IN German, as in Russian there are words that are used only in the singular. These are nouns denoting substances (das Eisen, das Gold, das Silber, das Leder), abstract concepts (die Liebe, der Stolz), some collective ones (das Publikum, die Studentenschaft), however, in Russian, these nouns exist only in the singular number. But in German there are nouns that are used in the singular, and in Russian only in the plural (die Brille (glasses) is singular, die Brillen (glasses) is plural). Masculine and neuter nouns denoting quantity and size, if they are preceded by a cardinal number, are always in the singular (zwei Glas Wasser), feminine - always in the plural (zwei Flaschen Bier).
In German, as in Russian, there are several words that are used only in the plural:
die Eltern - parents
die Ferien - holidays
die Möbel - furniture
die Trumer - ruins
With such words, everything is clear, they are even in the dictionary in the plural and they never had a singular.
When forming the plural from nouns in the singular, the following can happen:
- adding an ending to a noun (-e, -en, er, s)
- adding an umlaut to the root vowel (a->ä, u->ü, o-> ö)
- changing the whole word
It is worth mentioning and emphasizing that
most masculine plural nouns add the ending -e (der Fisch - die Fisch e), often resulting in a root vowel umlaut;
feminine - ending - (e) n (die Frau - die Frau en) or -nen if the word ends in -in (die Lehrerin - die Lehrerinnen);
neuter - ending -er and always with an umlaut in the root, if possible (das Kind - die Kind er, das Buch - die Bücher, das Land - die Länder).
But you shouldn't rely on it. It's not a rule, it's just a convention. Plural nouns must be memorized, like gender.
As you can see, for plural nouns, regardless of gender, the definite article is always the same. die. The plural does not have an indefinite article, in this case the word is used without an article (Kinder - children in general, die Kinder - some specific children)
Ending -e in the plural, most masculine nouns are received, often receiving an umlaut ( der Tag - die Tage, der Kopf - die Köpfe, der Schrank - die Schränke). Masculine nouns derived from verbal roots always receive an umlaut ( der Klang-die Klänge, der Fall-die Fälle).
There are not so many feminine nouns that add -e in the plural. They need to be remembered die Stadt-die Stadte,die Hand - die Hände, die Wand - die Wände, die Kunst - die Künste, die Wurst - die Würste,die Kraft - die Krafte, die Maus - die Mäuse, die Kuh - die Kühe, die Nuß - die Nüße, die Bank—die Banke, die Macht - die Mächte,). They always take the umlaut.
Nouns ending in -nis always form the plural by adding -se regardless of gender .
Also, many neuter nouns end in -e in plural ( das Jahr - die Jahre, das Heft - die Hefte, das Pferd - die Pferde, das Werk - die Werke), but they are always without an umlaut. Such nouns also include neuter nouns of Latin origin, often ending in -at, al, ent (das Diplom—die Diplom e, das Element - die Elemente, das Signal—die Signale, das Modell—die Modell e, das Plakat - die Plakate). They can be recognized by the fact that they sound approximately the same in many languages.
Most feminine plural nouns add - (e)n . (die Schule - die Schulen, die Regel - die Regeln, die Zeitung - die Zeitungen). For feminine nouns ending in -in, in the plural, one more -n is added before -en ( die Studentin—die Studentin nen, die Lehrerin—die Lehrerinnen,).
Most nouns ending in -e, plural adds -n (der Jung e— die Jung en ). These words include many feminine words, many masculine words called weak nouns, and some neuter words ( das Auge-die Augen, das Interesse-Interessen, an exception das Knie—die Knie). The ending en is also given to the names of animate masculine objects that have lost the suffix -e (der Mensch—die Mensch en ) (again, these nouns are also weak). Weak nouns also include borrowed animate masculine nouns ending in -ant, -ent, -at, -ist, -nom, soph, log(e), -graph having an accent on the last syllable and denoting a profession, occupation, etc. In the plural, they all have the same ending -en (der Aspirant, der Student, der Kandidat, der Kommunist, der Agronom, der Philosoph, der Geolog(e), der Photograph—die Photographen).
