The description of a person's appearance in forensics can be carried out arbitrarily or by a special technique using special terms. Custom description - it is a description given by an eyewitness in words and expressions used in everyday speech.
Systematized description - This is a description by the method of verbal portrait. The foundations for such a description were laid at the end of the 19th century. Alphonse Bertillon. This description allows you to uniformly characterize the elements of appearance, the same signs and perceive these descriptions in the same way. Uniformity is achieved through basic principles of description of appearance:
- o the use of special (standardized) terminology in the description. Compliance with this principle eliminates discrepancies in the described features, ensures their uniform understanding, eliminates ambiguity and prevents errors;
- o compliance with the sequence in the description. The description is carried out from the general to the particular, from top to bottom. First, the figure as a whole is characterized, then individual areas of the body (head, torso, limbs, the most significant features of the anatomical elements of the head, face) are described, and, finally, functional signs and special signs;
- o maximum completeness of the description. If possible, all signs are described, the totality of which makes it possible to distinguish a certain person from among other people;
- o the description is made in full face and in the right profile (if necessary, in growth and from other sides). Special signs are described both on the right and on the left sides of the face;
- o the description is carried out in relation to the normal (standard) position of the head and the state of appearance;
- o special features are highlighted in the description. Forensic description of the external appearance of a person
according to the verbal portrait method, it covers the description of anatomical, functional and accompanying features. Sex, age, nationality, figure in general and head are described. The most informative value is the description of the head.
Head as a whole: size (small, medium, large), shape of the parietal part (flat, dome-shaped, ovoid), position of the occiput relative to the vertical (oblique, vertical, protruding).
Hair: abundance (thick, medium, sparse), hair length (short, medium length, long), by type (straight, wavy, curly), hair color (light blond, blond, dark blond, black, red), frontal line (straight, arcuate, wavy, broken).
Whole face: proportions (narrow, medium width, wide), full face contour (oval, round, rectangular, square, triangular, trapezoidal), profile contour (convex, straight, concave), degree of fullness (thin, medium fullness, full), color skin (white, swarthy, pink), features (the presence of wrinkles, their severity, depth, the presence of a beard, mustache, freckles, etc.).
Forehead: but size (narrow, wide, medium), contour (straight, convex, wavy), features (highly developed frontal tubercles, superciliary ridges, very oblique, very convex).
Brows: size (short, medium length, long; narrow, medium width, wide), abundance, i.e. density (thick, sparse), contour (straight, arcuate, wavy, broken), position relative to the horizontal and relative position (beveled inward, beveled outward, close together, apart), features (fused, bushy, etc.).
Eyes: the size of the open palpebral fissures (small, medium, large), the contour of the open palpebral fissures (slit-like, oval, round, triangular), the position of the eyeballs in the sockets (convex, medium bulge, sunken), the mutual position of the eyes (contact, apart), the color of the rainbow shells (dark brown, brown, light brown, greenish, light blue, blue, gray), position of the upper fixed eyelid (overhangs, no overhang), position of the upper movable eyelid (open, closed), eyelash length (short, medium , long), the shape of the eyelashes (straight, curved), the density of the eyelashes (thick, medium density, rare), features (very bulging eyes, very close, etc.).
Nose: overall size from superior nasal point to sub-nasal point and with wing width (narrow, medium width, wide, short, medium length, long), back contour (concave, straight, convex, wavy), tip shape (sharp, rounded , obtuse), the position of the base relative to the horizontal (raised, horizontal, pubescent), the size of the cut of the nostrils (small, medium, large), the contour of the cut of the nostrils (triangular, round, oval, slit-like), features (forked tip, closed nostrils, curved back etc.).
Mouth: size (small, medium, large), lip closure line (straight, wavy, broken), position of the angles relative to the horizontal (lowered, horizontal, raised), features (oblique closure line, very small or large mouth, etc.).
Lips: the height of the upper lip (low, medium, high), along the width of the red border (thin, medium thickness, thick), along the contour of the red border (curved, wavy, broken), protrusion (protrusion of the upper lip, protrusion of the lower lip, general protrusion or elongation of the lips), color (bright, pale), features (very short upper lip, bifurcation of the upper or lower lip).
Teeth: size (small, medium size, large), by the distance between the teeth (rare, frequent), the relative position of the upper and lower teeth (protrusion of the lower teeth or upper teeth), features (lack of teeth, blackening and yellowing of teeth, the presence and type of prostheses, etc. .P.).
Chin: size (low, medium height, tall, narrow, medium width, wide), contour of the lower outline (rounded, rectangular, triangular), shape (convex, rectangular, triangular), vertical position (oblique, vertical, protruding), features (very oblique or protruding, with a transverse furrow or fossa, forked, etc.).
Ear: size of the auricle as a whole (small, medium, large), contour (round, oval, rectangular, triangular), protrusion (general protrusion, upper protrusion, general diligence), shape of the surface of the curl (convex, flat), lobe size (small, medium, large), the contour of the earlobe (round, oval, rectangular, triangular), the shape of the surface of the earlobe (flat, convex, crossed), features (very small or large ear, its very large protrusion).
Neck: by size (short, medium length, long, thin, medium thickness, thick), features (severity of cartilage and larynx - Adam's apple; presence, location and severity of wrinkles, etc.).
Shoulders: by size (narrow, medium width, wide), position relative to the horizontal (lowered, horizontally raised), features (very narrow or wide, one higher than the other, etc.).
Breast: by size (narrow, medium width, wide), shape (concave, convex), position (hollow, protruding), features ("bird chest", hump, etc.).
Back: by size (narrow, medium width, wide), contour (concave, straight, convex), features (shoulder blades, hump, etc. protrude strongly).
Arms: overall size (short, medium length, long; thin, medium thickness, thick), hand (long, short; narrow, wide), fingers (long, medium length, short), shape and size of nails (long, medium length , short; narrow, medium width, wide), the shape of the surface of the nails (convex, flat, ribbed), the length of the nails (long, short), features (the presence of calluses, the absence of fingers or joints, abundant hair on the outer part of the hand, etc. ).
Legs: overall size (long, medium length, short; thin, medium thickness, thick), shape (straight, "o"-shaped, "x"-shaped), foot size (long, medium length, short; narrow, medium width, wide), features (thickening of the joints, fusion of fingers, absence of a leg, foot, fingers, etc.).
The most common and accessible method of fixing the signs of a person's appearance is to compile it verbal description, which can be fixed both in writing and with the help of sound recording. A description drawn up in order to identify a person on the basis of his appearance and identification is commonly called a forensic description.
A forensic description of the external appearance of a person is compiled during his direct observation in the course of operational-search activities (mainly for registration purposes, as well as to fix the signs of the appearance of the observed person); conducting investigative actions (identification, examination, examination); indirect study in the process of operational-search activity (when fixing data on the appearance of an escaped criminal, a missing person from words, that is, from the memory of people who knew or saw the wanted person); production of a forensic portrait examination.
