Problems of employment of graduates and possible solutions. Social prerequisites and consequences of youth employment in the labor market

The situation developing in the Russian youth labor market largely depends on the activities of employment services in the field of employment. Currently, they are able to provide jobs for only a small proportion of the youth who apply to them. This is due, firstly, to the high tension in the labor market, and secondly, to the fact that the demands placed on jobs by young unemployed are quite high.

Before considering the specifics of the employment of graduates as a form of practical activity of social workers, it is necessary to define what is meant by employment.

Employment from the point of view of Molevich E.F. is one of the ways to promote (for certain categories of citizens providing) employment. In all documents (including international legal acts) relevant activities are covered by the term "employment promotion". We will adhere to this approach, defining employment as a general rule as a way to promote employment. Exceptions apply to special, the least socially protected subjects in the labor market, in respect of which the state assumes increased guarantees in the field of employment, which makes it possible to consider employment already as a way to ensure employment.

In the works of S.V. Petrov, social employment is defined as a complex modern structure that actively participates in the process of regulating the labor market, it ensures the state-guaranteed right of citizens to protection from unemployment and provides public services to promote employment for the population and employers. As we can see, the basis of the work of the social employment center is the establishment of labor relations between the employee and the employer. It is important to note that specifically the problem of employment of university graduates in social employment centers is little touched upon.

Thus, we can conclude that the main task of social work specialists is to learn how to implement the functional purpose of the social employment service, to optimally complete the task, that is, to help young graduates in finding a job. In the context of the socio-economic crisis, the issue of the role of social workers in the process of adapting the young category of the population to the new social conditions that developed in the 1990s in the Russian Federation, of active and professional participation in the employment of graduates, is acute.

Petrov S.V. in his work he divides employment into the following features:

a) is one of the ways to promote (for certain categories of citizens providing) employment;
b) participation of intermediary bodies (both state and non-state);
c) serves as a legal guarantee of the realization of the rights of citizens in the field of labor and employment;
d) is aimed primarily at ensuring the rational use of labor resources, also taking into account the interests of the main subjects in the labor market of workers and employers, as well as the state;
e) the main tasks of labor legislation are to create the necessary legal conditions for achieving optimal coordination of the interests of the parties to labor relations and the interests of the state.

Thus, we can conclude that Petrov S.V. considers employment as a way to promote social employment, aimed at distributing the labor potential of young professionals. In the signs considered, we see that a lot of careful development in legislation, analysis and research will be required.

Prigogine A.I. in his work "Modern Sociology of Organizations" emphasizes that Russian youth is characterized by instability of life attitudes: because of this, they are more mobile when choosing and looking for a job and at the same time are not ready for independent actions in the market. It follows that one of the most important conditions for improving the organization of social employment of graduates as an integral part of social work is the use of basic information that objectively reflects the state of the system and its elements. The role of a tool for obtaining such information is performed by a system of criteria and indicators of the effectiveness of social work, which should contain, at a minimum, data on young professionals, the services provided to them and their results.

In his publications Lisovsky V.P. and Okonnika I.M., covering the problem of employment of graduates, note a decrease in this indicator in most regions of the Russian Federation, linking this fact with a change in the requirements of employers for graduates and structural restructuring of the economy of the territories. The difficulty of finding a decent job and paying for it, building a career and providing for oneself in the future is also noted by university graduates themselves. In our opinion, the solution to this issue today is determined not only by the reasons noted above, but also by the quality of the tools themselves and methods of work in organizing this process (employment of university graduates) on the part of all its participants.

If we evaluate not only the subjective level of need, but also objectively existing problems, which are reflected in low confidence in employment, then the need for a prof. orientation services for graduates is significant. The publication of the journal "Social Research" notes that young people do not know about the existence of a structure dealing with issues of vocational guidance and employment of graduates at their university, none of them applied for employment to such structures outside the university (recall that before receiving a diploma, graduates less than half a year). Against the background of this state of affairs in state structures, one can note new trends in the employment of university graduates by private companies. Thanks to this, a constant influx of young personnel, new ideas into the structure of organizations is ensured.

Of undoubted interest is the analysis of Bessarabova N.V., which describes the point of view of employers regarding graduates, future employees. They believe that potential employees, along with professionalism, should have the ability to make independent decisions, communication skills, have a broad outlook, many additional skills (computer literacy, driver's license, knowledge of a foreign language, etc.). In addition, employers are interested in foreign work experience, career goals that a potential employee has.

So, in social science it is extremely important to take into account the characteristics of a person - value, motivational, target, evaluative characteristics of the studied social group. Neglect of these characteristics can lead to an inadequate interpretation of the essence of a young person who has applied to a social service for help. Only an objective consideration of such characteristics can help the social worker to plan the transition from one qualitative state of the client to another state, another modification necessary for the graduate in employment. To get out of a difficult life situation; having understood the characteristics of a specialist, he can proceed to the qualification of characteristics, i.e. determining the quantitative expression of these characteristics, their dynamics (measure of intensity). Rakovskaya O.A. argues that the more successfully the characteristics (competences) of the effectiveness of the employment of graduates are formed, the more successfully they will be in demand by employers and subsequently employed. At the same time, the labor market determines and changes the criteria for vocational training in accordance with the pace of development of science and the economy. In this context, there is a need to develop a list of criteria for assessing the competitiveness of a young specialist that meets the prospective requirements of the labor market, which determines the effectiveness of the graduate's employment.

Many problems and mistakes in the employment of university graduates can be avoided through a set of the following measures: the development of a career guidance system for the younger generation, starting from school. Both graduates and students of universities, as well as teachers, specialists of university employment agencies, employees of the Employment Center and employers can help in this.

For us, the activities of social workers of the Center for Employment of the Population with the assistance of employment of university graduates are of undoubted interest. It follows that with the correct development of the organization of labor of university graduates in the employment center, the number of unemployed young professionals will significantly reduce and the situation on the labor market will improve.

Efendiev A.G. and Kondrashova M.V. in their works they propose to form a system for monitoring the labor market and the educational services market; conduct a continuous analysis of the correspondence between the supply and demand of the labor force by profile and skill level in the context of specialties (professions), industries, municipalities of the region, as well as analyze the reasons for the imbalance of supply and demand in the labor market and the reasons for the “non-employment” of graduates in their specialty. Monitoring the problems of employment of young professionals and other participants in this process, taking into account their needs and interests, today should act as a socio-cultural norm for designing the activities of the center for social assistance in the employment of graduates. Based on this, we can conclude that the labor market monitoring system proposed by Efendiev and Kondrashova will help university graduates in finding employment. This work will require a lot of time and painstaking work of social workers. When using the models of social activity, which we will consider in the next paragraph, it is possible to identify the methods of activity of social workers in relation to young professionals.

The RIANOVOSTI article noted that the number of young people aged 15 to 24 who are unemployed has increased by 4 million from pre-crisis levels and currently stands at 75 million. José Manuel Salazar-Chirinax, Executive Director of the Employment Sector of the International Labor Organization (ILO), in presenting the relevant ILO report, noted that global unemployment rates among young people have not changed much compared to the peak levels recorded in 2009. He stressed that in 2011 this youth unemployment rate was 12.6%, this year the level is predicted - 12.7%, which is at least 1% higher than it was in 2007. According to Salasar-Sirinaks, according to the analysis of the situation, it is unlikely to change for the better and by 2016, the youth unemployment rate, according to our assessment, will remain at the same high level.

In its report, the International Labor Organization recalled that according to the index of social instability developed in 2011, the risk of unrest has increased significantly in 45 countries out of 118 studied.

Thus, if problems with unemployment among young people are not addressed, this will lead to an increase in the level of discontent and instability. According to the report, the situation could be influenced by a well-thought-out national policy in this area, which includes a macroeconomic aspect, tax incentives for companies that provide jobs for young people, and state programs for training young people.

After analyzing the main terms and concepts of this thesis, we examined the specifics of the employment of graduates. In this paragraph, we see that the problem of employment of graduates lies in the fact that little attention is paid to the group under study, the system of assistance in finding employment is not well developed. The solution to this issue today is determined by the quality of the tools and methods of work in organizing this process. As we can see, the basis of the work of the social employment center is the establishment of labor relations between the employee and the employer, but due to high requirements and instability in the labor market, it is very difficult for university graduates, as future employees, to find a job.

The method of "magic" questions as applied to this problem.