Ending -en some strong masculine nouns also get plural (der Schmerz—die Schmerz en, der Staat—die Staat en, der Nerv—die Nerv en,Der Strahl—die Strahlen ), borrowed with the suffix -or (der Professor—die Professoren, der Doktor—die Doktoren), borrowed with a double suffix -ismus(is+mus) ( der Mechanismus—die Mechanismen)
Also ending -en receive some neuter nouns without a suffix ( das Bett—die Betten, das Ohr - die Ohren, das Hemd - die Hemden, das Insekt - die Insekten) and borrowed nouns ending in the suffix -um , which replace this -um suffix with -en in the plural ( das Auditorium - die Auditorien,das Museum-die Museen, das Album-die Alben,das Datum—die Daten). Other suffixes in neuter nouns also change to -en in the plural ( das Virus - die Viren,das Stadion-die Stadien, das Drama—die Dramen)
Most very common neuter plural words get -er (das Buch-die Bücher, das Lied-die Lieder, das Kind - die Kinder, das Land - die Lander) and an umlaut root vowel. Masculine and neuter words ending in -tum add -er in the plural, and -tum changes to -tum (der Irrtum - die Irrtümer, der Reichtum - die Reichtümer, das Herzogtum - die Herzogtümer).
There are several monosyllabic masculine nouns without an ending, which in the plural get -er and umlaut ( der Wald—die Walder,der Mann—die Männer,der Rand—die Rander, der Gott - die Götter, der Geist - die Geister). Feminine plural nouns never end in -er.
Nouns that come from English or French retain their native ending -s (der Park - die Parks, der Clown - die Clowns, das Büro - die Büros), but sometimes when the words begin to "Germanize" the endings become German ( der Bus - die Busse, die Bank—die Banken).
Ending -s German words ending in a vowel, except for -e, are also pluralized ( der Opa—die Opa s, die Oma—die Oma s, der Uhu—die Uhu s ), various abbreviations ( die Ags(Aktiengesellschaft)) and family names ( die Mullers(Muller family))
Masculine words ending in -en, -er, el they are not subject to any changes in the plural, since they already initially have a plural suffix ( der Fahrer-die Fahrer, der Wagen—die Wagen,der Schlüssell - die Schlüssell, der Lehrer - die Lehrer,butder Bayer—die Bayern, der Pantoffel - die Pantoffeln, der Muskel - die Muskeln, der Stachel - die Stacheln), but sometimes an umlaut appears ( der Hafen-die Häfen, der Bruder-die Brüder). Similarly, neuter nouns with the same suffixes and with diminutive suffixes are not subject to changes. -chen, -lein, but in this case they never receive an umlaut ( das Mädchen—die Mädchen, das Tischlein—die Tischlein). Neuter nouns that have the prefix ge- and the ending -e (das Gebirge - die Gebirge) also do not change.
Feminine words ending in suffixes -er or -el, in the plural add the ending -n (die Schwester n, die Kartoffel - die Kartoffel n , die Mutter —die Mattern(nut-nuts)), but there are a couple of exceptions ( die Mutter - die Mütter, die Tochter - die Töchter)
Some plural nouns change completely. These nouns include words with the -mann suffix, which in the plural is converted to leute (der Seeman - die Seeleute, der Landmann - die Landleute, der Kaufmann - die Kaufleute, der Bergmann - die Bergleute). But when it comes to individuals, especially if they are male, -mann in the plural becomes männer. (der Staatsman - die Staatsmänner, der Kaufmann - die Kaufmänner)
Words that are used in two versions: in the abbreviated and unabbreviated plural, only the unabbreviated version is used (der Rat (der Ratschlag) - die Ratschläge, der Regen - die Regensfälle, der Stock (der Stockwerk) - die Stockwerke, das Unglück - die Unglücksfälle, der Mord - die Mordtaten)
It is worth paying attention to the fact that some words that are pronounced the same, but have a different gender, may have different plural endings:
der Bauer (peasant) - die Bauern (peasants), das Bauer (cell) - die Bauer (cells)
der Tor (fool) - die Toren, das Tor (one gate) - die Tore (many gates)
Two words that are spelled exactly the same in the singular and have the same gender, but denoting different things (homonyms), can form the plural in different ways:
die Bank (bench) - die Bänke (benches), die Bank (bank) - die Banken (banks)
die Mutter (mother) - die Mütter (mothers) - die Mutter (nut) - die Mutttern (nuts)
das Wort (word) - die Worte (words, connected speech) - die Wörter (separate words)
The plural in German is formed in various ways. It is better to learn the plural right away, along with how you learn the word. Yes! This is such a difficult task: you need to learn not only the German word itself, but also its article, as well as the plural form! Three in one - we only dream of peace) This is not English for you with the endings -s and -es and only five exception words. This is German!!!
