zu erzählen war schon sinnlos .
Sprachlos stand sie vor mir und konnte nicht verstehen, was passierte.

In negative sentences in German, the negation nein, the negative particle nicht, and the negative pronoun kein are most often used.

To express negation, the pronouns niemand, keiner, nichts, the adverbs nirgends, niemals, nie, the conjunction weder ... noch are also used.

The use of the negation nicht in German and its place in a sentence

The negation nicht in German can refer to any part of a sentence. The place of negation depends on which member of the sentence it refers to. Most often, the negation nicht comes before the word being negated.

When negating a predicate (when, as a rule, the content of the entire sentence is negated), nicht in German stands:

  • in last place if the predicate is expressed by a verb in a simple tense form (Präsens or Präteritum);
  • if there is a noun with a preposition in a sentence, the negation of nicht, related to the predicate, usually comes before this prepositional group;

If the negation nicht in German refers to a complex predicate expressed by a modal verb and the infinitive of another verb, then it can also appear after the modal verb.

Compare:

Kein replaces the article and agrees with the noun in gender, number and case.

The negative pronoun kein has the meaning “neither”, “no” and is translated into Russian by the negation of “not” with the predicate:

Only one negation can be used in a German sentence.

Compare:

Use of negative pronouns and adverbs
in German

    To express negation, in addition to nicht and kein, negative pronouns can be used in German
  • keiner (no one, not one),
  • niemand (nobody),
  • nichts (nothing, nothing)
    and negative adverbs
  • niemals, nie (never),
  • nirgends (nowhere).

These parts of speech, acting in a sentence as various members of the sentence (subject, object, adverbial), also serve as negations. If there are negative pronouns and adverbs in a sentence, other negations are not used.

    To express negation in German, pronouns and adverbs are also used:
  • keinmal (never, never),
  • keinesfalls (in no way, in no way),
  • keinerlei (none),
  • nimmer (never).

The negative conjunction weder ... noch (neither... nor) is also used as a negation. When using this conjunction in a German sentence, the presence of any other negation is also excluded.

Negation of nein in German

The negation nein in German does not apply to any member of the sentence, but is of a general nature. It is introductory words and is separated by a comma.

What types of negatives are there in German?

In the German language, as well as in the Russian language, there are several main types of negations. After all, in addition to No, we also use in Russian Not ,and other types of denials.

For example: " No, I won't do that" or "This color Not yellow, etc.

So, let's look at the main types of negations: nicht, kein, doch, kein.

NICHT(“not”) is used in German when we want to express negation in relation to:

verbs:

Ich werde das nothing essen – I won’t eat this;

Er kommt heute nothing- He won’t come today.

personal, possessive, demonstrative pronouns:

Das bin ich! Und ich bin nothing du! - It's me! And I am not you!

Das ist nothing mein Buch is not my book;

Ich habe heute nothing diesen Mann gesehen - I did not see this man today;

– adjectives and adverbs:

– Er las diesels Buch nothing gern - He did not read this book willingly;

– Sie sind nicht gute Leute – They don’t good people.

2. KEIN applies when we deny noun. If in a question a noun is used with an indefinite article (ein (for masculine and neuter), eine – for female).

For example:

Question: Hast du ein Buch? – Do you have a book? Answer: Nein, ich habe kein Buch - I don't have a book.

At the same time, kein, depending on gender and case, acquires the same endings as the definite article. In the accusative case, for the masculine gender kein changes to keinen, for the neuter gender it remains unchanged - kein, for the feminine gender and plural person - to keine.

For example: Ich habe keinen Vater – I have no father (same ending as the masculine article der in case – Akkusativ, that is d en) or, for example: Ich habe keine Chancen sie zu sehen – I have no chance of seeing her (here the same as the definite article die in the Akkusativ case in the plural person). In this regard, it is worth remembering Declension of the definite article.

Native speakers themselves have been debating for years about which negative is correct to say the phrase: “I don’t speak German” – “Ich spreche nicht Deutsch” or “Ich spreche kein Deutsch”. The Duden spelling dictionary lists both nicht and kein as correct.

Doch is used when an answer is given to a question whose essence does not correspond to the truth. Used in dialogue - mainly when someone asks something and the other answers.

– Gefällt dir Tee nicht? – Don’t you like tea? – Doch, der Tee gefaellt mir – Not at all, I like tea.

– Hast du ein Ticket nicht gekauft? – Doch, ich habe ein Ticket gekauft. – Not at all, I bought a ticket.

NEIN (“no”)

Cases of using negation nein, probably the easiest to understand. Nein often introduces a sentence that contains the negation of nicht. Nein as if expressing negation of the entire sentence, A nothing already in the same sentence clarifies, what exactly is being denied or what the person does not agree with.

For example:

– Hast du ihn gesehen? - You saw him? – Nein, ich habe ihn nicht gesehen – No, I didn’t see him

Negation using the negative pronoun “kein” occurs exclusively in combination with nouns. "Kein" is used in German speech to negate nouns that are used within affirmative proposals with zero (no article at all) or with indefinite articles.

The declension of the negative pronoun in question in the singular completely repeats the declension of the indefinite article, and in the plural - the definite article, for example:

  • Barbara hat nur einen Reisenden gesehen. – Barbara saw only one traveler.
  • Barbara hat keinen Reisenden gesehen. – Barbara didn’t see any traveler.
  • Manfred hat Gästezimmer in seinem Sommerhaus. – Manfred has guest rooms in his summer country house.
  • Manfred hat keine Gästezimmer in seinem Sommerhaus. – Manfred has no guest rooms in his summer country house

Negative particle "nicht"

Most often, negation in German speech is made through the use of the particle “ nicht". Using this particle, any member of a German sentence can be negated. If a simple predicate is negated, then the negative particle goes to the very end of the sentence. If a complex predicate is negated, then the indicated particle takes place immediately before the conjugated part of the predicate used, for example:

  • Sigmund wiederholt diese Regeln nicht. – Sigmund does not repeat these rules (simple predicate).
  • Sigmund wird diese Regeln nicht wiederholen. – Sigmund will not repeat these rules (complex predicate).

If the negation refers to any other member of the sentence, then the negative particle “nicht” is given a place immediately before the affected member of the sentence, for example:

  • Heute wiederholt Sigmund diese Regeln zu Hause. – Today Sigmund repeats these rules at home (affirmative sentence).
  • Nicht heute wiederholt Sigmund diese Regeln zu Hause. – Not today will Sigmund repeat these house rules (denial of a temporary circumstance).
  • Heute wiederholt nicht Sigmund diese Regeln zu Hause. – Today it is not Sigmund who repeats these rules at home (subject negation).
  • Heute wiederholt Sigmund nicht diese Regeln zu Hause. – Today, Sigmund is not repeating these rules at home (negation of the direct object).
  • Heute wiederholt Sigmund diese Regeln nicht zu Hause. – Today Sigmund repeats these rules not at home (negation of the adverbial location).


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