Thus, the description can be carried out with direct observation of a person (from nature), as well as from the words of an eyewitness. At the same time, the eyewitness reproduces in verbal form his idea of this person, that is, from memory. The description can be performed when studying the appearance of a person captured in a photograph, video frame, subjective portrait. A description can also be drawn up when studying the signs of the appearance of a deceased, deceased person using his death mask, graphic or plastic reconstruction of the face from the skull.
The reliability of displaying the signs of appearance, fixed with the help of a description, is greater when it is performed from nature, that is, it is of a direct nature. A mediated description, compiled from the words of a person who observed the described person, is considered less reliable.
At the same time, such a circumstance as possession of a methodology for compiling a forensic description is important. If the subject of the description does not own such a technique, his description as a means of fixing the external appearance of a person will not be complete and reliable. In turn, the possession of the methodology allows the subject of the description to fix quite fully and reliably the signs of the appearance of the person being described.
When assessing the quality of information recorded in the form of a description, it is necessary to take into account the factors under the influence of which it is formed and created: the patterns of human perception, the complexity of the process of reproducing visual impressions in verbal form, the type of description, the primacy or repetition of the description, the place where the description was written, its time period and origin.
The content of information recorded in the form of a description is affected by: the laws of the process of human perception, the preservation of the formed idea; the time elapsed from the moment of perception to the reproduction of its results; the complexity of the process of reproducing visual impressions in verbal form; the multiplicity of forms of transformation of initial ideas, the possibility of losing part of the impressions and modifying those that have survived.
The specificity of the verbal design of perceived information lies in the fact that this process is accompanied by its generalization. The designation of the elements of a visual image with the help of words is a very complicated procedure, despite its external simplicity. So, even the description of one's own appearance, the appearance of close relatives and friends causes difficulty.
The difficulty comes from the fact that the individuality of a person's appearance is difficult to convey in ordinary words, with the exception, of course, of special signs. Most often, the signs of appearance are characterized as ordinary, “normal”, although they may not be.
In addition, the complexity lies in the unambiguous designation of features. Appearance in descriptions is often characterized by generalizing terms that have the same meaning for different people, which depends on many individual characteristics of the compilers of the description.
The quality of the description is influenced by its type - an oral story or a written presentation. A written description may differ in its content from an oral description. This is explained by the fact that, firstly, the written presentation of an oral story requires certain skills; secondly, the stylistic design of the description can affect its accuracy, completeness, detail, lead to unconscious filling of gaps in the perception and memorization of information; thirdly, a written description may be shorter than an oral one, it may lack essential details that, in the opinion of the subject of the description, are of no interest.
For the quality of the description, it also matters what it is - primary or repeated. Despite the preservation of the basis of the description, its repeated, repeated compilation leads to impoverishment of the content of the description, the introduction of elements of generalization into it, and filling in the gaps with conjecture. Therefore, it is advisable to use the initial description, clarifying it in the process of further collecting information about the appearance of a person.
The place where the description was written is understood as an ethnographically isolated territory where the compiler of the description lives and works. Depending on this, the subject of the description involuntarily develops an idea of the norm of a sign of appearance for the population surrounding him. This norm depends on the anthropological composition of the population of a given area. Therefore, there is a certain relationship between the individual idea of the norm of signs of appearance with the objective norm characteristic of a given ethnic, anthropological group of the population.
The time of compilation of the description, the period that has elapsed from the moment of compilation to the use of the description, must be known in order to take them into account when analyzing changes that can occur over a significant length of this period.
The origin of the description, the circumstances under which it arose are important factors, the analysis of which is necessary to determine the degree of reliability of the display when describing a person's appearance.
The description may arise in the process of activities specially carried out for these purposes, appear as a result of circumstances not intended for its compilation. In the first case, the subject of the description has the opportunity to systematically and without difficulty observe a person and compose a description of him (for example, registering a person according to the signs of his appearance). In the second case, the description is usually compiled some time after the observation, and not by the eyewitness himself, but by another person, most often an employee of the internal affairs body.
The reliability of the description, compiled by an eyewitness or from his words, is significantly affected by the conditions of observation of the object. The short duration of observation and other hampering conditions reduce the level of correspondence between the description and reality. Descriptions of eyewitnesses or information based on them are not always accurate, the reliability of the data in some cases cannot be verified, especially since such descriptions are compiled from memory.
The description compiled on the basis of registration materials is more reliable, as it is based on features that were specially studied for their consolidation during the registration process. In addition, such descriptions must be reliable, i.e., accurately reflect the established signs of appearance, since they are compiled by operatives on the basis of personal observations or verified reports of other persons, and should not include data on supposedly established signs.
When working with a description as a means of fixing the signs of a person's appearance, it is necessary to evaluate its quality, which depends on its completeness and certainty.
Completeness of description is determined by the number of features given in it. A fairly complete description is considered to contain data on all the main elements of appearance. As a rule, the list of signs of these elements is given in the relevant instructional materials, cards - information carriers (for example, a card for a missing person).
Definiteness of description is evaluated from the standpoint of its unambiguous or multi-valued understanding. An unambiguous description clearly defines a feature variant, a multi-valued description allows several options. Usually, information with a low degree of certainty is found in descriptions of the features of the appearance of unknown persons. The analysis of the degree of certainty of the description is carried out taking into account information about the personality of the subject of the description and the form of description used. The less certainty of the description, the lower the qualification of its compiler, the worse the conditions for perceiving the external appearance. In an ordered description, the degree of certainty can be analyzed; an arbitrary description allows words and expressions that are not in themselves well-defined.
When evaluating the reliability of displaying signs of a person's appearance in descriptions, the form of the description should also be taken into account. It can be arbitrary and systematized, or ordered.
Arbitrary description conveys all the features of the story about the appearance of a person and most often occurs during interviews, interrogations of witnesses, victims. It can also be given in documents drawn up in the course of operational-search activities. This description may include characteristics the person being described. It is distinguished by the use of everyday terminology, as they say, vernacular. Sometimes in the descriptions there are words and expressions characteristic of a certain, sometimes narrow group of people - local dialects. The characteristics contained in an arbitrary description can be both apt and extremely inaccurate, therefore, according to an arbitrary description, it is difficult to determine the degree of closeness of the selected words to the described characteristics, since the meaning that the author of the description puts into the word and the person analyzing it may turn out to be different.
Since the description is to be used as a source of forensic information, it has to be converted to orderly, i.e. compiled according to certain rules and using a single terminology 1 .
The ordered description is produced according to the following rules.
- 1. The definition of signs of appearance is carried out in relation to the normal position of the head and body of a standing person.