But there are, of course, rules - according to which the plural is formed, and now I will tell you about it ...
Plural in German: ways of education
1 way
With a suffix -e:sometimes the word gets an umlaut in the root.
This method of plural formation is obtained mainly by one-syllable words, words of the neuter gender - which begin with Ge-, words of the masculine gender - ending in -ling.
A. With an umlaut.
die Stadt
die Laus—die Lä use (lice)
die Nacht—die Nächte
Umlat receives predominantly feminine words, but sometimes men pull this habit on themselves:
der Ball—die Bälle
B. No umlaut
das Fest - die Feste
das Tor—die Tore
der Ruf—die Rufe
der Tag—die Tage
Attention! Words that end in - nis,-is, -as, -os, -us - double the letter -s. It turns out that a suffix is added to them - se:
das Geheimnis—die Geheimnisse
das As - die Asse (aces)
2 way
With a suffix -n
There is never an umlaut in this type of plural formation. Most of the feminine words are pluralized using this method.
die Nadel—die Nadeln
die Stunde—die Stunden
And also some words ending in - el, -er.
die Ampel—die Ampeln
die Feder—die Federn (feathers)
There are also masculine words that end in -e.
der Lotse-die Lotsen (pilots)
der Junge—die Jungen
The brother of this suffix is the suffix-en. This method is suitable for words ending in -ung, -au, -heit, -keit, -ei:
die Möglichkeit—die Möglichkeiten
die Übung—die Übungen
die Frau—die Frauen
And this method is also “liked” by masculine words with foreign suffixes: -ant, -ent, -at, -ist, -ot, -or, -graph.
der Student—die Studenten
Attention: if the word ends with -in, then it also forms the plural in this way, but the consonant -n is doubled:
die Freundin—die Freundinnen
3 way
With a suffix -er.
Umlaut has its place. This method is chosen by one-syllable neuter nouns and some masculine nouns.
das Buch - die Bü cher
das Kind—die Kinder
der Mann—die Männer
Feminine nouns do not pluralize with this suffix.
4 way
Zero suffix: The word remains the same. In it, either nothing changes in it - it remains the same as it was in the singular, or the vowel radically acquires an umlaut in the plural.
According to this type, neuter nouns ending in -chen, -lein form the plural:
das Mädchen—die Mädchen
As well as most nouns that end in -el, -en, -er, -en:
das Leben—die Leben
der Mantel—die Mäntel
Two feminine nouns also form the plural of this type. And this:
die Mutter—die Mütter
die Tochter—die Töchter
5 way:
-s
Some words in the formation of the plural are similar to English - they receive the suffix -s. In German, many words of foreign origin have this habit. As well as shortened words and words that end in -a, -i, -o.
das Foto—die Fotos
das Auto—die Autos
das Hotel-die Hotels
And further:
Words that come from Greek and Latin may have a completely different way of forming the plural:
das Museum—die Museen
das Lexikon-die Lexika
Most German nouns have two numbers: singular and plural. However, there are also nouns that are used either only in the singular (for example, der Schnee, das Erdöl, der Zucker, die Liebe, die Kälte), or only in the plural (for example, die Ferien, die Geschwister, die Leute, die Eltern). The first group of words is called Singulariatantum, second - Pluraliatantum.
