Freshwater sponge 6 letters crossword clue Freshwater sponge

Water sponges(porifera, spongia) are the most mysterious creatures. They are so primitively organized that they were considered plants until the beginning of the 19th century. They have no sense organs, and adults are also deprived of the ability to move. They do not have a mouth opening. Food intake is carried out by filtering water through channels and labyrinths, which are dotted with their bodies. The sponge is immortal and invulnerable. It can be rubbed through a sieve and its particles will then re-assemble into a new viable organism.

It has been observed that the water around the sponge colonies remains clear, even though many sponges die. In addition, several decades ago it was found that some aquatic animals die if chemicals extracted from sponges are dissolved in the water in which they are located. The action of substances secreted by various sponges has been tested on pathogens grown in laboratory conditions. These substances killed most of the microbes.

One example is the Okinawan sea sponges (Okinawan plakortis), from which a tyramine-containing pyrrolidine alkaloid, plakoridine A, has been obtained, which has significant potential and is studied as a cytotoxin in lymphoma cells in mice.

One of the earliest cancer drugs, cytosine arabinoside, was isolated from a Caribbean sponge.

Sponges and their microscopic endosymbionts are currently being actively studied as possible sources of drugs for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Sponges have great therapeutic potential due to the presence in most of them or their symbionts of chemicals that have antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor and antifungal properties.

Having by their nature no protective shell or organ for protection, sponges are vulnerable to harmful microorganisms, as a result of their evolution has led to the development of the ability to synthesize various unusual protective chemical compounds. One example is a family of compounds formed during the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids called oxylipins. Anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal properties have been found in compounds of this family.

Subtropical sponge red beard ( Microciona prolifera)

Highly effective, in the treatment of tuberculosis, turned out to be substances isolated from a subtropical red-bearded sponge. Substances found by researchers in plankton (the smallest aquatic organisms) also have a destructive effect on tubercle bacilli.

Of the substances of the red-bearded sponge ( Microciona prolifera) managed to get two drugs - water and fat-soluble. The first is used in the form of inhalation of the nasopharynx and respiratory tract, and the second is used to lubricate the mucous membranes. In both cases, a significant therapeutic effect was found.

Caribbean sponges

Other physiologically active substances were obtained from various types of sponges. In 1950, the unique properties of one of the species of the Caribbean sponge were discovered. Its nucleic acids do not contain ribose, which is a key ingredient in almost all nucleic acids, but arabinose. Based on the data on the study of nucleic acids of this sponge, several compounds containing arabinose instead of ribose have been synthesized.

This is how cytosine arabinose was obtained. The mechanism of its effect on human blood cells affected by leukemia is that it replaces the ribose of these cells with arabinose and, thereby retarding their growth, ultimately kills cancer cells. This drug has proven to be effective in a fairly large number of cases and, although the experimental results are still far from ideal, served as the basis for the creation of more effective drugs. After ten years of research, cytosine arabinose was approved for mass production by the US federal government. In the former USSR, this compound is used under the name "cytarabine".

Also, ageliferin is an antiviral and antimicrobial chemical that is produced by some sponges. It was first isolated from the sponges of the Caribbean, and then from the Okinawan sea sponges of the genus Agelas.

Caribbean sponge Tectitethya Crypta (or Cryptotethya Crypta and Tethya Crypta), common class ( Demospongia), series Hadromerida, families Tethyidae... From this sponge, nucleosides (spongothymidine, spongouridine) were isolated, which are the basis for antiviral and anticancer drugs, in particular drugs for leukemia. From the same sponge, a substance was isolated that proved to be effective in the treatment of viral encephalitis.

Badiaga (freshwater sponge)

It is impossible not to recall the freshwater sponge that is sold in our pharmacies - this is a badyaga ( Spongilla). Badyagovye ( Spongillidae) - a family of freshwater sponges from the class of ordinary ( Demospongia). Pharmacy badyaga is a powder for the preparation of medicines. In a living state, it looks like a yellow-brownish or olive-greenish mucous mass. Badiaga reaches 40 cm in length and densely overgrows objects in the water and tree trunks, which serve as its support. She lives in rivers, ponds and swamps.

It has its medicinal effect mainly due to the flint needles included in its composition, which are interconnected by an organic substance - spongin, or sponginin. The composition of the bodyagi also includes phosphate and carbonate salts of lime and a number of organic substances.

