The most important invention in the history of mankind, which opened the way for the industrial revolution and the subsequent accelerated development of mankind, was steam engine. In 1698. Englishman Severi created a steam engine for pumping water from mines. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen improved this machine by providing it with a cylinder and a piston. In 1763 Newcomen's car perfected James Watt. Understanding the shortcomings of the model, Watt created a machine that was fundamentally different from it. The size of the steam engine has been significantly reduced. Mass production of steam engines was not possible without precision lathes; a decisive step in this direction was taken by the mechanic Henry Maudsley who created self-propelled caliper. In 1802 the American Robert Fulton built in Paris steam engine boat. Then he built the steamship Claremont. In 1807 "Clairmont" made the first flight along the river. Hudson. Nine years later, there were 300 steamers in America, and 150 in England. In 1819, the American steamer Savannah crossed Atlantic Ocean. IN Russian Empire first steamers appeared in 1815 . Simultaneously with the construction of steamboats, attempts were made to create a steam wagon. IN 1803 mechanic Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive. In 1815, self-taught mechanic George Stephenson built his first steam locomotive. In 1830 Stephenson completed construction first big railway between the cities of Manchester and Liverpool; for this road, he designed the steam locomotive "Rocket", on which he first used a tubular steam boiler. In 1765 the weaver and carpenter Hargreaves created a mechanical spinning wheel which he named after his daughter Jenny»; this spinning wheel increased the productivity of the spinner by 20 times. In 1769 Richard Arkwright patented spinning water machine, designed for water drive, and from that moment the machines began to be used in manufactories. IN 1850 -s. English inventor and entrepreneur Henry Bessemer invented Bessemer converter, and in 1860 -s. French engineer Emil Martin created the open-hearth furnace. This made it possible to later establish a mass production of steel tools. "The era of electricity" began with the invention of a dynamo - a generator direct current, it was created by the Belgian engineer Z. Gramm in 1870 In the 1880s gg. Yugoslav Nikola Tesla created a two-phase AC motor. Worked in Germany at AEG Russian electrical engineer M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky created an effective three-phase electric motor, as well as the first power lines high voltage and a transformer to it. After that, Dolivo-Dobrovolsky became the leading electrical engineer of that time, and AEG became the largest manufacturer of electrical equipment. Since that time, plants and factories began to move from steam engines to electric motors, large power plants and power lines appeared. It should be emphasized that the great achievement of electrical engineering was the creation of electric lamps. For solving this problem in 1879 the American inventor took Thomas Edison; Edison's first light bulbs were "bamboo". Only twenty years later, at the suggestion of a Russian engineer Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin The filament was made from tungsten. The first workable gasoline engine was created in 1883 by the German engineer Julius Daimler. This engine ushered in the era of automobiles; already in 1886, Daimler put his engine on a four-wheeled carriage. Panhard and Levassor used only the Daimler engine to create their car, equipping it with a clutch system, gearbox and rubber tires. It was the first real car in history. Daimler himself in 1890 created the Daimler Motoren company, which ten years later produced the first Mercedes car. Diesel's first engine, which appeared in 1895, created a sensation - its efficiency was 36% - twice that of gasoline engines. The advent of the internal combustion engine played a big role in the birth of aviation. In the 1870s Alexander Bell took out a patent for the telephone and sold over 800 copies that same year. T.A. Edison provided the membrane with a needle, and so the phonograph was born. In 1887, the American Emil Berliner replaced the cylinder with a round plate and created the gramophone. A new step in the development of communications was the invention of the radiotelegraph. In March 1896 Popov demonstrated his apparatus. Simultaneously with Popov, a young Italian, Guglielmo Marconi, created his radiotelegraph installation. Marconi replaced the coherer with a magnetic detector and made radio communication across the Atlantic Ocean. Cinema was created at the end of the 19th century. This was due to the improvement of photography invented by Louis Daguerre. At the end of the XIX century. plastics are created. In 1873, J. Hyatt (USA) invented celluloid. In 1887, the American Hiram Maxim created the first machine gun. In 1860, the first iron battleship Warrior was launched in England. Idea of use jet apparatus for space flights belongs to Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. Invention of the loom, steam engine, locomotive, steamboat, rifle, etc. - all these were fundamental discoveries that caused the emergence of a new cultural circle - that society that is called industrial civilization.