German and Russian nouns related to categories Pluraliatantum And Singulariatantum rarely match. Compare:
clock< => die Uhr; glasses< => die Brille; smallpox< => die Pocken
There are several ways to form the plural of nouns. Remembering them right away is not easy, besides, there are many exceptions in German. Therefore, the plural form, especially in doubtful cases, can be looked up in the dictionary and memorized.
In Russian, the plural of nouns is formed with the help of endings. In German, plurals are used to form suffixes, which are preserved unchanged in all cases.
To form the plural of nouns are:
a) plural suffixes -e, -(e)n, -er and in some words the suffix -s;
b) umlaut (umlaut can only take root vowels: but => ä
, about => ö
, u => ü
);
c) article die
Many plural nouns do not change, i.e. receive no suffix or umlaut. These are some masculine nouns and all neuter nouns ending in the singular in -er, -el, -en, as well as neuter nouns with suffixes -chen, -lein, with prefix ge- and suffix -e(for example, der Lehr er=> die Lehr er, das Fenst er=> die Fenst er, das Brot chen=> die Brot chen, das Ge baud e=> die Ge baud e). In such cases, only the article indicates the plural.
There are 5 ways to pluralize nouns:
1) with suffix -e, with and without umlaut
2) with suffix -(e)n, always without umlaut
3) with suffix -er, always with umlaut
4) without a suffix, with and without an umlaut.
5) with suffix -s, without umlaut
Exercise 1. Study the table below of ways to form the plural of nouns, translate into Russian the words contained in it and form the plural form of nouns from the “Beispiele” section according to the sample.
| Singular | Plural | Beispiele | ||
| 1 a. | der Lehrer | die Lehrer | der Schüler, der Arbeiter, der Fehler, der Kugelschreiber, der Computer, der Onkel, der Sessel, der Löffel, der Wagen, das Fenster, das Zimmer, das Messer, das Rätsel, das Brötchen, das Mädchen, das Gebäude, das Gemälde | |
| 1 b. | der Vater | die Vater | der Bruder, der Apfel, der Vogel, der Mantel, der Garten, die Mutter, die Tochter | |
| 2 a. | der Tisch | die Tische | der Tag, der Abend, der Freund, der Bleistift, der Berg, das Heft, der Hund, das Beispiel, das Bein, das Jahr, das Wort ( word in connected speech) | |
| 2 b. | der Kopf | die Kopfe | der Arzt, der Hof, der Baum, der Sohn, der Stuhl, der Schrank, der Fuß, der Fluss, die Wand, die Hand, die Stadt, die Bank (bench), die Maus, die Nacht | |
| Behind. | das Kind | die Kinder | das Bild, das Kleid, das Lied, das Ei | |
| Z b. | das Buch | die Bucher | daswort( single word) das Fach, das Haus, das Volk, das Land, der Mann, der Wald | |
| 4 a. | die Frau | die Frauen | die Tür, die Antwort, die Uhr, die Bank (bank), die Wohnung, die Zeitung, der Mensch, der Herr, der Staat, der Student, das Ohr, das Bett, das Hemd, das Herz | |
| 4 b. | die Frage | die Fragen | die Tante, die Klasse, die Lampe, die Hose, die Schule, die Katze, die Sprache, die Stunde, die Schwester, der Junge, der Name, der Russe, das Auge; die Regel, die Tafel, die Gabel, der Nachbar, der Vetter | |
| 5. | Das Kino | die Kinos | das Cafe, das Taxi, das Auto, das Hotel, das Sofa, der Park, der Klub, der Chef, der Kuli, das Hobby, das Baby |
B plural formation is presented in a little more detail.
