What types of interactions are short-range? Give examples of systems in which these forces act. The concept of a system

Questions and tasks:
1) Give examples of material and information connections in natural systems.
Examples of material connections in natural systems: physical forces(strength gravity), energy processes (photosynthesis), genetic connections (DNA molecule), climatic connections (climate).
Examples of information connections in natural systems: sounds and signals that animals make to communicate with each other.
2) Give examples of material and information connections in social systems.
Examples of material connections in public systems: technology (computer), building structures (bridge across the Volga), energy systems (power lines), artificial materials (plastic).
Examples of information links in social systems: information exchange in a team, rules of conduct.
3) What is a self-managed system? Give examples.
A self-managed system is a control system capable of its own programming.
Examples of self-guided systems: unmanned aerial vehicle, rover.

The concept of a system

The concept of a system
A system is a complex object consisting of interconnected parts (elements) and existing as a whole. Every system has a specific purpose (function, purpose).
The first main property of the system is expediency. This is the purpose of the system, the main function that it performs.

System structure.
Structure is the order of connections between the elements of the system.
Every system has a certain elemental composition and structure. The properties of the system depend on both. Even with the same composition, systems with different structures have different properties and can have different purposes.
The second main property of the system is integrity. Violation of the elemental composition or structure leads to partial or complete loss of the expediency of the system.

Systemic effect
The essence of the system effect: every system has new qualities that are not inherent in its constituent parts.

Systems and subsystems
A system that is part of some other, more major system is called a subsystem.
A systematic approach is the basis of scientific methodology: the need to take into account all significant systemic connections of the object of study or impact.

Questions and tasks:
1. Select subsystems in the following objects considered as systems: a suit, a car, a computer, a city telephone network, a school, an army, a state.
Suit => trousers => trouser legs => buttons => threads. Suit => jacket => sleeves => buttons => threads.
Car => engine => transmission => control systems => running gear => electrical equipment => supporting structure.
Computer => system unit => RAM => electronic circuits => hard drive.
City telephone network => automatic telephone exchange => connecting nodes => subscriber equipment.
School => administration => staff => teachers => students.
Army => commander in chief => division into troops => private => automatic.
State => president => ministers => people.
2. Removal of which elements from the above systems will lead to the loss of the systemic effect, i.e. to the impossibility of fulfilling their main purpose? Try to highlight the essential and non-essential elements of these systems from the standpoint of the system effect.
Suit: essential element - threads; an insignificant element - buttons.
Car: All elements are essential.
Computer: All elements are essential.
City telephone network: all elements are essential.
School: All elements are essential.
Army: essential elements - commander in chief, private, machine gun; an insignificant element is the division into troops.
State: All elements are essential.

""Modeling and formalization" Grade 11" - Determine whether the task is good or bad. City of the future. information model. Testing. Chess. HSE training. Relay of terms. Self-assessment sheet. Terms to the word. Material model numbers. Formula chemical reaction. Make models. material models. The groups change places.

""Modeling" Grade 9" - List of deputies of the State Duma. On the road, like the wind, a limousine rushed by. Weight; color; the form; structure; size. Human model in the form of a child's doll. The list of countries of the world is an information model. Description of the tree. Existing features of the object. PC file system. Test completed. List of school students; classroom plan.

"Modeling and formalization" - Interaction. An object. Emergence principle. Picture. Bringing (reduction, presentation) of information related to the selected properties to the selected form. Model of unlimited growth. Structure. Behavior. M o d e l. Dynamic. Appearance. One of the main methods of knowledge. A system is a whole, consisting of interconnected elements.

"Modeling, formalization, visualization" - Formalization. Carrying out a computer experiment. Main stages. Method of knowledge. Maths. Prices of computer devices. Types of information models. System approach in modeling. The models are divided into two classes. Network structure. Drawings. Two ways to build a computer model. Modeling.

"The main stages of modeling" - Topics of projects. Stages. Types of models. Contour. Areal (polygonal). Structurality. Information processes in society. Computer peripherals. An object. Point. Integrity. Connectivity. Functionality. Information processes in nature. Properties of the system. Linear. Computer architecture.

"System approach in modeling" - The founders of the system approach: System - a set of interrelated elements that form integrity or unity. Structure is a way of interaction of system elements through certain connections. Basic definitions of the systems approach: Peter Ferdinand Drucker. Function - the work of an element in the system.