1. Whoinvolved in the problem and could influence its solution?
? The students themselves as potential employees and carriers of ZNU.
? Employers who need workers and who offer vacancies.
? Third party in the form of various recruitment agencies, employment offices, labor exchanges that help in finding employment.
? The government of the Russian Federation, which does not ensure the replenishment of jobs and the employment of university graduates.
? A university that provides a particular level of education, and ZNU, which are valued or not valued in the labor market.
? Parents and their "connections" to get a job "by pull".
? Competitors in the form of other applicants, etc.
2. Whatactually occurs and affects the development of the problem?
? Lack of real jobs: the demand for jobs many times overrides their supply in the market.
? Inefficient search, which often ends in failure.
? Unattractive job options associated with inconvenient work schedules, low wages, unfavorable location of the workplace, etc.
? Lack of adaptation of students to the requirements of the labor market. Lack of practical work experience among graduates, which is the main reason for refusing employment.
? Weak training programs that are not adapted to the needs of the market.
? Weak teaching staff (TS), when many of the teachers do not have practical experience in their specialty, ignorance of real production.
? Weak preparation of young specialists after graduation.
? Lack of practical orientation of the learning process. There are no trainings, business games, internships. Lack of practical ZNU, which are insufficiently provided by the university.
? An inconvenient schedule that is impossible to work with while studying, and for many students, work is vital because it allows them to survive without having financial support from their parents.
? Language ignorance, etc.
3. Whereproblem manifests itself?
? In most regions of Russia, including Moscow and the Moscow region.
? In the offices of companies-employers, personnel departments, personnel services, etc.
? In the offices of recruitment agencies, employment offices and labor exchanges.
? At the university during the training of students when looking for a part-time job in their future specialty.
? In the Government of the Russian Federation, which does not create conditions for the employment of graduates.
? In all industries.
? In the home and soul of every graduate, when there is an acute problem of employment, etc.
4. Whenthis problem appears?
? When looking for a job.
? During studies, when training programs do not provide real practical knowledge.
? At the time of graduation from the university and receiving a diploma.
? During a crisis in the country's economy, when the problems of enterprises are exacerbated.
? When moving to another region or city.
? With the growth of ambitions, when needs are ahead of opportunities, etc.
5. Whythis problem exists?
? Lack of practical work experience, ZNU, language training, etc.
? Growing needs in society and among university graduates in particular.
? Lack of “connections” (the right people) to help you find a job.
? Laziness! Weak motivation!
? Ignorance of job search technology, inability to competently write a resume, prepare and pass an interview, inability to behave during an interview, etc.
? The psychology of a loser (they will refuse anyway!), self-doubt and self-doubt. Personal problems and personal shortcomings.
? Lack of funds for life and satisfaction of needs. Very low scholarship, which does not allow somehow to exist without the support of parents. But a low scholarship is also a “plus”, as it encourages students to earn extra money during their studies, earning money for a living and the necessary work experience.
? Inconvenient schedule, which is not adapted to students' part-time jobs. Many universities do not approve part-time jobs. Moreover, students who work are considered almost “criminals” who do not want to study. This is fundamentally wrong. For many students, part-time work is the only way to survive and learn.
? The impossibility of combining study and work without skipping classes.
? Lack of consideration of students' opinions in the field of improving the educational process.
? Lack of understanding of the prospects for work in the specialty and, as a result, the impossibility of developing a strategy for one's career, at least for a short period.
? Academicism of university knowledge, lack of practical orientation of the educational process. Few or no trainings, business games, internships.
? Many teachers do not have practical experience in their specialty.
? There is no connection between universities and large enterprises - future employers.
? There is no mandatory distribution of young specialists upon graduation.
? There is no effective strategy for the development of Russia, which focuses on the development of production, the creation of new jobs and the modernization of the education system.
? There is no clear priority of education in the country, etc.
6. How to solve this problem? You can create a preliminary list of ways to solve the problem.
? Search and develop methods that correct the educational process for the possibility of students to earn extra money. Make a convenient schedule!
? To allow officially part-time work for students, starting from the third year.
? Legislatively introduce the concept of "student's working time", as a result of the implementation of the new schedule.
? The leadership of the departments and the institute should receive feedback from students in order to build these methods.
? Development and implementation of an effective strategy for the development of Russia, when production will develop and new jobs will be created.
? The national priority is a good education, as the core of the development and strengthening of Russia!
? Adjust curricula and programs to give them a practical focus. Make wider use of trainings, business games, and internships at enterprises.
? Only faculty members with extensive practical experience in their specialty are allowed to teach.
? Students can start looking for a job and earn money legally while still studying at the university.
? Change your attitude to learning and improve your skills during training (for students). Change the attitude towards the work of students (for teachers).
? Passing practical trainings during studies at the university (at the university itself or in third-party training centers), developing the necessary ZNU, pulling up language training, studying best practices, etc.
? Overcome laziness! Raise the level of motivation.
? Learn how to correctly compose a resume, emphasizing your strengths, prepare for an interview, tune in to a positive result, which will allow you to overcome psychological barriers.
? To open research and production enterprises (complexes) at universities, where students could work, while combining the interests of the university and students. The university gets the opportunity for additional funding from the profits of these enterprises, and students get additional earnings and practical work experience.
? Activation of acquaintances, relatives, the right people and "connections" to find a job.
? Open your own business, which will give you the opportunity to create jobs yourself, providing work for yourself and other people, etc.

Conclusion. The problem is very relevant. The strategy of every developed country is aimed at creating social welfare. And the well-being of students as a youth cell of society is an important part of this strategy. The problem of student employment nullifies their motivation to study, which worsens the quality of knowledge of graduates and seriously hinders the development of the country. Answers to the key questions "why?" and “how?” allow a completely different look at the problem of employment. The main thing is that at present, both students and the university should think together about the future work of students as specialists. In addition to good studies, students need practical work experience, since without it it is almost impossible to get a good position. Universities need to think about how to ensure this. On the one hand, it is possible to optimize the schedule by creating special "windows" for students to work part-time (this is the simplest), and on the other hand, to open research and production complexes at universities, creating jobs for studying students, where the latter could work, earn money and experience.

Of course, ideally, we also need direct contracts with large and medium-sized enterprises for the training of specialists for them in certain specialties with a guarantee of employment and the payment of nominal scholarships. Another important point is related to the creation of centers for assessing and certifying the qualifications of newly minted specialists (assessment centers), which were offered by the students themselves in their term papers. In such centers, graduates will take a real aptitude test. All those who successfully passed the exam will receive a special certificate, which should convince employers of the quality of the former student's knowledge. For a graduate, this can become an additional line in the resume - a bonus when looking for a job. In the future, everyone who wants to get a good job will have to get a certificate (in Western Europe, a person cannot get a job if he has not received recognition from the professional community). It is clear that the employment of young specialists is not only their headache, but also the task of the state. Here we need a state policy, we need a development strategy for Russia, which provides for the development of the economy and the creation of new jobs.

The star chart (Fig. 4.10) allows us to analyze the problem of employment of university graduates and identify its causes in four components. Looking at the star chart, we can conclude that students strive to become professionals in their field in order to achieve success in material and personal terms. However, the lack of work experience significantly complicates their life after graduation. Employers are very biased towards young professionals. There is only one way out - for students to gain work experience and at the same time not be expelled from the last year. Considering the learning process relevant to today's situation, this is quite difficult. Work experience ruins learning, and vice versa. A constructive "dialogue" is needed between students and the "tops of education" at least for the exchange of views and possible correction of the educational process for its main consumer - the student. And thanks to the knowledge of students, who will subsequently give returns in the form of revenues to the country's budget and GDP growth, the entire Russian People can rightly be considered the end consumer of this process.

Ishikawa diagram for considering the problem of employment of university graduates (Fig. 4.11).

Based on the obtained Ishikawa diagram, we conclude that the underlying causes of the problem lie in:

? in the absence of a common understanding of the educational process among students and teachers;
? lack of practical orientation of the educational process;
? the impossibility of consolidating theoretical knowledge in practice due to the lack of work (part-time work) in the specialty;
? the inability to freely visit and independently study non-core subjects;
? orientation towards a resource-based economy, the absence of an effective development strategy for Russia aimed at developing production and creating new jobs;
? low scholarships and poor funding of the entire education system, educational institutions and teachers, etc.

Rice. 4.10.

Rice. 4.11.

The ladder diagram (Fig. 4.12) allows you to establish a causal relationship between the main causes of the problem of graduate employment and identify the root cause of the problem.

Problems of employment of graduates

V. I. Marmyshev

Deputy Head of the Department - Head of the Department of Vocational Training and Career Guidance of the UFGSZN in the Nizhny Novgorod region

N. L. Potemina

Chief Specialist of the Research and Development Department of the UFGSZN for the Nizhny Novgorod Region, Nizhny Novgorod

It is well known that one of the main problems of all levels of vocational education is its insufficient adequacy to the needs of the labor market. According to a number of experts, due to the weak mobility of the labor force and the relative isolation of regional labor markets, this problem will only worsen in the future. This is especially true for higher education. Higher education institutions, as a rule, prepare specialists in traditional specialties for each educational institution, satisfying the growing needs of the population, rather than the economy, to a greater extent. The consequence of this is the fact that in the country as a whole, about 30% of university graduates work outside their specialty. Up to 250 billion rubles are spent annually on the retraining of specialists /

At the same time, in 2003, Russia joined the Bologna Declaration, one of the important provisions of which is the orientation of higher educational institutions towards the final result: the knowledge of graduates must be applicable and practically used. In this regard, the problems of the quality of training of highly qualified specialists and their further employment are of particular importance.

The Nizhny Novgorod region is one of the leading educational centers in Russia, including 17 state higher educational institutions (5 universities, 6 academies, 6 institutes), 19 branches and 20 non-state universities.

As in the whole country, the number of students in the universities of the region is constantly growing, from 1999 to 2005 the number of students entering all forms of education increased by 1.6 times (in 2005 by 3.6%) (Fig. 1) .

Rice. one.

At the beginning of the 2004/2005 academic year, the number of students studying at the universities of the Nizhny Novgorod region was 161.8 thousand, of which 152.4 thousand were students of state universities (94.2% of the total number of students).

The number of university students per 10,000 inhabitants of the Nizhny Novgorod Region in 2005 was 528, of which 178 were state-funded students, which corresponds to the level determined by Russian legislation.

And in terms of the proportion of students in the total number of young people aged 17-25 (32.51%), we even surpass the indicators of the Volga Federal District and the average Russian ones.