Exercise 2. Form the plural form of the following nouns ending in -er, -el, -en. Pay special attention to the gender of nouns.
der Onkel, der Vogel, der Wagen, die Schwester, der Arbeiter, das Zimmer, der Löffel, die Gabel, das Messer, der Fehler, der Vetter, das Hotel, die Tafel, die Tochter, die Mutter, der Bruder, der Onkel , der Mantel, der Lehrer, der Schüler, das Fenster, der Apfel, der Sessel, der Garten, die Regel
Exercise 3. Translate into German.
questions, answers, mistakes, examples, riddles, pictures, clocks (measuring instrument in the plural), clocks (time units), days, nights, sons, daughters, mothers, fathers, uncles, aunts, friends, knives, spoons , forks, rivers, mountains, trees, songs, children, benches, banks (financial institutions), parks, hotels, houses, apartments, walls, doors, windows, people, women, men, gentlemen, bosses, cars, shirts, trousers (plural), books, notebooks, cats, dogs, ears, eyes, hearts, languages, names, states, words (two options)
The table for the formation of plural forms of nouns was compiled by a student Alexandra Arzamastseva
In German, as well as in Russian, the noun has a singular (Singular) and a plural (Plural).
The following means are used to form the plural in German:
1. Suffixes –e, –(e)n, -er, -s:
der Tisch - die Tische (table-tables)
die Zeitung – die Zeitungen (newspapers)
das Bild - die Bilder (picture-pictures)
der Klub - die Klubs (club-clubs)
2. Root vowel umlaut "a, o, u":
der Sohn - die Söhne (son-sons)
der Vater - die Väter (father-fathers)
3. Plural article:
der Orden - die Orden (order-orders)
der Wagen – die Wagen (car-cars)
In most cases, these funds are combined, for example: das Kind - die Kinder (child - children); das Buch- die Bücher (book-books).
There are five types of plural formation in German, depending on the plural suffixes.
Each type of plural formation includes nouns of one kind or another.
I type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type I is the suffix -e in the plural and in some cases the umlaut of the root vowel “o, u, a”. According to this type, the plural is formed:
1) Most masculine nouns:
a) der Berg (mountain) - die Berge
der Pilz (mushroom) - die Pilze
der Preis (price) - die Preise
der Pelz (fur coat) - die Pelze
der Ring (ring) - die Ringe
der Krieg (war) - die Kriege
der Tisch (table) – die Tische
der Hof (courtyard) - die Höfe
der Kopf (head) - die Köpfe
der Kampf (wrestling) - die Kämpfe
der Raum (room) – die Räume
der Stuhl (chair) - die Stühle, etc.
b) der General (general) - die Generale
der Offizier (officer) - die Offziere
der Ingenieur (engineer) – die Ingenieure
der Pionier (pioneer) - die Pioniere and others.
2) some neuter nouns:
a) das Beispiele (example) – die Beispiele
das Heft (notebook) – die Hefte
das Bein (foot) – die Beine
das Ereignis(event)- die Ereignisse
b) das Diktat (dictation) - die Diktate
das Dokument (document) – die Dokumente
das Lineal (ruler) –die Lineale
das Objekt (addition)–die Objekte
das Resultat (result) - die Resultate
das Substantiv (noun) - die Substantive
3) some monosyllabic feminine nouns:
die Bank (bench) - die Bänke
die Frucht (fruit)- die Früchte
die Gans (goose) - die Gänse
die Kraft (strength) – die Krafte
die Kuh (cow) - die Kühe
die Macht (strength) – die Mächte
die Maus(mouse)- die Mäuse
die Nuss (walnut) – die Nüsse
die Stadt (city) – die Städte
die Wand (wall) - die Wände, etc.
II type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type II is the suffix –(e)n in the plural. This type is used to form the plural:
1. all polysyllabic and most of monosyllabic feminine nouns:
a) die Tafel (board) - die Tafeln
die Klasse (class) – die Klassen
die Tür (door) – die Türen
die Lehrerin (teacher) – die Lehrerinnen
b) die Fakultät (faculty) - die Fakultäten
die Revolution (revolution) - die Revolutionen and others.