For a long time, badagu has been dried and used in the form of powder, suspensions (solutions) and ointments that cause severe mechanical irritation of the skin, for rheumatic and neurological pains, sciatica, arthritis, rheumatism and bruising, for external treatment of hematomas and bruises. Mechanical irritation of the skin increases blood circulation, as a result of the use of badyagi, skin pores are cleansed and narrowed, dead cells of the epidermis are removed, pigment spots after inflamed acne dissolve. In addition, skin oxygenation, synthesis of biologically active substances, redox processes are stimulated, the result is a refreshing and smoothing of the skin, as well as an improvement in tone and color. That for tired and aging skin is manifested by signs of rejuvenation.

It was also used as a blush, which ultimately led to irreparable damage to the skin.

In folk medicine, bodyag is used in the form of masks for treatment, as well as for removing age spots after acne.

Contraindications: individual intolerance, not recommended for open wounds and ulcers, very dry and thin, easily irritated and sensitive skin, with even slight hair growth on the skin, with dilated vessels. With frequent use of badyagi, irritation, redness and dryness of the skin are possible, as well as severe mechanical damage to the skin.

It is also necessary to carry out a preliminary check for an allergic reaction: a small amount of the mixture, before applying to the skin of the face, must be applied to a small area of ​​the skin in an inconspicuous place, if redness occurs, it is not recommended to use a badag.

New Zealand Sea Sponges (Halichondria Maori)

The healing properties of Halichondria moorei sea sponges have long been known to the aborigines of New Zealand, who used them to heal wounds. The journal Science (1979. No. 4422) reported that a large amount of fluorine was found in these sponges - up to 11.5% of dry weight. They have an increased ability to accumulate it.

It was found that the therapeutic activity is due to the content of the long-known sodium fluorosilicate Na 2 SiF 6, which reduces the local inflammatory response. The healing effect of chalichondria applied to the wound is that the wound does not become inflamed. However, this agent is unlikely to find application in scientific medicine, since sodium fluorosilicate is a toxic compound - its intraperitoneal administration to mice causes convulsions.

Greek Toilet Sponge (Spongia officinalis)

Toilet sponge (Spongia officinalis) or Greek sponge (Euspongia officinalis) is one of a group of toilet sponges that was widely used in households as a household washcloth before the invention of synthetic counterparts. Currently, it is used less often and, as a rule, not for household purposes, but as a sponge for cosmetic procedures and in homeopathy. It inhabits the entire Mediterranean Sea, where its catch was carried out quite widely and led to a serious depletion of natural resources.

A live sponge of gray color, when dried, acquires a yellow or brownish-red color (similar to foam rubber, but softer). Not to be confused with vegetable washcloths.

Rich in iodine and bromine, the toilet sponge is currently used in Europe as a homeopathic remedy and can also be found in online pharmacies under the name Greek Sponge. A toilet sponge is indicated for thyroid dysfunction, as well as associated: palpitations, shortness of breath and hot flashes. It is considered an effective cough suppressant. The inorganic salts contained in this sponge are considered to be an excellent remedy for mucous membrane diseases. Also used for spastic and acute dry coughs, as well as throat ailments, in particular from laryngitis.

Therapeutic properties: contains iodine, bromine, calcium carbonate, potassium phosphate, silicon dioxide and other organic substances with medicinal properties.

Action: activates the functions of the upper respiratory tract, reduces breathing spasms and acts directly on the larynx. Relieves disorders as it stimulates the production of saliva.

Main purpose: used in cases of respiratory failure, hoarseness, cough. It is also used in cases of heart weakness or inflammatory heart disease. In psychology, the main area of ​​application is panic attacks, especially at night: it allows you to balance breathing and relieves the feeling of suffocation.

Preparation: The captured sea sponges should be cleaned and dried until they acquire their characteristic brown color. After which they are ground into powder, and then the extract is extracted, which serves as the basis for homeopathic medicines.

Freshwater sponge, which, due to its structure, is actively used in medicine as a local irritant.

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In medicine

Outwardly, badyagu is used for bruises and for the treatment of bruises, accompanied by the appearance of bruises; as a local anesthetic for rheumatic muscle and joint pain, neuralgia, sciatica.

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In cosmetology

The cosmetic industry produces ointments, creams, gels, peels based on badyagi. Badagu is used as a remedy for acne. It dries them out and prevents the appearance of new ones, and also fights blackheads. In addition, the use of badyagi for bruises, as well as against stretch marks and cellulite is common.

