After the Second World War, the British government began to realize that it would not be possible to keep India. The Indians understood this too. The Muslim League called for the creation of their own Muslim state. The problem of relations between Hindus and Muslims has become national. There were bloody clashes on religious grounds, in which thousands of people died. In the end, the parties came to the conclusion that it was necessary to separate Muslim territories into a separate state - Pakistan.
On August 15, 1947, India gained independence, and a new state was formed - Pakistan. The separation of part of the Indian territories into the separate state of Pakistan led to the emergence of huge flows of refugees from one side and the other. A severe interethnic conflict broke out.
The coming to power of the so-called national bourgeoisie in India contributed to the development of a political line for the development of an independent national economy and the formation of democratic forms of national statehood.
Constitution of the Independent State of India 1949(came into force in 1950) proclaimed the creation of a sovereign and democratic republic in which slavery and any form of forced labor were prohibited. The Constitution spoke of the equality of all citizens before the law, regardless of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth. The Constitution proclaimed the inviolability of private property.
According to the form of government, India is a parliamentary republic. The highest legislative body according to the Constitution is the parliament, consisting of the head of state and two chambers - the People's House and the Council of States.
Jawaharlal Nehru(November 14, 1889 - May 27, 1964) - one of the leaders of the left wing of the Indian national liberation movement and the Indian National Congress, who became the first Prime Minister of India after the country gained independence on August 15, 1947. In domestic policy Nehru sought to reconcile all the peoples of India and Hindus with Muslims and Sikhs, warring political parties, and in economics, the principles of planning and market economics. He avoided radical decisions and managed to maintain the unity of the right, left and center factions of the Congress, maintaining a balance between them in his policies. Nehru, who enjoyed great authority in the world, became one of the authors of the policy of non-alignment with political blocs. He accepted economic assistance from the USSR and advocated the peaceful existence of states with different social systems. In 1954, he put forward 5 principles of peaceful coexistence, on the basis of which a year later the Non-Aligned Movement arose.
Nehru's two pet projects were: establishing an Asian identity and non-alignment.
In 1967, as a result of internal political struggle, the Indian National Congress came to power. Indira Gandhi.
At this time, on the one hand, the state is developing in the country. sector and heavy industry is being created, the latest technologies are being created, agrarian reform is taking place (due to the redistribution of land between large landowners and the poor), and at the same time there is extreme poverty in the country, 70% of the country is in extreme poverty. All economic success takes place in a smaller part of the population.
1975 - A youth movement led by Indira’s son Sanjay Gandhi enters the political arena; a supporter of tough methods of solving problems => puts forward a program:
- Elimination of illiteracy (going to the people, educating the masses + simultaneously explaining to them how good Indira Gandhi’s policies are)
2. Fight against casteism (elimination of untouchability) - upliftment of lower castes
3. Abolition of dowry
4. The fight for clean streets (demolition of old houses and construction of new ones from which they made a profit)
5. The fight against birth rates came down to the sterilization of the male population.
In the eighth elections 1984 The Indian National Congress, led by Rajiv Gandhi(he completely changes the political course):
1. Retreats from Gandhian socialism
2. Privatization begins, the state share decreases. sectors
3. India is leaning towards the USA, Germany and Japan - the internal and external course changes sharply
At the same time, Rajiv Gandhi's government is under attack for corruption, which has severely undermined faith in the Indian National Congress. A group of members emerges from it again in 1988.
1990s– sharp growth and modernization of the economy
Fourteenth elections 2004 - victory Hindu becomes prime minister of Indian National Congress - Manmohan Singh.
India is characterized by high rates of economic development, a growing share in the world economy and great authority in the world political arena.
Ranking 7th in the world in terms of territory, India is second only to China in terms of population. Considering the high population growth (1.5-2% per year), it can be predicted that India is capable of overtaking China in this indicator.
in the World Bank ranking the country ranks 12th, slightly behind Brazil. When calculating GDP at purchasing power parity, according to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, in 2006 India ranked 5th in the list of the world's largest economies after the United States, China, Japan and Germany.
India has managed to normalize political and economic relations with China and Pakistan. The conflicts that existed between India and its neighbors, including territorial ones, which repeatedly led to military clashes, have not been completely eliminated, but are no longer in the foreground in today's complex international situation. India has acquired nuclear weapons.