The distribution of students by departments in state and non-state universities is shown in Table 1.

At the same time, it should be noted that, as in other regions of Russia, the training of specialists in commercial universities was mainly focused on economic specialties - 36%, jurisprudence - 22%, management - 22%. The distribution of students of non-state universities by industry groups (admission in 2005) is shown in Figure 2.

Table 1

Distribution of students by departments

Rice. 2.

The reasons for the "overproduction" of the total number of graduates, regardless of the professions and specialties that are in demand, often lie in insufficient control over the process of opening and maintaining the work of non-state educational institutions. The distribution of students of state universities by industry groups (admission in 2005) is shown in Figure 3.

Rice. 3.

Compared to 1995, there has been a noticeable increase in the training of specialists in the humanities and social sciences, natural sciences, engineering and technical specialties, as well as specialties in education, culture and art, economics and management, agriculture and fisheries. At the same time, the number of students studying health care specialties decreased by 2.7%.

At the same time, an interesting fact is noted: an increase in the scale of education in the universities of the region leads to a reduction in the employment of graduates in the specialties they have received. According to the results of the research, less than half of the graduates realize their professional opportunities in their chosen specialty. The rest either choose a job that is not related to their specialty (about 45%), or register as unemployed (annually from 6 to 8%). At the same time, most organizations in all sectors of the economy are experiencing serious problems with staff renewal.

The share of young people in the total number of unemployed citizens of the region over the past 5 years has been steadily fluctuating within 20-25%, of which more than 60% are young people aged 18-24 years.

The factors that currently exacerbate the problems of youth employment include: low wages for young professionals; futility of solving their social needs, first of all, the possibility of acquiring housing; lack of practical skills and insufficient qualifications, inconsistency of the profile of the acquired profession, specialty with the needs of the labor market; the prevailing orientation of graduates to employment in the non-productive sphere, with a focus on high wages and a lack of awareness of trends in the labor market and behavior skills in it.

The fact that a young person begins his career with the status of unemployed requires deep reflection and adequate measures. Every 5th university graduate who received the status of unemployed, for further employment, underwent vocational training in the direction of the employment service.

The dynamics of applications of university graduates to the employment service is shown in Figure 4.

Rice. 4.

The professional composition of university graduates in 2005 who applied to the employment service is shown in Table 2.

table 2

As can be seen from Table 2, among graduates of Nizhny Novgorod universities registered as unemployed, 37% are engineers, 15% are economists, accountants, and 14% are teachers. At the same time, according to students, the professions of an accountant, economist, lawyer, and manager are still considered the most prestigious professions. Thus, one of the key problems of youth employment is the lack of clear mechanisms regulating the relationship between the labor market and the educational services market.

In modern conditions, the problem of the quality of education is of particular importance. It should be assessed not only by the degree of assimilation of educational programs, but also by their relevance, the successful implementation of the acquired professional knowledge in practice. According to V. Senashenko, G. Tkach, the quality of education is perceived as a comprehensive integral characteristic of educational activity and its results. It is difficult to achieve results in conditions where the university is not directly interested in the implementation of its product - the quality employment of its graduates in the specialty they have received. At the same time, a dynamic transition to the production of new types of products leads to a limitation of the labor market needs in some professions and an increase in demand for new ones with higher requirements for the level of professional training of personnel.

According to Yu. P. Skachkov, A. M. Danilov, I. A. Garkina, the traditional approach in education should be replaced by a broader strategic approach - a student-centered one. The student must not only have knowledge and be able to apply it in the chosen field of future activity, but also be a person capable of solving the tasks set by life: research, design, organizational, entrepreneurial, etc. The student's readiness for self-education must also be formed.

The choice by each university of the correct long-term strategy for training specialists is essential. A reasonable choice of such a strategy allows you to change in a timely manner both the range and the number of graduates in various training specialties, introduce new disciplines and training technologies into training programs and, as a result, feel confident in the conditions of fierce competition in the educational services market. Pokholkov Yu. in his article cites 7 principles of an innovative type of university, where he reflects in the space of criteria-based assessments such an important criterion: the demand for and employment of graduates in enterprises. So far, in practice, this criterion is rarely used among university performance assessments.

At the All-Russian conference held by the Committee on Social and Labor Relations of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RUIE), Rector of the Higher School of Economics Ya. Kuzminov presented data from the economic monitoring of education, conducted on the instructions of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. A detailed survey of employers made it possible to identify the share of expenses for continuing education within enterprises. These expenses accounted for up to 40% of education costs (private, public). In other countries this share is 15-20%. The losses of enterprises due to the fact that they initially do not participate in the education system, but then are forced to invest in continuing education, today reach significant numbers. On the part of enterprises, therefore, reciprocal steps and participation are needed both in the formation of curricula and in the training itself.

In the Nizhny Novgorod Region, there are examples of effective cooperation between the system of higher professional education and industrial enterprises in training general specialists in accordance with the requirements of a market economy, expanding targeted contract training, and introducing changes agreed with employers into the curriculum. Particularly noteworthy here are OAO Zavolzhsky Motor Plant, which is developing its own training center and investing in the development of young personnel, OAO Nizhpharm, OAO Nizhny Novgorod Oil and Fat Plant.

In order to ensure quality education and attract young professionals to educational and healthcare institutions of the Nizhny Novgorod region in 2006, the region launched the program "Socio-economic support for young professionals working in educational and healthcare institutions" for 2006-2020 (approved by the Law of the Nizhny Novgorod Region dated May 3, 2006 No. 38-З). To date, the participants of the program are 200 young professionals who, on September 1, started working in educational and healthcare institutions in rural areas of the region. In order to secure them in their jobs on the terms of a soft and long-term loan, they were provided with comfortable housing and cars.

In connection with the identified problems, the question naturally arises about the role of the employment service in solving them, about improving interaction with all subjects of the labor market (Fig. 5).

The employment service, being an active participant in the labor market, is involved in solving the problems of youth employment, including university graduates. There are 4 main aspects of the activity of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Employment Service in this direction:

1. Adjustment of volumes and profiles of training in vocational schools.

2. Development and improvement of the career guidance system.

3. Monitoring the appeal of graduates of professional educational institutions, informing about the situation on the labor market, about demanded and promising professions.

4. Assistance in the creation of employment centers in universities and the development of optimal schemes for cooperation with them.

Rice. 5.

First of all, the employment service seeks to use the available opportunities to influence the elimination of the supply-demand imbalance for university graduates. But our conclusions on the volumes and profiles of personnel training in accordance with the needs of the regional labor market in the absence of regulatory powers are rather advisory in nature and, as practice shows, are not always taken into account by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. And this is one of the reasons why in recent years the network of universities, their branches and representative offices has unjustifiably expanded.

Taking into account the mobility and instability of supply and demand, not only in the professional and qualification context, but also in changing the requirements of employers for the personality of a young specialist, it is necessary to take into account many not only objective factors - economic, social, demographic, but also subjective - the choice of school graduates themselves and their parents.

In the current situation, one of the ways to promote the employment of graduates is employment centers at universities, created with the assistance of the employment service. It is these structures that are called upon to establish interaction between universities and enterprises of various sectors of the economy, including through their graduates, to increase the adequacy of the educational services market to the labor market. As a positive example, we can cite the activities of the employment center at the Nizhny Novgorod State University. UNN is one of the large (more than 10,000 students) universities with a large number of faculties and departments. The University successfully trains competitive specialists in a wide range of specialties. The tasks of the employment center at UNN are concentrated in two main areas: tactical tasks related to direct assistance in the employment of graduates, temporary employment of students and their adaptation to the labor market, and strategic ones aimed at solving the problem of effective employment of graduates.

Thus, the trends emerging in the regional labor markets and the prospects for their development require a qualitative update of the system of vocational education, especially in terms of the formation of new professional training standards that are linked to the needs of the labor market and the prospects for the economic development of the region.

Of particular importance today is early career guidance work with young people, primarily in schools (line 1 in Figure 5). Preventive services for the entire population, and especially for schoolchildren, have firmly entered the practice of the employment service. At the same time, in rural areas, the employment service is often the only structure capable of assisting schoolchildren in choosing a professional path, including in choosing a university with a focus on higher education. Career guidance conversations, business games, fairs of educational services are held with schoolchildren.

For students and graduates of universities (line 2), the course "Employment Strategy" is introduced into the educational process. Such events as "Graduate Day", group classes "Looking for a job" have entered into practice. Fairs of vacancies, jobs and training places, TV fairs of vacancies, career days in professional educational institutions are regularly held. It was possible to significantly increase the efficiency of these areas of activity thanks to the creation of Youth Information Agencies.

In 2003, the employment service created the Youth Information Agency (MIA) at the employment center of the Sovetsky district of Nizhny Novgorod, which was a new resource for young people in the labor market. The main task of the agency is to inform and assist in the employment of young people for vacancies at enterprises of all forms of ownership. In addition, the MIA took on the task of coordinating the activities of structures to promote the employment of graduates of vocational schools, conduct vocational guidance, and provide psychological support to young people.

For three years of work, about 12,000 people applied to the agency. Of these, young people aged 18 to 22, 7,800 people are university students, which is 65% of the number of applicants, as well as 1,600 people are university graduates.

As part of the implementation of the Russian-British project "Economic Recovery and Creation of Jobs", 3 more MEAs were opened this year - in Balakhna, Gorodetsky and Pavlovsky districts. Young people turn to the MIA more willingly than directly to employment centers. Information preventive services began to receive a much larger number of young people, especially students and university graduates.