- 2. The description is compiled sequentially - first, the element of appearance as a whole is characterized, and then its parts.
- 3. The description of the elements of appearance is compiled in a certain order - according to the principle from top to bottom.
- 4. Elements of appearance are characterized both in front and in profile.
- 5. When describing the elements of appearance, their characteristics are indicated: shape (contour), size, position, color, severity, as well as symmetry.
- 6. In the appearance of a person, features are distinguished and described, that is, signs that differ sharply from the norm, and special signs (scars, birthmarks, deviations from the normal development of the body, etc.).
To translate an arbitrary description into an ordered one, special reference manuals are used, in which common words and expressions that are often found in arbitrary descriptions are correlated with their most probable meanings in terms of a forensic description of a person's appearance 1 .
Forensic description as a method of fixing the signs of a person's appearance is carried out during operational-search activities, criminal registration, investigative actions, and forensic portrait examination.
When carrying out operational-search activities, this description is used to fix the appearance of persons of operational interest.
It is necessary to especially note the signs that form the visibility of the elements of appearance and allow you to quickly distinguish the described person from a large group of people. These features include, firstly, those that are noticeable from a distance, less than others depend on the conditions of observation (they can be called orienting features), and secondly, the most characteristic of appearance this person(they can be called dominant traits).
Since the appearance of almost every person is dominated by signs of an average value, one should: pay attention to the proportions of the face and its elements; fix the ratio of the frontal, nasal, oral parts, the position of the elements relative to the horizontal, vertical and each other, to identify asymmetry, usually to one degree or another inherent in all people.
An operational officer, when compiling a description of a person that he directly observed, must take into account the above rules for preparing an ordered description.
When compiling a forensic description of a person's appearance for registration purposes, they must reflect all the signs indicated on the form of the corresponding document. If it is difficult to determine the characteristic, all possible variants of it should be indicated.
ant to avoid loss of information. In cases of searching for a missing person, signs of clothing, shoes and small wearable items are found out and described immediately upon receipt of a statement about the disappearance of a person, since over time the applicant will not be able to name them with the required completeness and accuracy.
When describing clothes, its type, name, style, material from which it is made, its color are indicated. Brands and hallmarks of manufacturers, signs of wear, repair are subject to description. The location, size and shape of large defects are described. If there are remnants of the material from which the missing person sewed his coat, suit or other clothing, then samples of these fabrics are attached.
When preparing a presentation for identification, the description of the signs of appearance, recorded in the protocol of preliminary interrogation, is of great importance. According to this description, it is determined what external features the persons presented to the eyewitness should have. The criminal procedure law requires that these persons be similar in appearance, that is, they do not have sharp differences in physique, age, height, shape and color of the face, hair, eyes, hairstyle, and special features. The results of the identification cannot be recognized as justified if the identifying person indicated such signs and signs, which, due to their uncertainty, are not sufficient to establish the identity. In the protocol of presentation for identification, the signs and signs by which the identifying person recognized the person presented for identification must be especially accurately indicated. The wording “I recognize by the features of the face, the structure of the nose, mouth”, etc. is inadmissible. It is required to single out and indicate such values of signs that differ from the so-called averages and in their totality individualize the identifiable person.
Thus, the description of the features of appearance in the identification protocol should not include their enumeration (for example, the size of the nose, the contour of the lips, chin, etc.), but an indication by which features the person was identified (for example, by a large nose, an arched border contour upper lip, wide, protruding chin, etc.).
In the protocol of presentation for identification, the testimony of the identifying person, if possible, is stated verbatim, i.e., the expressions used by the witness, the victim are given.
A description of the signs of appearance is also made during the examination, during which various special signs, injuries, scars, tattoos, body defects, birthmarks can be found. In this case, a complete description of the external appearance of the examined person is not compiled, but the exact name of the identified signs is given, indicating their location on the body.
One of the specific investigative actions, during which the description of the signs of appearance by direct observation, is the examination of the corpse. When examining a corpse with the participation of a specialist, special attention is paid to the presence of injuries and traces of violence, which can become evidence in establishing the cause of death. Usually, the description of the signs of appearance is made according to an abbreviated program. However, the need for subsequent identification of the deceased (deceased), the impossibility of re-examination, the shortcomings of photographing require a detailed fixation of the signs of appearance in full and according to the rules of forensic description. The description must reflect the totality of features that individualize the deceased (deceased).
A certain specificity has a description of the signs of appearance during a forensic portrait examination. The description of the signs of appearance should be as detailed as the images submitted for examination allow. In expert portrait identification, not all elements and signs of appearance are used, but only those that have been reliably displayed in portraits.
With expert portrait identification, the description of appearance begins with complex elements and features.
Initially, gender, age (age period of the depicted person), anthropological type (belonging to one of the main races), body type are indicated.
In the course of a preliminary study of images, descriptions and signs of accompanying elements of appearance are also performed - clothing, wearable items, jewelry.
In the description of clothing, its type (men's, women's, children's) and style are indicated, which is characterized taking into account its purpose, cut (seasonal, professional, uniform, special). The headgear is characterized separately, and its type (cap, beret, etc.) and color are indicated.
When compiling a description of clothing, you need to note the location of the sides, fasteners, brand names. This is necessary to resolve the issue of the possibility of a mirror image of the object.
After compiling a description of the signs of complex and accompanying elements of appearance, they proceed to a description of the signs of anatomical elements, primarily the signs of the head, as the most important for portrait identification.
The head and face of a person are studied as a whole. Their separate parts and elements are also investigated. The head as a whole is characterized by
relative size and structural features. The description of the face as a whole is carried out along the frontal contour, proportions and relative sizes of its parts.
After that, a description of the hairline on the head and face (mustache, beard, sideburns) is drawn up. Then a description is given of the forehead, eyebrows, eye area, cheekbones, nose, mouth, skin and mucous parts of the lips, chin, auricles, neck, signs of the skin of the face are noted (presence, location, severity of wrinkles, folds, etc.).
The description of the features of the elements of appearance is carried out at all stages of the portrait examination. But this description has its own characteristics, taking into account the specifics of each stage.
So, at the stage of preliminary research, the description is limited only to the signs of complex and accompanying elements, since the main task this stage consists in a preliminary comparison of the faces depicted in the portrait.
In the process of a separate study, the anatomical elements of the appearance are studied and described using the method of verbal portrait. First, the features are determined as they appear in the portrait. Then, taking into account the factors influencing their display, the severity of signs is established under normal conditions. These are considered to be the conditions of signaletic photography.
At the stage of a comparative study, the description records the results of a comparison of the features of appearance identified during a separate study, and such a description is limited only to comparable features. When listing coincidences and differences, they are named and explained in what, in what gradations the coincidence and difference of signs consist.