There are 18 presentations in total in the topic

Airplane- This is an aircraft heavier than air with an aerodynamic principle of flight. The aircraft is a complex dynamic system with a developed hierarchical structure, consisting of elements interconnected in purpose, place and functioning; it is possible to single out subsystems for creating lifting and driving force, ensuring stability and manageability, life support, ensuring the fulfillment of the target function, etc.

Computing network- a complex system that consists of computers and a data transmission network (communication network). The main purpose of computer networks is to ensure the interaction of remote users based on the exchange of data over the network and the sharing of network resources (computers, applications and peripheral devices).

If an object has all the features of a system, then it is said to be systemic . The given examples of systems illustrate the presence of such systemic factors as:

· integrity and the possibility of decomposition into elements(in a computer network, these are computers, means of communication, etc.);

· the presence of stable relationships(relationships) between elements;

· orderliness(organization) elements into a specific structure;

· endowing elements with parameters;

· presence of integrative properties, which are not possessed by any of the elements of the system;

· the presence of many laws, rules and operations with the above attributes of the system;

· existence of the purpose of functioning and development.

Systems are divided into classes according to various characteristics, and depending on the problem being solved, different classification principles can be chosen. A sign or a combination of them, according to which objects are combined into classes, is the basis for classification. Class is a collection of objects that have some common features.

There are many classifications of systems in science. So, for example, one of them provides for the division of systems into two types - abstract And material.

material systems are real-time objects. Among the variety of material systems, there are natural And artificial systems.

natural systems represent a set of objects of nature and are divided into astrocosmic and planetary, physical and chemical.

Artificial systems is a set of socio-economic or technical objects. They can be classified according to several criteria, the main of which is the role of a person in the system. On this basis, two classes of systems can be distinguished: technical and organizational-economic systems.

Abstract systems - this is a speculative representation of images or models of material systems, which are divided into descriptive (logical) and symbolic (mathematical).

Descriptive systems is the result of a deductive or inductive representation of material systems. They can be considered as systems of concepts and definitions (a set of ideas) about the structure, about the main laws of states and about the dynamics of material systems.

Symbolic systems represent a formalization of logical systems, they are divided into three classes:

static mathematical systems or models, which can be considered as a description by means mathematical apparatus states of material systems (state equations);

dynamic mathematical systems or models, which can be considered as a mathematical formalization of the processes of material (or abstract) systems;

quasi-static (quasi-dynamic) systems, located in an unstable position between statics and dynamics, which, under some influences, behave as static, and under other influences - as dynamic.

Other types of classifications can be found in the scientific literature.

· by type of displayed object- technical, biological, social, etc.;

· by the nature of behavior- deterministic, probabilistic, gaming;

· by type of focus- open and closed;

· by the complexity of structure and behavior- simple and complex;

· in appearance scientific direction used for their modeling - mathematical, physical, chemical, etc.;

· by degree of organization- well organized, poorly organized and self-organizing.

Each system has certain properties associated with its functioning. The most frequently distinguished are the following:

· synergy- the maximum effect of the system's activity is achieved only in the case of maximum efficiency of the joint functioning of its elements to achieve a common goal;

· emergence- the appearance of properties in the system that are not inherent in the elements of the system; fundamental irreducibility of the properties of the system to the sum of the properties of its constituent components (non-additivity);

· purposefulness- the system has a goal (goals) and the priority of the goals of the system over the goals of its elements;

· alternativeness- functioning and development (organization or self-organization);

· structure- it is possible to decompose the system into components, establish links between them;

· hierarchy- each component of the system can be considered as a system; the system itself can also be considered as an element of some supersystem (supersystem);

· communication- the existence of a complex system of communications with the environment in the form of a hierarchy;

· adaptability- striving for a state stable balance, which involves the adaptation of system parameters to changing parameters of the external environment;

· integrativity- the presence of system-forming, system-preserving factors;

· equifinality- the ability of the system to achieve states that do not depend on the initial conditions and are determined only by the parameters of the system.