Military inventions have been removed from the list.Decimal monetary system
A decimal currency is a type of currency that is based on a single base unit and its derivatives, which are powers of ten (usually hundreds). Most modern currencies follow this rule. Russia was the first country to introduce such a currency after the reform of the financial system in 1704, during the reign of Peter I.
Lathe
The lathe of Andrey Konstantinovich Nartov (1717) with a composite caliper made it easy to turn the part, and with greater accuracy. This is now the standard for modern manual lathes.
Yacht Club
The oldest yacht club in the world, by date of creation, is the Neva Yacht Club, founded by Peter I in 1718 in St. Petersburg (most likely, the idea was developed in early 1716, when construction began at the First Neva Shipyard civil courts).
"Self-running stroller"
Inventor - Leonty Lukyanovich Shamshurenkov. In 1741, in the Nizhny Novgorod provincial office, his project of a “self-running carriage” was considered, but due to bureaucratic delays, implementation began only in 1752. It was made the same year. For this, the inventor was awarded 50 rubles. The four-wheeled hybrid of a handcar and a bicycle could carry two passengers with the efforts of two other people.
Two-cylinder steam engine
Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov designed in 1763, and in 1764 built the world's first two-cylinder steam engine with a record power of 32 hp for that time
Samovar
In 1778, the Lisitsyn brothers presented their first samovar, and in the same year they registered the first samovar factory.
Searchlight (1779)
Inventor - Ivan Petrovich Kulibin.
1791 Velomobile / "Scooter"
The "scooter" of Ivan Petrovich Kulibin had such integral parts of a modern car as a gearbox, rolling and sliding bearings, steering, and a braking device. The flywheel used by Kulibin made it possible, due to the accumulated energy, to easily overcome climbs and reduce speed on descents.
screw elevator
A screw elevator is a type of elevator that uses a screw system instead of a winch system, as in early elevators. The invention of the screw engine was the most important step in lift technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first such elevator was invented by Ivan Kulibin and installed in the Winter Palace in 1793, and a few years later another Kulibin elevator was installed in the Arkhangelsk estate near Moscow. In 1823, the "rising room" appeared in London.
Electric arc (1802)
It was invented by Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov independently of Gemphrey Robertovich Davy.
Collapsible frame hive
It was developed by Pyotr Ivanovich Prokopovich in 1814.
January 16 (28), 1820, the expedition under the command of Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev discovered Antarctica.
Geometry of Lobachevsky
On February 7 (19), 1826, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky submitted for publication in the “Notes of the Physics and Mathematics Department” the essay: “A concise presentation of the principles of geometry with a rigorous proof of the parallel theorem” (on French). This work was the first serious publication in world literature on non-Euclidean geometry.
Scientists of the 19th century are the creators of great innovations, discoveries and inventions. The 19th century gave us a lot famous people who completely changed the world. The 19th century brought us a technological revolution, electrification and great advances in medicine. Below is a list of some of the most important inventors and their inventions that made a huge impact on humanity that we enjoy even today.
Nikola Tesla - alternating current, electric motor, radio technology, remote control
If you start to explore the legacy of Nikola Tesla, then you can understand that he was one of the greatest inventors of the 19th and early 20th centuries and rightfully deserves the first place on this list. He was born on July 10, 1856, in Smiljan, Austrian Empire, in the family of the Serbian priest Milutin Tesla Orthodox Church. The father, as a Serbian Orthodox priest, initially instilled Nikola's interest in science. He was well versed in the mechanical devices of the time.