2. Some masculine nouns:
a) ending in -e:
der Junge (boy) - die Jungen
der Russe (Russian) - die Russen
der Name (name) - die Namen
der Buchstabe (letter) – die Buchstaben
b) the following words:
der Held (hero) - die Helden
der Mensch (man) - die Menschen and others,
der Nachbar (neighbour) – die Nachbarn
der Staat (state)– die Staaten
der Vetter (cousin) - die Vettern
c) words with foreign suffixes -at, -ant, -et, -ent, -ist, etc. (with an accent on the suffix, usually denoting males)
der Soldat (soldier) - die Soldaten
der Aspirant (graduate student) – die Aspiranten
der Prolet (proletarian) – die Proleten
der Student (student) –die Studenten
der Kommunist (communist) - die Kommunisten
3. A group of neuter nouns:
das Auge (eye) - die Augen
das Ohr (ear) – die Ohren
das Bett (bed) – die Betten
das Ende (end) - die Enden
das Hemd (end) - die Hemden
das Intereste (interest) – die Interessen
das Herz (heart) - die Herzen
das Insekt (insect) – die Insekten
III type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type III is the suffix -er in the plural and in some cases the umlaut of the root vowel "o, u, a". This type is used to form the plural:
1. Most neuter nouns:
das Bild (painting) - die Bilder
das Brett (board) – die Bretter
das Kleid (dress) – die Kleider
das Lied (song) - die Lieder and others
das Buch (book)–die Bücher
das Fach (item)- die Fächer
das Dach (roof) - die Dächer
das Haus (house) – die Häuser
das Volk (people) - die Völker and others.
2. A small group of masculine nouns:
der Mann (male) - die Männer
der Rand (edge) – die Ränder
der Wald (forest) – die Walder
der Mund (mouth) - die Münder and others.
IV type of plural formation
A characteristic feature is the absence of a suffix, without an umlaut and with an umlaut of the root vowel. This type is used to form the plural:
1. All masculine nouns in –er, -el, en:
der Lehrer (teacher)-die Lehrer
der Schüler (student) - die Schüler
der Onkel (uncle) – die Onkel
der Bruder (brother) - die Bruder
der Mantel (coat) - die Mantel
der Garten (garden) - die Gärten
der Hafen (harbour) - die Häfen and others.
2. All neuter nouns:
a) on - er, -el, -en:
das Banner (banner) - die Banner
das Fenster (window) – die Fenster
das Messer (knife) – die Messer
das Zeichen (sign) - die Zeichen and others.
b) with suffixes - chen, - lein:
das Stühlchen (high chair) – die Stühlchen
das Tischlein (table) - die Tischlein, etc.
c) with the prefix -Ge and the suffix -e:
das Gebäude (building) – die Gebäude
das Gebirge (mountains) - die Gebirge, etc.
2. two feminine nouns:
die Mutter (mother) – die Mütter
die Tochter (daughter) – die Tochter
V type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type V is the ending -s. This type is used to form the plural:
1. masculine and neuter nouns, borrowed mainly from English and French:
male
der Klub (club) – die Klubs
der Chef (chief, boss) - die Chefs
neuter
das Auto (car) – die Autos
das Café (cafe) - die Cafés
das Hotel (hotel) – die Hotels
das Kino (cinema) – die Kinos
das Sofa (sofa) – die Sofas
2. suffix is attached to compound words:
der VEB (people's enterprise)– die VEBs
die LPG (agricultural production cooperative) – die LPGs
3. personal names, when they denote the name of a whole family or several persons bearing the same name or surname:
die Millers (Miller family)
Special cases of plural formation of nouns:
Masculine:
der Bus (bus) – die Busse
der Typ (type) - die Typen
der Kursus (course) – die Kurse
Neuter gender:
das Museum (museum) - die Museen
das Prinzip (principle) - die Prinzipien
das Thema (theme) – die Themen
das Stadion (stadium) – die Stadien
das Drama (drama) – die Dramen
das Datum (date) – die Daten
das Verb (verb)–die Verben
das Auditorium (audience) - die Auditotorien
das Laborarium (laboratory) - die Laboratorien
das Studium (occupation) – die Studien
Expression of the plural with the help of derivational means:
der Seemann-die Seeleute
der Bergmann-die Bergleute
der Kaufmann - die Kaufleute, etc.