Politically, India maintains friendly relations with modern Russia. This is mutually beneficial economic cooperation and joint actions in the international arena, when the interests and foreign economic concepts of Russia and India coincide.
It is characteristic that in relations with the United States, Indian leaders talk about a far-reaching strategic partnership, coupled with intensive economic cooperation.
Having extensive economic ties with the European Union, ASEAN countries and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), participating in meetings of the Group of 8, the Commonwealth of Nations and other similar organizations, India is practically not included in any regional integration grouping. Some exceptions can be considered the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, which includes, in addition to India, its neighbors - Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. These states were once part of the orbit of former British India. In fact, the Indian economy is the core of the entire South Asian economy.
India, as one of the world's largest economies, was included in the G20, which was called upon to develop a strategy to overcome the global economic crisis. At the same time, India joined the BRIC group along with Russia, Brazil and China. The countries of this informal organization provided at least a third of the total growth of the world economy in the pre-crisis period.
There are actually 5 communist parties in India:
· Communist Party
· · Marxist communist party
· · Centrist Party of Marxist Intellectuals
· · Marxist-Leninist Communist Party
· · Naxalite movement
1947 marked the end of British rule in India. In August 1947, the country was divided into two parts along religious lines: India, most of which is inhabited by Hindus, and Pakistan, whose population professes Islam. In the northern diya of the Hindustan peninsula, in Kashmir, which was handed over to India, although Muslims live here, as a result of this:
- A territorial dispute has arisen between India and Pakistan. Since 1948, military clashes have occurred several times (1965, 1987, 1988, 1997) for the possession of the principality of Kashmir. At the same time, India relied on the help of the USSR.
- In turn, Pakistan split into East and West Pakistan. In 1971, a widespread movement for autonomy began in East Pakistan. With the intervention of Indian troops, it was formed independent state Bangladesh. In 1974, Pakistan recognized the sovereignty of Bangladesh.
In 1950, India was declared a republic. According to the constitution, it became federal, and according to the form of government - a parliamentary republic. Basic principles of internal and foreign policy India prepared by J. Nehru. The basis of the “Nehru course” was:
- non-alignment with military blocs;
- peace protection and cooperation;
- planned development of the national economy.
The Indian Republic is called “the world's largest democracy.” It is multinational, multi-religious, with a large illiterate rural population. Despite the fact that most of the population lives below the poverty level, India pays great attention to weapons, and the Indian launch vehicle even launched space orbit communication satellite. India has been producing tactical and ballistic missiles since the 90s.
Declaration of Independence
June
1947
was
achieved
final
agreement,
allowing
British
parliament
pass the Indian Independence Act,
which came into force on August 15, 1947.
this document set out the principles
section, according to a number of areas
was provided
opportunity
decide - to join the Indian Union
or Pakistan and the right of each of these dominions to self-government was declared
with the right to withdraw from the Commonwealth.
stopped
Also
suzerainty
English monarchy over Indian
principalities,
A
Also
action
contracts concluded with them. Population
East Bengal and West Punjab
made a choice in favor of Pakistan, and
residents of West Bengal and East
Punjab supported joining
composition of the Indian Union.
Proclamation
independence
India after independence
Consequences of partition
Immediately after gaining independence inIndia
was
formed
government headed by Prime Minister J. Nehru. happened in the country
unprecedented clashes between
Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs.
What happened
massive
resettlement
Muslims to Pakistan, and Hindus to
India. To intercommunal hostility and
economic collisions have been added
And
political
difficulties,
caused by
section.
Iron
And
highways and systems
irrigation canals were cut
state
borders,
industrial enterprises are torn off
from
sources
raw materials
disunited
civil services, police and army,
necessary
For
provision
normal governance of the country and
security of citizens January 30, 1948
when public order is violated
let's go downhill, I was a Hindu fanatic
Gandhi was killed.
Consequences
section
Jawaharlal Nehru
Consequences of partition
The rulers of the 555 principalities were supposed todecide whether to join India
or Pakistan. Peaceful integration
the vast majority of small
principalities did not cause any complications. But
Muslim deputy, who stood at the head
the richest and most populous
the principality of Hyderabad, where numerically
dominated by the Hindus, declared his
desire to rule an independent sovereign country. In September 1948
Hyderabad were introduced Indian
troops, and under pressure from the central
Indian government nizam
signed an agreement to join
composition of the Indian Union.