Nikola Tesla received a gymnasium education and later entered politechnical University in Graz, Austria. He dropped out of school and went to Budapest, where he worked for a telegraph company and then became the chief electrician in Budapest at the automatic telephone exchange. In 1884 he began working for Edison, where he received a reward of $50,000 for engine improvements. Tesla then set up his own laboratory where he could experiment. He discovered the electron, X-rays, the rotating magnetic field, electrical resonance, cosmic radio waves and invented the wireless remote control, radio technology, the electric motor and many other things that changed the world.
Today he is the most famous scientist of the 19th century for his contributions to the construction of the Niagara Falls power plant and for his discovery and application of alternating current, which became the standard and is still in use today. He died on January 7, 1943, in New York, USA.
Famous inventions of the 18th century gave impetus to the technological revolution of the next century with the use of machinery and devices for the progress of human society.
Boiler, cylinder and piston
18th century English inventor Thomas Newcomen and his assistant John Calley, a glass blower and plumber, are progressing on some potentially lucrative experiments. They are aware of the high cost of pumps that lift water from copper and tin mines, so they are working on improving the steam pump.
They combine 2 elements that are separately invented: the piston of the 17th century French inventor Denis Papin and the steam pump of the English mechanic Thomas Savery. In the simplest Newcomen engine, the piston is connected by a chain to a large rocker arm, like a two-arm lever. The pump was connected through a chain to the opposite end of the rocker arm. During the working stroke, the piston rises under the action of steam.
After that, cold water poured from the outside condenses into steam and creates a vacuum. The vacuum forces the piston down into the cylinder. The chain pulls down one end of the rocker, activating the pump at the other end.
As is often the case in the development of science and technology, it was the accident that gave the new invention an impetus for further improvement. A crack appeared in one of the seams of the cylinder. As a result, some cold water got into the cylinder to drain out. She created a vacuum so fast and so strong that there was energy capable of moving the rocker.
With this event, another feature of the steam engine is revealed. In all the newly developed engines soon to be put into operation in the mines of England, the steam is condensed by a jet of cold water injected into the cylinder.
The first working engine was installed in 1712 in a coal mine near Dudley Castle. He has worked here successfully for many years, as the first of many in the mining areas of the UK. The machine certainly infringes the patent of the mechanic Thomas Savery, because it cannot be denied that it works "on the motive power of fire." But separately, the invention of Thomas Savery did not have much commercial success. The inventors of the 18th century came to a settlement, the details of which are not known.
Even with the improvements of the inventors, these machines are only suitable for slow, relentless work in the mines. Evidence of the steam engine's wider potential would have to wait for the inventive genius of James Watt. In 1774, James Watt built the first steam engine more efficient than the Newcomen engine.
mercury thermometer
Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, a German glassblower and instrument maker based in Holland, is interested in improving the design of a thermometer that has been in use for half a century. Alcohol expands rapidly with increasing temperature, with a completely irregular rate of expansion. This creates inaccurate measurements and a technical problem in blowing glass tubes with very narrow apertures.
By 1714, Fahrenheit had made great strides on the technical front, creating two separate alcohol thermometers that indicated heat relatively accurately. In the same year, he got acquainted with the research of the French physicist Guillaume Amonton on the thermal properties of mercury.
Mercury expands less than alcohol (about seven times less for the same increase in temperature), but it does so more consistently. He builds the first mercury thermometer, which later becomes the standard.
The problem remains how to calibrate the thermometer to show degrees of temperature. The only practical method is to choose two temperatures that can be set independently of each other, mark them on the thermometer and divide the intermediate length of the tube into several equal values.
In 1701, Newton proposed the freezing point of water for the lower scale and the temperature of the human body for the upper limit. Fahrenheit, accustomed to Holland's cold winters, wants to include temperatures below the freezing point of water. So he takes the temperature of blood for the upper end of his scale, and the freezing point of salt water for the lower end.