The work was added to the site site: 2016-03-13

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">Issues of input control 3

1. "> The essence of the concept of "regularity" 4
2. "> Patterns of interaction between the whole and the particular 6
3. "> Patterns of system feasibility 11
4. "> Patterns of systems development 14
5. "> Regularities of goal formation 16
6. "> List of used sources 18

"> Issues of input control:

1. ">What is a system? Give examples of different systems.

"> System - a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which forms a certain integrity, unity. Examples: a person is a biological system, the city of Kazan is a socio-economic system, any enterprise or organization is also a system, a TV is a system , cell phone - system, Periodic system chemical elements D. I. Mendeleev is also a system, etc.

1. "> What is a regularity?

"> Regularity is an objective, necessary, essential, constantly recurring connection or relationship between phenomena or processes, which gives rise to a qualitative certainty of phenomena and their properties.

1. ">Give examples of patterns?

"> In biology, for example, they talk about the patterns of evolution, which include: parallelism, when the same species develops in the same way in different geographically distant, but climate-similar territories.

"> Statistical patterns. For example, despite the fact that concrete examples men are the longest (Azerbaijani Shirali Mislimov lived 168 years (1805-1973)), the pattern is that on average women live longer than men by 10-15 years.

">

1. "> The essence of the concept of regularity. The concepts of the whole and the part and their relationship with the concepts of "system" and "element"

"> To date, there is no unambiguous concept of regularity. Various authors give different interpretations of this concept:

"\u003e Regularity is an objective, repeating under certain conditions, essential connection of phenomena in nature and society. [ Dictionary] This source emphasizes that regularity is a phenomenon independent of human thinking (objective) and cyclically repeated.

"> Pattern - a measure of the probability of the occurrence of some event or phenomenon or their relationship. [Dobrenkov V. Kravchenko A.]

"> Regularities of systems are general system regularities that characterize the fundamental features of the construction, functioning and development complex systems[Volkova, Emelyanov].

"> The concept of "system" and "whole", as well as the concepts of "element" and "part", are close in content, but do not completely coincide. According to one of the definitions, "the whole is (1) that which does not lack any of those parts, consisting of which it is called the whole by nature, and also (2) that which so encompasses the things it embraces that the latter form one thing ”(Aristotle).

"> The concept of "whole" in its scope is narrower than the concept of a system. Systems are not only holistic, but also summative systems that do not belong to the class of holistic ones. This is the first difference between "whole" and "system". Second: in the concept of "whole" the emphasis is based on specificity, on the unity of system education, and in the concept of "system" - on unity in diversity.The whole is correlated with the part, and the system - with the elements and structure.

"> The concept of "part" is narrower in scope than the concept of "element" in the first line of difference between integral formations and systems. On the other hand, parts can include not only substrate elements, but also certain fragments of the structure (set of relations) and the structure of systems as a whole.If the ratio of elements and systems is the ratio of different structural levels (or sublevels) of the organization of matter, then the ratio of parts and the whole is a ratio at the same level structural organization. “A part, as such, makes sense only in relation to the whole, it bears the features of its qualitative certainty and does not exist independently. Unlike a part, an element is a certain component of any system, a relative limit of its divisibility, meaning a transition to the next, correspondingly lower level of development of matter in terms of organization, and, therefore, in relation to the system, it will always be an object of a different quality ”(O. S. Zelkina ).

"> "Whole" and "part" are not coinciding, opposite categories. In the part - not only the specificity of the whole, but also individuality, originality, depending on the nature of the original element. The part is separated from the whole, has relative autonomy, performs its functions in composition of the whole (some parts are more essential functions, others are less essential). at least in the main thing ”(I. Dietzgen).

"> The most common classification of patterns of development of systems is shown in Figure 1.1

"> Fig 1.1. Classification of patterns of development of systems">

1. "> Patterns of interaction between the whole and the particular

"> Regularity of integrity (emergence)"\u003e - a pattern that manifests itself in the system in the form of emergence, emergence (emerge - to appear) in it of new properties that are absent from elements.

"> In order to better understand the regularity of integrity, it is necessary first of all to take into account its three sides:

">1) system properties (" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">Q;vertical-align:sub" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">s">) are not the sum of the properties of its constituent elements" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">q;vertical-align:sub" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">i"> :

"> 2) the properties of the system depend on the properties of its constituent elements:

"> 3) the elements combined into the system, as a rule, lose some of their properties that are inherent to them outside the system, i.e. the system, as it were, suppresses a number of properties of the elements, but, on the other hand, the elements, once in the system, can acquire new properties .