MIA interacts with existing employment centers at universities: exchange of experience, development of projects, provision of teaching materials.

The Employment Service of the Nizhny Novgorod Region annually monitors applied graduates of higher, secondary and primary vocational education. Monitoring data is published in the media, discussed at joint events of the employment service and social partners in order to inform and make joint efforts to eliminate the disproportion between the structure of vacancies and the structure of professions that university graduates receive.

As part of the implementation of the Russian-British project, we were convinced that today's youth does not aspire to business. M. Agranovich cites interesting data in Rossiyskaya Gazeta: while, for example, in China, every third young person is thinking about creating his own company, in Russia only a few percent are striving for this. Motivation for entrepreneurship within the framework of the seminars "Start your own business", assistance to young people in self-employment have become quite an effective tool in the hands of employment service specialists. And publications in the press about the successes of those who opened their own business, incl. young people, make many think.

Established partnerships between the employment service and employers are of great importance for solving the problems of employment of university graduates. At the request of employers, the employment service (line 3) selects personnel from among young professionals, arranges guaranteed interviews, and, as part of job fairs, a presentation of young professionals (as a rule, almost everyone is employed, and many receive several offers from different employers).

Efficiency of the work of employment centers is facilitated by: agreements on joint activities with educational institutions for the employment of graduates, the formation of training programs in accordance with the needs of the district economy, the creation and activities of regional and district interdepartmental commissions to promote the development of personnel in production, discussion of training issues at meetings of coordinating committees, partnership councils, support in solving these problems from the regional Association of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, etc.

To solve the problems of balancing the needs of the labor market and the employment of university graduates, we consider it necessary to empower the interdepartmental group created for these purposes, which would include both the employment service and the marketing services of the education sector, to adjust the volumes and profiles of training. The current advisory nature of the employment service does not give the desired effect.

In the future plans of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Employment Service to solve the problems of employment of university graduates:

· systematic analysis of supply and demand for specialists with higher education using data from the employment service on vacancies and applications of graduates, data from recruiting agencies, employment centers at universities, data collected by MIA;

· Assistance in the conclusion of agreements between the university and the enterprises of the city on the organization of internships and work experience for students;

· Strengthening the information block (publishing a regular information bulletin “Labor market for students”, stands in universities, updating information on the Internet, systematic collection and dissemination of information on vacancies, informing about young people who have achieved success in business, etc.);

· to expand and work out the scheme of interaction of the employment service with educational authorities, educational institutions to implement specific measures aimed at improving the quality of vocational education.

The experience of past years has shown that a more educated and active population quickly adapts to new conditions. As M. M. Grabeel emphasizes, education has a positive impact on the success of finding a job in the labor market, not only in itself, but also through the skills to use information, the ability to obtain information and establish the necessary connections and contacts.

There is no doubt that regions with a higher quality of education of the population, with a developed network of universities, such as the Nizhny Novgorod region, are capable of adapting to modern conditions. The Employment Service will have to find ways to work more closely with educational authorities, employers to determine the profiles, volumes and quality of training, to work out interaction schemes for all social partners interested in solving the problems of youth employment, including MIA at employment centers and employment centers at universities.

Bibliography

1. Agranovich M. Businessman from the school desk M. Agranovich Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2006. No. 142.

2. Grabeel M. M. Social and human capital as factors of welfare and development: Abstract of the thesis. M. M. Grabeel. M., 2003.

3. Pokholkov Yu. Criteria for an innovative type university from the point of view of higher education professionals. Issue. 1 Comp. Ya. B. Zenitskaya; Ural State University. Yekaterinburg, 2006.

5. Senashenko V. The Bologna process and the quality of education / V. Senashenko, G. Tkach // Higher School Bulletin. 2003. No. 8.

6. Skachkov Yu. P. Development of methodological principles, structure and content of the system for training and retraining of engineering personnel / Yu. P. Skachkov, A. M. Danilov, I. A. Garkina // Network electronic scientific journal "System Engineering". 2003. No. 1.

7. Smirnov S. N. Preparation of a program to support social reforms / S. N. Smirnov, I. I. Isaev // Social security of economic reforms. IET, 2002, p. 20.

8. Labor potential and economic growth. Discussion Club // Man and Labor. 2005. No. 12.

In the conditions of socio-economic transformations of modern society, graduates of higher educational institutions often find themselves unclaimed in the labor market. The liberalization of the system of vocational education and labor relations, the crisis in industrial production and the growth of the service sector have led to a situation where a large number of young professionals with professional education but who are unable to adapt to the needs of the labor market appear on the labor market. The administrative-command system, within the framework of which the recruitment rates for universities and technical schools were previously formed, was destroyed, enterprises planned their staffing taking into account the renewal of the corps of specialists, and young specialists, although they received job guarantees, were limited in choosing a job. Nowadays, the choice of a place of study no longer determines rigidly and unambiguously the future prospects of a professional career. As a result, the number of people who, after graduating from an institution of higher or secondary vocational education, work outside their specialty, having studied at the expense of budget financing, has increased many times over. Other graduates cannot find work at all. An equally disturbing trend is the increase in the proportion of such graduates who, after receiving a professional education, are registered with the employment service. Thus, the question arises about the efficiency of spending budgetary funds aimed at regulating the market, training and retraining of specialists.

It seems relevant to concentrate the efforts of the state in the direction of increasing the coordination of various entities involved in the training and employment of young specialists. This can be done only with the help of democratic institutions guided by the logic of economic development and social justice, taking into account the interests of the key subjects of this process - educational institutions, employers and workers themselves. In conditions when the patterns of the habitual entry of young people into the phase of labor activity change, the motivation associated with the choice of profession and professional education is transformed in a qualitative way, the entire system of value preferences and life orientations of the individual is being restructured. Habitual, established views, stereotypes are not capable of either explaining what is happening or orienting towards adequate behavior. Emerging new structures, unconventional ideas and actions capture the younger generation. In this regard, the goals and attitudes of young people, guidelines in aspirations are changing, social ideals and expectations are being adjusted. Because of this, the role of sociological research is being updated, which provide objective information about the state of the problem of employment of graduates of vocational education institutions in the labor market in general and in the conditions of a particular region and contribute to identifying the priorities of social policy and management of vocational education.

The degree of development of the problem is determined by the state of world and domestic research in the field of education, the labor market, and the transformation of institutions in the transition to a market economy. Quite numerous are the works of domestic and foreign scientists devoted to the analysis of the problems of youth in the field of labor activity. Scientific research in the field of sociology of labor and employment, sociology of education, sociology of youth, scientific publications on unemployment, social and professional mobility of labor resources focus on issues of socialization and professional adaptation, choice of life and professional path, lifestyle and lifestyle. The methodological database of research is the classical theories about the origin and essence of social institutions and social order (M. Weber, T. Hobbes, E. Durkheim, G. Simmel, T. Parsons; and others); as well as sociological studies of social institutions, reflected in the works of Saratov sociologists O.N. Ezhov, L.V. Konstantinova.

The position of young people in the labor market, their social status in modern economic conditions are analyzed in the works of Ya.U. Astafieva, E.S. Gareeva, Yu.N. Dorozhina, V.N. Shubina, T.I. Zaslavskaya. Of interest are the concept of life plans in the context of the inclusion of young people in the social structure, considered in the works of S.I. Barzilova, I.S. Bolotina, E.I. Golovakhi, as well as in the studies of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of labor market functioning (S. Ashvin, S. Clark, N.M. Davydov, etc.).

Thus, the current state of the research problem being solved is characterized, on the one hand, by the presence of a large volume of publications devoted to the issues of labor and youth employment, and, on the other hand, by the insufficient development of the methodology of interdepartmental interaction in order to harmonize educational institutions, employers and intermediaries in the labor market. .

The problem of employment of young professionals is multifaceted and relevant, and also involves the study of various aspects of the functioning of institutions of education, family, employment, profession. We must state that so far there is no training of specialists to provide quality career guidance services to young people, taking into account the specifics of an educational institution: schools, orphanages, boarding schools, vocational schools of various levels of training.

This circumstance is directly related to the effectiveness of the entire social policy, which determines the development of human resources, human potential through education and profession, along with ensuring a long and decent life. From these positions, education appears as an institution of social integration of the individual, the basis of his social well-being, real chances of constant choice.

When entering the labor market in the absence of adaptability, young graduates are dominated by naive expectations of their future work and professional career. Later, when meeting with the market situation, social expectations are not justified and lead to disappointment, anxious and depressive psychological states. As a result, a collision with the reality of work provokes a reorientation or degradation of the basic system of values.

Shapovalov Andrey

Kharkiv National University named after V.N. Karazin

(Ukraine, Kharkov)

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EMPLOYMENT PROCESS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL GRADUATES.

1.1. The role of the social institution of education in the professional training of specialists.

1.2. International experience in creating employment systems for university graduates.

1.3. Formation of a modern system of employment of graduates of Russian universities.

CHAPTER II. EMPLOYMENT OF GRADUATES OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF MODERN RUSSIA.

2.1. Fundamentals of the functioning of the system of employment of university graduates at the federal level

2.2. Fundamentals of the functioning of the system of employment of graduates of higher educational institutions at the regional level on the example of Moscow).

2.3. Modeling the system of employment of university graduates on the example of Moscow State University of Institutions of the Government of Moscow).