At the final stage, the different features should be described in detail. A detailed description of the matching features is not necessary, as they must be objectively and accurately presented in the illustrative part of the expert's report.
Word portrait- a technique for describing the appearance of a person (most often a criminal) based on an algorithm for describing a standardized set of characteristics.
The verbal portrait technique was proposed at the end of the 19th century by Alphonse Bertillon.
Rules for describing a person's appearance
An ordered description is carried out according to the rules developed by forensic science for describing a person's appearance. They are based on such fundamental provisions as the systematic reflection of signs, i.e. a consistent description of all groups of signs of a person’s appearance developed by forensics (general physical, signs of the structure of individual elements of appearance, functional, etc.), the completeness of their description (reflection of the greatest possible number of signs of a person’s appearance), the use of a single terminology, and are as follows.
1. In the course of compiling an ordered description, the following are consistently reflected:
- anatomical signs of a person's appearance: gender, age, nationality, height, physique, as well as signs of the structure of individual elements of a person's appearance, for example: when describing the head, its height (medium, large or small), shape (rounded, domed, keeled, etc.) are described, features are noted, etc.;
- functional signs such as posture, gait, gestures, etc.,
- related features, for example: clothing, accessories, etc.;
- special signs, for example: the presence of a hump, the constant wearing of a wig, etc.
2. Any of the elements of appearance is described according to the following scheme: from general to particular and from top to bottom, for example: when describing a face, first the characteristics of the face as a whole are given (general configuration, fullness, facial features in general), then signs of the scalp are noted ( hair length, hairline, density, appearance, etc.), then the features characterizing the forehead, eyebrows, eyes, etc. are successively described.
3. In the description, if necessary, the names of geometric lines (straight, curved, etc.) and shapes (oval, rectangular, etc.) are used.
4. The dimensions of the described elements must be considered and described relative to other external elements and characterized by width, length, height, depth, quantity, etc.
5. Mutual arrangement of exterior elements, their position is determined relative to the vertical or horizontal planes of the body (vertical, inclined, horizontal, etc.).
6. When describing the color of the eyes, hair and other anatomical features of a person's appearance (pigmented and birthmarks, moles, acne, etc.), as well as related signs, coloristic (color) terminology is used, for example: red acne, black eyebrows, redheads hair, black pants, etc.
7. In the description, common concepts and terms generally accepted in the verbal portrait method are used. Significant assistance in this can be provided by the classification of anatomical and general physical elements of the signs of a person's appearance with a unified terminology of a verbal portrait, developed by specialists from the All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
8. Elements of appearance are reflected in the foreshortenings of the front view (full face) and side view (right profile), in the position of a person standing to his full height, with calm features, a look directed forward.
In accordance with these rules and taking into account the features of the description of the identified signs, a verbal portrait of a person is compiled.
Features of describing a person's appearance using the method of verbal portrait
Description of the anatomical features of a person's appearance
Floor: male, female.
Age. Determined by documents, if their authenticity is not in doubt; in their absence or inaccessibility - “in appearance”, which is necessarily reflected in the description or according to the results of the survey.
Nationality. It is indicated “in appearance”, for example, similar to an Uzbek, Azerbaijani, etc., or on the basis of documents reflecting the citizenship of this person (passport, etc.). Belonging to a particular race can also be indicated, which is also determined “in appearance” (Negroid, Mongoloid, etc.).
Growth. If possible, it is indicated in absolute numbers, for example, when describing a corpse, in other cases - in relative numbers, for example: about seventy meters. A person's height is measured from the highest point of the crown of the head to the soles of the bare feet. When describing, the following terms can be used: very low (less than 150 cm), very high (more than 190 cm).
Body type. It is determined by the degree of development of the human musculoskeletal system, taking into account the fat layer and is characterized as thin, dense, stocky, athletic, etc.
Rice. 1. Shapes of the head. (a - rectangular; b - rhomboid; c - keeled; d - trapezoid)
Rice. 5. Eye (1 - eyebrow, 2 - upper eyelid, 3 - outer corner of the eye, 4, 8 - albuginea, 5 - lower eyelid, 6 - pupil, 7 - eyelashes, 9 - inner corner of the eye, 10 - lacrimal caruncle, 11 - eyelashes, 12 - iris)
Rice. 2. Shapes of the face (a - oval; b - round; c - rectangular; d - triangular; e - diamond-shaped)
Rice. 6. Nose (1. Bridge, 2. Back, 3. Tip, 4. Base, 5. Wings, 6. Nostril)
Rice. 3. Mustache (a - high position; b - medium position; c - low position)
Rice. 4. Forehead. (a - vertical; b - oblique; c - tilted forward; d - high; e - medium; e - low)
Rice. 7. Lips (a - thin; b - medium; c - thick)
Fig.8. Ear. 1 - tubercle (Darwin), 2 - curl, 3 - antihelix, 4 - ear cavity, 5 - antitragus, 6 - lobe, 7 - external auditory canal, 8 - tragus
Rice. 9. Wrinkles
Hair cover. In general, it is characterized by such common features as stiffness (hard, soft), density (may be noted as thick or sparse in different parts of the body and on the head), shape (determined by the type of bending of the hair shafts, as straight, wavy, curly, curly) , color (most often described by widely used terms - dark-haired (brunette), fair-haired (blond), dark blond (brown-haired), and features can also be noted - gray-haired, gray-haired, dyed, etc.Leather. Described by appearance (relief allows you to define it as smooth, matte, wrinkled, porous, veined, etc.), condition (clean, dirty, acne, pimply, etc.), color (pink, dark, gray, yellow, etc.) and features (presence of warts, age spots, freckles, etc.).
Head. It is described by height (relative to a person's height - small, medium, large) and shape (according to the silhouette - rounded, domed, ovoid, keeled, flattened); if available, features may be noted, expressed in significant deviations from the extreme values of the indicated signs (see Fig. 1).
Face. Can be characterized by configuration (round, oval, triangular, square, etc.), fullness (thin, full, puffy), height and width (medium, narrow, wide), facial features in general (medium, large, small ) (see Fig. 2).
Hairstyle. It is described by the length of the hair (medium - in men over 2 cm, in women the hair covers the neck; long - in men the hair covers the neck, in women - below the shoulders; short - in men - up to 2 cm, in women - do not cover the neck), hairline (arched, curvy, angular, asymmetrical, etc.), hair density (thick, sparse, etc.), type of hair (combed, uncombed, oily, dandruff, etc.) and the presence features (tinted, bleached, wig, hairpiece, etc.).
Vegetation on the face. In men, the presence of sideburns, mustaches, beards, stubble can be noted (at the same time, their shape, size, color, density, etc. are described), and in women, excessive hair growth above the upper lip and on the chin (see Fig. 3 ).