Principality of Hyderabad
Consequences of partition
A serious situation arose in the north,where is the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir,
territories
With
mainly
Muslim
population,
was
Hindu Maharajah.
Pakistan
provided
economic pressure on the principality,
to achieve its accession. IN
October 1947 about 5,000 armed
Muslims entered Kashmir.
The Maharajah, who was in dire need of help,
signed a document on the inclusion of the principality in India. India accused
the Pakistani side in aggression and
referred the issue of Kashmir for discussion to
UN Security Council. At the UN there was
decided
admit
V
quality
actual demarcation line
ceasefire line according to its condition
on January 1, 1949. November 17, 1956
The Constituent Assembly of Kashmir was
The Constitution was adopted in accordance with
which the state of Jammu and Kashmir was declared integral part India.
Consequences of partition
Disputed territory of Kashmir
Consequences of partition
Relations with Pakistan have become centralIndian foreign policy issue.
The protracted dispute over Kashmir has prevented
India to take a leadership role in the Movement
non-alignment. When the Prime Minister
India J. Nehru refused to cooperate with
USA in the fight against Soviet expansion,
Americans entered into a military alliance with
Pakistan. This made the Indian
management to expand contacts with
China and the USSR. India-Soviet relations
noticeably
got stronger
after
conclusions
major trade agreement of 1953 and
exchange of visits by the leaders of the two
states
USSR
welcomed
Indian policy of non-alignment,
which coincided with his strategic
line to limit US influence in
African-Asian region.
Consequences of partition
1954 Meeting with J. Nehru.
On the left is I.M. Kharchenko.
Development and reforms
On January 26, 1950, India was proclaimedrepublic. The constitution of 1950 reflected
careful
position
manuals
And
achievements achieved over time are consolidated
independent
development
countries.
Relatively
simple
procedure
amending the constitution based on
majority decisions in parliament
expanded
possibilities
further
implementation of reforms. Under J. Nehru,
who was also the head of the planning commission, three five-year plans were implemented. Industrial policy
focused on creating a mixed
economy and opened up prospects for
cooperation with private capital,
although in the leading
industries were allowed
only state property.
This rule affected enterprises in the defense industry, ferrous metallurgy, heavy engineering,
mining, etc.
Development and
reforms
Flag of India
India emblem
Development and reforms
Wellon
stimulation
development
industry combined with politics
careful reforms in the agricultural sector.
Planned
commission
us-really
recommended to states legislatively
guarantee
for-shield
rights
land users,
V
in particular
limit rental rates,
install
"ceiling"
For
area
individual
land holdings
And
reorganize on a cooperative basis
credit and sales system, and more
remote
in the future,
Maybe,
And
agricultural production.
WITH
1953
started
implementation of the community development program,
which set, in particular, the task of organizing
network of distribution institutions in
village of advanced agricultural
experience, as well as the creation in rural areas
cooperative associations and panchayats.
Development and
reforms
Peasants
10. Boundaries of a moderate course
The government delayed the achievementcompromise on the issue of reorganization
territorial-administrative
divisions on a linguistic basis, and
when in 1956 based on dominant languages
14 states were formed, it became evident
dissatisfaction with other ethnic communities. IN
1960 serious riots in Bombay State
forced the central authorities to go
towards demands for its division
into two new states - Gujarat and
Maharashtra. The Sikhs managed to achieve
success when Punjab was divided in 1965
to the state of Punjab, in which the Sikhs
formed the majority, and the state of Haryana with
predominantly Hindu population.
The ethnic problem arose even more sharply in
north-eastern border strip, where
some local tribes demanded
independence and raised for this purpose
armed uprisings.
Temperate limits
course
New administrative-territorial divisions
11. Boundaries of a moderate course
Compromise with the leading castes is seriouslimited the government's ability to
carrying out social transformations in
village. Laws on agrarian reform,
received approval in the states, contained
significant gaps that allowed, with one
hand, drive tenants off the land, and from
the other is to bypass the position of the upper
the limit of the area of land holdings. Slow
the unfolding of transformations led to
chronic shortage of agricultural products,
increasing food prices and reducing government subsidies. At first
In the 1960s, the financial crisis deepened.