">Integrity property is closely related"> for the purpose ">, for the implementation of which the system is created. Moreover, if the goal is not explicitly set, and the displayed object has integral properties, you can try to determine the goal or an expression that connects the goal with the means to achieve it (target function, system-forming criterion), by studying reasons for the appearance of integrity patterns.

"> Along with the study of the causes of the emergence of integrity, it is possible to obtain results useful for practice by comparing the degree of integrity of systems (and their structures) with unknown reasons for its occurrence.

"> Regularity of integrativity."> Integrity determines the presence of specific qualities of the system, inherent only to it. These qualities are formed by a certain set of elements that cannot separately reproduce the qualities of the system. Integrity of the system is often used as a synonym for integrity, but it emphasizes the interest not in external facts of the manifestation of integrity, but in deeper reasons for the formation of this property.Integrative called system-forming, system-preserving factors, important among which are the heterogeneity and consistency of its elements.

"> Regularity of communication">. This pattern forms the basis of the definition of the system proposed by V.N. Sadovsky and E.G. Yudin, from which it follows that the system is not isolated from other systems, it is connected by many communications with the external environment. The latter is a complex and heterogeneous formation , which, in turn, contains a system of more high order or a supersystem (or supersystems) that specifies the requirements and limitations of the system under study. In addition, it may also contain subsystems (underlying, subordinate systems) and systems of the same level with the level under consideration.

"> Thus, the pattern of communication suggests that the system forms a special, complex unity with the environment, which allows you to reveal the mechanisms for building common models of living and inanimate nature, as well as any local systems separated from it at different levels of analysis.

"> Due to the regularity of communication, which manifests itself not only between the selected system and its environment, but also between the levels of the hierarchy of the system under study, each level of hierarchical ordering has complex relationships with the higher and lower levels.

">Pioneer"> patterns of hierarchy or hierarchical ordering"> we can consider L. von Bertalanffy, who showed the connection between the hierarchical ordering of the world and the phenomena of differentiation and negentropic tendencies, i.e. with"> patterns of self-organization">, development ">open systems">.

"> When analyzing and studying systems, it is necessary to take into account not only the external structural side of the hierarchy, but also the functional relationships between levels. A higher hierarchical level has"> guiding influence"> to the underlying level, subordinate to it, and this effect is manifested in the fact that the subordinate components of the hierarchy acquire">new properties ">, which they did not have in an isolated state, and as a result of the appearance of these new properties, a new, different "look of the whole" is formed. The new whole that has arisen in this way acquires the ability to perform new functions, which is the purpose of the formation of hierarchies. about">patterns of emergence,"> or "> integrity "> (see "> Regularity of integrity)"> and its manifestation at each level of the hierarchy.

"> Hierarchical representations help to better understand and explore the phenomenon of complexity. The main features of hierarchical ordering in terms of the usefulness of their use as systems analysis models are the following:

"> 1. Due to the regularity"> communication,"> which manifests itself not only between the selected system and its environment, but also between the levels of the hierarchy of the system under study, each level of hierarchical ordering has complex relationships with the higher and lower levels.

"> According to the metaphorical formulation used by Koestler, each level of the hierarchy has the property of a "two-faced Janus": the "face" directed towards the lower level has the character of an autonomous whole (system), and the "face" directed towards the node (top) of the higher level , exhibits the properties of a dependent part (an element of a higher system, which is for him a component of a higher level, to which he is subordinate).

"> 2. The most important feature of hierarchical ordering as a pattern is that the pattern of integrity, i.e. qualitative changes in the properties of components, is more high level in comparison with the combined components of the underlying, manifests itself in it at each level of the hierarchy.

"> 3. When using hierarchical representations as a means of studying systems with uncertainty, it is as if a division of a "large" uncertainty into smaller ones that are better amenable to research.

"> 4. Due to the regularity of integrity, the same system can be represented by different hierarchical structures. This depends on the goal and the persons forming the structure.

"> In connection with the above, at the stage of structuring the system (or its goal), it is necessary to set the task of choosing a variant of the structure for further research or design of the system, for organizing the management of a technological process, an enterprise, a project, etc. In order to help in solving such problems , develop methods of structuring, methods of evaluation and comparative analysis structures. The type of hierarchical structure also depends on the methodology used.