Wrinkles and folds in the skin. Their contour is noted (straight, arcuate, etc.), depth (according to the relief - deep or shallow), length (in length relative to the element of the face on which they are located, they can be described as long, short and medium), location - frontal, interbrow, extraorbital or intraorbital and other wrinkles, cheek, chin and other folds, relative position and number (single, multiple, double, etc.) (see Fig. 9).
Forehead. Its shape is described (flat, convex, sinuous, etc.), height (determined relative to the height of the face, as high, medium and low), width, frontal tubercles, superciliary arches, features, i.e. deviations of the forehead structure from the norm, such as the oblique frontal bone, the presence of a tumor, the absence of superciliary ridges, etc. (see Fig. 4).
Brows. When describing them, their contour is noted (straight, arcuate, sinuous, broken, etc.), length (determined relative to the length of the palpebral fissure), density, color, features (asymmetric, bushy, plucked, drawn, tinted, etc. ).
Eyes. Among the signs of the eyes, the following stand out: the structure of the palpebral fissure (almond-shaped, oval, round, slit-like, etc.), the color of the iris (dark and light of different colors), features (various anomalies and pathological changes - widely spaced, asymmetric, oblique, multi-colored, reddened, with a thorn, cataract, etc.) and other signs (see Fig. 5).
Eyelashes. Their severity (thick, long or short, rare) and features (colorless, elongated, fluffy, painted, etc.) are noted.
eyelids. They are described by their position (medium, asymmetric, etc.), the shape and severity of the undereye bags (convex, folded, strongly pronounced, etc.), features (cosmetic design, sagging of the folds of the upper or lower eyelid, etc.). ).
Cheekbones and cheeks. The degree of their protrusion forward, the shape and features of the cheeks (plump, sagging, streaked, tinted, etc.) are noted.
Nose. Its individual elements are considered - the bridge of the nose, the back of the nose, the base of the nose, its tip, the wings of the nose, the nostrils, the nasal septum, the nasolabial notch, according to the following features: size, size, width, contour, features, and others (see Fig. 6).
Mouth, lips, teeth. It is important to describe the size, contour, position of the corners of the mouth, the border of the lips, their features, the size and contour of the dentition, the type of bite, defects in the teeth, the color of the enamel and other signs (see Fig. 7).
Chin. Described by height, width, protrusion, contour, and features (wrinkled, forked, dimpled, pendulous, etc.).
Ear shells. The signs that distinguish the auricles are of particular identification value: size, position, protrusion, shape and contour, as well as signs of its private elements, such as a curl, antihelix, tragus, antitragus, intertragus notch and lobe. At the same time, the features of these signs, described taking into account atypical manifestations, are of the greatest importance (see Fig. 8).
Neck. It is described by height (its visible part is determined from the chin to the shoulders in relation to the height of the face and can be characterized as medium, long or short), thickness (it is also determined from the front according to the ratio of its visible area to the width of the lower part of the face as thick, medium and thin ), position (in profile, it is determined by the degree of deviation of the visible part of the neck from the vertical position and is characterized as straight, tilted forward or tilted back), type of skin surface (smooth, folded, fatty, muscular, etc.), features (it is noted for example "the presence of Adam's apple, goiter, etc.).
Shoulders. When describing them, the width is noted, which is determined by the ratio of the width of the shoulders and the pelvis, which is most noticeable when viewed from the front, and can be characterized as narrow, medium and wide, as well as their position relative to the horizontal (straight, lowered, raised) and features, i.e. e. noticeable deviations from the criteria noted above, or skewedness, excessive thinness, roundness, etc.
Torso. In general, it is described by length (determined by the distance from the base of the neck to the pubis and is characterized as medium - approximately equal to the length of the leg, long - noticeably exceeding the length of the leg, short) and structural features, which can be noted as values that differ significantly from those indicated above and described as huge, small, skewed.
Breast. The shape can be noted (when viewed in profile, a convexity or hollowness of the chest is noticeable, in contrast to the flat one that is most common), width (considered relative to the width of the pelvis) and features (strong protrusion of the muscles, mammary glands, pathological deformities of the chest, etc. .).
Stomach. The protrusion of this part of the body relative to the plane of the chest can be described as medium, large, small. Additionally, the abdomen can be characterized as pendulous, muscular, smooth, etc.
Back. The shape, contour or features of the back are also noticeable features that characterize a person's appearance. In this case, the shape of the back can be convex, i.e. stooped or flat. The contour of the back is determined by the similarity with such geometric shapes as a trapezoid, a rectangle, a cone. The presence of a hump, strongly protruding shoulder blades, a noticeable curvature of the spine should be noted as features.
Waist. Can be described by length (long or short), width (medium, wide, narrow), position (high or low) and features (swollen, wasp, etc.).
Taz. It is determined by its greatest width at the level of the hip joints and can be characterized as medium, wide, narrow, as well as female (in men, if the pelvis is wider than the shoulders), male (in women, if the pelvis is narrower than the shoulders).
Arms. Described by length (medium, long, short), thickness (thin, very thin, thick, very thick) and features characterized as muscular, bony, sinewy, paralyzed, atrophied, etc. Defects such as the absence of a hand or part of it, shortening of the hand, the presence of a prosthesis, etc., may be noted.
Brushes. Its length is measured from the wrist to the end of the middle finger and can be marked as medium, long and short in relation to the length of the forearm. The width of the hand is determined by the ratio of its length (excluding the length of the fingers) to the width of the palm. Features are also described, which are the unusual structure of the hand (noticeably distinguished in size - large, too small in size - small, resembling a triangle, quadrangle, etc.) or defects (absence of the hand, paralysis, curvature), as well as the presence of tattoos, calluses, scars, etc.
Fingers. When describing them, the length is noted, which is determined by the ratio of the length of the middle finger to the length of the brush (medium, long and short); thickness (their extreme values are described, for example: very thin or very thick fingers) and structural features. The latter can be characterized as curved, thickened, knotty, hairy, tattooed, etc.; the presence of corns, scars, the absence of fingers or phalanges, etc. may be noted.
Nails. They can be characterized according to their different features: shape - curvature of the nail plate (convex and flat), relief - the appearance of its surface (smooth and ribbed), contour - the outlines of the nail (almond-shaped, rounded, rectangular, etc.), length and width nail plate, color (dull white, pink, yellowish, brownish, etc.), the size of the free edge - protrusion, and features - the presence of defects, unusual structure or condition (underdevelopment of nails, absence of part of the nail, curvature of the nail (nails) , very long, very short, stratified, ingrown, broken or bitten, with manicure, with pedicure (on legs), etc.).