Attention! When using badyagi, care must be taken, as it can cause severe irritation, allergies and be harmful to the skin.

Classification

Badiagi belong to the family Spongillidae, type Sponges (Spongia or Porifera). On the territory of the CIS, there are about 20 species of freshwater sponges, but only some species have found application in medical practice: Spongilla lacustris L., S. Fragilis Leidy, Ephydatia fluviatilis (L.)

Botanical description

Appearance

Badiagi are primitive multicellular freshwater sponges that form immobile colonies in the form of growths of various shapes. Young colonies form a crust 2-3 mm thick. Perennial colonies reach a weight of several kilograms. River badyagi form lumpy growths up to 70 cm long and 30 cm thick, lacustrine - bushy finger-like outgrowths up to 1 m long. The sponge feeds, filtering suspended microorganisms through small pores into the internal cavity, which opens with larger excretory stomata. The sponges are active in summer; in the fall, colonies die off, forming asexually internal buds - gemmules, surrounded by a dense membrane of cell clusters. These hibernating buds, about 0.5 mm in diameter, are visible on the fracture as yellow or brown grains. In the spring, a new colony develops from the gemmules. The color of the colonies, ranging from grayish to green, depends on the algae living in the body of the sponges.

Structure

The body of the badyagi is covered with a dermal membrane; inside there is a complex system of channels and cavities. The cavities are lined with flagellate cells. A large number of spicules are located between the channels. Spicules are thin needles of silica that form the skeleton of the badyagi. They are smooth or spiny, straight or curved, prismatic, pointed at the poles. The spicules are glued together by a protein called spongin or sponginolin, which is similar in chemical composition to silk. When rubbing badyagi, tingling and a sharp unpleasant odor are felt. Along with spicules, one can sometimes observe amphidiscs - rods with two perpendicular star-shaped disks at the ends.

The badyaga also contains phosphate and carbonate salts of lime and a number of organic substances.

Spreading

Badiaga is found at shallow depths in lakes, rivers, reservoirs, ponds and streams, settling near the banks on stones, stems, sunken snags and tree trunks.

Sponges reach the greatest diversity in tropical and subtropical regions of the World Ocean.

Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

Medicinal raw materials from which the medicinal product is made are collected during the whole summer and dried colonies of intestinal freshwater animals - badyag.

Colonies of sponges are separated from the submerged objects to which it is attached, placed in a bucket or box, cleaned of silt, sand, remnants of bark, wood and washed in water. Dried in the open air in the sun or in an attic under an iron roof. After drying, impurities are removed from the raw materials.

When harvesting raw materials, you should carefully handle the colonies of badyag, since the ingress of silicon needles on the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose irritates them.

The raw material is represented by light, porous fine- or coarse-celled fragile pieces of various shapes and sizes, easily crumbling when rubbed with a feeling of roughness from the presence of silicon needles.

Pharmacological properties

Badiaga is used as a local irritant. The pharmacological activity of the drug is due to the needles of silica. Sharp silica crystals mechanically cause severe irritation of the skin at the site of rubbing, expansion of subcutaneous capillaries and deeper blood vessels. This helps to activate the superficial blood supply, relieve local pain and provide an excellent resorption effect on the affected areas.

When using badyagi, a local release of biologically active substances occurs: autakoids, kinins, histamine, prostaglandins, which contribute to the healing of damaged tissues, resorption of scars, bruises and seals, and also restore the protective functions of the skin.

Usually, the application of badyagi to the skin is accompanied by a weak heating effect and temporary local redness of the skin.

When using the drug, the following precautions must be observed: do not allow the badyagi to get on the mucous membranes (in the eyes, mouth, nose, etc.), since the badyagi causes their irritation. If the drug gets on the mucous membranes, it is necessary to rinse them abundantly with water.

Literature

1. State Register of Medicines. Moscow 2004.Vol. 1.

2. State Register of Medicines. Moscow 2004. Volume II. Part 1. Typical clinical and pharmacological articles.

3. Great medical encyclopedia. Second edition. Moscow. 1957. Volume 3.

4. B.M. Korshikov, A.D. Mityukov, S.G. Shamruk. "Harvesting of wild products". Minsk; 1977.

5. Encyclopedia of medicinal herbs "Zerde-press".

6. Pharmacopoeia article 42-1564-00 "Badyaga".

7. Medicinal plants. / Comp. V. Rasshchupkina, G. Yakubovich. - Kaliningrad: Kaliningradskaya Pravda Publishing House, 1974 - 240 p.