der Rat-die Ratschläge
der Mord – die Mordtaten
der Regen – die Regenfälle
In German, as well as in Russian, a noun (noun) has 2 numbers (numbers): singular n. (der Singular) and plural (pl.) num. (der plural).
For education pl. num. The following means are used in German:
1. Suffixes -e, -en, -er, -s:
der Tisch - die Tische (table-tables)
die Zeitung – die Zeitungen (newspapers)
das Bild- die Bilder (picture-pictures)
der Klub- die Klubs (club-clubs)
2. Umlaut:
der Sohn- die Söhne (son-sons)
der Vater - die Väter (father-fathers)
3. Article:
der Orden - die Orden (order-orders)
der Wagen – die Wagen (car-cars)
In most cases, these means are combined, for example: das Kind- die Kinder ( children); das Buch- die Bücher (book-books).
In German, there are five types of education pl. num. depending on the plural suffixes.
For each type of education pl. num. include nouns. of one sort or another.
I type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type I is the suffix -e. According to this type, many are formed. num.:
1) Most of the names of nouns. male:
a) der Berg (mountain) - die Berge
der Pilz (mushroom) - die Pilze
der Preis (price) - die Preise
der Pelz (fur coat) - die Pelze
der Ring (ring) - die Ringe
der Krieg (war) - die Kriege
der Tisch (table) – die Tische
der Hof (courtyard) - die Höfe
der Kopf (head) - die Köpfe
der Kampf (wrestling) - die Kämpfe
der Raum (room) – die Räume
der Stuhl (chair) - die Stühle, etc.
b) der General (general) - die Generale
der Offizier (officer) - die Offziere
der Ingenieur (engineer) – die Ingenieure
der Pionier (pioneer) - die Pioniere and others.
2) some nouns. neuter:
a) das Beispiele (example) – die Beispiele
das Heft (notebook) – die Hefte
das Bein (foot) – die Beine
das Ereignis(event)- die Ereignisse
b) das Diktat (dictation) - die Diktate
das Dokument (document) – die Dokumente
das Lineal (ruler) –die Lineale
das Objekt (addition)–die Objekte
das Resultat (result) - die Resultate
das Substantiv (n.)
3) a group of monosyllabic nouns. female:
die Bank (bench) - die Bänke
die Frucht (fruit)- die Früchte
die Gans (goose) - die Gänse
die Kraft (strength) – die Krafte
die Kuh (cow) - die Kühe
die Macht (strength) – die Mächte
die Maus(mouse)- die Mäuse
die Nuss (walnut) – die Nüsse
die Stadt (city) – die Städte
die Wand (wall) - die Wände, etc.
II type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type II is the suffix –(e)n. According to this type, many are formed. num.:
1. all polysyllabic and most monosyllabic nouns. female:
a) die Tafel (board) – die Tafeln
die Klasse (class) – die Klassen
die Tür (door) – die Türen
die Lehrerin (teacher) – die Lehrerinnen
b) die Fakultät (faculty) - die Fakultäten
die Revolution (revolution) - die Revolutionen and others.
2. Some nouns male:
a) ending in -e:
der Junge (boy) - die Jungen
der Russe (Russian) - die Russen
der Name (name) - die Namen
der Buchstabe (letter) – die Buchstaben
b) the following words:
der Held (hero) - die Helden
der Mensch (man) - die Menschen and others,
der Nachbar (neighbour) – die Nachbarn
der Staat (state)– die Staaten
der Vetter (cousin) - die Vettern
c) words with foreign suffixes -at, -ant, -et, -ent, -ist, etc. (with an accent on the suffix, usually denoting males)
der Soldat (soldier) - die Soldaten
der Aspirant (graduate student) – die Aspiranten
der Prolet (proletarian) – die Proleten
der Student (student) –die Studenten
der Kommunist (communist) - die Kommunisten and others.