Legs. As an element of a person's appearance, they are a noticeable part of it. According to the contour of the inner sides of the legs, their shape is determined (O-shaped, X-shaped, straight), in relation to the leg to the length of the body - the length, thickness of the legs is described in the case when they can be characterized as very thin or very thick. Describing the features of the structure of the legs, muscle development, type of skin or defects, the following characteristics can be given to this: muscular, bony, hairy, with tattoos, etc., the presence of a prosthesis, paralysis of the legs (legs), absence of a leg, shortening or thickening can also be noted some part of it, etc.
When identifying, other anatomical features of individual elements of a person's appearance can also be described.
Description of the functional features of a person's appearance
Posture. When describing this sign, it is necessary to reflect the habitual position of the head and body of a person. In this case, the head can be tilted to the right or left, or thrown back, drawn into the shoulders. Posture can be characterized as stooped, straight, hunched over, etc.
Gait. It is described by the size of the step (long, short), the width of the step (wide or narrow spacing of the feet, their setting when walking - noses inward, parallel or outward), pace (slow, fast), type (soft, heavy, minced, waddling, etc.). .d.). Features of the gait (limping, dragging the leg, shuffling of the legs, etc.), the position of the hands (waving the arms, etc.) when walking are also reflected in the description.
Gesticulation. There are features of the movement of the hands (picking the rosary, the edge of the clothes, the handkerchief) or the legs (stomping the heel of the foot or tapping the toe of the foot, etc.), accompanying the speech of a person or the expression of any feelings by him.
Mimic. When describing it, the most familiar and most vivid way of expressing certain feelings with the facial muscles of the face (smirk, puckering of the lips, squinting of the eyes, etc.) is reflected, as well as manifestations of facial expressions caused by certain diseases (for example, tick).
Speech. When describing it, note lexicon, style, diction, physical defects of the speaker (nasal, lisp, burr, stuttering, etc.), dialect (okanye or akanye, etc.), possession foreign languages, musical ability, use of slang words, etc.
Other identified functional features of a person's external appearance, for example, articulation, habits, etc., may also have significant identification value.
Description of accompanying signs of a person's appearance
Cloth. When describing clothing, it is necessary to indicate the signs that arose during its manufacture, as well as during use. Signs of manufacture are, for example: type, style, purpose of clothing, size, color, quality of material, type of fasteners, additional finishing, etc. When wearing clothes, there are signs that characterize the degree of wear and tear: abrasions, tears, changes in the original color, traces of repair, etc. alterations, as well as dirt stains, stable folds, creases, marks, etc.
Shoes. Shoes have features similar to clothes and are described according to the same criteria.
Accessories. First of all, these are items that are worn by their owners not constantly, but with varying degrees of frequency - umbrellas, bags, mobile phones, belts, jewelry, watches, rosaries, etc. Nevertheless, the identification significance of these signs is significant, because to. sometimes, in addition to supplementing the appearance of their owner, identifying individual personality traits, they can also establish other circumstances of the crime event or the conditions for the disappearance of the wanted person, etc.
Description of special and catchy signs
Special and catchy signs are the most important identification features, and therefore must be characterized in detail and carefully described. These can be scars, tattoos, birthmarks, congenital and acquired deformities of certain parts of the body, that is, these are relatively rare signs that are visually easy to detect. When describing, it is important to note their location, color, size, shape, content (tattoos), severity, etc.
Basic rules for describing appearance using the verbal portrait method:
- the description is carried out sequentially from top to bottom, from general to particular;
- the description is carried out with maximum completeness and comprehensiveness;
- when describing, unified terminology is used (for example, elements of appearance are described in shape using the names of geometric shapes);
- a person's appearance (and its individual elements) are characterized according to various criteria, such as shape, size, position, quantity, color, etc.;
- the human head as the most noticeable and memorable element is described in full face and profile.
Order of feature description
I. Gender: male, female
II. Age
It is determined according to documents or approximately "in appearance", indicating the age "in appearance" in the presence of documentary data is necessary in cases where a person seems much younger or older than his years.
III. Nationality (type of person)
It is determined in the absence of documents confirming the nationality of a person, a comparative determination of the type of person is allowed (provided that it is clearly expressed). There are European, Caucasian, Central Asian, Mongolian type of face.
IV. Anatomical features
1. The figure as a whole:
Height is determined by a three-term gradation for men: low (up to 165 cm), medium (up to 175 cm), high (175-190 cm)
For women, these sizes are respectively reduced by 5-10 cm. In the presence of anthropological means, absolute data in centimeters are indicated. Features: very low (up to 155 cm), very high (over 190 cm)
The physique is determined by the development of the musculoskeletal system and the degree of body fat. There are people with a weak, medium, stocky and athletic physique. According to fatness, a person is characterized as thin, normal build, full and obese.
2. Head as a whole:
a) size - small, medium, large;
b) position - vertical, inclined forward, to the right or left shoulder, thrown back.
3. Skull:
low, medium, high, round, pear-shaped, domed.
4. Nape:
oblique, protruding, vertical.
5. Hair:
a) by density - thick, medium, rare;
b) by length - short, medium, long;
c) shape - straight, wavy, curly, curly;
d) color - light blond, blond blond, dark blond, red, gray, gray, black;
e) hairline - arched, straight, angular, M-shaped, winding, with temporal bald patches;
f) the nature of the hairstyle - a haircut is low, high, combed back, left, right, on the forehead, parting, in the middle, left, right, braided, bun;
g) bald patches: frontal, parietal, crown, longitudinal, general baldness, temporal bald patches, bald patches.
6. Face as a whole:
a) proportions - narrow, medium, wide;
b) in shape - oval, round, rectangular, square, triangular, trapezoidal;
c) contour in profile - straight, convex, concave;
d) in fullness - thin, thin, cf. completeness, complete;
e) facial skin - smooth, porous, flabby, wrinkled, clean, acne-prone, pimply, pockmarked, freckled, streaked, dry, oily white, swarthy, red, pink, yellow, pale, bluish, bloody, vascular;
f) wrinkles - frontal, interbrow, buccal, nasolabial, oral, tragus, etc. (named according to their location).
7. Forehead:
a) size in width - narrow, medium, wide;
b) in height - low, medium, high;
c) forehead contour - straight, convex, wavy.
8. Eyebrows:
a) by size - short, medium, long, narrow, medium, wide;
b) by density - thick, rare;
c) in shape - straight, arched, winding;
d) by position - low, high, horizontal, beveled inward, beveled outward, brought together, moved apart.
9. Eyes:
a) by size - small, medium, large;
b) in shape - slit-like, oval, round, triangular;
c) by color - dark brown, light brown, greenish, blue, light blue, dark blue, gray, yellow, black;
d) by position - horizontal, oblique, oblique
e) relative position - close, apart.
10. Nos.:
a) in size - high, medium, low, narrow, wide;
b) the degree of prominence - small, medium, large;
d) the size of the back of the nose - narrow, medium, wide;
e) back contour - straight, concave, convex, straight-wavy, concave-wavy, convex-wavy;
f) tip width - narrow, medium, wide;
g) the tip of the nose in shape - sharp, rounded, blunt;
h) the base of the nose in position - raised, horizontal, lowered.