"> Thanks to the considered features, hierarchical representations can be used as a tool for studying systems and problem situations with large initial uncertainty.

">Regularity of additivity"> - regularity of systems theory, dual in relation to">patterns of integrity">Property">Additivity "> (independence, summativity, isolation) manifests itself in elements that, as it were, have broken up into independent elements and is expressed by the following formula:

"> Any developing system is, as a rule, between the state of absolute"> integrity "> and absolute "> additivity, "> and the released state of the system (its "slice") can be characterized by the degree of manifestation of one of these properties or tendencies to its increase or decrease.

">

"> 3. Patterns of the feasibility of systems

"> This group is revealed by the following three patterns:

1. ">Equifinality of potential efficiency
2. "> The law of "necessary diversity by W. Ashby"
3. "> Potential feasibility of B. S. Fleshman

"> Regularity of equifinality"> - one of "> patterns of functioning and development of systems"> characterizing the limiting capabilities of the system.

"> This term was proposed by L. von Bertalanffy, who for an open system defined equifinality as "the ability, in contrast to the state of equilibrium in closed systems, completely determined by the initial conditions, to achieve a time-independent state that does not depend on its initial conditions and is determined exclusively by system parameters"

"> The need to introduce the concept of equifinality arises starting from a certain level of complexity of systems. This regularity makes us think about the limiting capabilities of created enterprises, organizational systems for managing industries, regions, and the state. Of particular interest are studies of possible levels of existence of social and social systems, which is important to consider when defining the goals of the system.

"> The need to take into account the ultimate feasibility of the system when creating it was first noticed by W.R. Ashby and substantiated"> The law of "necessary variety".

"> The main consequence of this regularity is the following conclusion: in order to create a system capable of coping with solving a problem that has a certain, known diversity, it is necessary that the system itself has even greater diversity than the diversity of the problem being solved, or be able to create this diversity in itself.

"> With regard to control systems, the law of "required diversity" can be formulated as follows: the diversity of the control system (control system) must be greater than (or at least equal to) the diversity of the managed object">.

"> On the basis of the "necessary diversity of W. Ashby", V.I. Tereshchenko proposed the following ways to improve management with the complication of production processes:

1. "> Increasing the diversity of the management system by increasing the number of the management apparatus, improving its qualifications, mechanization, automation of management work.
2. "> Reducing the diversity of the system of a managed object by establishing the rules for the behavior of the system: unification, standardization, typification, the introduction of mass production.
3. "> Reducing the level of management requirements.
4. "> Self-organization of control objects.

"> By the mid-70s of the XX century, the first three paths were exhausted, and the fourth path received the main development on the basis of its broader interpretation - the introduction of cost accounting, self-financing, self-sufficiency, etc.

"> The regularity of the theory of systems, which explains the possibility of the feasibility of systems, is"> the pattern of potential efficiency.

"> B.S. Fleishman connected the complexity of the structure of the system with the complexity of its behavior, proposed quantitative expressions for the limiting laws of reliability, noise immunity, controllability and other qualities of systems and showed that on their basis it is possible to obtain quantitative estimates of the feasibility of systems from the standpoint of a particular quality - marginal estimates of viability and potential efficiency of complex systems.

"> These estimates have been studied in relation to technical and ecological systems and have so far been little used for socio-economic systems. But the need for such estimates in practice is felt more and more acutely.

"> For example, it is necessary to determine: when the potential of the existing organizational structure of the enterprise is exhausted and there is a need to transform it, when production complexes, equipment, etc. become outdated and require updating.

">

"> 4. Patterns of systems development

"> This group includes patterns of self-organization and historicity.

"> The pattern of historicity"> systems is expressed in the fact that any system cannot be unchanged, that it not only arises, functions, develops, but also dies, and everyone can give examples of the formation, flourishing, decline (aging) and even death (death) of biological and social systems.