The measurement is usually made in multiples of 2, 3, and 4, so Fahrenheit divides its scale into 12 sections, each of which is divided into 8 equal parts. This gives him a total of 96 degrees, zero being the freezing point of brine and 96 degrees (in his somewhat imprecise reading) the average temperature of a person's blood. With its thermometer calibrated at these two points, Fahrenheit can read the freezing point (32°) and boiling point (212°) of water.
More logical was the Swede Anders Celsius, who proposed his own scale in 1742. Its centigrade scale shows the freezing and boiling points of water as 0° and 100°. In many countries this is less a complex system been introduced for more than two centuries. It was . 
Chronometer
The inventions of the 18th century were overdue in terms of location. Two centuries of ocean travel since the first European discoveries have made it increasingly important that ship captains, whether in the maritime or trading business, be able to accurately calculate their position in any of the world's seas. With the help of a simple and ancient astrolabe, the stars indicate latitude. But on a rotating planet, longitude is harder to determine. To determine longitude, you need to know what time it is before you can find out what kind of place it is.
The importance of this becomes clear when the British government in 1714 offers a huge prize of £20,000 to any 18th century inventor who can invent a clock capable of maintaining exact time in the sea.
Conditions were quite tough at the time. To win the prize, a chronometer (a solemnly scientific term for a watch, used for the first time in a paper) must be accurate enough to calculate longitude within thirty nautical miles at the end of the voyage to the West Indies. This means that in rough seas, wet salty conditions and sudden changes in temperature, the instrument should lose or gain no more than three seconds a day - a level of accuracy unsurpassed at this time by the finest clocks in London's quietest living rooms.
The challenge is taken up by Lincolnshire carpenter and self-taught watchmaker John Harrison (1693-1776). It took him almost sixty years before he wins the money. Luckily, he lives long enough to take them.
By 1735 Harrison had built the first chronometer, which he considered to be of the required standard. Over the next quarter century, he replaces it with three improved models before officially pass the test government. His innovations include bearings that reduce friction, weighted balances coupled with coil springs to reduce motion effects, and the use of 2 metals in the balance spring to cope with expansion and contraction with temperature changes.
Garrison's first "sea clock" in 1735 weighs 33 kilograms and is almost a meter in all dimensions. His fourth copy, made in 1759, looks more like a round clock with 15 cm in diameter. It is this chronometer that withstands sea trials. 
Inventor Laennec and stethoscope
René Laennec, physician at the Necker Hospital in Paris, specialized in diseases of the chest. Two events in 1816 give him an idea of his significant contributions to medical practice.
Walking in the courtyard of the Louvre, he sees children playing an acoustic game with a long branch. The boy scratches at one end of the tree, his friend with the other end attached to his ear hears a clear sound. 
Shortly thereafter, Laennec is visited by a patient, too plump for her heartbeat to be easily discernible, but too young for him to press his ear to his chest with decorum. Following the example of the boys, he rolls a sheet of paper into a tube. He gently places one end on the lady's chest and the other on the ear.
Laennec is surprised to find that he can hear the heart with much more clarity through the tube than with the ear on the patient's chest. He stumbled upon an 18th century invention - the principle of the stethoscope (from the Greek stethos - chest, scopein - to observe).
Laennec now constructs a hollow wooden tube about 20 centimeters long, with ends designed to fit snugly around the chest and ear. He spends three years analyzing the strange and often violent sounds that reach him when patients breathe. At first he cannot interpret them. But he notes the variety of sounds heard in terminally ill patients and observes the condition of their lungs and hearts.
With this tool, Laennec is able to identify and describe the characteristic sounds of the various stages of bronchitis, pneumonia and, more importantly, as one of the most common diseases of the 19th century, tuberculosis. Laennec's research was published in 1819 in the Traité de l'auscultation médiate (Treatise on Intermediate Auscultation). Auscultation, or listening to the body for diagnostic purposes, has until now always been with the doctor's ear pressed against the patient's body. The stethoscope becomes a mediating instrument.