11. Mouth:
a) by size - small, medium, large;
b) the contour of the line of closing of the lips - straight, wavy, broken;
c) the positions of the corners of the mouth - lowered, horizontal, raised.
12. Lips:
a) by thickness - thin, medium, thick;
b) by protrusion - upper, lower, general and elongation;
c) color (tone) - bright, pale.
13. Teeth:
a) by size - small, medium, large;
b) by position - rare, frequent (distance between teeth);
c) according to the shape of the outer surface - flat, convex.
14. Chin:
a) in height - low, medium, high;
b) in width - narrow, medium, wide;
c) in shape - rectangular, triangular, rounded;
d) by position - oblique, protruding, vertical.
15. Ear:
a) by size - small, medium, large;
b) in shape - round, oval, rectangular, triangular;
c) by position - vertical, beveled;
d) protrusion - general, lower, upper, general fit;
e) the size of the curl - short, medium, long, narrow, medium, wide;
e) antihelix in shape - flat, convex;
g) tragus in size - small, medium, large, along the contour - straight, convex, concave.
16. Neck:
short, medium, long, thick, thin.
17. Shoulders:
narrow, medium, wide, horizontal, raised, lowered.
18. Back:
narrow, medium, wide, concave, straight, convex.
19. Chest:
narrow, medium, sunken, protruding.
20. Hands:
short, medium, thin, medium, thick.
21. Legs:
a) by size - short, medium, long, thin, thick; b) in shape - straight, O-shaped, X-shaped.
V. Functional features
1. Posture those. the habit of man to hold his body. And so the posture happens: straight, hunched, free, proud, drooping.
2. Gait: fast, slow, light, heavy, bouncing, shuffling, sea (waddle).
3. Gesticulation: hand movement to enhance the expressiveness of speech. She is energetic, lethargic, with one or two hands.
4. Facial expression and gaze are characteristic movements of the muscles of the face.
When talking, some faces may be motionless, while others, while talking, wrinkle their foreheads, frown, move or raise their eyebrows, squint their eyes, wink, bite their lips, twist their mouths, etc. Look: can be direct, open, calm, mocking, dull, gloomy, tired, strict, cheerful, surprised, contemptuous, attentive, suspicious, running, sideways, frowningly, to the side.
6. Speech: slow, smooth, viscous, calm, excited, jerky, distinct, persistent, cultured, illiterate. Some use when speaking professional words, jargons, habitual expressions, proverbs. The presence of a local dialect, accent, speech defects (lisping, nasal, burr, stuttering) are noted.
7. Manners and habits people are very diverse. They can be rubbing hands, cracking the knuckles of the fingers, stroking the mustache, beard, hair on the head, stepping from foot to foot, etc. A characteristic habit is to keep the hands at the seams, in the pockets or over the side of the jacket, to smoke a certain kind of tobacco, and so on.
The group of habits should also include various skills - the ability to play musical instruments, sing, dance.
Examples of describing a person using the verbal portrait method
O R I E N T I R O V K A
on the wanted list of Sazonov V.A., born in 1938
On suspicion of committing a serious crime, the Department of Internal Affairs of the Central District of the mountains. Kaliningrad wanted Mr. Sazonov Vladimir Aleksandrovich, born in 1938, previously repeatedly convicted. His features: 50-55 years old, European-type face, tall, strong build, short dark hair, rectangular head, low eyebrows, large protruding superciliary arches, temporal bald patches, deep frontal, superciliary and nasolabial wrinkles, eyes slit-like, obliquely external, protruding chin. He was wearing a dark men's jacket with small stripes, a dark shirt with light stripes.
When detained, please inform the initiator by phone. 21-85-24, 21-99-79. Initiator: Petrov.
O R I E N T I R O V K A
on the wanted list of Roldugin V.N., born in 1959
On suspicion of committing a serious crime, the Department of Internal Affairs of the Central District of the mountains. Kaliningrad wanted Mr. Roldugin Vladimir Nikolayevich, born in 1959, previously repeatedly convicted. His features: 20-22 years old, European-type face, medium build, thin, short light hair, oval head, low long eyebrows, wears a dark mustache of medium length, protruding ears, sloping chin, sharp Adam's apple on the neck. He was wearing a light checkered shirt, a dark-colored sweater with a turn-down collar, a narrow white stripe runs along the edge of the collar, a white zipper was sewn into the sweater.
The first to suggest looking for signs associated with criminal behavior, in the features of a person's appearance, were supporters of physiognomy (for example, Lavater). They named among such signs small ears, lush eyelashes, small noses, large lips, etc. However, they could not identify any stable connection between these signs and criminal behavior.
A theory similar to physiognomy was phrenology, which studied the external features of the human skull, which, according to phrenologists, were indicators of his personal traits, properties and inclinations. Some protrusions on the skull were considered indicators of the "lower" functions of the brain (for example, aggressiveness), while others represented "higher" functions and inclinations (including morality). It was believed that the "lower" aspirations of criminals prevail over the "higher". The most famous phrenologist was Franz Josef Gall.
Gall believed that “crimes are the product of individuals who commit them, and therefore their nature depends on the nature of these individuals and on the conditions in which these individuals are; it is only by taking into account this nature and these conditions that crimes can be correctly assessed.”
Gall was also the first to propose a classification of criminals based on biological characteristics. He proposed to divide them into three categories:
The first category is criminals who, although they commit crimes, but in their own way inner qualities able to overcome evil inclinations and fight criminal temptations.
The second category is people who are disadvantaged by nature and therefore easily succumb to criminal inclinations.
The third category is intermediate, these people are able to embark on both the path of correction and the path of further committing crimes, depending on what influence the external environment has on them.
Physiognomy and phrenology became the forerunners of criminal anthropology, a doctrine often associated with the work of the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso and his students. Lombroso believed that criminals are characterized by anomalies of the internal and external anatomical structure, characteristic of primitive people and great apes.
Cesare Lombroso (Italian Cesare Lombroso; November 6, 1835, Verona, Austrian Empire - October 19, 1909, Turin, Italy) is an Italian psychiatrist, the founder of the anthropological trend in criminology and criminal law, whose main idea was the idea of a born criminal. Lombroso's main merit in criminology is that he shifted the focus of study from crime as an act to a person - a criminal.
Lombroso is the author of the idea of a "born criminal". According to Lombroso, the criminal is a special natural type. Whether a person becomes a criminal or not depends only on an innate predisposition, and each type of crime (murder, rape, theft) is characterized by its own anomalies in physiology, psychology and anatomical structure.