"> However, for specific cases of the development of organizational systems and complex technical complexes, it is rather difficult to determine these periods. It is not always the heads of organizations and designers technical systems take into account that time is an indispensable characteristic of the system, that each system is subject to">patterns of historicity"> and that this pattern is as objective as integrity, hierarchical ordering, etc. Therefore, in the practice of design and management, more and more attention is being paid to the need to take into account the patterns of historicity. In particular, when developing technical complexes, it is proposed to take them into account" life cycles”, recommend in the design process to consider not only the stages of creating and ensuring the development of the system, but also the question of when and how it needs to be destroyed (perhaps by providing a “mechanism” for its elimination or self-destruction).

"> Thus, it is recommended that when creating technical documentation accompanying the system, it should include not only the issues of operating the system, but also its lifespan, liquidation. When registering enterprises, it is also required that the stage of its liquidation be provided for in the charter of the enterprise.

"> However, the pattern of historicity can be taken into account, not only passively fixing aging, but also used to prevent the "death" of the system, developing "mechanisms" for reconstruction, reorganization of the system to develop or preserve it in a new quality.

">characteristic feature developing systems is their"> the ability to self-organize">, which manifests itself in the self-consistent functioning of the system due to internal communications with the external environment. Considering development as a process of system self-organization, we single out two main phases in it: adaptation, or evolutionary development and selection. Self-organizing systems have a mechanism of continuous adaptability (adaptation) to changing internal and external conditions, continuous improvement of behavior, taking into account past experience. When studying the processes of self-organization, we will proceed from the assumption that in developing systems the structure and function are closely interconnected. The system transforms its structure in order to perform predefined functions in a changing environment.">

">

"> 5. Regularities of goal formation

"> This group includes"> patterns of formulation">goals ">in open systems with active elements.

"> The main patterns of goal formation are as follows.

"> 1. The dependence of the idea of ​​the goal and the formulation of the goal on the stage of cognition of the object (process) and on time."> When formulating and revising the goal, the team doing this work must determine in what sense on this stage consideration of an object and the development of our ideas about it, the concept is used">goals ">, to which point of the conditional scale "ideal aspirations for the future - the real end result of the activity" is the accepted formulation of the goal closer.

"> As the research deepens, the knowledge of the object, the goal can shift to one side or the other on the scale, and its formulation should change accordingly.

"> 2. The dependence of the goal on external and internal factors."> When analyzing the causes of the occurrence and formulating the goal, it must be taken into account that it is influenced by both external factors in relation to the system and internal factors.

"> Goals can arise on the basis of the interaction of contradictions (or, conversely, coalitions) both between external and internal factors, and between internal factors that already exist and re-emerge in integrity, which is in constant self-movement.

"> This pattern characterizes a very important difference">open systems"> (see), developing systems with active elements from technical systems, displayed usually closed, or">closed "> models. In open, developing systems, goals are not set from the outside, but are formed inside the system based on the pattern of goal formation.

"> 3. The possibility (and necessity) of reducing the task of formulating a generalizing (general, global) goal to the task of its structuring.

"> 4. Regularities in the formation of goal structures:

1. "> the dependence of the way of presenting the goal on the stage of cognition of the object;

">Goals can be presented in the form of various"> structures: network, hierarchical">, "> tree-like, with "weak ties","> in the form of "> "strata" "> and "> "echelons", "> in "> matrix "> (table) form, etc..

">On early stages modeling a system, as a rule, it is more convenient to apply decomposition in space, preferably tree-like hierarchical structures.

1. "> manifestation in the structure of goals of the regularity of integrity;

"> In a hierarchical structure, the regularity of integrity, or emergence, manifests itself at any level of the hierarchy.

1. "> patterns of formation of hierarchical structures of goals
2. "> patterns of formation of goal structures.

">

"> 7. List of sources used

1. ">Volkova V.N. Fundamentals of systems theory and system analysis, 2009.
2. "> V.N. Volkova, A.A. Denisov. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg State Technical University, 2007.
3. "> Volkova N.V. Systems Theory and System Analysis in Organizational Management: TZZ Handbook: Textbook / Edited by V.N. Volkova and A.A. Emelyanov.- M .: Finance and Statistics, 2006.
   17. The topic of principles and norms governing relations of power order between states and other subjects me.html
   18. Climatic Demographic Social Economic Ultimately Production Factors Live
   19. Laboratory work 2 The purpose of the work is to study ways to represent numerical data in a microcontroller
   20. The reproductive organs of mosses antheridia and archegonium develop on male and female sporophytes.

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