Later, an invention of the 18th century proposed a rubber tube as more convenient. And in 1852, the familiar modern version is introduced, allowing the doctor to use both ears. 
Contact lenses
German physiologist Adolf Fick grinds glass lenses in 1887 to a very precise and unusual shape. They must exactly fit the surface of the patient's eyes. These 18th century inventions are like a pair of glasses, instead of being supported on the nose, they cling to the eyes. 
Contact lenses remain an oddity (and no doubt a very disturbing one) until they were made from plastic in the 1940s. After that, the bold simple idea of the German physiologist proves its worth in a dizzying range of adaptations – such as soft lenses, extended wear lenses, disposable lenses, eye color changing lenses and even bifocal replacement lenses.
Thanks to the human discoveries of the last centuries, we have the ability to instantly access any information from all over the world. Advances in medicine have helped humanity overcome dangerous diseases. Technical, scientific, inventions in shipbuilding and mechanical engineering give us the opportunity to reach any point the globe in a few hours and even fly into space.
Inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries have changed humanity, turned its world upside down. Of course, development took place incessantly, and each century gave us some greatest discoveries, but the global revolutionary inventions fell on this period. Let's talk about those very significant ones that changed the usual outlook on life and made a breakthrough in civilization.
X-rays
In 1885, the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen, in the course of his scientific experiments, discovered that the cathode tube emits certain rays, which he called x-rays. The scientist continued to study them and found out that this radiation penetrates through opaque objects without being reflected or refracted. Subsequently, it was found that by irradiating parts of the body with these rays, you can see the internal organs and get an image of the skeleton.
However, it took as much as 15 years after the discovery of Roentgen for the study of organs and tissues. Therefore, the name "X-ray" itself is attributed to the beginning of the 20th century, since it was not used everywhere before. Only in 1919 did the properties of this radiation begin to be put into practice by many medical institutions. The discovery of X-rays has revolutionized medicine, particularly in the field of diagnosis and analysis. The X-ray device has saved the lives of millions of people.
Airplane
Since time immemorial, people have tried to rise into the sky and create such an apparatus that would help a person to take off. In 1903, the American inventors brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright did it - they successfully launched their aircraft with the Flyer-1 engine into the air. And although he stayed above the ground for only a few seconds, this significant event is considered the beginning of the era of the birth of aviation. And the inventor brothers are considered the first pilots in the history of mankind.
In 1905, the brothers designed the third version of the device, which was already in the air for almost half an hour. In 1907, the inventors signed a contract with the American army, and later with the French. At the same time, the idea of carrying passengers on an airplane came up, and Orville and Wilbur Wright improved their model by equipping it with an additional seat. The scientists also equipped the plane with a more powerful engine.
Television
One of major discoveries The 20th century saw the invention of the television. Russian physicist Boris Rosing patented the first apparatus in 1907. In his model, he used a cathode ray tube, and used a photocell to convert signals. By 1912, he had improved the television, and in 1931 it became possible to transmit information using a color picture. In 1939, the first television channel was opened. Television has given a huge impetus to change people's worldview and ways of communication.
It should be added that Rosing is not the only one who invented the television. Back in the 19th century, the Portuguese scientist Adriano De Paiva and the Russian-Bulgarian physicist Porfiry Bakhmetiev proposed their ideas for the development of a device that transmitted images over wires. In particular, Bakhmetiev came up with a scheme for his device - a telephotographer, but he could not assemble it due to lack of funds.
In 1908, the Armenian physicist Hovhannes Adamyan patented a two-color apparatus for transmitting signals. And at the end of the 20s of the 20th century in America, Russian emigrant Vladimir Zworykin assembled his own TV, which he called the "iconoscope".