Portraits of criminals by Lombroso
Lombroso singled out the following main features inherent in born criminals:
Unusually small or large stature
Small head and big face
Low and sloping forehead
Lack of a clear hairline
Wrinkles on forehead and face
Large nostrils or bumpy face
Large, protruding ears
Protrusions on the skull, especially in the area of the "center of destruction" above the left ear, on the back of the head and around the ears
high cheekbones
Lush eyebrows and large eye sockets with deep-set eyes
Crooked or flat nose
Protruding jaw
Fleshy lower and thin upper lip
Pronounced incisors and generally abnormal lips
small chin
Thin neck, sloping shoulders with a wide chest
Long arms, thin fingers
Tattoos on the body.
PHRENOLOGY
(in Greek " phren"- spirit, mind and" lego"- I say) - the art of guessing the character and abilities of a person by the structure of his skull.
The skull contains, mainly, the organ of the mind, i.e. brain.
The brain is divided into sections, and each section is the center of one or another inclination of a given subject, one or another of his abilities - in a word, the center of various forms of intelligence.
From the outline of the skull visible to our eye, depressed, or, conversely, convex, often depends on the smaller or, on the contrary, the greater development of certain parts of his brain.
So, for example, if the head is squeezed above the temples and expands at the jaw, then this often means animal instincts, greed, materialism, gluttony. (The laterally compressed brain is not developed in the centers, for example, the pursuit of ideals, love of the arts, poetry.)
The head, extended above the temples, testifies to the rich imagination of this subject and even his desire for mysticism.
The head is narrow, elongated - about the ability to science, curiosity and affection.
A strongly convex nape often shows that its owner is distinguished by affection, sometimes mathematical abilities, and more rarely - only sensuality.
A flat head is a sure sign of selfishness.
The bulge of the crown of the head closer to the forehead speaks of kindness and piety.
A bulge in the middle is about willpower and fortitude.
Of course, all the above examples will not be accurate and consistent with reality if the aforementioned inclinations and abilities (in connection with their phrenological features) are smoothed out or obscured by a mass of other developed feelings.
According to the system of the founder of phrenology Gall (born in 1758 in Germany; in 1805 he published his work entitled "New Anatomical and physiological system", which also included his system of dividing the brain into known areas), the brain is divided into the following areas, of which the most important are shown in Fig. 1 (forehead) and Fig. 2 (profile):
1 - physical love;
2 - the instinct to preserve the species;
3 - kindness;
4 - the spirit of contradiction;
6 - cunning;
7 - a tendency to steal;
8 - pride;
9 - ambition;
10 - caution;
11 - tameability;
12 - terrain instinct;
13 - memory of faces;
14 - memory of words;
15 - the ability to articulate speech;
17 - a feeling that determines the relationship of sounds;
18 - a feeling that determines the ratio of numbers;
19 - mechanical instinct;
21 - metaphysical mind;
23 - poetic talent;
25 - imitation;
26 - religious instinct;
27 - steadfastness.
Of these, the abilities indicated by the numbers 3, 4, 10, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, are characteristic, according to Gall, only to a person, and in a person caution is aggravated by insight; the remaining abilities are characteristic of both man and animal.
On fig. 3 and 4 shows the skull from the front and side with the phrenological designations of the same Gall, verified by later phrenologists.
On fig. 3 shows parts of the skull that characterize some human inclinations:
3 - the ability to educate;
4 - organs of sense of place and direction;
5 - feelings of personality (in the eye sockets);
6 - feelings of colors;
7 - feelings of sounds;
9 - ability to articulate speech;
10 - ability to languages;
16 - a tendency to steal;
22 - wit;
24 - good nature;
The parts of the human skull in the side view are characterized in Fig. 4:
3 - the ability to educate;
4 - sense of place and direction;
6 - feelings of colors;
7 - feelings of sounds;
8 - feelings that determine the ratio of numbers;
11 - feelings of artistry;
12 - feelings of friendship and dependence;
13 - feelings of enthusiasm; pugnacity;
14 - propensity to kill;
15 - cunning;
16 - a tendency to steal;
17 - vanity;
18 - love of glory;
19 - feelings of prudence, caution;
20 - the ability to quickly catch similarities;
21 - philosophical wit (connects with section 20);
22 - wit;
23 - a sense of organizational ability (combines with sections 16, 20 and 21);
24 - good nature;
25 - interest in religious issues;
26 - determination, firmness;
27 - a sense of imitation (combines with section 24).
In addition to the Gall system, there are other systems, for example, Spurzheim; there are also many other works on questions of phrenology. After Gall, phrenologists became famous: the Englishman Lzh.Comb, the Spaniard Mariano Cubi i Solsr, then the Italian C. Lombroso, a scientist and phrenologist, and many others.
Gall's system is given here because Gall is the founder of phrenology, and his system served as the cornerstone for all subsequent writings and works in this field.
Temperament
In addition to everything, the character of a person and his manifestation are undoubtedly influenced by his temperament.
Temperament is a physical and spiritual human adaptability, without its artificial pressure, to various occupations and vocations.
Temperament, one or the other, for the most part depends on one or another organization of the human body and is expressed by the constitution and appearance of a person.
When determining the character of a person, it is necessary to understand his temperament and take it into account, since many people who are competent in this matter are of the opinion that it gives us strength to fight various obstacles, diseases, or, conversely, paralyzes this strength - in a word, temperament affects on character insofar as his general inclinations, depending on his physical organization, serve or do not serve as a support for inclinations depending on the areas of abilities and their development, or, in other words, support for his spiritual "I".
The physiological life of a person is in some cases a brake, and in others - a lever for his spiritual life. But it should not be understood that the spiritual conditions of man are governed only by his physiological conditions.
Temperament can be divided (according to the people who have dealt with this issue) into three distinct types:
First: mobile temperament - in men, the physique is muscular; women have the right physique. Facial features are sharp and defined. This temperament belongs to agility, willpower, courage, attentive attitude to duties and work, courage, independence. His energy and diligence can be weakened or have no use under the condition of insufficient spiritual development of this person.
Second: vital temperament - expressed in even greater musculature of the body; such a temperament is characterized by good nature, frankness, generosity, mercy and liveliness. This temperament is more likely to be characterized by weakness of will than by firmness.
The third: spiritual temperament - expressed by a weak physique, the skull, in the area where the large brain is located in it, differs in size, and the forehead, of course, is high and wide. Facial features are very expressive. The strength, endurance of such an individual depend on the development of his brain and very quickly give in to fatigue.
All three of the above-named temperaments are too characteristic and extreme and are rarely found in such a definite form.
More often they are mixed of these three, and in such cases the signs of that temperament prevail, which in the body of a given subject plays a predominant role.
Their qualities and shortcomings in such cases depend on the strength or lack of their will.
The article was prepared based on the materials of the sites.
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