3. A group of nouns. neuter:
das Auge (eye) - die Augen
das Ohr (ear) – die Ohren
das Bett (bed) – die Betten
das Ende (end) - die Enden
das Hemd (end) - die Hemden
das Intereste (interest) – die Interessen
das Herz (heart) - die Herzen
das Insekt (insect) – die Insekten
III type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type III is the suffix -er. According to this type, many are formed. num.:
1. Most names exist. neuter:
das Bild (painting) — die Bilder
das Brett (board) – die Bretter
das Kleid (dress) – die Kleider
das Lied (song) - die Lieder and others
das Buch (book)–die Bücher
das Fach (item)- die Fächer
das Dach (roof) - die Dächer
das Haus (house) – die Häuser
das Volk (people) - die Völker and others.
2. A small group of nouns. male:
der Mann (male) - die Männer
der Rand (edge) – die Ränder
der Wald (forest) – die Walder
der Mund (mouth) - die Münder and others.
IV type of plural formation
Characteristic feature: no suffix, no umlaut and with root vowel umlaut. According to this type, many are formed. num.:
1. All names exist. masculine in –er, -el, en:
der Lehrer (teacher)-die Lehrer
der Schüler (student) - die Schüler
der Onkel (uncle) – die Onkel
der Bruder (brother) - die Bruder
der Mantel (coat) - die Mantel
der Garten (garden) - die Gärten
der Hafen (harbour) - die Häfen and others.
2. All names exist. neuter:
a) on - er, -el, -en:
das Banner (banner) - die Banner
das Fenster (window) – die Fenster
das Messer (knife) – die Messer
das Zeichen (sign) - die Zeichen and others.
b) with suffixes - chen, - lein:
das Stühlchen (high chair) – die Stühlchen
das Tischlein (table) - die Tischlein, etc.
c) with the prefix -Ge and the suffix -e:
das Gebäude (building) – die Gebäude
das Gebirge (mountains) - die Gebirge, etc.
2. two nouns. female:
die Mutter (mother) – die Mütter
die Tochter (daughter) – die Tochter
V type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type V is the ending -s. According to this type, many are formed. num.:
1. nouns masculine and neuter, borrowed mainly from English and French:
male
der Klub (club) – die Klubs
der Chef (chief, boss) - die Chefs
neuter
das Auto (car) – die Autos
das Café (cafe) - die Cafés
das Hotel (hotel) – die Hotels
das Kino (cinema) – die Kinos
das Sofa (sofa) – die Sofas
2. suffix is attached to compound words:
der VEB (people's enterprise)– die VEBs
die LPG (agricultural production cooperative) – die LPGs
3. personal names, when they denote the name of a whole family or several persons bearing the same name or surname:
die Millers (Miller family)
Special cases of education pl. num. nouns:
Masculine:
der Bus (bus) – die Busse
der Typ (type) - die Typen
der Kursus (course) – die Kurse
Neuter gender:
das Museum (museum) - die Museen
das Prinzip (principle) - die Prinzipien
das Thema (theme) – die Themen
das Stadion (stadium) – die Stadien
das Drama (drama) – die Dramen
das Datum (date) – die Daten
das Verb (verb)–die Verben
das Auditorium (audience) - die Auditotorien
das Laborarium (laboratory) - die Laboratorien
das Studium (occupation) – die Studien
expression pl. num. with the help of vocabulary:
der Seemann-die Seeleute
der Bergmann-die Bergleute
der Kaufmann - die Kaufleute, etc.
der Rat-die Ratschläge
der Mord – die Mordtaten
- In contact with 0
- Google+ 0
- OK 0
- Facebook 0