Economic stagnation, in turn,
limited maneuverability for
INC.
Classic caste model
hierarchy
12. Boundaries of a moderate course
Nehru's authority in October 1962 wassignificantly undermined after the invasion
Chinese troops into the territory of the Northeast Border Agency and into
limits of the Ladakh mountains in Kashmir. Striving
ensure connections between Xinjiang-Uyghur
And
Tibetan
autonomous
areas, China tried to force
India
refuse
from
rights
on
strategically important Aksai Chin plain
in the east of Ladakh in Kashmir.
The PRC armed forces inflicted several
strikes by the Indian army and occupied
territory area 37.5 thousand square meters. km.
By the time China announced
withdrawal of troops from all occupied areas,
except for Aksai Chin, Nehru was forced
seek military assistance from the United States.
Temperate limits
course
Ladakh
Ladakh on the map of India
13. Nehru's successors
He replaced Nehru asPrime Minister Shastri was ousted
for this post by a group of party leaders
called "cindy-kat", which
supported by large landowners and
entrepreneurs.
IN
1965
experts
World
jar
determined
provision
financial
help
carrying out
complex
economic
reforms. During one and a half years of stay at
Shastri assumed the post of Prime Minister
decisions to reorient the main flow
public investment with heavy
industry on Agriculture; accent
for intensive farming and land reclamation;
stimulation through a price system and
discharge
sub-sidium
rustic
farms capable of modernizing
production; increasing the role of private and
foreign investment in industry. The economy has become especially
dependent on financial receipts from abroad, when the country was under pressure
additional burden of military expenditures during
during the second war with Pakistan in 1965.
Nehru's successors
Lal Bahadur Shastri
14. Nehru's successors
Losses suffered by the INC at parliamentaryelections in 1967, did not deprive him of victory since
a slight advantage in the national
level, but led to defeat in 8
states. In the states of Kerala and Western
Bengal INC was removed from power
coalition led by the Communist
party of India. Leftists in both states
governments have limited activities
police, and demonstrations took place there
tenants
And
agricultural
the proletariat against the landowners and
factory workers - against management
enterprises. Revolutionary-minded
communists supported armed
peasant riots in several states,
where the KPI operated. Late 1960s
they organized performances by small
peoples in the state of Andhra Pradesh and members
scheduled tribes and castes in
Western
Bengal,
which
were
suppressed by the army.
Nehru's successors
Parliament building in India
15. Indira Gandhi
The country's next Prime Minister IndiraGandhi could no longer rely on the old
party leaders and teamed up with
small in number
youth
group
socialists and former communists.
Decisive
actions
premiere
By
nationalization of the largest commercial
banks associated her name with the new policy,
focused on helping the poor
population. Popularity of the Prime Minister
reached its climax in 1971 as a result of the victory
in the third Indo-Pakistani war. WITH
the emergence of Bangladesh, India turned out to be
in dominant positions in the South Asian region. Moreover, in May 1974
she
spent
nuclear
tests,
demonstrated increased military
the power of the country.
Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi
16. Political crisis
In 1971 the government restored the rightparliament
bring in
changes
V
Constitution,
canceled
V
1967
resolution
Supreme
court.
IN
The 26th Amendment stated that
any law must comply
fundamental articles of the Constitution,
based on the principles of social and
economic justice. When in
April 1973 amendment was rejected
Supreme Court, the government removed
the three oldest judges who voted
against her, and appointed chairman
the court of one of its members, who
spoke in favor of adopting the amendment. Leaders
all opposition forces, except the CPI, were seen
in this act the threat of establishing
authoritarian
modes
Leader
opposition became J. Nara-yan, the oldest
follower of Mahatma Gandhi. Narayan
launched a propaganda campaign in
Gujarat, which led in January 1974
to the resignation of ministers and dissolution
state legislature. So
the same energetic campaign was carried out in
Bi-hare.
Political
a crisis
Mahatma Gandhi
17. Political crisis
The accusation against Gandhi made on June 2, 1975"corrupt
practice"
gave
her
opponents the opportunity to organize
movement to remove the prime minister.