Recommended list of dissertations

Social Integration of Graduates of Technical Universities into the Sphere of Labor: On the Materials of the Vladimir Region 2006, candidate of sociological sciences Popova, Tatyana Nikolaevna
Peculiarities of professional orientations of student youth: on the materials of the Sakhalin region 2008, Candidate of Sociological Sciences Zhivaga, Artem Yurievich
Professional self-determination of a young specialist with higher education in modern Russian society 1998, candidate of sociological sciences Padalko, Oksana Vitalievna
Socio-professional guidelines for students of secondary and higher specialized educational institutions in a market economy 1999, candidate of sociological sciences Bondarenko, Galina Ivanovna
Problems of employment of university graduates of the Republic of Bashkortostan 2004, Candidate of Sociological Sciences Grishchenko, Olga Nikolaevna

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Employment of university graduates: a sociological analysis"

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need for theoretical and practical understanding of new approaches to the professional training of specialists, the analysis of their life plans, the organization of the employment process in the context of modernization transformations in Russia, as well as the changes taking place in the world that are global in nature.

At present, it becomes obvious that with the emergence of a market mechanism for the supply and demand of labor, a new mechanism for interaction between the institution of education and the emerging labor market is needed.

The current stage of civilizational development, the transition to a post-industrial, information society requires the system of higher professional education, as a socio-cultural institution, to update the content of its functions, to bring educational programs in line with the needs of the modern level of production and society. The problems associated with the employment of young professionals that arise after graduation are, on the one hand, explained by the shortage of jobs in the labor market, and on the other hand, by the discrepancy between the professional qualities of university graduates and the requirements of the modern labor market.

In a changing economic environment, the role of professional and personal qualities is increasing, ensuring competitiveness in the labor market, building a successful professional career. Tasks such as developing the personality of a specialist, preparing him for mobile and adequate behavior in the labor market are not always solved successfully enough, which exacerbates the difficulties of finding a job after graduation.

The interaction of the education system and the labor market is associated not only with the demand for specialists of a certain qualification and profession, but also with the attitude of the younger generation to work in general. The fall in the social value of labor leads to a decrease in the prestige of a number of professions important for society. At present, a number of researchers note an exacerbation of the disproportion between the professional orientations of young people and the real needs of the labor market, as well as a change in the traditional hierarchy of values, leading to the replacement of extravertive motives aimed at society and other people that have lost their relevance with introvertive ones.

In this regard, one of the important and urgent research tasks is the development of a new system of employment of graduates integrated into the education system of the university, adequate to the modern conditions of Russian society; determination of the necessary and possible changes at all levels of management of the university education system and the development of new mechanisms for interaction between the education system and the labor market. Moreover, the identified problems have not yet been sufficiently studied, especially with regard to the mechanisms of interaction between higher education and the labor market.

The degree of scientific development of the problem

The problem studied in the dissertation has several aspects, which are covered in one way or another in the works of Russian and foreign scientists.

The social functions of education, its connection with economic and political processes were covered in the works of E. Durkheim and M. Weber. Education as an institution of socialization, educational institutions and their elements as social systems were considered in the works of T. Parsons. 1 Questions of interdependence of education, educational values and social str

Tifications were studied by B. Barber, R. Budon, R. Collins. The interaction of education and processes in economics and politics is the subject of the works of P. Bourdieu, A. Touraine.3

The problems of the sociology of education were actively developed by Russian scientists. So, V.N. Shubkin, A.G. Cherednichenko, M.Kh. Titma4 and others

1 Durkheim E. Sociology of education / E. Durkheim. - M, 1996.; Weber M. Selected Works: Per. with him. / M. Weber. - M.: Progress, 1990.; Parsons T. The system of modern societies: Translated from English. / T. Parsons. - M.: Aspect Press, 1997.; Kurbatov V.I. Social design: Textbook / V. I. Kurbatov, O. V. Kurbatova. - Rostov n / D: "Phoenix", 2001.

2 Barber B. The structure of social stratification and trends in social mobility / B. Barber // American Sociology. Prospects, problems, methods. - M., 1972; Blau P.M. Various points of view on the social structure and their common denominator / P.M. Blau // American Sociological Thought: Texts./ Ed. IN AND. Dobrenkov. - M.: MGU, 1994; Babosov E.M. Sociology in texts. Reader / E.M. Babosov. - M.: TetraSistems, 2003.

3 Bourdieu P. Symbolic space and symbolic power / P. Bourdieu// Modern foreign sociology (70-80s). - M., 1993; Touraine A. Return of the person acting / A. Touraine. - M.: Scientific world, 1998.

4 Shubkin V.N. The Beginning of the Way: Problems of Youth in the Mirror of Sociology and Literature / V. N. Shubkin. - M., 1979; When the time for choice comes: (The aspirations of young people pursued professional orientations and life plans of young people. Conceptual models of the influence of education on the dynamics of the social structure of society are presented in the works of J1.H. Kogan, M.N. Rutkevich, F.R. Filippov.1

I.S. Bolotin, V.I. Dobrenkov, V.Ya Nechaev, A.M. Osipov, V.V. Serikov, F.E. Sheregi, V.G. Kharcheva.2

A number of works analyze changes in the social functions of vocational education in connection with the transformation of socio-economic relations in Russia (G.E. Zborovsky, N.D. Sorokina, E.A. Shuklina).3

The dysfunctional nature of the development of the modern education system, the inconsistency in the functioning of social institutions of education and the labor market are analyzed in the works of V.P. Dronnikova, Yu.A. Zubok, D.L. Konstantinovsky, A. Kochetov, V.P. Potapova, M.N. Rutkevich, N.V. Ushmarina, H.H. Fedotova, G.A. Cherednichenko, V.I. Chuprov, V.N. Yarskoy.4 vye steps after graduation) / Otv. ed. G.A. Cherednichenko. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the RKhGI, 2001; The Life Path of a Generation: Its Choice and Approval / Ed. M.Kh. Titma. - Tallinn: From "Eesti Raamot", 1985.

1 Kogan L.N. Sociology of culture / JI.H. Kogan. - Yekaterinburg, 1992; Rutkevich M.N. Sociology of education and youth. Favorites (1965 - 2002) / M.N. Rutkevich. - M.: Garda-riki, 2002; Filippov F.R. Sociology of education / F. R. Filippov. - M.: "Science", 1980; Filippov F.R. School and social development of society / F. R. Filippov. - M.: "Pedagogy", 1990;

2 Dobrenkov V.I. Society and education / V.I. Dobrenkov, V.Ya. Nechaev. - M.: INFRA-M, 2003; Bolotin I.S. Sociology of Higher School: Monograph / I.S. Bolotin, G.M. Jamaludinov.-M .: "Economics and Finance", 2003; Osipov A.M. Theoretical and methodological problems of the development of the sociology of education: Abstract of the thesis. dis-----Dr. Sciences: 22.00.04 / A.M. Osipov. - St. Petersburg. 1999; Sheregi F.E. Sociology of Education: Applied Aspect / F. E. Sheregi, V. G. Kharcheva, V. V. Serikov. - M.: Jurist, 1997.

3 Zborovsky G.E. Vocational education and the labor market / G. E. Zborovsky, E. A. Shuklina // Sotsiol. research - 2003. - No. 4. - S. 99-100 .; Sorokina N.D. Changes in education and the dynamics of students' life strategies / N. D. Sorokina // Sotsiol. research -2003.-No. 8.-S. 55-61.

4 Fedotova H.H. Professional potential / N. N. Fedotova // Human resources. - 1999.-№ 1-2. - S. 14-17; Cherednichenko G.A. Youth in the education system: // Materials of the research project "The Future of the Youth of Russia" / G.A. Cherednichenko; Ed. D.M. Rogozin. - M.: Institute of sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003; Chuprov V.I. Youth in the risk society / V.I. Chuprov, Yu.A. Zubok, K. Williams - M.: Nauka, 2001; When it's time to choose: (The aspirations of youth and the first steps after graduation) / Otv. ed. G.A. Cherednichenko. - St. Petersburg. : RKhGI Publishing House, 2001; Konstantinovsky D.L. The Dynamics of Inequality: Russian Youth in a Changing Society: Orientations and Paths in Education: (From the 1960s to the 2000s). / D. JI. Konstantinovsky. - M.: Editorial, 1999; Rutkevich M.N. After School: An Experience in Sociological Research. / M. N. Rutkevich, V. P. Pota

Higher school graduates are among the student youth, whose position in the social class structure of Soviet society and their role in social transformations is the subject of extensive scientific literature. There were different approaches in determining the location and status of students in society. Thus, the authors of one of the first studies in 1968, B. Rubin and Yu. Kolesnikov, gave the following definition: “students are a mobile social group, the main condition for the existence of which is training organized according to a specific program to fulfill a high professional social role in material spiritual production” .1 S.N. Ikonnikova and V.T. Lisovsky in 1972 noted that students in the social structure of society can be called a social group, which, by its position, is closest to the intelligentsia, being its reserve, and intended in the future to engage in highly skilled labor in various fields of science, technology, management, culture . Consequently, at the turn of the 1960s, students were viewed as a social group of a transitional nature with a delayed inclusion in social relations. In the 70s, a discussion unfolded about the location of students in society, the result of which was the monograph by L.Ya. Rubina "Soviet students: a sociological essay."3 The work noted that this group of young people was called either a socio-demographic, or a socio-professional, or an independent social group, and sometimes they were presented as a layer of the intelligentsia or an stratum. Thus, during the Soviet period, there was no single point of view in the literature on the issue of the status of students. pov - M., 1995; Yarskaya VN Integration of education and employment / V. Yarskaya // Chelovech. resources. - 2001. - No. 3. - S. 4 - 7.