Car with an internal combustion engine
Several scientists worked on the creation of the first gasoline-powered car. In 1855, the German engineer Karl Benz designed a car with an internal combustion engine, and in 1886 received a patent for his vehicle model. Then he began to produce cars for sale.
The American industrialist Henry Ford also made a huge contribution to the production of automobiles. At the beginning of the 20th century, companies appeared that were engaged in the production of cars, but the palm in this area rightfully belongs to Ford. He had a hand in designing the low-cost Model T and created a low-cost assembly line to assemble the vehicle.
A computer
Today we cannot present our everyday life without a computer or laptop. But just recently, the first computers were used only in science.
In 1941, the German engineer Konrad Zuse designed the Z3 mechanical apparatus, which worked on the basis of telephone relays. The computer practically did not differ from the modern sample. In 1942, the American physicist John Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry began developing the first electronic computer, but they failed to complete this invention.
In 1946, the American John Mauchly developed the electronic computer ENIAC. The first cars were huge and occupied entire rooms. And the first personal computers appeared only in the late 70s of the 20th century.
antibiotic penicillin
In 20th century medicine, a revolutionary breakthrough occurred when, in 1928, the English scientist Alexander Fleming discovered the effect of mold on bacteria.
Thus, the bacteriologist discovered the world's first antibiotic penicillin from the mold fungi Penicillium notatum - a medicine that saved the lives of millions of people. It is worth noting that Fleming's colleagues were mistaken, believing that the main thing is to strengthen the immune system, and not fight germs. Therefore, for several years antibiotics were not in demand. Only closer to 1943, the drug was widely used in medical institutions. Fleming continued to study microbes and improve penicillin.
Internet
The World Wide Web has transformed human life, because today, probably, there is no such corner of the world where this universal source of communication and information would not be used.
Dr. Licklider, who led the US military information exchange project, is considered one of the pioneers of the Internet. The public presentation of the created Arpanet network took place in 1972, and a little earlier, in 1969, Professor Kleinrock and his students tried to transfer some data from Los Angeles to Utah. And despite the fact that only two letters were transmitted, the beginning of the era of the worldwide web was laid. Then the first e-mail appeared. The invention of the Internet became a world famous discovery, and by the end of the 20th century there were already more than 20 million users.
Mobile phone
We can’t imagine our life without a mobile phone now, and we can’t even believe that they appeared quite recently. American engineer Martin Cooper became the creator of wireless communication. It was he who made the first cell phone call in 1973.
Literally one decade later this remedy communications became available to many Americans. The first Motorola phone was expensive, but people really liked the idea of this method of communication - they literally signed up to get it. The first tubes were heavy and large, and the miniature display showed nothing but the dialed number.
After some time, the mass production of various models began, and each new generation was improved.
Parachute
For the first time, Leonardo da Vinci thought about creating a semblance of a parachute. And after a few centuries, people have already begun to jump from balloons to which they hung half-open parachutes.
In 1912, American Albert Barry parachuted out of an airplane and landed safely. And engineer Gleb Kotelnikov invented a backpack parachute made of silk. They tested the invention on a car that was in motion. Thus was created the brake parachute. Before the outbreak of the First World War, the scientist patented the invention in France, and it is rightfully considered one of the important achievements of the 20th century.
Washing machine
Of course, the invention of the washing machine greatly facilitated and improved people's lives. Its inventor, the American Alva Fisher, patented his discovery in 1910. The first device for mechanical washing was a wooden drum that rotated eight times in different directions.
The predecessor of modern models was introduced in 1947 by two companies - General Electric and Bendix Corporation. Washing machines were uncomfortable and made noise.
After a while, Whirlpool employees introduced an improved version with plastic overlays that muffled the noise. In the Soviet Union, the Volga-10 washing machine appeared in 1975. Then, in 1981, the production of the Vyatka-avtomat-12 machine was launched.
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