In response, Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India.
a situation that resulted in mass arrests
political opponents and wider
censorship. In the parliamentary elections in
March 1977 new Janata Party,
which was a bloc of opposition groups, won a landslide victory
and repealed the emergency law
position However, soon the government
Janata became a victim of internal
intrigue. Its head M. De-sai filed a
resignation in June 1979, and held in
January 1980 parliamentary elections Gandhi
came to power again.
Political
a crisis
Morarji Desai
18. Political crisis
Electoral participation in the 1980 electionsdecreased to approximately 55% with an increase in the number of conflicts during
electoral
campaigns.
IN
Western
Bengal, Kerala and Tripura won
KPI.
Central
government
encountered
With
revival
separatist movements in the northeast,
with a number of religious and communal unrest in
Uttar Pradesh. In all cases for
to restore order had to resort to
military force. In June 1984, after the outbreak
Sikh terrorism in Punjab, army
units stormed the Sikh shrine -
Golden Temple in Amritsar, which led to
death of Sikh leader Bhindranwale and hundreds
his followers, who took refuge in the temple.
Gandhi's decisive action was greeted with approval in other parts of India, but
turned the Sikhs against the prime minister. 31
October 1984 I. Gandhi was assassinated by two
by their Sikh guards. At the post
head of government and as a leader
INC was succeeded by her son, Rajiv Gandhi, who
scheduled parliamentary elections for the end
1984 and won a convincing victory there.
Political
a crisis
Rajiv Gandhi
19. Political crisis
In the 1989 elections, the parties that stoodagainst INC (I), united around
former Finance Minister V.P. Singh,
who then headed the government
minorities. Singh Government
relied on the party created in 1988
Janata Dal and supported by Hindu
nationalist Bharatiya Janata
party (BJP) and two communist
in batches. The coalition collapsed in November
1990 when the BJP left. Following
Chandra Sekhara's government went into
resignation four months later,
since INC (I) did not approve the project
state budget.
Political
a crisis
BDP coat of arms
20. Political crisis
Rajiv Gandhi died from a bomb thrownSri Lankan Tamil terrorist in May
1991. It was an act of revenge for the input
Indian troops to the north of Sri Lanka in
1987 for anti-Tamil
separatis-there. New Prime Minister
Nara-simha
Rao
spent
V
1992
decisive economic reforms,
called up
modernize
production and scientific-technical
base of the country. Was less successful
activities of the Rao government on
prevention
intercommunal
collisions,
arose
after
destruction by orthodox Hindus
mosque in Uttar Prada in December 1992.
Political
a crisis
Narasimha Rao
21. Political crisis
Elections in April-May 1996 led todistribution of seats in parliament
between three main factions: INC
(136 parliamentary seats), BDP (160) and
coalition
left
orientation,
dubbed the United
front (111 mandates). After
BJP refused to join the government
majority, new prime minister
H.D. Deve Gowda was recruited to participate in it
INC. The basis of the government was
representatives of regional and left
parties.
Sonia Gandhi, leader of the INC
22. Political crisis
In April 1997, the INC refused to support the coalition led by Govda, andthe Prime Minister was forced to file a
resignation. His place was taken by the appointed
president
And
approved
Parliament Inder Kumar Gujral,
which
continued
well
his
predecessor
on
liberalization
economy
And
height
economic
indicators, but refused further
cutting social spending.
Intensified
foreign policy
India's dialogue with Pakistan and China. Care
resignation of Gujral government
led to early parliamentary
elections in March 1998. Came to power
a coalition consisting of 18 parties, in which the BJP occupied a leading position.
Political
a crisis
Trilateral meeting of foreign ministers
China, India and Russia
23. Political crisis
The main task of the new prime ministerAtal Bihari Vajpayee was saving
coalition government led by
BDP.
IN
April
1999
happened
government
a crisis,
And
the government was forced to withdraw
resignation. The lower house was dissolved
parliament. New parliamentary elections
took place in October 1999. Despite
active participation in the election campaign
Indian
national
congress,
majority
V
parliament
received
National Democratic Alliance,
led by the BJP. Prime Minister
became Vajpayee again. Conducted by India
nuclear
tests
os-false
her
relations with most states
peace.