1 Rubin B. Student through the eyes of a sociologist / B. Rubin, Yu. Kolesnikov - Rostov-on-Don, 1968; Ikonnikova S.N. Some problems of student youth education / S. N. Ikonnikova, V. T. Lisovsky. - M., 1972 - S. 38.

2 Ikonnikova S.N. Some problems of student youth education / S. N. Ikonnikova, V. T. Lisovsky. - M., 1972.

3 Rubina L.Ya. Soviet students / L. Ya. Rubina. - M., 1981.

At present, the concept of "students" is more complex, since there have been profound changes in society itself: the transformation of its basic institutions, stratification characteristics, and basic meaning-forming values. And the student body is already being considered by T.E. Petrova from the point of view of the sociocultural approach as a heterogeneous sociocultural community of consumers of higher professional education services, characterized by a variety of lifestyles. degrees under a confluence of circumstances - and destructive.

The works of S.S. Balabanova, Z.I. Dorozhkina, A.A. Yudin, V.I. Mishina, G.A. Rodionova, M.N. Rutkevich, V.M. Sokolova, V.N. Shubkina, F.R. Filippova, M.Kh. Titma, G.A. Severukhina, A.A. Terentiev, A.F. Khokhlova, G.A. Cherednichenko.3

1 Petrova T.E. Sociology of students in Russia: Stages and patterns of formation / T.E. Petrov. - St. Petersburg: "Belvedere", 2000. S. 3.

2 Chukreev P.A. Social technologies for regulating youth employment / P.A. Chukreev. - Ulan-Ude.: BNTs SB RAS, 2000, p. 176.

3 Balabanov S.S. University, science, production: feedback aspects / S.S. Balabanov, V.I. Mishin, V.M. Sokolov // Interuniversity. Sat: Sociology of higher education - Gorky: Gorky Publishing House. un-ta, 1982. - S. 56-72; Balabanov S.S. Prerequisites for targeted training of specialists / S.S. Balabanov, V.I. Mishin, V.M. Sokolov // Interuniversity. Sat: Sociology of higher education - Gorky: Gorky Publishing House. university 1985. - S. 5-16; Balabanov S.S. Evaluation and control in the system of program-targeted training of a specialist / S.S. Balabanov, V.I. Mishin, V.M. Sokolov // Interuniversity. Sat: Sociology of higher education - Gorky: Gorky Publishing House. un-ta, 1986. - P 5-19; Balabanov S.S. Sociological support for the restructuring of higher education / S.S. Balabanov, V.I. Mishin, V.M. Sokolov // Interuniversity. Sat: Sociology of higher education - Gorky: Gorky Publishing House. university 1988. - S.5-16; Dorozhkina Z.I. Sociological service of the university in the management of the quality of higher education / Z.A. Dorozhkina, A.A. Iudin, G.A. Rodionova, V.M. Sokolov. - M.: Issled. center, 1990; Shubkin V.N. The beginning of the journey: Problems of youth in the mirror of sociology and literature / V.N. Shubkin. - M., 1979; Filippov F.R. From generation to generation: Social mobility / F.R. Filippov. - M., 1989; Youth of the Middle Urals: Sat. annotir. reports on the results of sociological. research 1990 - 1995 Yekaterinburg, 1996; Cherednichenko G.A., Youth enters into life: (sociological research on the problems of choosing a profession and employment) / G.A. Cherednichenko, V.N. Shubkin. - M.: Thought, 1985; The Life Path of a Generation: Its Choice and Approval / Ed. M.Kh. Titma. - Tallinn: "Eesti raamat", 1985; Severukhina G.A. Questions of methods and techniques of the study "Applicant - student - specialist" / G.A. Severukhina, A.A. Terentiev // Sociology and Higher School. Issue. IV. Gorky, 1975.

Many studies have been devoted to the process of youth employment during the planned economy. Thus, the process of youth employment was studied from the point of view of horizontal and vertical mobility in the course of the sociological study "Project 17 - 25", carried out under the direction of V.N. Shubkin in the Novosibirsk region from 1963 to 1983. It turned out that youth employment is influenced by factors such as the existing level and dynamics of the social division of labor, trends in the natural and mechanical movement of the population, the education system, demography, mobility, and the prestige of professions.1

In the course of a longitudinal study of the process of life self-determination of graduates of secondary schools in the Estonian SSR, conducted in 1966-1979 under the direction of M.Kh. Titma, and covering a cohort aged 18 to 31, the problem of the discrepancy between the educational potential and the working positions of its representatives was identified.2

For theoretical understanding and generalization, the works of Z.V. Babkina, V.P. Dronnikova, N.V. Ushmarin devoted to the analysis of the ideas of foreign scientists, sociologists and economists who studied the problems of youth unemployment in the 80s. 20th century At that time, two areas of research into the causes of youth unemployment were actively developing - neoconservative and institutional-technological.

Neoconservative concepts of youth unemployment developed by R. Freeman, D. Wise, X. Falk, M. Jackson, D. Ashton, D. Baxter, L. Hendry, V. Anderson, I. Sevil, V. Rebens, R. Gordon , D. Friedman, were based on an analysis of the shortcomings in the functioning of the youth labor market, which cause an exacerbation of unemployment and which, in turn, are caused by the action of natural and social factors, as well as the psychological and age characteristics of young people. In for

1 Cherednichenko G. A. Youth enters into life: (Sociological research on the problems of choosing a profession and employment) / G. A. Cherednichenko, V. N. Shubkin. - M. : Thought, 1985.-S. 103-107.

2 The life path of a generation: its choice and approval / Ed. M. X. Titma. - Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1985. - S. 56-58. Depending on the orientation to certain factors, the authors construct the following concepts of the causes of unemployment: “rational job search”, “life cycle”, “seasonal unemployment, social benefits”.

The authors of technological and institutional concepts D. Bosphoret, M. Podgursky, T. Haldin, J. Galbraith, D. Oldcroft, D. Harrision focused on the factors associated with the development of scientific and technological progress and the education sector, considering them to be the reasons for the aggravation of unemployment among youth.1

Since the mid-1980s, Western European countries have been developing the concept of an integral approach to solving the problems of unemployment, including the coordination of efforts at the international, national and local levels to improve the system of providing assistance to young people in the transition from education to work and adult life. Leading specialists of the European Center for the Development of Vocational Training D. Harrison and G. Mailash note the importance of concentrating available resources on innovative programs of vocational training and employment of young people that have proven their effectiveness, providing integrative interaction between educational, economic structures and employment services.

Since the beginning of the 90s, a new stage of youth employment policy has begun in Europe and the USA. Taking into account the practical experience of past years and using the scientific base, a new employment policy for highly qualified specialists - university graduates - began to take shape. At the same time, the main attention was paid to the interaction of employment services and the system of vocational education, which took place under the influence of a number of political, economic and social factors. New strategies for combating youth unemployment are presented in the works of X. Schierholz, X. Schulz3

1 See Babkina 3. V. Unemployment and youth in developed capitalist countries: Proc. allowance / 3. V. Babkina. - M., 1997. - S. 50-67.

Ushmarin N.V., Dronnikova V.P. Youth policy in the field of employment in developed Western countries. - M., 1994. - S. 9-10.

3 Schierholz Henning Strategien gegen Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. - Hannover. - 2001; Schulz H. Kinder- und Jugendhilfe in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. - Berlin - 2002.

AND I. Savelyev, after analyzing the results of a decade of research on employment problems in eleven European countries, identified the following criteria for successful employment:

Short period of time and limited efforts to find a job, short intervals between graduation and employment;

Low unemployment rates;

Low rates of temporary employment;

High status of graduates with higher education, high percentage of adequate employment of graduates;

A close relationship between the university and the areas of professional activity, the availability of work experience, a high degree of practical knowledge in the received specialty.1

For a long time, the problem of employment of young professionals in a market economy was not given due attention. One of the first works belongs to N.V. Goncharova, in which, on the basis of an empirical base, groups of contradictions in the labor market of young specialists with higher education are identified, significant characteristics of university graduates when applying for a job are established, and factors significant for graduates in employment are identified.2

Monitoring sociological research carried out according to uniform methods in 1995 and 1999 in the Ural region Yu.R. Vishnevsky and V.T. Shapko, who studied the socio-cultural attitudes and value orientations of students, revealed that “a kind of “4B” syndrome is developing in the minds of young people - poverty; illness; unemployment; chaos." Due to the crisis in the traditional system of distribution of university graduates, which performed "important social and protective functions", in comparison with 1995, significantly

1 Savelyev A. Ya. Problems of employment of specialists: (International aspect) // Collection of abstracts of the school-seminar "The role and place of centers for promoting employment and employment of graduates of vocational education institutions in the federal employment system" - M., 2001.