8. Yu. V. Efimchenko, A.V. White. Medicinal plants. Methodical recommendations for doctors and pharmacists. - Labinsk, Uprizdat, 1974

9. Shatokhina RK Medicinal raw materials of animal origin. - SPb .: SPbKhFI, 1994 .-- 56 p.

A word of 6 letters, the first letter is "B", the second letter is "O", the third letter is "D", the fourth letter is "I", the fifth letter is "G", the sixth letter is "A", a word with a letter "B", the last "A". If you do not know a word from a crossword or scanword, then our site will help you find the most difficult and unfamiliar words.

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Two small nests, Each has a bird, The bird has a testicle, Each testicle has a black speck. Show Answer >>

Two young Cossacks, both dashing riders, often fought among themselves about who would overtake whom. More than once, one or the other was the winner. Finally, they got tired of it. Gregory said: “Let's argue the other way around. Let the mortgage go to the one whose horse comes to the appointed place second, and not first. " "Okay!" - Michael answered. The Cossacks rode out on their horses to the steppe. There were many spectators: everyone wanted to see such a curiosity. One old Cossack began to count, clapping his hands: “One! Two! Three! .. "The debaters, of course, did not displace. The spectators began to laugh, judge and dress up and decided that such a dispute was impossible and that the disputants would stand in place, as they say, until the end of the century. Then a gray-haired old man, who had seen different views in his life, approached the crowd: "What's the matter?" He was told to. The old man answered: “Hey! Now I will say to them such a word that they will jump like scalded. " And indeed, the old man approached the Cossacks, said something to them, and after half a minute the Cossacks were already rushing across the steppe at full speed, trying to overtake each other. But the bet was won by the one whose horse came second. What did the old man say?

Sponges are aquatic, mainly marine animals. Their body is made up of two layers of cells. The lips are completely immobile and unable to feel irritation. About 5000 species of this type of animals are known.

The structure of the sponge badyaga. In summer, in lakes and rivers near the coast, you can see brown or greenish growths on the stones and on tree branches that have fallen into the water. When taken out of water, they give off a strong, unpleasant odor.

Taking a closer look, you can see that the entire surface of such a build-up, as if traces of pin pricks, is pierced with numerous tiny holes. The growth is slimy to the touch, but if you tear off a piece from it and rub it between your fingers, you feel that there are tiny hard particles inside. The growth grows tightly with a branch or stone and does not have a definite shape. It is hard to believe that this kind of animal is a freshwater sponge badyaga.

A young sponge looks like a small, open-top pouch with a cavity inside. It has a different sole, with which the sponge grows to various underwater objects, side walls and a hole at the top - the mouth.

The body is made up of many cells arranged in two layers. In the outer layer, the cells are flattened, they close together and, as it were, envelop the body of the sponge. Some cells in this layer have holes - pores that lead into the body. The inner layer of cells is very different from the outer one. Each of its cells is equipped with a flagellum facing the inner cavity of the sponge. The movement of the flagella creates a constant flow of water, which enters the cavity through small pores in the cells of its side walls and is discharged out through the mouth. Together with water, food gets inside the sponge - bacteria and other microscopic organisms. Flagellate cells capture and digest them.

The sponge has a skeleton consisting of a large number of tiny solid bodies in the form of needles, anchors, polygonal stars. The skeleton contains mineral salts and horn-like organic matter. It is these needles that prick the skin when the sponge is rubbed between the fingers.

As it grows, the structure of the sponge becomes more complex. Protrusions appear on its side walls, at the ends of which new mouths appear. The grown sponge outwardly does not at all look like a young one: it looks like a loose porous mass with numerous holes - mouths and pores.

The practical value of sponges. Only a few dozen species of sponges live in fresh water bodies, but they are very numerous in the seas. Especially widely known is the Greek sponge, devoid of a calcareous skeleton, living at a shallow depth in the Mediterranean and Red Seas. The extracted sponges are crushed for a long time and the destroyed cells are washed off with water. As a result, an elastic mass of a horn-like substance remains - a toilet sponge. Freshwater badyaga in dried and crushed form is used in medicine for the treatment of rheumatism - sore spots are rubbed with powder.