IN
modern
unstable
situation
factor
stability
remains the figure of the president, who in
1997 was elected for the first time in the country's history
representative of the former “untouchable” caste Kocheril Raman Narayanan, formerly
served as vice-president under
S.D. Sharma, who belonged to the caste
Brahmins.
Political
a crisis
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
24. Conclusion
Post-independence before IndiaMany paths of national development emerged. Effective development of the state
row interfered internal problems: strong social
differentiation, presence of castes and dogmas, problem
national minorities, the struggle of Hindus and
Muslims But despite the difficulties and obstacles in
development, India has managed to reform and strengthen
social, economic and other spheres
society. Now India is modern,
dynamically developing state, actively
involved in solving international problems.
Independent Development of India
The powerful rise of the national liberation movement in India after the end of World War II forced the British to grant it independence. In 1947, the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act. According to this law former colony was divided into two dominions - the Indian Union and Pakistan. Divided along religious lines, both states were hostile to each other from the very beginning. Their irreconcilable confrontation led to armed conflicts in 1947-1948, 1965 and 1971 (the last Indo-Pakistani conflict resulted in the creation of the state of Bangladesh on the territory of East Pakistan).
In 1950, India declared its complete independence. According to the adopted constitution, India became a federal state (its 25 states were created according to the national-territorial principle) and a parliamentary republic. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister of independent India. After independence, the Indian National Congress (INC) became the country's ruling party. A course was taken to create a mixed economy. The public sector and planning were assigned important role in the development of the country while maintaining the private sector.
J. Nehru managed to lay the foundations for the stable development of the country. During the entire period of India's independent development, there were no coups d'etat or military regimes. For a long time, the “Nehru clan” was in power - J. Nehru himself (until 1964) and members of his family: daughter Indira Gandhi (1966-1977, 1980-1984) and his grandson Rajiv Gandhi (1984-1989). All of them headed the INC, which was the ruling party. In the 90s of the twentieth century, a real multi-party system began to take shape in India. The period of dominance of the INC in the political life of the country is over. Strengthened opposition parties successfully competed with him in the parliamentary elections. In the 90s, for the first time in the country's history, coalition governments began to form without the participation of the INC.
Since independence, India has achieved significant success. It has created great industrial potential. Transformations in the agricultural sector made it possible in the 70s to abandon the import of food grains. But by the end of the 80s, it became clear that the existing market-command system had exhausted its capabilities. India was lagging behind the rest of the world. Its economic development was mainly due to the modern sector. Over 40 years of independence, by the beginning of the 90s, real per capita income increased by only 91%.
Therefore, since 1991, the government moved to implement economic reform. State control over private business was weakened, taxes were reduced, trade was liberalized, and some state-owned enterprises were privatized. This attracted foreign investment and contributed to the improvement of the financial situation in the country. The pace of development of the Indian economy has increased noticeably. However, at present, India remains a country of contrasts, where the latest achievements of science and technology (including the nuclear and space industries) exist in parallel with economic backwardness. By the number of specialists with higher education It occupies one of the leading places in the world, but literacy in the country barely exceeds 50%.
The main socio-economic problems of modern India are overpopulation (in 2000 the population reached 1 billion people) and the low standard of living of Indians. Most of the country's population does not participate in modern production, and therefore does not enjoy its advantages. Only 20% of Indians belong to the “middle class”, about 1% are wealthy, and the rest are poor. Relative social stability is maintained thanks to the caste system, the traditions of which are extremely tenacious. The majority of the country's population belongs to lower castes, therefore they perceive existing inequality as a social norm and do not pretend to redistribute income.
The internal political situation was complicated by the aggravation of intercommunal relations, primarily between Hindus and Muslims, as well as between Sikhs and Hindus. In the 80-90s, there was a growth in Hindu nationalism, objectively aimed at limiting the rights of other religious faiths existing in the country. Intercommunal clashes led to colossal casualties and created a very real threat to the territorial integrity of the country.
The end of the Second World War and the first post-war years constituted a whole historical era. The August Revolution in Vietnam won, the liberation of Indonesia began, Burma, Laos, and Cambodia became independent. Revolutionary China celebrated the success of many years of struggle.