2 Goncharova N. V. On the labor market of university graduates / N. V. Goncharova // Sociol. is-trace. - 1997. - No. 3. - S. 105-112. there has been a significant increase in students' concerns about possible future unemployment.1

In the context of studying the problem of the spiritual and moral development of specialists in the system of higher education, P.I. Babochkin identified typological groups in accordance with the social mood of students and employment plans.2

A.B. Merenkov, based on the results of monitoring conducted from 1993 to 1996 among students of the city of Yekaterinburg, studied the attitude and assessment of student youth of the education received. Thus, students noted that universities provide sufficient professional knowledge and a general culture: a culture of thinking, cognition, communication and attitude to business, although there are also shortcomings. And at the same time, graduates do not have real knowledge about the needs of production, job search methods, and the system for asserting themselves as a specialist. At the same time, the heads of large enterprises would like to get specialists who are fluent in a foreign language and a computer, able to resolve conflicts with subordinates, who know the organization of production at the best foreign firms.3

I.A. Pashinyan in 1999 at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, the methods of finding a job by students were studied, they turned out to be the following: search through relatives, friends and acquaintances (54%), by sending resumes (35% of students and only 6%), with the help of departments and supervisors (38% of graduates), with the help of recruiting agencies (2%), although 17% of students find work through these agencies. It is very important that 92%

1 Vishnevsky Yu. R. Student of the 90s - sociocultural dynamics / Yu. R. Vishnevsky, V. T. Shapko // Sotsiol. research - 2000. - No. 12. - S. 56-63.

2 Babochkin P. I. The problem of the formation of specialists in higher education: (Regional aspect) / P. I. Babochkin. - Moscow, 1997. - S. 88-91.

3 Merenkov A. V. Student market orientations / A. V. Merenkov // Sotsiol. research - 1998. - No. 12. - S. 97-100. of students surveyed and 89% of graduates thought that the university should have an employment assistance service.1

Along with sociological studies of value orientations, methods of employment and professional plans, the attention of sociologists is also beginning to attract the behavioral strategies of young people in the labor market. Since “one of the most promising areas in the study of the sociocultural image of students today can be recognized as its multidimensional typology, which makes it possible to reveal the determination of its differentiation and the main factors that generate it, to show the diversity of student life styles.”2

One of the first works belongs to H.H. Fedotova, in which an attempt was made, on the basis of theoretical analysis and secondary processing of sociological and psychological studies, to create a typology of youth behavioral strategies in the labor market.3

As a result of an empirical study, it was found that university graduates are characterized by two types of behavioral strategies: passive, moderately adaptive and active, positively instrumental. Students demonstrating the first strategy intend to delegate the solution of their employment problem to the state; the main assistance they expect is the creation of new jobs, the provision of benefits to young people. The main problem for them is to ensure a high material level, education is seen as a tool to ensure a professional career. Freedom is not a vital necessity, it can be sacrificed for the sake of support from the state. Of the opportunities offered, the most important are opportunities in the sphere of consumption and leisure. For adherents of the second strategy, freedom is a vital necessity.

1 Pashinyan I. A. Work and employment in the perception of students /I. A. Pashinyan // Socis. - 2000. - No. 1.-S. 130-133.

Petrova T.E. Sociology of students in Russia: Stages and patterns of formation / T.E. Petrov. - St. Petersburg: Belvedere Press, 2000. S. 227.

3 Fedotova H.H. Socio-professional status of postgraduate youth in the labor market / H.H. Fedotova - Saratov. Volga Publishing House. Interregional. Proc. Center, 2000. S. 44-45. bridge; material well-being is a necessary component of success, they call the impossibility of self-realization the main problem of their life, education serves as a means of realizing this problem. The students of this group believe that in order to achieve success in life one must take risks, but moral principles do not allow them to use any means to achieve success in life.

Another typology of style strategies for the employment of university graduates in the labor market, based on a style analysis of work biographies, was proposed by E.L. Omelchenko.1 When designing style groups, depending on the nature of the implementation of the formal status, the main vector for measuring modern lifestyles was obtained: from mobile/innovative to stable/traditional.

It is also necessary to note the emerging direction of research related to the problems of organizing and managing the process of employment of university graduates in modern socio-economic conditions. Thus, E. Ilyasov developed approaches and recommendations to the organization of the system of employment and psychological adaptation of vocational school graduates using information technologies. In the work of I.A. Pasha-nyan substantiated the concept of an employment system based on a client-oriented marketing strategy.2

When studying the problems of employment of university graduates, it was important to identify the mechanisms for the formation of the student body of higher education. The basis for studying the problems of the socio-professional orientation of young people and the factors that determine the choice of a profession were the works of Russian sociologists, among which the following researchers can be noted: V.N. Shubkina, M.K. Titmu, S.N. Bykov, M.N. Rutkevich, D.L. Constant

1 Omelchenko E.L. Style employment strategies and their features / E.L. Omelchenko // Socis. - 2002. - No. 11. - S. 36-47.

2 Ilyasov E. The goal is the employment of graduates / E. Ilyasov // Man. resources. -2002. - No. 2. - S. 7; Pashinyan I.A. Optimization of the process of employment of university graduates in market conditions.: Abstract of the thesis. diskand social. Sciences / I. Pashinyan. - Moscow, 2000. Tinovsky, G. A. Cherednichenko and other authors. Klimov, S.N. Chistyakova, N.S. Pryazhnikov, K.M. Gurevich, A.M. Kukharchuk, K.K. Platonov and others.2

Of great importance for studying the management of the process of employment of university graduates is a systematic approach, which began to take shape, as part of the methodology of scientific knowledge, in the 20-30s. and received intensive theoretical development in 60 - 80 years. twentieth century. A significant contribution to the development of a systematic approach was made by Western (L. Bertalanffy, R. Ackoff, F. Emery, J. Forrester) and domestic (A. Bogdanov, V. G. Afanasiev, I. V. Blauberg, D. M. Gvishiani, V. N. Sadovsky, V. A. Lektorsky, E. G. Yudin and others) scientists.3

Noting in general the fruitfulness of scientific research on certain aspects of the process of employment of graduates of higher professional institutions

1 Shubkin V.N. The beginning of the journey / V.N. Shubkin. - M., 1979; When it's time to choose (Aspirations of youth and the first steps after graduation) / Otv. ed. G.A. Cherednichenko. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the RKhGI, 2001; The Life Path of a Generation: Its Choice and Approval / Ed. M.Kh. Titma. - Tallinn. From "Eesti raamat", 1985; Rutkevich M.N. Social orientation of secondary school graduates / M.N. Rutkevich // Sots. research - 1994. - No. 12. S.53-58; Konstantinovsky D.L. Youth of the 90s. Self-determination in the new reality. Vocational orientations of high school students in the 90s / D.L. Konstantinovsky - M., 2000.

2 Klimov E.A. Psychological and pedagogical problems of professional consultation / E.A. Klimov - M., 1983; Klimov E.A. Choice of profession / E.A. Klimov, S.N. Chistyakov. -M., 1988; Chistyakova S.N. Professional self-determination and professional career of youth / S.N. Chistyakov. - M.: Institute of professional self-determination of youth RAO, 1993; Pryazhnikov N.S. Theoretical and methodological foundations for the activation of professional self-determination.: Abstract of the thesis. dis. doc. ped. Sciences / N.S. Pryazhnikov. - Yekaterinburg, 1995; Gurevich K.M. Professional suitability and the problem of staff retention / K.M. Gurevich // Questions of theory and practice of career guidance in secondary school. - M., 1972; Kukharchuk A.M. Analysis of the features of self-assessments of high school students in the process of professional self-determination / A.M. Kukharchuk // Questions of theory and practice of career guidance in secondary school. - M., 1972; Platonov K.K. Personal approach in career guidance / K.K. Kukharchuk // Questions of theory and practice of career guidance in secondary school. - M., 1972.

3 Blauberg I. System approach / I. Blauberg, E. Yudin // Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989. P. 613. Afanasiev V. G. Society: consistency, knowledge, management / V.G. Afanasiev - M.: Politizdat, 1981. - P. 7: Sadovsky V.N. Foundations of the general theory of systems: logical and methodological analysis / V.N. Sadovsky - M.: Nauka, 1974.- S. 92-102; Bertalanfi L. General Theory of Systems - A Review of Problems and Results / L. Bertalanfi // System Research. Yearbook. - M., 1969. - S. 64 -72. of social education, it should be noted that modern social knowledge is dominated by interest in the development of the socio-psychological foundations of the process of employment, as in the activity of the individual in finding a job, finding a job, and to a much lesser extent, the process of employment is studied from the point of view of the system of complex interaction of social institutions of education and the labor market to solve the problem of professional self-determination, adaptation to the labor market and employment of young professionals. Thus, one of the important methodological tasks facing sociologists is the need to study the process of employment of graduates of vocational education institutions as an independent object of sociological science.

The object of the study is the system of employment of university graduates.

The subject of the research is the management of the system of employment of graduates of educational institutions of higher professional education.

The purpose of the dissertation research is to study the process of employment as a system aimed at professional self-determination, adaptation to the labor market and employment of university graduates in the new conditions of modern Russia.

Achieving the designated goal involves solving the following research problems:

1. On the basis of a theoretical analysis, determine the role of the institution of education in the professional training of a specialist.

2. To identify patterns in the formation of employment systems for vocational school graduates in European countries, positive experience and opportunities for its use in Russia.

3. To reveal the organizational and methodological aspects of the functioning of the system of employment of university graduates at various stages of the socio-economic development of Russia.

4. To develop principles for designing a model of a university graduate employment management system for modern Russian reality.

5. Based on the analysis of empirical data from sociological studies, to identify: socio-psychological characteristics of university students as objects and subjects of the employment system; youth life plans; ideas about professional self-determination.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the dissertation research is general sociological methodology, a number of concepts of the sociology of education, sociology of labor, management, which allow us to consider the process of employment of university graduates in unity with socio-economic relations in social development as a social system that is interconnected and interdependent with the external environment; sociocultural approach introduced into sociology by P.A. Sorokin, the structural-functional theory of T. Parsons, a systematic approach developed by both foreign and domestic scientists (L. Bertalanffy, R. Ackoff, F. Emery, J. Forrester, A. Bogdanov, V. G. Afanasiev, I. V. Blauberg, D. M. Gvishiani, V. N. Sadovsky, V. A. Lektorsky, E. G. Yudin, etc.), as well as the risk approach developed by V.I. Chuprov and Yu.A. Zubok. These theories determined the methodological principles of the analysis of the process of employment of graduates of educational institutions of higher professional education.

In addition, a number of empirical methods were used: questionnaires, document analysis, the method of secondary data processing.

The empirical basis of the study was: analysis of legal acts on the problems of modernization of education and the creation of a system of social and psychological adaptation and employment of vocational school graduates in the labor market; statistical data, secondary analysis of data from specific sociological studies conducted in a number of regions and universities of the country, as well as data from sociological studies conducted in 2001-2003 with the direct participation of the author:

1. "Socio-professional orientations of students and factors of choosing a profession (regional aspect)" (Moscow Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities).

The main purpose of the conducted sociological research was to develop a holistic view of the socio-psychological characteristics of the professional self-determination of young people and the factors that determine them; identification of the influence of factors of the external socio-economic environment.

According to the goals and objectives of the sociological study, in March-April 2001, a survey of schoolchildren in grades 9-11 was conducted in general education schools in Moscow and Orel, which was necessary to compare the results and identify the specifics of the capital region and one of the typical regions of the central part of Russia. The sample totality was 3,200 people, distributed among educational institutions of various levels of education and forms of ownership. Target sample, quota, at the last stage of selection, an educational group (class) was interviewed.1

2. "The Spiritual Image of Senior School Students in the Central Administrative District of Moscow" (Sociological Center of Moscow State University, Department of Education of Moscow).

The study was commissioned and supported by the Education Committee of the Central Administrative District of Moscow in order to analyze the social mood of young students in general education institutions, their life orientations and attitudes towards social reality. The object of the study was high school students of Moscow schools of various forms of education and types of educational institutions of the Central Administrative District of Moscow. The survey was conducted in May 2003. According to the sample, students in grades 9-11 of various types of schools were surveyed. A total of 573 people were interviewed. The sample is targeted, quota, at the last stage, the study group (class) was surveyed.

3. "Students of the Moscow City Institute of Management of the Government of Moscow about higher education and about themselves" (Moscow City Institute of Management of the Government of Moscow).

The survey was conducted in May-June 2003 in order to improve the quality system for training specialists at the Moscow State University of Institutions of the Government of Moscow. The object of the study was the students of the institute. Since the research

1 Babochkin P.I. Socio-professional orientations of students and factors of choice of profession (regional aspect) / P.I. Babochkin, I.I. Zadorozhnaya, M.G. Rogachev. - M. 2001. l

Babochkin P.I. Spiritual image of senior students of secondary schools of the Central Administrative District of Moscow / P.I. Babochkin, I.I. Zadorozhnaya. - M. 2003. Since the nature of the search, and the number of students at the university is small, the entire general population was interviewed - 356 people, which made it possible to have a high degree of reliability of the results of the sociological study.1

The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:

1. The work carried out a sociological analysis of the functions of the institution of vocational education and their evolution in modern Russian conditions, shows the growing importance of the formation of professional and personal qualities of future specialists, substantiates the need to introduce three levels of professional training that forms professional, social and special competencies in the conditions of modern Russian reality , which will allow them to quickly adapt to the labor market, as well as the role and place of the employment system of university graduates in the overall system of university management.

2. As a result of the analysis of theoretical and statistical data, the study of experience, the periodization of the youth social policy of foreign countries in the field of employment, depending on global economic cycles, has been established, and mechanisms for its implementation have been identified.

3. An analysis was made of the process of establishing a new system of employment for graduates of Russian universities, the organizational and economic mechanism of interaction between institutions of education, employment and the emerging labor market.

4. On the basis of empirical data: the socio-psychological features of the professional self-determination of the youth of the capital region (Moscow) and one of the typical regions of the central part of Russia (the city of Orel) were studied and recorded; clarified the mechanisms for the formation of student contingents of Moscow universities; value attitudes, problems of students of the capital's university - MGIU of the Government of Moscow were revealed.

5. A model for constructing a system of employment for university graduates is substantiated and proposed, where the system of professional standards, which are essentially a new form of professional qualifications, acts as a link connecting the institution of higher education and the labor market.

1 Babochkin P.I. Students of the Moscow City Institute of Management of the Government of Moscow about higher education and about themselves / P.I. Babochkin, I.I. Zadorozhnaya // Moscow. city-rodsk. Institute of Management of the Government of Moscow. - M., 2003. requirements for professions, which allows to promote the professional mobility of workers, make changes to state educational standards, adjust programs for vocational education, training and advanced training, plan and develop the professional career of each employee.

Provisions for defense:

The main reasons hindering the employment and adaptation of university graduates are: a rigid separation of the functions of social institutions of education and employment, a weak connection between educational institutions and production, the orientation of institutions of higher professional education to the market demand for professions, the orientation of the content of training, educational programs to outdated professional requirements, formal signs in establishing the scope and profiles of vocational training. Therefore, a synthesis of social institutions of education and employment is necessary. A system of professional standards could become this link, which is also the main tool for developing and managing the quality of the workforce.

The process of employment of university graduates is influenced not only by the quality of professional education, but also by the development of the personality of a future specialist in the learning process, his preparation for adequate and mobile behavior in the labor market, so it is necessary to introduce three-level professional training to form professional, social and special competencies, which will allow student, become the subject of sustainable development of their own resources.

The system of employment of university graduates can be represented as a social model, the development of which must take into account the following principles: the system of employment of university graduates must be integrated into the external environment - a certain segment of the labor market through a common regulatory framework in which professional standards play a key role; university curricula should be adjusted in accordance with the requirements of the employer, the needs of society and the student as a subject of employment. Educational (introductory), industrial and undergraduate practice are considered not only as part of the educational process, but also as a form of socio-psychological and professional adaptation; in the process of studying at a university, students should be provided with career guidance and measures for socio-psychological adaptation, which will allow them to subsequently choose a specialization of training according to their personal characteristics and in accordance with the needs of the future employer, as well as undergo professional adaptation at the workplace at the lowest cost .

An integral part of the system is the formation of a student contingent of the most gifted school graduates with increased motivation for learning, as well as children from socially vulnerable families.

Empirical data obtained by the author, revealing value orientations, students' attitudes towards future employment, university choice factors and motives for obtaining education, allow us to fix the following. The choice of a profession and a particular university by students is largely conscious and is based on the prevailing social attitudes and orientation towards obtaining a quality education. Most students study in order to have an interesting job in the future. Among the problems that concern students to a greater extent, the problem of employment during study at the university is noted, in second place are the problems of postgraduate employment.

An empirical study has shown that the main mechanisms for the formation of the student body of Moscow universities are the following:

The social order for higher education is represented by requests from school graduates themselves and their parents;

These requests are developed under the influence of the economic environment, which is characterized by the dominance of the service sector over the production sector;

Getting higher education for most students is the main goal;

The leading factor stimulating the desire to obtain higher education is material, as young people evaluate university education, first of all, as access to highly qualified and highly paid work, as a guarantee of future competitiveness in the labor market. Therefore, purposeful career-guidance work with students of secondary schools is necessary.

Theoretical and practical significance of the research

The results obtained in the dissertation research expand and develop ideas about social processes in society related to the interaction of social institutions of education and the labor market, the employment of vocational school graduates, their value orientations, motivation and problems in a developing Russian society.

Scientific results can be used in the future to solve problems related to the organization of the management of the process of employment of graduates of educational institutions of professional education and contribute to their further theoretical development.

The theoretical conclusions of the dissertation and the practical proposals following from them are of interest to the leadership of educational authorities and universities, and can be used in the process of teaching the disciplines "Sociology of Youth", "Sociology of Education".

The assessments and conclusions formulated by the author are already being used in the organization of the educational process at the Moscow State University of Institutions of the Government of Moscow. The presented model of the system of employment of university graduates has been put into practice and reflected in the activities of the university.

Approbation of work

The main provisions and results of the dissertation research were reported at international, all-Russian and university scientific and practical conferences, published in the final collections:

2. University scientific-practical conference at Moscow State University of Economics of the Government of Moscow "Moscow on the way of modernization and personnel potential as a decisive factor in its development" (Moscow, October 31, 2002);

3. All-Russian scientific conference "Russian students: living conditions (XVIII - XXI centuries)" (Moscow, Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, February 25-26, 2003);

4. International Youth Scientific Conference "XXIX Gagarin Readings" (Moscow, "MATI" - RGTU named after Tsiolkovsky, April 8-11, 2003);

5. Fourth interuniversity scientific-practical conference "Experience and problems of modernizing the teaching of humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines in universities" (Moscow, Moscow State University of Printing Arts, October 30-31, 2003);

6. International Scientific and Practical Conference "The Future of the Youth of Russia" (Moscow, Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, May 23-24, 2003).

Work structure

The dissertation consists of an introduction, two chapters, including six paragraphs, a conclusion, a bibliography and appendices.

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Problems of employment of graduates and possible solutions. Social prerequisites and consequences of youth employment in the labor market

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