The national liberation revolution in India occurred during the same period. No longer relying on the hypocritical promises of England, the Indian working class and the Indian peasantry demanded independence and achieved it through revolutionary means. In February 1946, an uprising of Indian sailors began (almost 20 ships raised red flags).
The British Labor government had to make a statement granting India political independence within the framework of the British Commonwealth of Nations.
A special mission sent to India from London proposed the following plan: India would be transformed into a union of autonomous provinces and principalities, and after that would receive the right to be considered a dominion; The provinces, in turn, are divided into Hindu and Muslim - based on religion.
This plan involved the dismemberment of the country: it was assumed that in this way it would be easier to keep it in its former dependence.
After various maneuvers aimed at dividing the two main political parties of national liberation - the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League - into different ends and at odds with each other, England managed to carry out a plan for the dismemberment of India. The Act of August 15, 1947 created two dominions: India and Pakistan.
Pakistan (111 million people) was made up of two parts, spaced 1.5 thousand kilometers from each other. The princely state of Kashmir was claimed by both India and Pakistan. Already in October 1947, Pakistani armed forces occupied part of Kashmir. At the request of the Maharaja of Kashmir, the princely state was included in India (1947).
The dismemberment of the country entailed innumerable disasters. Hundreds of thousands of people were forcibly relocated from one dominion to another. Economic ties, established over centuries, were artificially broken. Religious strife became even more bitter.
When the Punjab province began to be divided into two parts, the struggle between Hindus (and Sikhs) on the one hand, and Muslims on the other, resulted in massacres. About 500 thousand people died and at least 12 million were left homeless. Pogroms and massacres swept across the vast country and, as for Punjab, have not stopped to this day.
The dismemberment was followed by the creation of the governments of India and Pakistan. The Government of India was formed by the Indian national congress- the party of the national bourgeoisie, landowners, and intelligentsia. D. Nehru became the head of the government.
The state independence of India received its final confirmation in the act of January 26, 1950, by which India was declared a “sovereign and democratic republic”. On the same day, the Constitution of the Indian Republic was put into effect.
The Constitution proclaimed the federal structure of the new state: at the beginning the states differed in the form of government, but in 1956 a reform was carried out that introduced a new Administrative division. Currently, states have a uniform system of government.
The principalities of India (Hyderabad, Mysore, etc.) were to become part of the republic: the attempts of their feudal rulers to remain on the sidelines were thwarted by the popular masses.
The equality of citizens is recognized regardless of the caste and religion to which they belong.
The castes that we talked about when characterizing ancient India have not disappeared to this day. This division is especially noticeable in the village, where the custom holds stronger and longer.
The predominance of Brahmins (Brahmins) is undoubtedly in political life: they constitute the main cadre of senior government officials, leaders of political parties and organizations.
At least 70 million people of the Indian population are “untouchables”: rickshaw pullers, sweepers, messengers, sanitation workers, etc. And although the laws are on their side, the old customs have not yet disappeared.
The Constitution contains special mention of providing the people with a means of subsistence as a management task, and of labor protection for workers and minors.
In this regard, the agrarian reform (the task of which should be the destruction of feudal land ownership and feudal remnants in general), as well as the policy of industrialization of the country, deserve mention.
The first agrarian reform began to be implemented in 1948, but it was of a limited nature, carried out by state governments, and amounted to some alienation (for a fee) of surplus lands of landowners. Redemption payments were very high (10-15 year annual annuity), and therefore only the kulaks benefited from the fruits of the reform.
In subsequent years, new measures were taken to redistribute land. However, even after that the situation changed little: 80Uo peasants owned the same amount of land (27%) as 2% of large landowners.
The industrialization of the country is carried out on the basis of state plans. Particular attention is paid to the creation of the public sector National economy. India has created some important industrial complexes.
In November 1949, the Indian Constitution came into force. The head of the Indian Republic is the President, elected for a 5-year term. He appoints the prime minister of the government (Council of Ministers). The latter is responsible to parliament. The parliament is bicameral. One of its chambers is elected by state electors, the other by popular vote. Suffrage is universal and is granted to citizens over 21 years of age.
Bearing in mind the secessionist aspirations of some states, and even more the inevitability of acute social clashes, the Indian Constitution provides for the power of the President to declare a state of emergency and take emergency measures to suppress anti-government actions.
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